CDFW White Shark ESA Status Review

STATE OF CALIFORNIA NATURAL RESOURCES AGENCY DEPARTMENT OF FISH AND WILDLIFE
REPORT TO THE FISH AND GAME COMMISSION
STATUS REVIEW OF WHITE SHARK (Carcharodon carcharias) in CALIFORNIA
CHARLTON H. BONHAM, DIRECTOR CALIFORNIA DEPARTMENT OF FISH AND WILDLIFE April 3, 2014
Table of Contents
List of Tables ................................................................................................................ iii List of Figures .............................................................................................................. iii List of Appendices ....................................................................................................... iii Acknowledgements...................................................................................................... iii List of Acronyms .......................................................................................................... iv Executive Summary ...................................................................................................... 1 Introduction ................................................................................................................... 4 Petition History............................................................................................................. 4 Federal Status Review................................................................................................. 4 Department Status Review .......................................................................................... 5 Life History .................................................................................................................... 5 Species Description ..................................................................................................... 5 Genetics ...................................................................................................................... 7 Taxonomy .................................................................................................................... 7 Life Span ..................................................................................................................... 7 Reproduction ............................................................................................................... 8 Food Habits ................................................................................................................. 8 Movements .................................................................................................................. 9 Geographic Range and Distribution ........................................................................... 10 Habitat Essential for Continued Existence of the Species ...................................... 11 Current Distribution .................................................................................................... 12 Young-of-the-Year and Juveniles .............................................................................. 12 Sub-adults and Adults................................................................................................ 14 Species Status, Abundance and Population Trends in California Waters ............. 17 Abundance Estimates ................................................................................................ 17 Species Status ........................................................................................................... 20 Independent Trends................................................................................................... 20 Factors Affecting Ability to Survive and Reproduce................................................ 22 Environmental Contaminants ..................................................................................... 22 Marine Debris ............................................................................................................ 23 Ship Strikes ............................................................................................................... 23 Overexploitation ......................................................................................................... 24 Incidental take in California commercial fisheries................................................... 24
Status Review of White Shark in California
Large mesh drift gill nets ........................................................................................ 27 Small mesh drift gill nets ........................................................................................ 28 Set gill nets ............................................................................................................ 28 Fishing effort .......................................................................................................... 30 Incidental take in California recreational fisheries .................................................. 32 Incidental take in Mexican fisheries........................................................................ 33 Incidental take in states or countries other than California and Mexico.................. 35 Predation ................................................................................................................... 36 Disease...................................................................................................................... 36 Competition and Prey Availability .............................................................................. 36 Young-of-the-year and juvenile white sharks ......................................................... 37 Subadult and adult white sharks ............................................................................ 37 Climate Change ......................................................................................................... 38 Regulatory Status and Existing Management Efforts .............................................. 40 State of California Status and Management Efforts ................................................... 40 Permitting in California............................................................................................... 45 Scientific collecting permits .................................................................................... 45 CESA take permits ................................................................................................. 45 Status and Management Efforts in Surrounding States ............................................. 46 Federal Status and Management Efforts ................................................................... 46 International Status and Management Efforts ............................................................ 48 Recommendations for Management.......................................................................... 49 Scientific Determinations Regarding the Status of the White Shark in California 51 Present or Threatened Modification or Destruction of Habitat ................................... 51 Overexploitation ......................................................................................................... 52 Predation ................................................................................................................... 52 Competition ............................................................................................................... 52 Disease...................................................................................................................... 53 Summary of Key Findings .......................................................................................... 53 Listing Recommendations ......................................................................................... 54 Protections Afforded By Listing ................................................................................ 54 References ................................................................................................................... 56 Personal Communications ......................................................................................... 64
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List of Tables Table 1. Records of white shark catch in California commercial fisheries. .................... 26 Table 2. Gill net fishing effort and white shark catch, as recorded in logbooks ............. 27 Table 3. State regulatory history for white shark. .......................................................... 42 Table 4. State regulatory history for set and drift nearshore gill net fisheries. ............... 43 Table 5. State regulatory history for the offshore drift gill net fishery. ............................ 44
List of Figures Figure 1. Known range of white shark in the Northeastern Pacific. ............................... 11 Figure 2. Reported white shark catch in west coast commercial gill net fisheries ......... 22 Figure 3. California laws for closure areas of commercial gill net fisheries. .................. 29 Figure 4. Spatial distribution of set gill net effort and SPOT detections. ........................ 31
List of Appendices Appendix A. Notice History Appendix B. Peer Review Appendix C. Public Comment
Acknowledgements This report was authored by E. Hellmers, M. Horeczko, L. Laughlin, and M. Lewis (lead) of the CDFW Marine Region. The authors received assistance from the following current and former CDFW employees: M. Dilts, T. Gallegos, J. Grebel, S. Ingram, T. Larinto, A. Louie, T. Nguyen, K. Pentilla, K. Perry, A. Renth, M. Roberts, R. Shen, C. Shuman, T. Tanaka, J. Taylor, and M. Yaremko. Cover photo by A. Peter Klimley. Used with permission.
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List of Acronyms Acronym BRT CCR CDFW CEQA CESA CICESE Definition Biological Review Team California Code of Regulations California Department of Fish and Wildlife California Environmental Quality Act California Endangered Species Act Centro de Investigacin Cientfica y de Educacin Superior de Ensenada (Ensenada Center for Scientific Research and Higher Education) Convention of International Trade in Endangered Species Centimeter Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada Commercial Passenger Fishing Vessel Catch-per-unit-effort California Recreational Fishery Survey California State University, Long Beach Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane Drift gill net Endangered Species Act Feet Gulf of Farallones National Marine Sanctuary Highly Migratory Species Highly Migratory Species Fishery Management Plan High Seas Driftnet Fishing Moratorium Protection Act Inch International Union for the Conservation of Nature Meter Marine Conservation Science Institute
CITES cm CMS COSEWIC CPFV CPUE CRFS CSULB DDT DGN ESA ft GFNMS HMS HMS FMP HSDFMPA in IUCN m MCSI
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MBA MBNMS MOU MRFSS MRPA MSA mtDNA NEP NEPA nm NMFS NOAA PacFIN PAT PCB PFMC Photo-ID PLCA POCTRT PSAT SARA SCB SCP SOFA SPOT SST SWFSC TL TOPP
Monterey Bay Aquarium Monterey Bay National Marine Sanctuary Memorandum of Understanding Marine Recreational Fisheries Statistics Survey California Marine Resource Protection Act of 1990 Magnuson-Stevens Fishery Conservation and Management Act Mitochondrial Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) Northeastern Pacific National Environmental Policy Act Nautical mile National Marine Fisheries Service National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Pacific Fisheries Information Network Pop-up archival transmitting tag Polychlorinated biphenyl Pacific Fishery Management Council Photo identification Pacific Leatherback Conservation Area Pacific Offshore Cetacean Take Reduction Team Pop-up satellite archival tag Species At Risk Act Southern California Bight Scientific Collecting Permits Shared Offshore Focal Area Smart Position or Temperature Transmitting Tag Sea surface temperature Southwest Fisheries Science Center Total length (the longest straight-line measurement from the tip of the head to the end of the longest lobe of the tail) Tagging of Pelagic Predators
