Science Form 2 note Teacher zaidi@maher2010

CHAPTER 1: THE WORLD THROUGH OUR SENSES

The World through our senses Stimuli and responses in plants

senses

Light and sight

Sound and hearing

Touch (skin)

Properties of light

Properties of sound

Phototropism (light)

Smell (nose)

Vision defects

Reflection and a sorption

!eotropism (gra"ity)

Taste (tongue)

Optical illusions

limitations

Hydrotropism (#ater)

Hearing (ear)

Stereoscopic and monocular

stereophonic

Thigmotropism (mo"e to#ard) $astic mo"ement (mo"e run a#ay)

Sight (eye)

1.1

Sensory Organs and Their Functions

Sensory Organs and Their Stim !i 1. Humans being have five main sensory organ, which are skin, nose, tongue, ears and eyes. 2. Sense detects stimuli, that is changes in surroundings around us!. ". Five senses# i. sight ii. hearing iii. touch iv. taste v . smell $. Senses are %art of the body called sensory organs. &. 'hanges or ob(ect that can detect by our senses are called stimuli. ). The ability of the sensory organs to detect stimuli is called senses. *. +ll the sensory organs are com%lete with sensory rece%tors, that is the nerve endings that can detect stimuli. Stimuli ,ight -rightness, colour! Sound Touch, heat, cold, %ain, %ressure Sweet, sour, bitter, salty Smell or odors Sense Sight Hearing Touch Taste Smell Sensory organ .ye .ar Skin Tongue /ose

Science Form 2 note Teacher zaidi@maher2010

,aman web. htt%#00freda.auyeung.net0&senses0see.htm htt%#00freda.auyeung.net0&senses0touch.htm htt%#00freda.auyeung.net0&senses0hear.htm htt%#00freda.auyeung.net0&senses0taste.htm htt%#00freda.auyeung.net0&senses0smell.htm 1.2 The Path"ay #rom Stim ! s to Res$onse Stimulus Sensory organs /erves -rain /erve 3es%onse P%R &'

Figure 1.2 The summary of the %athway from stimulus to res%onse 1. Our sensory organs are used to detect stim !i Singular# stimulus!. + stimulus is anything that causes a reaction in a living organism, e.g. 1ain, heat, sound, chemicals. 2. 2hen a stimulus is detected, rece%tor cells in the sensory organ will be triggered and generate im%ulses. ". These im%ulses will be transmitted through the nerve and than to the brain.

Science Form 2 note Teacher zaidi@maher2010

$. The brain will further %rocess and inter%ret the im%ulse signals as s%ecific information than the organism has to res%ond to. &. This information is than sent back to the sensory organ through the nerve to %rovide res%onses.
Stim ! s Sensory organ Ner(es )rain Ner(es Res$onse

.4.3'5S. Sensory organ 1 .ye 2 Tongue " .ar Stimulus a! ,ight a! 'hemical substance a! Sound a! 'hemical substance a! 'old 1ressure 1ain Heat $ /ose & Skin

6etected by sense of b! Sight b! Taste b! hearing b! smell b! touch

Sense o# To *h P%R &+

htt%#00freda.auyeung.net0&senses0touch.htm Go to www.brainpop.com/health/integumentary/skin/index.weml Watch a movie on the skin. For easy access, go to www.icd.com.my 1. The sense of touch is the sense that is sensitive towards the touch stimulus %rovided by s%ecific ob(ects. 2. Organ involve in the detection of touch stimulus is the skin.

