Simple Present

We use the Simple Present to: - describe routines and regular/habitual actions or permanent states; - express a present state or a truth (scientific actions or facts). To form the affirmative form we use the infinitive without to (love) and to form the 3rd person singular in the affirmative form we add s but:
vowel ! " add s consonant ! " i and add es o# ss# sh# ch# x add es Expressions used:
alwa"s often never rarel" usuall" sometimes fre0uentl" ever"

$n the negative and interrogative we use the auxiliar" To do# in the %imple &resent (do or does): Affirmative
sub'ect ! main verb
$ wor* +ou wor* ,e / %he / $t wor*s -e wor* +ou wor* The" wor*

Negative
sub'ect ! auxiliar" (neg) ! main verb (don(t / doesn(t) (infinitive)
$ don(t wor* +ou don(t wor* ,e / %he / $t doesn(t wor* -e don(t wor* +ou don(t wor* The" don(t wor*

Interrogative
auxiliar" verb ! sub'ect ! main verb ) (do / does) (infinitive)
.o $ wor*) .o "ou wor*) .oes he / she / it wor*) .o we wor*) .o "ou wor*) .o the" wor*)

Present Continuous
We use the Present Continuous to: - describe actions happening now (at the moment of spea*ing); - describe repeated and anno"ing actions; - express fixed arrangements in the near future (arranged previousl").
Expressions used:
now at the/this moment this at present tomorrow

To form the affirmative# negative and interrogative forms we use the auxiliar" To be# in the %imple &resent# and the gerund of the main verb (infinitive ! ing): Affirmative
$ am wor*ing +ou are wor*ing ,e / %he / $t is wor*ing -e are wor*ing +ou are wor*ing The" are wor*ing

Negative
$(m not wor*ing +ou aren(t wor*ing ,e / %he / $t isn(t wor*ing -e aren(t wor*ing +ou aren(t wor*ing The" aren(t wor*ing

Interrogative
/m $ wor*ing) /re "ou wor*ing) $s he / she / it wor*ing) /re we wor*ing) /re "ou wor*ing) /re the" wor*ing)

sub'ect ! auxiliar" ! main verb sub'ect ! auxiliar" (neg) ! main verb auxiliar" verb ! sub'. ! main verb ) (am/are/is) (gerund) (am/are/is not) (gerund) (am/are/is) (gerund)

Simple Past
We use the Simple Past to: - tal* about past actions# finished at a definite time; - describe regular actions in the past; - express something that "ou thin* is unli*el" to happen.
Expressions used:
"esterda" ago last

To form the affirmative form we have to ma*e a distinction between regular and irregular verbs:

Regular verbs:
add ed to the infinitive but: ending in e add d onl" vowel ! " add ed consonant ! " i and add ed

Irregular verbs:
(1nd column of the list)

$n the negative and interrogative forms we use the auxiliar" To do# in the %imple &ast (did)# both for regular and irregular verbs: Affirmative
sub'ect ! main verb
$ wor*ed / came +ou wor*ed ,e / %he / $t wor*ed -e wor*ed +ou wor*ed The" wor*ed

Negative
sub'ect ! auxiliar" (neg) ! main verb (didn(t) (infinitive)
$ didn(t wor* / come +ou didn(t wor* ,e / %he / $t didn(t wor* -e didn(t wor* +ou didn(t wor* The" didn(t wor*

Interrogative
auxiliar" verb ! sub'ect ! main verb ) (did) (infinitive)
.id $ wor* / come) .id "ou wor*) .id he / she / it wor*) .id we wor*) .id "ou wor*) .id the" wor*)

Past Continuous
Expressions used: We use the Past Continuous to: - describe an action happening at a particular time in the past; - describe actions ta*ing place at the same time in the past; - describe an event which was happening when another one happened (the action in course was
interrupted b" another one in the past)
(something was happening when something else happened // while something was happening something else happened) .

when

while

%he was sleeping when the accident happened. -hile she was sleeping# the accident happened.

