Journal of the Korean Physical Society, Vol. 56, No. 6, June 2010, pp.

20132015

Eect of a Magnetic Field Induced by Using a Solenoid on a Compact Microwave Proton Source
I. S. Hong, B. S. Park and Y. S. Cho
Proton Engineering Frontier Project, Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute, Daejeon 305-353 (Received 24 November 2009, in nal form 19 March 2010) A compact microwave proton source for the high power proton linear accelerator was proposed and has been developed. A hydrogen microwave plasma in the proton source was ignited using a standard double ridged waveguide and a solenoid at a very low microwave power of 50 W. The magnetic eld induced by the solenoid assists not only plasma ignition but its sustainment. The wave absorption eciency into the plasma and the beam extraction condition depend on this magnetic eld. A relatively better region of the wave absorption eciency exists with elds higher and lower than the electron cyclotron resonance(ECR) eld and a good matching can be obtained for an axial magnetic eld higher than 1.6 kG without any ECR in the plasma.
PACS numbers: 42.79.C Keywords: Proton source, Hydrogen plasma, Microwave, Magnetic eld DOI: 10.3938/jkps.56.2013

I. INTRONDUCTION

A high power proton linear accelerator requires a highly reliable proton source with a high current and a low emittance, and the source must be matched with subsequent acceleration systems, such as a RFQ(radio frequency qudrapole) [1,2]. Microwave proton sources with an electro cyclotron resonance (ECR) magnetic eld are typically used as high-power proton source at LANL and CEA because of their long life times [3,4]. Because these microwave proton sources have relatively bigger plasma chamber of around 10 cm in diameter and 10 cm in length, and with more than 2 solenoids, we propose a compact microwave proton source to enhance the power coupling eciency between the driving microwaves and the hydrogen plasma with a single solenoid. Operation knobs in this microwave proton source are limited to a few parameters, such as the microwave power and the axial magnetic eld, because the beam energy should be matched to the subsequent accelerator system. The axial magnetic eld driven by a solenoid, which can aect the coupling between the microwave and the plasma, is an important parameter. This paper describes the eect of the axial magnetic eld on the coupling between the microwaves and low-power hydrogen plasma.

Fig. 1. Schematic drawing of the proposed compact microwave proton source.

II. A SOLENODE MAGNET OF A COMPACT MICROWAVE PROTON SOURCE

1. A Compact Microwave Hydrogen Plasma in the Proton Source

E-mail:

ish@kaeri.re.kr; Fax: +82-42-868-8131

The microwave power driven by a 2.45-GHz, 2-kW magnetron, an isolator, and a 3-stub tuner is delivered into the plasma chamber, which is made of water-cooled oxygen-free copper (72 mm in diameter and 50 mm in lengh). Figure 1 shows a schematic drawing of the proton

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-2014Table 1. Detailed specications of the designed solenoid magnet. Axial magnetic eld Power Conductor size in diameter Turns Flow rate 1.2 kG at the center 134.6 A, 9.8 V 4.6 mm outer, 2.4 mm inner. 8 16 1.1 1/min. (dT : 20 )

Journal of the Korean Physical Society, Vol. 56, No. 6, June 2010

Fig. 3. Magnetic eld shape calculated by using supersh.

Fig. 2. Designed solenoid magnet.

source. A standard double-ridged waveguide (WRD250) was chosen to optimize the coupling between the driving microwaves and the compact plasma chamber and to focus the electric eld at the center of cylindrical plasma chamber. A standard WR284-WRD250 waveguide transition with a length of 30 cm was used. A vacuum quartz window with a 1-mm thickness and WRD 284 double ridges were used for the major coupling between the microwave and the hydrogen plasma. The double-ridged gap distance was 3.8 mm.
Fig. 4. Calculated and measured axial magnetic eld of the constructed solenoid. 2. Magnetic Field Using a Solenoid

We used a single solenoid to generate the microwave plasma. The solenoid, with an inner diameter of 12 cm and a length of 8.4 cm were shielded with 5 mm-thick iron, as shown in Fig. 2. The detailed specications are given in Table 1. The solenoid is made of a water-cooled halo copper conductor, which can support an axial magnetic eld above 1.5 kG in the center of the magnet. Before construction, the solenoid axial magnetic eld was estimated by using the supersh code. Figure 3 shows the magnetic eld line. As shown in Fig. 4 magnetic eld measurement with an axial hall probe is in a good agreement with the calculation. The vacuum window is located at the center of a solenoid with a maximum axial magnetic eld of around 1.4 kG, and the magnetic eld at the extraction region is around 0.7 kG, the ECR eld is in the plasma. For a magnetic eld higher than 1.5 kG of the at the window ECR region cannot be observed in the plasma.

