UD 2 ANALOG ELECTRONICS 3ºESO - Es.en

analog
electronics
Luis Garca Molina. I.E.S Serra Perenxisa. Torrente (Valencia). 2013
introduction
What hasled the electronics?

Miniaturization of machines and controllers.
Machine automation.
Machine scheduling.
Robotics and artificial intelligence (AI)
Process control.
Revolution in data processing: COMPUTERS.
Revolution in communications: television, mobile
telephony, Internet, satellite, cable ...
(...)

ACTIVITY 1. ANSWER:
Know what equipment to carry electronic devices?
I gave an example of a product where there has been a
process of miniaturization and, in time, grow their
skills.

introduction
What have in common electricity and electronics?
Almost everything! It is just electricity of low values, so
since you have studied electricity you have advanced a long
way:
Electrical circuits are similar: generators, conductor
elements, maneuver elements, receivers ...
Electrons in conductors are moved by the voltage of the
generators and provide power to operate the receivers.
Both can work in in direct Current ...
We can find elements in series and parallel ...
Resistors, bulbs, batteries, switches, buttons ...
Ohm's law, electric power, electric energy ...
Electromagnetic interactions ...
All this is the same ...

What is different about the electricity?
A-New Items:
semiconductors (Diodes, transistors) Together with
the classic ones: resitors, capacitors and inductors
New kind of resistors (thermistors, LDR ...)
Anyway, the components are tiny: integrated circuits.

B-Small supply voltages, Just below 5V. With batteries or
plugged. Voltage goes down from 220V to 5V in small
transformers

C-Electronics works in Direct Current:
Voltage generated in batteries.
OR voltage rectified from the AC alternating current
to DC in rectifiers devices.

D-Electronic circuits are build over special plates With
copper paths instead of wires.

E-Electronics MAINLY DRIVE VOLTAGE SIGNALS (more than
current instensity)

ACTIVITY 2: A) What are the new components that use electronic
circuits? B) What is a rectifier? C) What is a transformer?

How electronic boards are made?

Light
1
2
3
4
5
light degrades
unshaded areas
An acidic liquid
removes the
unprotected copper
The remains of the
photosensitive
layer of copper
protected areas
The plate is
drilled and
components are
inserted
Circuit design
printed on
transparent sheet
-3 Protective layer of a
photosensitive material.
-2 Copper layer
-1 Plastic base layer

Integrated
Circuits
What can be found in a electronic board?

Integrated circuits
Integrated circuits contain basically
semiconductor components (transistors and
diodes) with resistors. All extremely
miniaturized and integrated in thousands or
even millions of components (eg a computer
processor).
The electronic board is a plate for:
>conductive copper lines
>big electronic componets (LEDs,
transistors, diodes, inductances,
resistors, capacitors)
>Integrated circuits of miniaturized
components
Other components
Passive
Components
I
0 -Introduction
I-Passive Components
II-Semiconductors
III Sensor circuits
IV Amplifier circuits.
Electronic
Components
PASSIVE
P1-Resistors
P2-capacitors
P3-inductors (coils)
SEMICON-
DUCTORS
S1-Diodes
S2-transistors
Resistors (Fixed value)
Potentiometers (variable value)
LINEAR
NON-LINEAR
0.Introduction
normal dielectric
Thermo
resistor
Photo-
resistor
LEDs photodiodes
phototransistor
LIABILITIES:
P1-resistors
Resistors function is to low down the flow of electric current
to the values we need in each part of the circuit.

P1.LINEAR RESISTORS

FIXED VALUE: Always worth the same.

ADJUSTABLE VALUE (potentiometers): They have a slider to
adjust the value.

LIABILITIES:
P1-resistors
II. NONLINEAR RESISTORS

THERMISTORS: The resistance value varies with
temperature. They are used when we want something to be
activated or shut off depending on the temperature.
NTC: the higher the temperature, the less resistance.
PTC: the higher temperature, the more resistance.

LDR: Its value varies with the light.
The more the light the less the resistance

VDR: Its value varies with the voltage, positively or
negatively.

P-LIABILITIES:
-P2capacitors
P2-Capacitors.
When turn on they are filled up with electrons between its
plates, to the point that can cut the current. When the
capacitor is turn off electrons are released to the way they
arrived.

They are formed by two plates of conductive material
separated by a dielectric material.

Plate 1 Plate 2
Dielectric
material
Plate 1 Plate 2
Dielectric
material
electrons
Loading and packing of
the current
discharge
TYPES OF CAPACITORS
I-FIXED CAPACITORS: They are classified according to the
material they are made:

-Normal capacitors: of paper, plastic (polyester) mica,
ceramic ...

-Electrolytic capacitors: Carry a
chemical fluid inside.

II-ADJUSTABLE CAPACITORS: Its value can be adjusted with a
regulator.