To form the affirmative# negative and interrogative forms we use the auxiliar" To be# in the %imple &ast# and the gerund of the main verb (infinitive ! ing): Affirmative
$ was wor*ing +ou were wor*ing ,e / %he / $t was wor*ing -e were wor*ing +ou were wor*ing The" were wor*ing

Negative
$ wasn(t wor*ing +ou weren(t wor*ing ,e / %he / $t wasn(t wor*ing -e weren(t wor*ing +ou weren(t wor*ing The" weren(t wor*ing

Interrogative
auxiliar" verb ! sub'. ! main verb ) (was/were) (gerund)
-as $ wor*ing) -ere "ou wor*ing) -as he / she / it wor*ing) -ere we wor*ing) -ere "ou wor*ing) -ere the" wor*ing)

sub'ect ! auxiliar" ! main verb sub'ect ! auxiliar" (neg) ! main verb (was/were) (gerund) (was/were not) (gerund)

Present Perfect
We use the Present Perfect to: - describe actions which started in the past and continue to the present# with results in the present.
Ex: $ have eaten eggs for brea*fast since $ was a child. -here2s the *e") $ don2t *now. $ ve lost it. ($ haven2t got it now.)

tal* about a recent action.

Ex: The road is closed. There has been an accident.

Expressions used:
ever (alguma ve<) never 'ust (h= pouco tempo/mesmo agora) alread" since "et for still this

Still (at agora) - negative sentences

(between the sub'ect and the auxiliar" verb)

Yet (ainda) - negative and interrogative sentences

(at the end of the sentence)

Already (j) - affirmative and interrogative sentences

(between the auxiliar" verb and the main verb)

For - + a period of time (durante/h)

Since - + a point in time (desde)

To form the affirmative# negative and interrogative forms we use the auxiliar" To have# in the %imple &resent# and the past participle (3rd column (irregular verbs) or ed (regular verbs)): Affirmative
$ have wor*ed +ou have wor*ed ,e / %he / $t has wor*ed -e have wor*ed +ou have wor*ed The" have wor*ed

Negative
$ haven(t wor*ed +ou haven(t wor*ed ,e / %he / $t hasn(t wor*ed -e haven(t wor*ed +ou haven(t wor*ed The" haven(t wor*ed

Interrogative
,ave $ wor*ed) ,ave "ou wor*ed) ,as he / she / it wor*ed) ,ave we wor*ed) ,ave "ou wor*ed) ,ave the" wor*ed)

sub'ect ! auxiliar" ! main verb sub'ect ! auxiliar" (neg) ! main verb auxiliar" verb ! sub'. ! main verb ) (has/have) (p.p.) (has/have not) (p.p.) (has/have) (p.p.)

Present Perfect Continuous

We use the Present Perfect Continuous to: - describe an action which ended recentl"# with a close relation to the present time;
Ex: +ou2re out of breath. !ave "ou been running) ("ou are out of breath now) $s it raining) 3o# but the ground is wet. $t has been raining.

describe actions which started in the past and are still happening.
Ex: -here have "ou been) $ have been loo"ing for "ou for an hour. $t is raining now. $t began raining two hours ago and it is still raining. $t has been raining for two hours.

The &resent &erfect 4ontinuous is usuall" used with for and since to describe repeated actions# expressing anger or criticism. For (h) Since#desde$ two hours a wee* 5 o2cloc* 6788 19 minutes :9 "ears ;onda" 4hristmas five da"s a long time 61 ;a" lunchtime six months ages /pril he was at school

To form the affirmative# negative and interrogative forms we use the auxiliar" To have# in the %imple &resent# plus the past participle of the verb To be (been) and the main verb in the gerund (-ing): Affirmative
sub'ect ! auxiliar" ! been ! main verb (has/have) (p.p. to be) (ing)

Negative

Interrogative
,ave $ been wor*ing) ,ave "ou been wor*ing) ,as he / she / it been wor*ing) ,ave we been wor*ing) ,ave "ou been wor*ing) ,ave the" been wor*ing)

%ub'. ! auxiliar" in the neg.! been ! main verb auxiliar" verb ! sub'.! been ! main verb) (hasn2t/haven2t) (p.p. to be) (ing) (has/have) (p.p. to be) (ing)