III. WAVE ABSORPTION TO A PLASMA WITH AN AXIAL MAGNETIC FIELD The initial plasma discharge is sustained in front of the vacuum window, which is made with the same ridge, and fully discharges in the chamber with the help of the solenoid magnetic eld. The hydrogen plasma can be ignited easily with even 300 W of microwave forward power if above ECR magnetic eld of 875 G exists in the plasma in the driving region or in the extraction region. The plasma discharge is sustained at a very low microwave power of less than 50 W. Though the light of the plasma is slightly dark, the hydrogen plasma was sustained even with a low magnetic eld of less than 0.4 kG at the window. Figure 5 shows the forward wave power reection as a function of the axial magnetic eld at the vacuum window. Around the ECR magnetic eld, the power coupling eciency is the best ones as expected. By increasing the magnetic eld, matching between the

Eect of a Magnetic Field Induced by Using a Solenoid on a Compact Microwave Proton Source I. S. Hong et al.

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synchronization with a rotating electric eld. After some rotations, electrons absorb the wave energy according to the basic principle of the ECR. In the case of higher magnetic elds, the wave can penetrate with a dierent mode than that of the ECR. If some wave at an angle relative to the axial magnetic eld is assumed, the resonance can be described by
2 2 2 2 2 2 RF (RF U H ) + ce pe cos ( ) = 0

(2)

Fig. 5. Ratio of the reected to the forward power as a function of the axial magnetic eld.

wave and the plasma becomes worse. However, at the elds higher than 1.1 kG, the matching gets better, and eventually is the second best around 1.6 kG. When the axial eld less than ECR magnetic eld, we can observe another relatively good matching point around a magnetic eld of 400 G.

where is the angle realtive to the axial magnetic eld. However, is so dicult to nd practically. More probable models are collisions, which may compensate for the time lost with a collision. When an electron orbits with some collisions, the electrons can not be in phase and cannot be heated with ECR resonance. In this case, a higher magnetic eld can reduce the electron cyclotron radius, so the electrons can be in phase and can be heated with the resonance even without an ECR magnetic eld in the plasma.

IV. CONCLUSION The hydrogen plasma in a proton source driven by microwave was ignited through a standard double-ridged waveguide and window and a single solenoidal magnetic eld and was sustained even at a very low microwave power of 50 W. The hydrogen plasma can be derived at higher and lower magnetic elds, as well as at the ECR magnetic eld. The ECR is not a pre-requisite for generating a higher density plasma, and an axial magnetic eld can be used to operate knobs for this proton source.

1. Less Than the ECR Magnetic Field at the Vacuum Window

At the magnetic eld less than ECR, the wave absorption into the plasma can be theoretically understood as an upper hybrid resonance of the Eq. (1).
2 + 2 pe ce

U H =

(1) ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This work is supported by the Ministry of Education, Science and Technology of the Korean Government.

where uh is the upper hybrid resonance frequency, pe is the plasma frequency, and ce is the ECR frequency. The Bernstein harmonic wave is a nonlinear process that decays into the plasma. When a Bernstein wave is launched to heat electrons, B = Becr/1, 2, . . . can be shown. The reection result around an axial magnetic eld of Becr /2 shows that the plasma depends on Bernstein wave at low magnetic elds.

REFERENCES
[1] Y. S. Cho et al., J. Korean Phys. Soc. 52, 721 (2008). [2] H.-J. Kwon, H.-S. Kim, D.-I. Kim, J.-H. Jang and Y.-S. Cho, J. Korean Phys. Soc. 54, 2015 (2009). [3] J. Joseph Sherman et al., Rev. Sci. Instrum. 69, 1003 (1998). [4] R. Gobin et al., Rev. Sci. Instrum. 73, 922 (2002).

2. Higher Than ECR Magnetic Field at the Vacuum Window

An ECR of 875 G was identied with a well matched magnetic eld. Electrons can be heated eciently in