P2capacitors

P-LIABILITIES:
P3-inductances
P3 INDUCTORS OR COILS
They also store energy temporarily returning to the circuit
later when needed.
In the coils complex phenomena occur: it produces a variable
magnetic field that induces currents.
It normally smooth current or voltage changes
Therefore used in inverters and radio tuning circuits and
television. Its main use is the transformer.
They are formed by windings of yarn on a core.

P3-LIABILITIES:
inductances

I.con AIR CORE:
coil wound around a non-magnetic core.
II. With magnetic core
- Coil wound around a metal.
III. With ferrite core (ferrite)
coil wound around a metal oxide.

introduction

ACTIVITY 1.1: Draw the following circuits:

a) A circuit comprising a battery and a resistor, and a LDR
termoresistor, all 3 in parallel

B) A battery, a resistor and two coils in series, the 3
series.

C) A stack, normally a capacitor and a variable resistor in
parallel, and all this in series with 2 electrolytic
capacitors.

Semiconductor
Components
DIODE AND
TRANSISTOR
II
0 -Introduction
II-Semiconductors
III Sensor circuits
IV Amplifier circuits.
CONDUCTIVE, INSULTING AND SEMICONDUCTIVE
We call CONDUCTOR MATERIALS, those whose atoms give up
electrons easily when subjected to voltage. They conduct
electric current.
Example. METALS (such as copper, aluminum ...)

We call INSULATORS or non-conductive those materials whose
atoms do not give up its electrons. Thus, they do not
conduct electricity
Example: WOOD, PLASTIC, STONE ...

We call SEMICONDUCTIVE MATERIALS those whose atoms give
electrons to a limited and desired quantity ( la carte).
They need to be doped with small amounts of other atoms.
Example: germanium, silicon basis doped with gallium or
Arsenic.

Semiconductors can be of two types:
"P" (positive) TYPE SEMICONDUCTORS:
Has positive holes or gaps, catching electrons.
"N": (negative) TYPE SEMICONDUCTORS:
Give a few electrons.

DIODE AND TRANSISTOR are made of semiconductor materials
join type "p" and type "n".

10
P
N
Semiconductors
diode
DIODE
It is a component of electronic circuits.
It is made of semiconductor materials.
Is a union of a semiconductor P" with one N".

USE:
Its main feature is that it only conducts current in one
direction.
This is useful to ensure the direction of the current at
our convenience.

P N
Semiconductors
transistor
THE TRANSISTOR
Is a component of electronic circuits.
It's a triple junction semiconductor
There are 2 main types of transistors:

TRANSISTOR "NPN" TRANSISTOR "PNP"

We will study the type "NPN"

N
P
N
P
P
N
intensity
intensity
intensity
intensity
Semiconductors
transistor
TRANSISTOR: Operation 1
TRANSISTOR CAN WORK LIKE A VERY SMALL POWER AMPLIFIER

The current delivered to the base (B) is small. (this small
current is needed to open the current through the
transistor)
The current released from the collector (C) to the emitter
(E) is much greater.

We can therefore say that a transistor amplifies the
current that reaches it.

High
intensity
Small
intensity
Semiconductors
transistor
TRANSISTOR: operation 2
TRANSISTOR CAN WORK LIKE A VERY SMALL AUTOMATIC BUTTON:
If you get a small current to the base (B), transitor
saturates (turns on) and electric current passes from the
collector (C) to the emitter (E).

When no electric current arrives to the base (B), the
transistor becomes cut (turns off) and electric current from
collector(C) to emitter (E) ceases.

intensity
intensity
intensity
intensity
Transistor in
cut (off)
Transistor in
saturation (on)
I
Analog
and digital
electronics
Depending on wich of the 2 operations that a transistor can do is used
(small amplifier OR small automatic button) two branches of
electronics have been developed:

ANALOG ELECTRONICS: Using the transistor as a small amplifier we can
CONTROL THE VOLTAGE SIGNALS. Examples of analog electronics circuits:
-for increasing and decreasing of the signal to the required value
(GAIN and ATTENUATION)
- For converting the alternating current to direct current in
rectifiers.
- For selecting certain parts of signals (FILTERING)
- For Converting analog signals to digital signals and vice versa.

