Aircraft Design (2nd sessional Questions) 1) Define Balanced Field Length (BFL) & decision speed and under

what circumstances BFL & decision speed are taking consider of and how these parameters influencing the wing loading of the aircraft. 2) Numerical : Considering a 60 seats passenger aircraft and obtain the wing loading from take off BFL consideration. It is prescribed that the BFL be 2150m for take off at sea level. Further the value of (T/W)TO to be limited to 0.3 and it be assumed that the airplane has 2 jet engines. Given: BFL for 2 engines=0.2613TOP(N/m2), CLmax=3, (W/S)=2150 3) What are the additional requirements we have to consider in military aircraft design apart from general civil aircraft design (additional parameters to standard 5 considerations)? Explain them briefly. 4) What are specific excess energy and energy height? 5) What is the difference between sustained rate of turn and instantaneous turn rate? How can we achieve instantaneous turn rate? 6) Derive the equation for optimum wing loading based on specified acceleration or sustained turn rate. (Questions 1 to 6 from NPTL lectures Chapter 4 lecture 12) 7) Explain the general procedures to obtain optimum wing loading for jet airplanes. After considering all 5 parameters how can we fix to range of wing loading for our designed aircraft? 8) Numerical: Consider the 60 seater turboprop airplane: (a) Obtain the drag polar and its alternate representation. (b) Obtain the optimum wing loading from the consideration of Vmax which is 10% higher than Vcr=500kmph but still at hcr of 4.5 km (c) Obtain the range of wing loading if an increase by 5 % is permitted above the minimum value of power required. Given datas: The gross weight is 21280 kgf = 208757 N, W/S = 350 kgf/m2 = 3434 N/m2, Wing parameters : A = 12, = 0.5 , t/c = 18 %, = 00, Fuselage width where wing is located = 2.8 m, Empennage : Sht/S = 0.21, Svt/S = 0.20, Rw = (Swet)airplane)/S = 5, , , ,

, , , 9) Numerical: Consider the 60 seater turboprop airplane , Obtain the optimum Wing loading from (R/C)max consideration. Assume that (a) the airplane is required to have a rate of climb of 540 m/min at sea level and (b) the airplane has a variable pitch propeller and can give p = 0.85. Use following equations: , ,

(Questions 7 to 9 from NPTL Lectures, Chapter 4 Lecture 13)

10)

Numerical: Consider the 60 seater turboprop airplane, Obtain the optimum wing loading from the consideration of range. Assume that (a) the airplane cruises at a flight speed of 500 kmph at 4.5 km altitude, (b) the range is 1740 km and (c) p and BSFC during cruise are 0.85 and 2.7 N/kW hr respectively. Obtain the range of the wing loading if an increase by 5 % is permitted above the minimum value of fuel required. R = 1740 km, BSFC = 2.7 N/kW -hr, p = 0.85 At 4.5 km, = 0.7768, cr V = 500 kmph= 138.9 m/s

, , 11) Explain the general procedures to obtain optimum wing loading for turboprop airplanes. After considering all parameters how can we fix to range of wing loading for our designed aircraft?

12)

Numerical: Obtain the engine rating required for the sixty-seater turboprop airplane under considerations of Sland, , Vmax and range. (example 4.15 from NPTL lectures) (Questions 10 to 12 from Lecture 14) 13) Explain why the efficiency of propeller is less than the ideal case? Write down few reasons. 14) Explain, for high propeller efficiency the downstream ( flow after the propeller) must be only slightly higher than upstream( flow ahead of propeller) air flow. 15) What is line of maximum efficiency? 16) What geometrical parameters, the power absorbed by propeller mainly depend on? 17) How to determine the diameter of the propeller? Explain. 18) Numerical: For the sixty seater turboprop airplane obtain the diameter of the propeller from the consideration of cruise at Vcr = 500 kmph and hcr = 4.5 km. Assume that the propeller has RPM of 1200 and is a constant speed propeller W/S = 3570 N/m2, CD = 0.02224 + 0.036CL2 , W = 208757 N, Vcr = 500 kmph = 138.9 m/s at hcr of 4.5 km, = 0.7768 kg/m3, maximum efficiency= 0.85., , , 19) How to determine the maximum value of efficiency in various phases of flight? 20) Define constant speed propeller and how this is different from variable pitch propeller? (Questions from 13 to 18 are from Lecture -16) 21) Comparison between turboprop and piston engines 22) What is the use of swept blades in propeller engines? 23) Explain why generally propeller is being used when flight speed is less that M=0.5 and also mention why we are using turbo jet engines when flight speed is more then M=0.7. 24) What are the main parameters to taking consider for the selection of a power plant ? (Questions from 21 to 24 from Lecture-17) 25) Explain the main parameters for the selection of the wing 26) What is drag bucket? Briefly explain the use of drag bucket in laminar flows airfoils. 27) Explain the effects of geometric parameters (the camber, thickness ratio), Reynolds number and roughness of the surface on aerodynamic characteristics of airfoil. (Questions from 25 to 27 from Lecture 19) 28) Define design lift coefficient and why this is important for aircraft design? 29) Explain how choice of airfoil camber and airfoil thickness ratio influencing structural and design parameters of the wing.

30) Explain the selection of Aspect ratio for the designed aircraft and how its influencing structural and design of the wing.( explain with what parameters we are obtaining) (Questions from 28 to 30 from Lecture 20) 31) Explain the selection of sweep angle for the designed aircraft and how its influencing structural and design of the wing. 32) What is the use of cranked trailing edge and why it is being used in most of civil jet airlines? 33) Explain the selection of taper ratio and twist angle for the designed aircraft and how its influencing structural and design of the wing. 34) What is wing incidence angle and what is the function of it? And explain the procedure to obtain the wing incident angle. 35) Numerical: Consider 60 seater turboprop airplane then estimate the wing parameter under consideration of a) airfoil selection, b) aspect ratio, c) sweep angle, d) taper ratio, e) twist, f) incident angle, g) certical location. Given parameters: W0, W/S, Vcr, Hcr speed or sound, at cruice altitude, Aspect ratio, Quarter sweep angle, Taper ratio. Draw the designed wing diagram with all parameters. (Questions from 31 to 35 from Lecture 21)