Science Form 2 note Teacher zaidi@maher2010

". Structure of human skin# a! The skin divided into three layer e%idermis, dermis, fat layer subcutaneous layer 7 adi%ose layer 7 fat layer! b! 3ece%tors are cell in our body that detected stimuli. c! Our body have different ty%es of rece%tors. These are# i. %ain rece%tor ii. touch rece%tor iii. heat rece%tor iv. cold rece%tor v. %ressure rece%tor d! The %ain rece%tor is in the e%idermis. e! The touch, heat and cold rece%tors are in the dermis. The %ressure rece%tors are in the fat layer. f! .ach ty%e of rece%tor can detect only one %articular stimulus. g! The %art or our body contain rece%tor are called sensory organs h! These rece%tor have nerves attached to them 6raw figure 1.", %age ) $. The degree of sensitivity of the skin de%ends on the# a) Thickness of the epidermis The thinner the e%idermis, the more sensitive the skin is to the stimulus b! Number of receptors present 183 9& The more rece%tors found on the skin the more sensitive is that %art of the skin. &. The %art of the body that have thin e%idermis and many rece%tors sensitive to touch are a! li%s b! fingerti%s c! behind the ears d! arm%it e! the back of the neck ). The %art of the body that are not so sensitive to touch are the# a! elbow b! knee c! %alm of the hand and sole of the foot d! buttocks0hi% *. The %arts of the body usually chosen by the doctor for in(ection are along the u%%er arm and the buttocks. This is because these %arts have thick e%idermis and fewer rece%tors.

Science Form 2 note Teacher zaidi@maher2010

:. -raille is a code made u% of small raised dots on %a%er. -lind %eo%le use their sense of touch to read -raille. ;. Other functions of the human skin. i. Water proof < %revent water loss from skin. ii. Prevents entry of microorganisms that cause illnesses . iii. Remove waste products < e=cess water, urea and mineral salts. iv. Produces Vitamin in the %resence of the sunlight. v. !tabilise body temperature < sweat glands %roduce more sweat to cool the body if body tem%erature rises.

>uick check
Fill in the blank with the suitable terms given in the bo=. 3ece%tors number thickness thinner sense of touch touch more

1. The skin is an organ of ?????????????????? 2. There are five ty%es of ?? ??? in the skin sensitive to various stimuli. ". The sensitivity of the skin de%ends on the ??????????? of the e%idermis and the ???????????? rece%tors on the skin. $. The ???????????? the e%idermis, the more sensitive it is to stimulus. &. The ???????? rece%tors there are on the skin, the more sensitive it is to stimulus. ). -lind %eo%le use their ???? to hel% them read -raille

THE SENSE O, S%ELL

htt%#00freda.auyeung.net0&senses0smell.htm Go to www.innerbody.com/htm/body/html. choose `nervous system and click on the `nose for detailed information. For easy access, go to www.icd.com.my mucus

Science Form 2 note Teacher zaidi@maher2010

Sensory 'ells smell rece%tors! /erve to brain /ose +ir in % nostril /asal cavity tongue 3oof of the mouth

1. The nose is sensory organ for smell. 2. 'ells sensitive to smell smell rece%tors! are found on the to% of the nasal cavity. 6raw figure 1.:, %age ; ". Structure of the human nose. a. The human nose has a cavity lined with e%ithelium tissue. b. On the surface of the e%ithelium tissue are the sensory cells known as olfactory cells. c. The surface of the nasal cavity is moist because of the mucus secreted by the cells of a gland. d. The nasal cavity has a %air of e=ternal o%ening nostrils! which have hair to filter dust from the air inhaled through the nose. $. The nose detects smell in the following way. The inside of the nasal cavity %roduce mucus & The chemical va%or entering nose during breathing dissolves in mucus. The dissolve chemicals stimulates the smell rece%tor at the to% of the nasal cavity. The smell rece%tor then %roduce im%ulse which are sent through the nerves to the brain & The brain inter%rets 0 evaluates the smell

Science Form 2 note Teacher zaidi@maher2010

&. 2hen we have a cold or flu, a lot of mucus is %roduce. The smell rece%tors are surrounded by this thick layer of mucus and vary little of chemical va%or gets to the smell rece%tors. Therefore, the smell rece%tors do not get stimulated enough to effectively function as a sensory organ of smell. ). The sensitivity of the nose towards stimuli is influenced by the following factors# 183 9& i. The strength of the smell. + stronger smell will be detected by the nose easily com%ared with a weaker smell. ii. The %resence of mucus in the nose. + lot of mucus will reduce the sensitivity of the nose. >uick check 1." 1. 2here are the smells rece%tors found@ he to% of t he nasal cavity 2. .=%lain why when we have cold or flu , the nose cannot function effectively as a sensory organ of smell The sensitive rece%tor cells covered with mucus block the chemical substances from stimulating the smell rece%tors.