DIGITAL ELECTRONICS: Using the transistor as a small automatic button
we can CONTROL SIGNALS OF ONLY 2 VALUES: WITH VOLTAGE-YES (1) AND
WITHOUT VOLTAGE-NO (0).
- It provides higher speed and effectiveness in the processing of
information.
- It uses new circuits: logic gates, bistables
- Almost any type of analogic signal can be translated into a
binary signal.

analogic and digital
electronics

V
t
ELECTRONICS:
electricity with
small values and
small components
such as
transistor
ANALOGIC
ELECTRONICS
Continuous
voltage signals
V
t
DIGITAL
ELECTRONICS
Voltage signals
of only 2 values
1 1
0 0 0
0.Introduction
Transistor as an
amplifier
Transistor as a
small auto-button
Basis of
That uses
Basis of
That uses
0 -Introduction
II-Semiconductors
III-Analog electronics
III.A Sensor circuits
III.B Amplifier
circuits.
SENSOR
CIRCUITS
III.
A
ANALOG
ELECTRONICS
III
30
ANALOG basic
circuits
ANALOG ELECTRONIC CIRCUIT SENSORS:
Imagine we want to make light bulbs light up automatically
when it gets dark.

For this we need:
a) A SENSOR electronic circuit that detects the existence or lack
of light (control circuit).
b) The circuit with the bulb (power circuit).
c) An union between them (with a device called relay)

When it is dark, the sensor will send a signal to the relay on the
power circuit. The signal will activate the relay as a
automatic switch and bulbs will turn on.

I.ANALGICA: SENSORS
+
Power circuit
relay
Control circuit light sensor
31
1 circuit, control
2 circuit, power
LDR
Fixed
resistors
Diode
(Coil)
Transistor
45V voltage
source
Ground (0 Volts)
(Connectors)
Relay
Generator 12 V
Bulb
Here we have the diagram of the analog electronic
sensor and the power circuit.
32
Operation:when it is DAYTIME
When there is light, the LDR has low
resistance (400).
Electrons will reach the point "X
from where they will choose the less
resistance path (in this case by the
LDR, on the other path is 4000!).
Then, the transistor does not get any
current to the base (B). So it
remains cut and nothing happens. It
operates as a open button.
The relay coil remains unexcited, so
the connectors are in the open
position.
1 control circuit
2 power circuit
With the coil of the relay
unexcited connectors remain
open. In this position the bulb
is off, as we wanted.
X
I
I
I
Lets analyze the circuit operation when it is daytime
(next page when it is after dark)
33
Operation: when it is NIGHT

When there is no light, the LDR has a
high resistance value. (8000).
Electrons will reach the point "X
and then go where there is less
resistance (In this case by the
4000 resistor path)
Thus, the transistor gets some
electric current at its base (B).
Transistor saturates and current
start to pass from collector to
emitter. It operates as a closed
button.
With the transistor saturated current
flows through the coil, exciting it.
It operates as a magnet, attracting
the connectors and change its
position.
1 circuit, control
2 circuit, power
Connectors are closed by the
excited magnetic coil of the
relay. The circuit is closed
and light bulb turns on after
dark, as we wanted.
X
I
I
I
I
34

ACTIVITY 4.2: Design a circuit that turn on stoves when it is cold (using a
thermistor NTC)
Indicate the control circuit, the power circuit and the relay.
Write the name of all its components.
Explain how it works with words, in both cases: at daytime and after dark.

ACTIVITY 4.1: Design a circuit that turn opens a door when a person is detected.
You can use a infrared sensor with a directional infrared ray emitter.

ACTIVITY 4.1: Danalyze next electronic
circuit.
Can you think for what could we use it?
Indicate the control circuit, the power
circuit and the relay.
Write the name of all its components.
Explain how it works with words, in both
cases: at daytime and after dark.
37

AMPLIFIER
CIRCUITS

III.
B
0 -Introduction
II-Semiconductors
III-Analog and digital
electronics.
IV-Analog: basic
circuits.
V-Digital: basic
circuits.
Is
B = -------
Ie
The gain formula
39
SPEAKER!
speaker
AMPLIFICATOR 1: The transistor itself.

In this circuit, with a voltage of 1.5 V, the resulting
intensity is 0750 mA.

If we add a transistor, the intensity you have in your
output is 39 mA. (52 times more than the original).

I
I
Is
Ie
We have already said that the transistor works itself
as a small amplifier.
Remember that the current got by the base is much
smaller than those delivered through the emitter.
40
SPEAKER!
AMP 2: Two transistors (Darlington pair).

We will get a stronger amplifier just joining two transitors.

In this circuit, under the same conditions as above with the
same input signal of 1.5 V, the resulting intensity is 350 mA
(467 times larger than at first!)

I
Darlington pair
1
2
42

Imagine that the radio signal reaches 1.5 V.

If you use an AO, the voltage signal is amplified until we
can hear (the output voltage is 6V)

SPEAKER!
speaker

The operational amplifier is an
integrated circuit made up of many
small transistors.

Its symbol is:
AMP 3: Operational Amplifier (AO)
43

ACTIVITY 4.5: Draw the amplifier circuits in order to
make a television bigger with:

a) A transistor

b) A Darlington pair

c) An operational amplifier.

II.ANALGICA: AMPLIFIERS


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