USGS-WERC VMS YOY
U.S. Geological Survey Western Ecological Research Center Vessel Monitoring System Young-of-the-year
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Report to the Fish and Game Commission Status Review of White Shark in California April 3, 2014 Executive Summary Pursuant to the California Endangered Species Act (CESA), the California Department of Fish and Wildlife (Department) prepared this status review and recommendation to the California Fish and Game Commission (Commission) to inform its decision whether to designate the Northeastern Pacific (NEP) population of white shark (Carcharodon carcharias) as an endangered or threatened species under CESA. Data are limited for key life history traits of the species and recent abundance estimates for the NEP population vary by an order of magnitude. The life history data gaps and widely varying abundance estimates make it difficult to characterize the NEP population. However, examination of multiple data sources allowed for an assessment of status and trends of the NEP population that were used to inform the recommendations in this status review. The white shark belongs to the family Lamnidae. It is a large migratory apex predator that is globally distributed throughout the worlds oceans, most commonly found in temperate waters between 54-68F (12.2-20.0C). While it is believed to be a mostly solitary animal, individuals congregate in specific areas off most continents. White sharks in the NEP are believed to be geographically isolated and genetically distinct from other global white shark populations. Their known range is limited to areas within the northeastern Pacific Ocean between the Hawaiian Islands and the west coast of North America. White sharks in the NEP utilize multiple habitats within the extent of their range. Warm coastal waters in the Southern California Bight (SCB) and Mexico are likely nursery areas for young-of-the-year (YOY) and juvenile white sharks. Use of this coastal habitat varies seasonally, which may be due to temperature restrictions or availability of desired prey. The notion that these waters serve as nursery areas is supported by the presence of juvenile white sharks in both commercial and recreational fisheries catch records. These incidents are concentrated throughout the SCB and tagging data from independent research efforts corroborates these findings. As juveniles mature, it is believed they become more tolerant to temperate oceanic conditions, allowing them to expand their range into the cooler waters of northern and central California. However, tagging and movement data for this life stage are very limited. Results from tagging data collected from adult sharks tagged at coastal aggregation sites within the NEP demonstrate a high degree of site fidelity during migrations, especially to sites off central California, Guadalupe Island, Mexico, and the Shared Offshore Foraging Area (SOFA), located between the Hawaiian Islands and the west coast of North America (Domeier & Nasby-Lucas 2012). There is still debate over why white sharks make these offshore migrations, and whether this serves as a period of foraging or mating (Domeier 2012a; Jorgensen et al. 2012a). Consequently the more neutral term "Shared Offshore Focal Area" (SOFA) is used in this review.
Young-of-the-year and juvenile white sharks feed on a wide array of prey abundant in the shallow coastal areas in which they occur. Moving from a diet thought to consist mainly of benthic fishes, rays, and invertebrate species, feeding options expand to include larger prey, such as marine mammals, as they mature. Despite an incomplete understanding of the NEP white sharks habitat usage throughout its entire life cycle, our knowledge of the populations movements early in life and as adults has greatly advanced over the last 20 years. Current research shows no indication that the present range has been reduced or is restrictive to the population at any life stage. In fact there have been signs of the population expanding their use of specific areas in the described range in the past few decades (Boustany et al. 2002). Similar to other large apex predators, white sharks mature relatively late, have naturally low abundance, low fecundity, and relatively long life spans. Few offspring are likely to reach maturity, as apex predator populations usually support fewer individuals than species lower on the food chain. This makes white shark populations potentially vulnerable to overexploitation. The current size of the NEP population is uncertain. Multiple analyses of photoidentification study data have estimated the current population range from 339 subadults/adults (Chapple et al. 2011; Sosa-Nishizaki et al. 2012) to greater than 3,000 total individuals estimated by the National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) Biological Review Team (BRT) report ( Dewar et al. 2013). Uncertainties about key life history characteristics, such as the habitat usage and movements of all age classes, longevity, and reproductive capacity, make population estimates difficult. While there are no historic estimates for comparison, current trends in incidental catch in fisheries and attacks on marine mammals, as well as genetic diversity suggest a stable or increasing population. Adult white sharks frequent coastal waters seasonally, but appear to spend a large part of their time migrating through open ocean habitats. Young-of-the-year and juveniles spend the majority of their time in coastal areas off southern California and northern Mexico where there is historic overlap with set gill net fisheries. Analysis of California commercial fishery data reveals that the incidents of white shark captured in commercial gill net fisheries have increased steadily since 2005, despite declines in fishing effort. This suggests that juvenile white shark abundance may be increasing within the SCB. Incidental take of juvenile white sharks in set gill net fisheries is a potential risk factor for this population. However, this risk has been reduced considerably as these fisheries have become more restricted through regulation and declining effort. Based on trends in commercial fisheries and existing regulations, the Department does not consider future impacts of commercial gill net fishing to a be an imminent threat to the continued existence of the NEP population of white sharks in California. The Department evaluated other factors, such as contaminants and non-point source pollution, recreational fishing, predation, disease, competition, climate change, and availability of prey. Based on the Departments analysis, none of these factors are
considered to be a serious threat to the continued existence of the NEP white shark population. The Department provides this report to the Commission based upon the best scientific information available pursuant to Fish and Game Code Section 2074.6. The best scientific information available indicates to the Department that the petitioned action is not warranted. Also included in this report is the Departments preliminary identification of habitat that may be essential to the continued existence of the species, and suggestions regarding management activities and other actions that may benefit the species.
Report to the Fish and Game Commission Status Review of White Shark in California April 3, 2014 Introduction This status review addresses the Northeastern Pacific (NEP) population of white shark (Carcharodon carcharias), which is the subject of a petition (Petition) submitted to the California Fish and Game Commission (Commission) by Oceana, Center for Biological Diversity, and Shark Stewards in August of 2012 requesting the Commission list the species as endangered or threatened under the California Endangered Species Act (CESA) (Fish and Game Code Section 2050 et seq.). According to the Petition (Shester et al. 2012), the primary threat to the continued existence white sharks in the NEP is overexploitation through incidental take in gill net fisheries, coupled with risk due to low abundance estimates. Other identified concerns included habitat degradation, pollution, historic declines in prey species, and climate change. Petition History The petition to list the NEP population of white shark (Carcharodon carcharias) as threatened or endangered under the California Endangered Species Act, was submitted by Oceana, Center for Biological Diversity, and Shark Stewards on August 20, 2012 (Shester et al. 2012). On August 27, 2012, pursuant to Fish and Game Code Section 2073, the Commission transmitted the Petition to the Department for review. The Department evaluated the sufficiency of the scientific information presented in the Petition pursuant to Fish and Game Code Section 2072.3 and Section 670.1(d)(1), Title 14, California Code of Regulations (California Code of Regulations), using information in the Petition as well as other relevant scientific information available at the time of review. Based on that evaluation, the Department determined that the Petition contained sufficient information to indicate that the petitioned action may be warranted. The Commission made a finding that a full status review was warranted on February 19, 2013, and this action was noticed on March 1, 2013 when the NEP white shark became a candidate species under CESA. Federal Status Review In June and August of 2012, WildEarth Guardians and the Petitioners, respectively, sent petitions to NMFS requesting that the NEP population of white shark be listed as endangered or threatened under the federal Endangered Species Act (ESA). In September 2012, NMFS published a 90-day finding (77 FR 59582) announcing that both petitions presented substantial scientific information indicating that the population may warrant listing under the ESA and that the agency would conduct an ESA status review. To aid in this review, a BRT was formed of scientists from the Southwest Fisheries Science Center. Based on the BRTs peer reviewed analysis, NMFS made the finding in July of 2013 that the NEP population of white shark was a distinct population
Status Review of White Shark in California 4
segment and is not in danger of extinction under ESA criteria, nor likely to become so within the foreseeable future. Department Status Review Following the Commissions action to designate the NEP population of white shark as a candidate species pursuant to CESA (Fish and Game Code Section 2074.4), the Department solicited information from the public, the scientific community, and government agencies for relevant information, and conducted a status review of the species in California waters based on the best scientific information available. This report reflects the Departments scientific assessment of the status of the NEP population of white shark to date. The Department primarily relied on published, peer reviewed, scientific papers. The report has also undergone independent peer review by scientists with expertise relevant to the status of the NEP white shark. A list of experts providing scientific peer review of this report, along with input provided to the Department by peer reviewers, is included as appendices to this status review. On December 18, 2013, the Department received supplemental information prepared by Oceana and the Center for Biological Diversity. This supplement provided a non-peer reviewed critical assessment of the National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) Biological Review Teams (BRT) analysis of the NEP white shark population size and risk of extinction during their evaluation of the population under the federal Endangered Species Act. The document raised concerns regarding assumptions, methodologies, and findings in the NMFS report related to current abundance and trends, bycatch mortality, and overall risk to the population. Despite the late nature of the submittal, the Department reviewed the supplemental information and in conjunction with the best available scientific information, concluded that it did not provide new or substantially different information than was provided in the Petition.