$ have been wor*ing $ haven(t been wor*ing +ou have been wor*ing +ou haven(t been wor*ing ,e / %he / $t has been wor*ing ,e / %he / $t hasn(t been wor*ing -e been wor*ing -e haven(t been wor*ing Hashave Painted is the present perfect simple. +ou have is been wor*ing +ou been wor*ing The action finished. -e are interested in the result of haven(t the action# not in the action itself. >x: The ceiling waswor*ing white. ow it is blue. !nn has painted the ceiling. The" have been The" haven(t been wor*ing

Has been painting is the present perfect continuous. -e are interested in the action. $t doesn2t matter if the action was finished or not# but it is usuall" unfinished. >x: !nn"s clothes are covered in paint. #he has been painting the ceiling.

Complete the sentences %ith the Simple Present& the Present Continuous& the Simple Past& the Past Continuous or the Present Perfect of the verbs in brac"ets and put the adverbs in the correct place' 6. &ortuguese ban*s ??????????????? (to open) at 5 o(cloc*. 1. The" alwa"s ??????????????? (to pla") the piano in the evening. 3. +esterda" she ??????????? (not/to be) in a good mood because she?????????? (to lose) her *e"s. @. Aast "ear she ??????????????? (to spend) most of her time on the beach. :. $ ????????????????? (not/to eat) fish since $ was eleven. B. $ ???????????????? (to listen) to music when "ou ??????????????? (to phone) last night. 8. ?????????????? (she/to go) to %pain two "ears ago) 5. %he ??????????????? (usuall"/to go) to school b" bus. 7. %he ???????????????? (to give) him a watch "esterda" but he ????????????????? (alread"/to lose) it. 69. $ ????????????????? (not/to bu") a carpet "et. 66. ,e ????????????????? (to swim) three miles ever" da". 61. Aet(s go awa"C -e ????????????????? (to be) here for more than half an hour. 63. -here ????????????????? ("ou/to go) for a holida" last "ear) $ ????????????? (go) to Aondon. 6@. %he is ver" tired because she ????????????????? (not/to sleep) for two da"s. 6:. ;" mother ????????????????? ('ust/to go) to the mar*et. 6B. ;r. ;organ is the tallest man $ ????????????????? (ever/to *now). 68. ;" mother ????????????? (not/to li*e) vegetables and so we ????????????? (not/to eat) soup ver" often. 65. %he usuall" ???????????????? (to go) to wor* b" car but this wee* she ??????????????? (to go) b" bus. 67. &eter can(t come to the phone right now. ,e ????????????????? (to have) a shower. 19. -hile the" ????????????????? (to have) dinner# someone ?????????????? (to *noc*) at the door.

(ill in the blan"s %ith the Present Perfect Simple or the Present Perfect Continuous of the verbs in brac"ets' Put the adverbs in the correct place %hen necessar)' 6. This room is a messC -hat ????????????????? ("ou/to do) all da") 1. Aoo* at that man over there. ,e ????????????????? (to stand) there for hours. 3. ,e ????????????????? (to clean) the windows and he ????????????????? (not/to finish) "et. @. The maga<ine ????????????????? (to publish) a report on >nglish spea*ers. $t2s excellentC :. The teacher was late. -hen he arrived# the students said D-e ????????????????? (to wait) for "ou for half an hour# teacherCE. B. The teacher was late. -hen he arrived# someone told him DThe students ????????????????? (to wait) for "ou for half an hour and then the" have goneC +ou were so lateCE. 8. The" ????????????????? (to live) there for ages but the" moved last wee*. 5. The" ????????????????? (to live) here for ages and the" love this place. 7. &eter ????????????????? (to finish) his boo* at last. 69. The" ????????????????? (to 0ueue) since midda" and the" are still waiting for their turn.

66. %he ????????????????? (to wait) for one hour but she has left because the" had to go to wor*. 61. ,e ????????????????? (to pla") golf for ten "ears but then he stopped due to health problems.