THE SENSE O, TASTE

htt%#00freda.auyeung.net0&senses0taste.htm draw figure 1.19, %age 11 1. The tongue is the sensory organ for taste. 2. The surface of the tongue has grou%s of cells known as taste buds which are sensitive to taste. ". There are four ty%es of taste buds on the tongue sensitive to sweet , bitter, sour and salty. 183 9" $. The tongue detects taste in the following way# 6issolved substance % taste rece%tors % message %brain % ty%e of taste &. The sense of smell hel%s the sense of taste .This e=%lains why food dose not taste a%%etiAing when we have a cold or flu because we cannot smell effectively

Science Form 2 note Teacher zaidi@maher2010

Figure 1.: Structure of the human tongue and the areas of taste on the tongue The Taste and the Sense o# Sme!! Go to www.brainpop.com/health/senses/taste/ Watch a short movie on taste and try a quiz about taste.. For easy access, go to www.icd.com.my 1. +ll our sense work together#< sense of smell and taste are s%ecial %artner 2. 2hen we eat, our tongue gives us the taste and our nose smell of the food. Sense o#

THE SENSES O, HEAR-NG

htt%#00freda.auyeung.net0&senses0hear.htm 1. The ear is the sense organ that is sensitive to sound stimuli %roduced by vibrating ob(ect. 2. + human ear has three main %art. i. the outer ear, filled with air. ii. The middle ear, filled with air. iii. The inner ear, filled with liBuid 6raw figure 1.1&, %age 1$ ". Function of the different %arts of the human ear. Salin table 1.$, %age 1&

Science Form 2 note Teacher zaidi@maher2010

The Hearing 8echanism ,ukis01hotostat figure 1.1) m0s 1& FC/'T5O/S OF 65FF.3./T 1+3TS OF TH. HC8+/ .+3 1art OCT.3 .+3 1inna ear canal 0 auditory canal .ardrum 8566,. .+3 Ossicles .ustachian tube oval window 5//.3 .+3 'ochlea semicircular canals auditory nerves ,imitations of hearing. 1. 2e cannot hear all the sounds around us. 2. The range of freBuencies of hearing in man is 29 HA until 29 999 HA. following table shows the range of freBuencies of hearing of several animals# The function collects and directs sound waves into the ear canal. transmits sound waves to the eardrum. vibrates and transmits sound waves to the ossicles. intensify the vibrations of the sound waves by 22 times before transmitting to the oval window. balances the air %ressure at both side of the eardrum. transmits sound vibrations from the middle ear to the inner ear. transforms sound vibrations into im%ulses. balance the body %osition. send messages to the brain which inter%rets the messages as sound.

Science Form 2 note Teacher zaidi@maher2010

+/58+, snake frog dog cat bat grassho%%er whale

3+/D. of F3.>C./'5.S 199<:99HA &9<19 999HA 19<&9 999HA )9<)9 999HA 1999<129 999HA 199<1& 999HA 19<&9HA

". 6ifferent %eo%le have different limitations of hearing. $. For e=am%le, old %eo%le generally cannot hear as well as young %eo%le. &. Our ear drum become less sensitive to sound as we grow older. ). To overcome the limitations of hearing, we use i. the stethosco%e E enables doctor to detect the soft heartbeats of %atients. ii. hearing aids E collects sound signals before being sent to the middle ear. iii. am%lifier E boosts weak sound signals. Stereo%honic hearing Go to : http://www.wardless.co.uk/hearing aids/twoEarsBetter.shtml Find out more about stereophonic hearing from this website or other websites. . For easy access, go to www.icd.com.my 1. Stereo%honic hearing is hearing using both ears. 2. The advantages of stereo%honic hearing# i. enables the direction of the source of hearing to be detected more accurately. ii. This is because the ear nearer the source of sound receives sound louder and earlier than the other ear. iii. +nimals that have stereo%honic sound can detect the %resence of %reys and %redators more Buickly. 1ro%erties of sound see %age 1) science volume 1! '( The transfer of sound reBuires a medium. )( sound can transferred throughF

Science Form 2 note Teacher zaidi@maher2010

b. c. d. e.

solids liBuids gases cannot be transferred through in vacuum.