Life History Species Description White sharks are characterized by a spindle-shaped body and long conical snout. Long gill slits, a large first dorsal fin, small second dorsal fin, and approximately equal lobed caudal fin are indicative of the species. Coloration is generally gray or brownish to blackish on the dorsal surface with a solid white ventral surface. The margin between the dark dorsal and white ventral surfaces is sharply defined and creates a distinct pattern that can be used to identify individuals. Young white sharks (<1.5 m; 4.9 ft) have narrow teeth with cusplets and no coarse serrations. The shape of the teeth change as the shark matures, becoming wider and thicker. Adults have teeth in the upper and lower jaws that are large, flat, triangular, and serrated (Hubbell 1996). Due to their large size, solitary nature, vast range, and predatory behavior, obtaining life history information on white sharks is challenging. Due to limited data, information on life history characteristics was pooled from research on global white shark populations.
Although the maximum size has not been established, specimens have been reliably measured to 6 m (19.7 ft) or greater total length (measured from the nose to the tip of the upper lobe of the tail [TL]) for females, and 5.5 m (18 ft) TL for males (Cailliet et al. 1985; Ebert 2003; Castro 2012). Due to limited reliable specimens, the maximum size is still debated and likely to change as more specimens and reliable data are collected in the future. White sharks are oophagous (developing embryos feed on eggs within the mothers uterus) and litters of 2-14 pups have been documented. Parturition is believed to occur in or near the SCB and northern Mexico in late spring and summer. White shark life stages have been categorized as young-of-the-year (YOY), juvenile, sub-adult, and adult (Bruce and Bradford 2012). Size at birth ranges from 1.2-1.5 m TL (3.9-4.9 ft) and YOY (less than one year) range from 1.2-1.8 m TL (3.9-5.9 ft). Juveniles (approximately one to three years old) range in size from 1.8-3.0 m TL (5.9-9.8 ft), and sub-adults range from 3.0 m TL (9.8 ft) size at maturity, which is reported to be 3.6-3.8 m TL (11.8-12.5 ft) for males and 4.5-5.0 m TL (14.8-16.4 ft) for females (Cailliet et al. 1985; Francis 1996; Wintner and Cliff 1999; Malcolm et al. 2001; Ebert 2003; Martin 2004; Bruce and Bradford 2012). Juvenile white sharks feed on fish and invertebrates (Klimley 1985). As they grow in size and become sub-adults they begin to forage on marine mammals. Little is known about the period of transition from juvenile to adult including the age these transitions occur, where they go during this time, and when they begin to make inshore/offshore migrations or utilize adult aggregation sites (Domeier 2012a). Some researchers (Klimley 1985; Domeier 2012a) speculate that at approximately three years of age (2.0 m; 6.6 ft) sub-adults begin to range farther from the nursery grounds into colder waters. In this stage they may range widely from Oregon (or farther north) to southern Mexico and the Gulf of California. These theories are supported by the limited information available on this life stage; however, validation through mark-recapture and other studies is needed to have more conclusive information on movement patterns for subadults. As sub-adults mature, researchers believe they adopt the migration patterns of mature adults and begin to utilize aggregation sites. However, it is unclear when they begin or what triggers this change in behavior, but sub-adults of both sexes have been observed at the aggregation sites. Satellite tagging data have shown that adults and some subadults of both sexes complete long offshore pelagic migrations of 3-15 months to an area of the Pacific centered between the Hawaiian Islands and Baja California called the Shared Offshore Focal Area (SOFA) (Boustany et al. 2002; Weng et al. 2007; Domeier and Nasby-Lucas 2008; Nasby-Lucas et al. 2009; Jorgensen et al. 2010; Domeier and Nasby-Lucas 2012). The primary purpose for this migration is unclear. Some researchers hypothesize it is primarily for forage (Domeier and Nasby-Lucas 2008), while others believe it is used as a mating area (Kerr et al. 2006; Jorgensen et al. 2010; Carlisle et al. 2012; Kim et al. 2012).
Genetics The NEP population of white sharks is genetically significant and discrete. Comparing studies of mitochondrial Deoxyribonucleic Acid (mtDNA) haplotype data from white sharks sampled in central California, Japan, New Zealand/Australia, and South Africa reveals that no NEP haplotypes are shared across multiple regions (Jorgensen et al. 2010; Tanaka et al. 2011). These studies support the conclusion that NEP white sharks make up a unique monophyletic clade. The significant differentiation of mtDNA suggests that the populations have been separated for a sufficient amount of time for distinct habitat specific adaptation to have occurred, and that migration between sites is less than one migrant per generation. While the mtDNA data only provide data regarding female gene flow, all the males sampled in central California had haplotypes indicating an NEP origin and many had photographic histories supporting individual fidelity to NEP aggregation sites. Evaluation of multi-locus nuclear DNA data is necessary to determine the discreteness of the population with certainty. However, current data are consistent with a closed population and there is little evidence for alternate patterns of malemediated gene flow (Pardini et al. 2001; Gubili et al. 2012; Dewar et al. 2013). Potential confounding factors with the genetic data include: 1) the small sample sizes for most studies, 2) the large number of unique haplotypes among the NEP white sharks sampled, suggesting that diversity is not fully characterized, 3) the use of only maternally inherited markers (mtDNA), and 4) bias associated with the sample collection in time and space (e.g., the NEP study did not include samples from Guadalupe Island or other areas in the NEP range). Taxonomy All white sharks worldwide belong to the Order Lamniformes, Family Lamnidae, which includes three genera: Carcharodon (white sharks), Isurus (mako sharks), and Lamna (salmon sharks and porbeagles). The genera all have similar body type and shape, but they can be distinguished by tooth shape, fin position, and proportions (Compagno 2001). The NEP population of white shark is genetically distinct from other populations in different parts of the world, and has been classified as a distinct population segment by the National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) under the Endangered Species Act (ESA) (Jorgensen et al. 2010; Tanaka et al. 2011; Gubili et al. 2012; Dewar et al. 2013). Life Span Maximum age for large migratory sharks is difficult to estimate. In the NEP, Anderson et al. (2011) made a rough estimate of the maximum age for an individual shark, which was observed annually over 22 years, at a coastal aggregation site. Based on available data, white sharks are estimated to recruit to coastal aggregations at about 3 m TL (9.8 ft) or five years of age. This limited information led to an estimate for this individual shark of 27-30 years-of-age. Recently a vertebral bomb radiocarbon study estimated a maximum age of at least 70 years for Atlantic white sharks (Hamady et al. 2014). Even with significant variability in age estimates and small sample sizes, these studies indicate the white shark is a long lived species.
Reproduction Individuals of this species mature late (females 14-16 years; males 9-10 years), and have few offspring (Cailliet et al. 1985; Francis 1996). Females breed every two to three years (Francis 1996; Compagno et al. 1997; Domeier 2012a). Although parturition (live birth) has never been observed, it is believed to occur in or near the warm waters of the SCB and northern Mexico in the late spring and summer. Little is known about the mating habits of white sharks since there have been no verified observations. A few studies have inferred that the aggregation sites in central California and Guadalupe Island, Mexico may be used for mating due to the presence of spermatophores in the claspers of captured males and fresh conspecific bite marks observed on mature females, in addition to foraging (Domeier and Nasby-Lucas 2008, 2012). An alternate theory proposes that mating does not occur at these sites, but proposes adults migrate to the SOFA for the purpose of mating (Boustany et al. 2002; Weng et al. 2007a). It may seem that temporal and spatial variations in use of the SOFA by males and females observed in tagging studies make this mating hypothesis less likely. However, this pattern is consistent with the mating systems of many migratory species known as lekking, which involves males assembling for competitive displays to attract female mates (Jorgensen et al. 2012a). Through analyses of pop-up archival transmitting (PAT) tagging data, Jorgensen et al. (2012a) used new approaches to explore both hypotheses. They concluded that with the current data limitations both hypotheses are plausible, but there are significant data to support the hypothesis that the SOFA is used for mating through a lek type mating system. Reproductive success for adult white sharks may depend, in part, on the availability of mates. Some studies reported sex ratios in aggregation areas that were heavily in favor of males, with twice as many males observed as females (Domeier and Nasby-Lucas 2007; Anderson et al. 2011; Chapple et al. 2011; Sosa-Nishizaki et al. 2012). However, approximately thirty percent of white sharks observed in one study were of unknown sex which added uncertainty to the conclusions (Chapple et al. 2011). It has been observed that males returned every year to aggregation sites, while females seemed to return every 2-3 years. This supports the idea that white shark gestation is between 16 and 18 months (Domeier 2012a). By this theory, females would be available for mating only every other year (Domeier 2012a). Food Habits Analysis of stomach contents of YOY and juvenile white sharks off California indicate that smaller white sharks feed on demersal and epipelagic fish, squid, small elasmobranchs, and invertebrates. As they grow in size they begin to forage on marine mammals. This is thought to occur around the age of 3, when they begin to venture out of the nursery areas into cooler water (Klimley 1985).
The most important prey items for larger sharks include pinnipeds (including seals, sea lions, and northern elephant seals [Mirounga angustirostris]) and fishes (including other sharks and rays). Sea turtles, larger cephalopods, gastropods, and crustaceans have been found less frequently in the stomach contents of white sharks examined globally. White sharks have also been observed scavenging on large and small cetaceans (Compagno et al. 1997; Curtis et al. 2006; Dicken 2008). Recent isotope analysis of vertebrae suggests that not all sub-adult and adult white sharks shift to marine mammals as their preferred prey. Some may continue to forage at lower trophic levels (Kerr et al. 2006; Carlisle et al. 2012; Kim et al. 2012). Stomach content analyses and visual observation of feeding has been used to characterize the feeding ecology of white sharks (Klimley 1985; Compagno et al. 1997; Skomal et al. 2012), based on data collected to date from individuals in the coastal waters of the NEP. The feeding ecology of adults during their offshore migrations is still unknown. Results of recent isotope analysis of dermal and muscle tissue indicate low offshore consumption rates, suggesting that it is unlikely foraging is the primary purpose of offshore migrations (Carlisle et al. 2012). Movements Data from movement studies suggest adult males migrate from inshore aggregation sites in central California and Guadalupe Island to the SOFA located midway between North America and the Hawaiian Islands. Adult females migrate offshore in a much more diffuse and unpredictable pattern, and are only found passing through the SOFA while males are absent. This sex-specific difference in use of offshore habitat might be due to a difference in prey preference between males and females during the pelagic portions of their migrations (Domeier and Nasby-Lucas 2012), or as part of a lek type mating system (Jorgensen et al. 2012a). Existing movement data suggest that females do not return to the aggregation sites annually and could be considered primarily pelagic. While their migration is much more dispersed and less predictable than males, they have been tracked going back and forth between the eastern edge of the SOFA and the continental shelf of North America (Domeier and Nasby-Lucas 2012). Some adult NEP individuals, both male and female, make a separate and distinct migration to the Hawaiian Islands (Domeier 2012a). This occurs at the same time as the other offshore migrations, but these animals avoid the SOFA altogether, passing to the north or south. These sharks are potentially targeting small cetacean prey not available in the SOFA, but it is unclear why they would migrate such a great distance when similar prey is available near the continental shelf of North America. Tagging studies show that white sharks in the NEP exhibit philopatric behaviors and usually return to the same aggregation site where they were tagged (Anderson and Pyle 2003; Domeier and Nasby-Lucas 2008; Jorgensen et al. 2010). This provides strong evidence that the NEP population is demographically isolated from populations near Australia/New Zealand. When returning to the adult aggregation sites (central California and Guadalupe Island), males generally arrive over a period of a few weeks, from late July through early August, while most females return in October. Unlike males that
generally migrate directly between offshore and aggregation sites, pregnant females will migrate to the nearshore waters of the SCB and Baja California, Mexico presumably to give birth before returning to the adult aggregation sites (Domeier 2012a; Domeier and Nasby-Lucas 2013). It is unclear when sub-adults begin to make inshore/offshore migrations or utilize aggregation sites. Geographic Range and Distribution The NEP population of white sharks found in California waters is a demographicallyisolated population that shows significant genetic divergence from other global populations in Australia and South Africa (Jorgensen et al. 2010; Gubili et al. 2012). The known range of the NEP population of white shark extends from Mazatln, Mexico and the Gulf of California north to the Bering Sea; and from the west coast of North America to the Hawaiian Islands (Figure 1). White sharks inhabit both inshore and offshore areas, from the continental shelf to the SOFA between California and Hawaii. The SOFA is a vast area of deep open water habitat that is shared by white sharks from both central California and Guadalupe Island during the offshore phase of their migration.
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Figure 1. Known range of white shark in the Northeastern Pacific. Sources: Klimley 1985, Martin 2004, Weng et al. 2007a, Domeier and Nasby-Lucas 2008,
Galvn-Magaa et al. 2010, Jorgensen et al. 2010, Domeier 2012.
Habitat Essential for Continued Existence of the Species Based on best available science from mark recapture studies, satellite tagging, and direct observations, critical habitat for NEP white shark varies by life stage. Habitat used by this population includes warm coastal waters in southern California and Mexico, waters surrounding nearshore islands, deeper waters over the continental shelf, and deep offshore pelagic areas. Young-of-the-year and juvenile white sharks utilize nearshore habitats in southern California and Mexico throughout the year. Warm coastal waters within the California current are likely utilized as nursery areas for YOY and juvenile white sharks. This includes the SCB south to Sebastin Vizcano Bay, Mexico. Use of this coastal habitat varies seasonally, which may be associated with temperature or availability of desired prey. The hypothesis that these waters are nursery areas is supported by the presence of juvenile white sharks in the incidental catch of commercial and recreational fisheries throughout this range and tagging data from several independent research efforts (Domeier 2012a; Lyons et al. 2013).