*( Sound can be transferred fastest in solids and slowest in gases. +( This is because the %articles in solids and liBuids are closer each other com%ared to the molecules in gases. ,( Gacuum is s%ace that does not have any %articles. -( S%eed of sound transferred in various media. 8.65C8 +ir 2ater 2ood 5ron Steel 3eflection and absor%tion of sound 1. Sound can be reflected or absorbed by the surface of an ob(ect. 2. The sound reflected re%eatedly from one surface is known as echo. ". Surfaces that are smooth, even and hard are good sound reflectors and %roduce loud echo. For e=am%les, concrete, %lank, metal and mirror $. Surfaces that are rough, hollow and soft are good sound absorbers and %roduce weak echo. For e=am%les cloth, s%onge, cork, rubber, car%et and cushion. S1..6 of SOC/6 m0s! "$9 1&99 ")99 &999 )999

S./S. OF S5DHT
htt%#00freda.auyeung.net0&senses0see.htm 1. The sense of sight is the sense that can detect light stimulus. 2. Structure of the human eye# 183 9$ i. the sclera outermost! ii. the choroids middle! and iii. the retina innermost! lukis ra(ah m0s 22 ". The function of each %art of the eye.

Science Form 2 note Teacher zaidi@maher2010

1ela(ar diminta mencari maklumat ini isi maklumat se%erti (adual dibawah!

%art
s*!era *ornea *horoids *on. n*ti(a iris $ $i! Lens P%R &/ *i!iary m s*!e
s $$orti(e !igament (itreo s h mo r a0 eo s h mo r

Structure 0 characteristic

function

Trans%arent and 3efracts and focuses light onto the retina. elastic conve= lens

retina o$ti* ner(e

8echanism of Sight 183 9", 9* 1. The lens in the human eye is a trans%arent conve= lens. 2. +n inverted image is focused on the retina. ". ,ight rays are refracted by the eye lens. The eye lens focuses the image onto the retina by changing the thickness of the eye lens. The thickness of the lens is changed by the ciliary muscles. i. Focusing near ob(ects To focus near ob(ects onto the retina, the ciliary muscles contract. The eye lens become thicker. ii. focusing distant ob(ect. To focus distant ob(ects onto the retina, the ciliary muscles rela=. The eye lens becomes thinner. draw figure HHow do we seeI m0s 2"

Science Form 2 note Teacher zaidi@maher2010

,ight and sight 1. ,ight is a form of energy. 2.. light travels at a s%eed of F i. "99,999,999 meter0second m0s! in the air. ii. 22&,999,999 m0s in water iii. 299,999,999 m0s in glass ". ,ight travels in a straight lines. 3eflection of light. htt%#00www.%hys.ufl.edu0<delamater0o%tics?%ictures.%dfJsearchKHwhatL29is L29incidentL29andL29reflectedL29rayI '( ,ight can be reflected. thatIs mean change direction! )( 2hen the reflected light rays enter our eyes, we can see the ob(ect. *( The image in a %lane mirror is, i. virtual cannot be formed on a screen! ii. u%right iii. laterally inverted iv. the same siAe as the ob(ect v. the same distance behind the mirror as the ob(ect is in mirror.

3efraction of light.