Satellite tagging studies and comparisons with other nursery areas worldwide have shown that YOY and juvenile white sharks restrict their movements to warmer water temperatures, like those that are found in the shallow coastal waters of southern California and northern Mexico (Weng et al. 2007b; Lyons et al. 2013). As white sharks mature, it is believed they become more tolerant of temperate ocean conditions, allowing them to migrate farther north and take advantage of the cool productive waters off the coast of central and northern California (Weng et al. 2007b). Adult white sharks have an offshore pelagic phase to their migration pattern, and coastal habitat is likely essential for foraging. This is primarily due to the occurrence of large pinniped colonies along the coastal mainland and nearshore islands off California and Mexico. These pinniped colonies may be a primary factor in attracting the presence of adult white sharks at aggregation sites such as the Farallon Islands (San Francisco County) and Ao Nuevo (San Mateo County) during late summer and fall. Departure from these aggregation sites has been documented to coincide with the decline in peak abundance of young seals in the late fall (Weng et al. 2007a). Sub-adult and adult white sharks are found seasonally at known coastal aggregation sites (central California and Guadalupe Island) but make seasonal offshore migrations. Males from both aggregation sites migrate to the same offshore habitat, whereas females distribute more broadly when they leave the coastal aggregations. Breeding females may also be at risk of fatal fisheries interactions in Mexican waters during parturition, as this may occur in nearshore habitat in or adjacent to nursery areas utilized by YOY. This is speculative, as no white shark has been observed giving birth naturally and it is unclear where exactly parturition happens (Dewar et al. 2013; SosaNishizaki et al. 2012).
Current Distribution While the NEP population of white sharks can range as far north as the Bering Sea, most of the population is distributed along the continental shelf from Oregon to Mexico, and west to Hawaii. How and when the species moves through this area throughout its life gives insight into life history, ecology, and stock structure. Distribution also affects vulnerability of the population to sources of mortality such as fluctuations in prey availability, fatal fisheries interactions, or habitat destruction. Our understanding of the habitat use of NEP white sharks has been advanced over the years from anecdotal sightings and attack information to incidental catch in commercial fisheries to directed studies utilizing electronic tags, photo-ID, and genetics. The growing body of evidence indicates that different life stages utilize separate areas throughout the range based on season. Young-of-the-Year and Juveniles Distribution of YOY and juvenile white sharks has been investigated through examination of catch records as well as mark and recapture studies. Commercial fishing
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records of incidental catch provide a metric to evaluate patterns in the distribution of YOY and juveniles. The most comprehensive historic review of patterns of NEP white shark distribution based on catch data used records from 1936 to 1984 (Klimley 1985). In this data set, YOY were found in catch records south of Point Conception (with one exception), while juveniles were found over a broader range extending north of Pt. Conception. This distribution of YOY and juveniles led Klimley (1985) to hypothesize that the SCB was a nursery area for white sharks. This theory is supported by a more recent study of fishery interactions in the SCB between 1936 and 2009. Lowe et al. (2012) found a similar spatial and temporal distribution of YOY and juvenile white sharks in the SCB. Catch records can also suggest when parturition or pupping occurs in the area, as YOY first appear in catch records in April, increasing through the summer into fall (Klimley 1985; Domeier 2012a; Lowe et al. 2012; Dewar et al. 2013). Both YOY and juvenile white sharks are caught predominantly in nearshore waters (<50 m depth), and most commonly by entangling net fisheries (e.g., set and drift gill nets) (Klimley 1985; Lowe et al. 2012). Young-of-the-year and juvenile white sharks have also been incidentally caught on the Pacific side of the Baja California peninsula, Mexico, also in nearshore habitats. Santana-Morales et al. (2012) compiled data from (1) surveys of artisanal-fishing camps, (2) surveys at sites where carcasses are discarded, (3) log books from a commercial drift gill net vessel, and (4) observations onboard a commercial drift gill net vessel, mostly from the northern and central portions of the Baja Peninsula. Between 1999 and 2010, 111 YOY and juvenile white sharks (ranging from 123 to 274 cm [4-9 ft] TL) were reported to have been incidentally caught along the Pacific coast of Baja California. Of these, 60 percent were caught near Sebastin Vizcano Bay, and 80 percent were YOY (Santana-Morales et al. 2012). Seasonal patterns of occurrence were similar to those observed in the southern California Bight with a peak in white shark catch in the spring and summer. Additional catch data are available from the Gulf of California, Mexico. Incidental catch of 14 juveniles has been documented within the Gulf of California between 1981 and 2007. None of these were estimated to be YOY (Galvn-Magaa et al. 2010), and to date only one YOY has been documented from the Gulf of California (O. SosaNishizaki, Centro de Investigacin Cientfica y de Educacin Superior de Ensenada (CICESE), pers. comm.). The data for the Gulf of California came from: (1) records from local newspapers; (2) white shark sightings made by scientists and reliable divers; and (3) shark parts or photographs examined by the authors (Dewar et al. 2013). Over the past decade improved technology has allowed for the increased use of sophisticated electronic tags including pop-up satellite archival tags (PSAT) and Smart Position and Temperature (SPOT) tags (Wildlife Computers Redmond, WA). Usually, PSAT tags are attached to the back of the shark, and release after a programmed period of time to transmit data to the satellite. Unlike, SPOT tags which are attached to the dorsal fin and transmit whenever the shark is at the surface. A number of tagging studies have reported findings in agreement with the catch data. Young-of-the-year sharks stayed between Point Conception and Sebastin Vizcano Bay, with one 3-year
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old juvenile travelling as far north as Point Reyes (Dewar et al. 2004; Weng et al. 2007b; Weng et al. 2012; Lyons et al. 2013). In summary, YOY and juvenile white sharks are found in the nearshore waters of southern California, the Pacific coast of Baja California, and into the Gulf of California. Young-of-the-year sharks are documented primarily from Point Conception to Sebastin Vizcano Bay, which appears to be the key nursery region. Juveniles range both north of Point Conception and south into the Gulf of California. Additional data are needed in the Gulf of California and along the southern Baja California Peninsula to better understand use of these habitats. Sub-adults and Adults Researchers have used commercial fishery catch records, photo-ID studies, electronic and satellite tagging data, reports of attacks on humans and marine mammals, strandings, and sightings, to determine the range and historical distribution of sub-adult and adult white sharks in the NEP. Klimley (1985) provides a comprehensive historic review of patterns in sub-adult and adult distribution. Between 1936 and 1984, subadults and adults were caught predominantly north of Point Conception with the largest concentration being found off central California from Tomales Point to Monterey Bay, usually in areas with known pinniped rookeries (Klimley 1985). The majority of attacks on humans and pinnipeds also occurred within these same regions of the coast, as well as in river mouths and harbors (McCosker and Lea 1996). Between 1959 and 1984, 14 mature white sharks greater than 460 cm TL (15 ft; 9 female, 2 male, 3 unknown) were reported caught off the coast of California. Klimley (1985) hypothesized that females travelled south of Point Conception to give birth, because a higher percentage of females were in that area. This theory is consistent with his hypothesis that YOY and juveniles utilized the area south of Point Conception as a nursery. Martin (2004) compiled the most comprehensive view to date of sub-adult and adult white shark movements in the most northern extent of their range. By analyzing 29 documented accounts of sightings, catch, and strandings from 1961 to 2004; Martin found that sub-adults and adults of both sexes utilize the waters off Alaska and British Columbia more than previously realized. Over 86 percent of the accounts were in the summer and fall when water temperatures are warmer. However, it is noted that these observations could be affected by a lack of observers during the colder seasons. The Northwest Hawaiian Islands appear to represent the western boundary of the range for white shark in the NEP. Currently, white sharks are rarely caught or observed in the Hawaiian Islands. The discovery of white shark teeth in Hawaiian artifacts suggests a historic presence in the islands. There have been 14 confirmed observations of subadult and adult white sharks in the islands between 1926 and 2011 (Taylor 1985; Weng and Honebrink 2013). No young-of-the-year or juvenile sharks have been documented in the area, indicating that Hawaii is not likely a nursery ground for white sharks. Sub-adult and adult white sharks have been documented through sightings and incidental catch from the Gulf of California (Galvn-Magaa et al. 2010; Castro 2012).
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Adults were most often observed in the Gulf of California from December to May and were less common from June to October. Prior to the late-1990s there were few sightings of white sharks at Guadalupe Island. The number (or frequency, or both) of white shark sightings increased significantly since that time suggesting an increase in the local abundance and use of the area by the NEP white shark population. By 2003 sightings had increased significantly and a photoidentification study was initiated (Sosa-Nishizaki et al. 2012). This study revealed sex specific increases in annual abundance estimates from approximately 40 in 2001, to over 90 in 2011. Males increased throughout the duration of the study, while the female population only increased for the first several years and stabilized during the latter years of the study (Dewar et al. 2013). This local population increase at Guadalupe Island may suggest there was an expansion of the core nearshore aggregation sites. Additional range expansion into central California south of Monterey Bay is suggested by an increase in white shark bite marks on pinnipeds and sea otters in the area. Even with increased use of these areas the majority of white shark activity occurred at Guadalupe Island and the central California sites over the last ten years (Dewar et al. 2013). Sub-adult and adult white sharks, which consistently return to nearshore aggregation areas, can be studied using photo-ID. Individually unique characteristics such as body markings, and dorsal fin shape and coloration allow individuals to be recognized when they return to the aggregation sight during annual or bi-annual migrations (Cailliet 1985). Currently, there are two active photo-ID studies being conducted in the NEP, one in central California (started 1987) and the other in Guadalupe Island (started 2003, data from 2001). These studies provide valuable data and insight into life span, relative regional abundance, demographics, and duration of offshore migrations (Anderson et al. 2011; Chapple et al. 2011; Nasby-Lucas and Domeier 2012). As with the younger life stages, advances in satellite tagging technology has contributed significantly to our knowledge of sub-adult and adult movements and habitat use. Studies at both Southeast Farallon Island and Guadalupe Island have utilized PSAT and SPOT tags to track the movements of sub-adult and adult white sharks. The PSAT tags can be deployed without handling the shark, but tracks are created using geolocation estimates based on light and sea surface temperature and may have large errors. These tags usually track the animal for less than 12 months. Tracks obtained from SPOT tagged sharks are more accurate and commonly last for over a year, but the animal must be restrained to attach the tag to its dorsal fin (Dewar et al. 2013). Sharks from both central California and Guadalupe Island were found to travel to the SOFA and then return to the original area where they were tagged. Some sharks even travelled as far as Hawaii before returning to the original sites where they were tagged (Boustany et al. 2002; Weng et al. 2007a; Domeier and Nasby-Lucas 2008; Jorgensen et al. 2010). There is still debate over why the sharks make these offshore migrations and whether this serves as a period of foraging or mating (Domeier 2012a; Jorgensen
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et al. 2012a). Consequently the more neutral term "Shared Offshore Focal Area" is used in this review. Satellite tagging data provide the most detailed information available on when and where individual sharks are moving. These data show different temporal patterns of occupancy at the two aggregation sites. Sharks from central California start their offshore migration between mid-November and the end of March (Weng et al. 2007a), earlier than those at Guadalupe Island, which left between late December and early May (Domeier and Nasby-Lucas 2008). Males return to Guadalupe Island in late July to early August before the females that arrive from mid-September to early October. Satellite tagged males from both sites exhibit a 1-year migration cycle (Weng et al. 2007a; Domeier and Nasby-Lucas 2008), which is consistent with photo-ID observations (Anderson and Pyle 2003; Nasby-Lucas and Domeier 2012). Pop-up satellite archival tags (PSAT) typically only last for less than 12 months; therefore, the semi-annual pattern of occupancy (returning every other year), which is apparent for females in photo-ID data (Anderson and Pyle 2003; Nasby-Lucas and Domeier 2012) cannot be examined using this technology. Females tagged at Guadalupe Island have been documented using SPOT tags for which deployment durations greater than 2 years are not uncommon. Results confirm that females typically do not return to aggregation sites annually (Domeier and NasbyLucas 2012). Mature females remain offshore for around 15 months, which is presumed to be associated with an 18 month gestation cycle (Domeier and Nasby-Lucas 2012). Following 15 months offshore, four females were tracked to the coast and into the Gulf of California between the months of April and August. This time period corresponds with the seasonal presence of YOY, and suggests that these females travelled there to give birth (Domeier and Nasby-Lucas 2013). Three of the four females then returned to Guadalupe Island in late September to early October, after the males would have returned. The fourth tag stopped transmitting once the shark exited the Gulf of California and the individual has not since been observed at Guadalupe Island (Domeier and Nasby-Lucas 2013). Tracks from both tag types and both aggregation sites provide some insight into the differences in habitat use between males and females in the SOFA. There appears to be sexual segregation, with males from both regions consistently using the relatively confined offshore focal area while females spend less of their pelagic migration in the SOFA and tend to cover a larger area (Jorgensen et al. 2010; Domeier and NasbyLucas 2012). This seems to limit the amount of overlap between male and female habitat use during offshore migrations, but the extent and implications remain unclear. Modern electronic tagging technology and photo-ID studies add more detail and context to previous data, which were primarily incidental catch data and documented sightings or attacks. These techniques provide additional information for temporal and spatial patterns in movements, especially for sharks found at Guadalupe Island, Southeast Farallon Island and Tomales Point. The geographic range of white sharks appears to be bounded by Mexico, Alaska, the coast of North America and the Hawaiian Islands. Young-of-the-year and juvenile white sharks are primarily found in the nearshore
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coastal waters from the Gulf of California to central California. As they mature into subadults (at about 3 m [10 ft] TL in size); their diet expands to include marine mammals and they begin to travel farther from the warm water nursery grounds. At this approximate size, white sharks also begin large-scale, seasonal offshore migrations that differ for males and females. Most males move to the SOFA in the winter and spring where they remain until the following summer when they return to the nearshore coast, while females, arrive later at the coastal aggregation sites and depart earlier. Females also utilize a broader area for migrations. Females may return the following year or spend approximately 15 months offshore and return to the aggregation site after two years. Females appear to pup off of California or Mexico between April and August.