183 9", 9&

1. 3efraction of light is the bending of light. This ha%%ens when light travels from one trans%arent medium to another which is of a different density. 2. The s%eed of light decrease when light enters a denser medium. ". ,ight travels through media like air, water and glass. draw figure 1.2* %age 2$

.=%eriment %age 2&. ,+1O3+/ 1.M+ 1

Garious defect of vision. 183 9", 9), 9*

Science Form 2 note Teacher zaidi@maher2010

htt%#00www.chemsoc.org0e=em%larchem0entries029920u%ton0defects?of?the?eye.htm 1. Two common vision defects are long"sightedness hy%ermetro%ia! and short" sightedness myo%ia!. 2. 'om%arison between long<sightedness and short<sightedness.

H'om%arison between long<sightedness and short<sightednessI Short<sightedness

1.

6ifferences

,ong<sightedness

Sym%toms of defect.

1. 2. 1.

'auses of defect 1osition of image of ob(ect 6iagram

Science Form 2 note Teacher zaidi@maher2010

,ihat %ower %oint

'orrection method

". #stigmatism is another vision defect. i. 5ts caused by the cornea and the eye lens that are not evenly curved. ii. +s a result, the image formed on the retina is distorted and not clear haAy0blurred!. iii. This defect can be overcome by wearing glasses with cylindrical lenses or contact lens or by surgery. $. $ptical illusion. htt%#00www.michaelbach.de0ot0 htt%#00www.indianchild.com0"dL29main%age.htm i. ii. O%tical illusion occurs when the brain cannot inter%ret im%ulses received %ro%erly. .=am%les of o%tical illusion. draw figure 1.$1 %age "9 %. &lind spot i. The blind s%ot is a s%ot on the retina of the eye that cannot detect light stimulus. ii. The image of the ob(ect formed at the blind s%ot cannot be seen by the eye because there are no light<sensitive cells %hotorece%tors! at the blind s%ot. .=%eriment se%erti ms 2;

Science Form 2 note Teacher zaidi@maher2010

8onocular and stereosco%ic vision. htt%#00nA%hoto.tri%od.com0sterea0"dvision.htm 1. The stereosco%ic vision is vision using both eyes. 2. The overla%%ing area of the vision of both the left and right eyes is called stereosco%ic field ". +dvantages of stereosco%ic vision. a. See three<dimensional %ictures of ob(ects. b. .nables more accurate estimation of distance and %osition. c. +nimal %redators normally have stereosco%is vision so better estimate the distance when getting to %ounce on their %rey. draw figure 1.$" %age "1 $. &. ). *. 8onocular vision is a vision using only one eye. The advantage of monocular vision is having a wide vision field. 5ts disadvantage is that it cannot estimate distance accurately. +nimal %reys use monocular vision to detect %redators coming from all direction. draw figure 1.$2 %age "9 +%%ro%riate devices to overcome the limitations of sight Go to www.google.com. Type LASIK or PRK . you can get more information about the latest technologies to correct the different types of defects of vision. 1. O%tical devices are invented to increase the ability to see minute or very distant ob(ects. 5/ST3C8./T 8icrosco%e Telesco%e -inocular 8agnifying FC/'T5O/ To see minute ob(ects such as microorganisms and bacteria. to see far<off ob(ects such as stars and %lanets. to see tiny distant ob(ects such as birds in the sky. to magnify tiny ob(ects to become glass larger than

Science Form 2 note Teacher zaidi@maher2010

original.

ST58C,5 +/6 3.S1O/S. 5/ 1,+/TS. Go to www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/Biobook TOC.html Click on `24 plant hormones and nutrition then `plants respond to external stimuli.. For easy access, go to www.icd.com.my 1. 8ovements of any %lant %arts towards stimuli are known as tro%ic movement or tro%ism. 2. Ty%e of tro%ism# a. Drowth of %lant %art towards an e=ternal stimulus is known as %ositive tro%ism. b. Drowth away from an e=ternal stimulus is known as negative tro%ism. ". Tro%ism res%onses in %lants include# a. 1hototro%ism 183 9", 9: b. Deotro%ism 183 9) c. Hydrotro%ism 183 9", 9: d. Thigmotro%ism E move towards E to obtain su%%ort e. /astic movement E move run away < Salin nota sendiri dari buku teks m0s "", "$, "& masukkan gambar ra(ah sekali N.

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