Species Status, Abundance and Population Trends in California Waters Abundance Estimates An estimate of 339 adult and sub-adult white sharks was cited by the Petition as representing the majority of the current NEP population (Shester et al. 2012). This number was derived from two separate, but similar studies conducted at two of the known aggregation sites (Chapple et al. 2011; Sosa-Nishizaki et al. 2012). Chapple et al. (2011) estimated the abundance of sharks that aggregate near the Farallon Islands and Tomales Point and calculated an estimate of 219 adult and subadult white sharks. This was based on photo-identification surveys over three field seasons, and a Bayesian mark-recapture algorithm assuming a closed population. A similar study was performed at Guadalupe Island (Sosa-Nishizaki et al. 2012) over a period of nine years, which estimated a total of 120 adult and sub-adult white sharks. The Petition summed the estimates from these two studies to generate an estimate of 339 individuals. Using this value as their basis, the Petition concluded that this population level is dangerously low, below the level necessary for a healthy, discrete population. This estimate of 339 individuals may not be an accurate population estimate since it does not account for adults and sub-adults that may aggregate in other, less studied, areas. Most notably, white sharks that may congregate in areas such as Ao Nuevo (Jorgensen et al. 2010) were not included in the estimate. Also this method may underestimate population size (Sosa-Nishizaki et al. 2012) and may not accurately reflect the entire population of sharks visiting these two locations. The Department notes that Sosa-Nishizaki et al. (2012) cautioned that their research should not be used to determine absolute abundance until methods can be improved, and recommended their work be used as an index of abundance only. The methods used to calculate the central California population index (Chapple et al. 2011) have also been questioned. The assumption of a closed population for the markrecapture algorithm has been contested (Domeier 2012b; Dewar et al. 2013) as large sharks have been observed leaving study sites and not returning within a study period
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as predicted. It is unlikely that the entirety of sharks that did not return would have died or succumbed to predation or incidental catch in fisheries. Furthermore, previously undescribed sharks have appeared at the study sites during the study period (Domeier et al. 2012). These observations conflict with the closed-population assumptions that individual adults will always return to the site and be counted unless they have died. Domeier (2012a) asserts it is possible that sharks may frequent other sites not yet sampled or remain in movements as yet not fully described. Towner et al. (2013) conducts similar work in South Africa, and has found that human eye identification of dorsal fins to verify identity of individual and recapture sharks, may not be the most effective method. The recognized uncertainty of the assumptions used in markrecapture studies raises questions to the accuracy of the abundance estimates in central California. The current catalogue of sharks in the Guadalupe Island study also contains at least 29 orphan individuals (only photographs of one side are available) that cannot be added to the analysis until the set is matched or completed. In addition, current aggregation site estimates may under-represent the sub-adult portion of the population, and existing aggregation site estimates do not include or consider population information for juvenile white sharks (Domeier 2012b). Habitat use and timing of recruitment for sub-adults continues to be a large data gap in life history. Recent acoustic studies in the SCB have only begun to address these questions, and are still years from a conclusive determination (C. Lowe, CSULB pers. comm.). Issues with inadequate sampling and failure to meet assumptions in use of population estimation models (Domeier 2012b; Sosa-Nishizaki et al. 2012), as well as the larger context of unknown aspects of white shark behavior with respect to distribution and range throughout the life cycle (Domeier 2012a), create uncertainty around currently available estimates of population abundance. Sosa-Nishizaki et al. (2012) note that their modeling effort underestimates the actual population size and that their estimate is lower than the number of known, photo-identified sharks. The original raw data sets used to make the initial abundance estimates in central California and Guadalupe Island have since been updated. An additional two years of data from Guadalupe Island and gender determinations for previously unknown individuals in central California have resulted in a more complete data set. During the NMFS BRT review, Dewar et al. (2013) reanalyzed these raw data and evaluated them for potential bias in sex ratios, as well as the likelihood of an individual shark having equal probability of capture. The BRTs demographic analysis of the NEP population suggests that sub-adults and adults do not have an equal probability of documentation in the two study areas and concluded that sub-adults may be underrepresented in the estimates presented in the Petition (Dewar et al. 2013). Factors affecting the probability of a sub-adult being documented may include the use of and type of attractant and the presence of larger sharks. Sub-adults may not yet be feeding exclusively, or at all, on marine mammals, limiting their attraction to mammal shaped decoys or whale blubber. White sharks also seem to exhibit a size-based dominance feeding hierarchy that may result in smaller sharks being driven away from bait by larger animals. This would reduce the
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quantification of sub-adult sharks in the study. If not yet seeking mates, sub-adults not yet targeting marine mammals may be absent from the aggregation sites entirely (Chapple et al. 2011; Dewar et al. 2013). The estimate of female abundance at both sites may be artificially low; the observed female to male sex ratio for mature white sharks was 0.6 at Guadalupe Island and 0.2 at the central California sites. Since the sex ratio of YOY sharks captured in nearshore fisheries is nearly 1:1 and there is no evidence of sex-biased mortality on juvenile female white sharks, it seems unlikely the ratio in the adult population could be this dramatically skewed. If these proportions are in fact accurate, increased female mortality would have to occur throughout the juvenile life stages. However, there is no evidence of sex-biased mortality on juvenile female white sharks. A more plausible cause of this bias could be a greater unavailability of females during photo-ID activities due to their later arrival at the aggregation sites. This delay in arrival may also represent a different use of the sites between sexes and thus decreases females probability to be near the surface or in the proximity of dive cages. Mature females are presumed to have a gestation cycle of 16-18 months and are not believed to return to aggregation sites every year. These factors, combined with the short span of the central California study (3 years), could have led to a significant underestimation of females (Dewar et al. 2013). A total adult and sub-adult population estimate of 339 individuals in the NEP would be indicative of a population well below a healthy level; however, evidence suggests this estimate is not accurate. The BRT evaluated an augmented data set and performed an analysis that corrected the calculation of adult female abundance for sex bias. This analysis modeled estimates of both adult and total abundance that take into consideration such factors as life history, fishing mortality, natural mortality, and permanent emigration. Results suggest the NEP population is dramatically larger than the Petition cites, and is in fact quite healthy and robust (Dewar et al. 2013). The Department concludes that there remain substantive issues in determining NEP white shark abundance. Additional research and analysis that not only includes all age classes, but integrates additional available information to fully assess abundance is necessary. Despite the clear deficiencies in methodology previously described (SosaNishizaki et al. 2012; Domeier 2012b, Domeier and Nasby-Lucas 2013), the current abundance estimates comprise the best available scientific information to date about the minimum adult NEP population size and larger estimates of the population over all life stages. The site-specific estimates from the central California and Guadalupe Island aggregation sites can alternatively be used as indices of abundance for gauging overall population trends (Domeier 2012b), and estimates at other aggregation sites such as Ao Nuevo could be conducted in the future to provide a more complete view of the entire NEP population size and distribution. Ultimately, Sosa-Nishizaki et al. (2012) cautioned that our results, and that of Chapple et al. (2011), indicate that adult White Shark populations in the NEP are small, highlighting the need for continued monitoring and precautionary management.
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Species Status Abundance estimates alone do not give a complete and accurate picture of the health and stability of a population. Other considerations include life history characteristics and the range and distribution of the species. In general, sharks are k-selected species due to their life history characteristics: age-atmaturity, production of few offspring, and long life expectancy. These populations have a slower potential for population growth and tolerate a lower level of mortality than faster growing populations (r-selected species). In comparison to rates for other types of marine species, sharks fall between those of marine mammals and teleost fish (Hutchings et al. 2012). White sharks in particular reach maturity at a relatively older age, have smaller litter sizes than most sharks, and exhibit a semiannual reproductive cycle. A k-selected life history alone is not a risk factor for species decline, but it does affect the level of removal that a population can sustain and the rate at which it can grow. Comparatively white sharks are estimated to have a higher rate of potential population growth than mako sharks or salmon sharks (Hutchings et al. 2012). The vast range of the NEP population may allow for a high level of resilience to catastrophic and localized events. The main life stages (YOY/juveniles, sub-adults, adults) are geographically separated most of the time, and even mature adults spend only part of the year in large groups. Additionally, females are present at aggregation sites only every 2-3 years and sub-adults might not initially frequent these sites regularly. Although mature males utilize a smaller area of the SOFA than females, this area is still large and they are widely distributed throughout the region (Domeier and Nasby-Lucas 2012). Finally, the species longevity may suggest resilience to the loss of a single year class. Independent Trends There are no population studies estimating historic levels of the NEP white shark population, but analyses of relatable trends may provide insight into whether the population is increasing, decreasing or stable. These include trends in incidental take in commercial fisheries and marine mammal attacks by adult white sharks. Data on commercial fisheries interactions provide a useful tool for studying trends in populations, which are difficult to study directly due to their wide range and low density. Young-of-the-year and juvenile white shark interactions with commercial fisheries and catch per unit effort (CPUE) in the nearshore set and drift gill net fisheries (calculated as the reported catch divided by the number of sets per year) can be used to inform trends in population, relative abundance and seasonality. Catch trends over the past 10 years suggest the juvenile population in the SCB may be increasing. This is supported by a rise in the incidental catch of YOY and juvenile white sharks in gill net fisheries even as effort in these fisheries has declined (Figure 2). Lowe et al. (2012) and Lyons et al. (2013) correlate increases in juvenile white shark fishery interactions with possible increased abundance due to added regulatory protections
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primarily enacted in the 1990s, including state and federal prohibitions on take of white shark, and progressively restrictive regulations on gill net gear. There are indicators that the adult population of white sharks may be increasing as well. The northern elephant seal population has steadily increased at Southeast Farallon Island since they were first seen there in the 1970s (Stewart et al. 1994). White shark attacks on marine mammals at Southeast Farallon Island have been documented since the 1980s, providing a significant time series. An increase in the number of attacks suggests that the white shark population increased as the population of the northern elephant seals at the island increased (Ainley et al. 1985). Based on an increase of pinniped attacks, adjusted for pinniped population growth in the 1970s and 1980s, two 1996 studies concluded that the white shark population at the Southeast Farallon Island had increased (Pyle et al. 1996; Klimley and Anderson 1996). The increase in white shark attacks on marine mammals is not limited to the Farallon Islands, as they are occurring more often in locations outside of the commonly described aggregation sites. A large population of more than 100,000 California sea lions (Zalophus californianus) is located in the northern Channel Islands. This is a significantly larger population than is found off central California. At San Miguel Island, annual surveys of pinniped populations have been conducted for decades, but only in the last couple years has there been evidence of white shark attacks on pinnipeds. Prior to 2010 there were essentially no observed white shark attacks or wounds associated with California sea lions in the northern Channel Islands. This changed in 2011 when there were approximately 136 recorded bite marks, and in 2012 the number rose to over 300. The observation of healed wounds or scars early in the year suggest that attacks may occur year around, but most are observed in June through August (Dewar et al. 2013). White shark bite marks are also found on central California southern sea otters (Enhydra lutris nereis). Over the past five years, researchers at the United States Geological Survey Western Ecological Research Center have documented a dramatic increase in the number of mortalities linked to white shark bites in Monterey Bay, north of Santa Cruz, and in San Luis Obispo County, particularly between Estero Bay and Pismo Beach (M. Harris, CDFW-OSPR pers. comm.). Physical evidence needed to positively identify the species of shark responsible for a trauma is only present in 10 to 20 percent of the recovered carcasses (i.e., where tooth fragments or tooth scrapes on bone are found), but in all identifiable cases, white sharks have been identified as the species responsible for the trauma. There has not been any evidence to indicate that other shark species are also attacking sea otters in these areas. It is not definitive that the increase in the attacks on sea lions and sea otters is due to an increase in the white shark population. However, instances of attacks have increased in new areas and there has not been a notable decrease in attacks in other locations (Dewar et al. 2013). Therefore, it is reasonable to infer there may be more sharks foraging on marine mammals in addition to sharks moving to different forage areas.
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35,000 30,000 25,000 TotalSets 20,000 15,000 10,000 5,000 0 1981 1984 1987 1990 1993 1996 1999 2002 2005 2008 2011 GNEffort WSCatch
45 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 Catch(no.individuals)
Figure 2. Reported white shark catch in west coast commercial gill net fisheries, 1981-2011. Source: Department gill net logbook data (sets) and commercial landing receipt data (catch; CFIS).
Factors Affecting Ability to Survive and Reproduce Environmental Contaminants White sharks, like other large predators, are particularly vulnerable to accumulation of contaminants. Their high trophic level in the food web, long life spans, and large lipidrich livers make them susceptible to bioaccumulation of persistent environmental pollutants. A study on trophic structures in pelagic ecosystems concluded that the Cesium-Potassium ratio, shown to be a useful indicator of the biomagnification potential in food webs, increases with an increase in trophic level in pelagic organisms from the NEP (Mearns et al. 1981). Studies have shown that tissue concentrations of dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) increase with trophic levels, and that increased tissue concentrations of methyl mercury in an organic form are normally found in higher trophic level organisms (Young et al. 1980). While historically high levels of contaminated runoff have been noted in the past, studies have shown, overall, there has been a 70 percent reduction in contaminant inputs to the SCB coastal waters since the 1970s, despite increased urbanization and population growth (Schiff et al. 2000). Mull et al. (2012) revealed that white shark tissue samples from the SCB exhibit high levels of PCBs, DDT, and methyl mercury. They also state that little is known about baseline contaminant loads, or the individual and population effects of these contaminants in elasmobranchs. To date high tissue levels of elemental and organic contaminants have not been found to cause deleterious effects in elasmobranchs. Mull et al. (2013) observed higher than expected contaminant levels in 20 YOY white sharks from the SCB. Most of the individuals sampled (80 percent) had liver concentrations of
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DDT and PCBs exceeding a model of bioaccumulation based on feeding alone. This indicates a high likelihood that white sharks experience maternal offloading, where the mother passes stored organic contaminants to her offspring. To date, no information regarding toxicity of organochlorines or observations of sub-lethal impacts exists in sharks (Mull et al. 2013). Marine Debris Similar to other large marine species, white sharks may be susceptible to ingestion and entanglement by marine debris, especially plastics. Plastics can be transported over long distances and large quantities can accumulate in concentrated areas such as an area termed the Great Pacific Garbage Patch in the North Pacific Gyre (Rios et al. 2010). This persistent concentration of debris is north of Hawaii and partially overlaps the SOFA, where male sharks aggregate during their annual offshore migration. White sharks likely encounter marine debris in their nearshore and offshore habitats, whether through a concentration such as the Great Pacific Garbage Patch or the widespread presence of plastics and other debris in the marine ecosystem. No sharks at the central California aggregation site or in the SCB have been reported to be entangled in marine debris, but their wide range and relatively infrequent human interactions potentially limit observation of this occurrence. Lamnid sharks are capable of evacuating their stomachs, which may reduce vulnerability of ingestion. This has been observed in a longline caught mako shark (Brunnschweiler et al. 2011). Temperature data from a PSAT tag have indicated that the tag was potentially consumed by a lamnid shark, given the warm internal temperatures, and then regurgitated (Kerstetter et al. 2004). White sharks in Guadalupe Island and Australia have been observed interacting with, and entangled in plastic box strapping. This material causes problems similar to fishing gear entanglement when a smaller animal swims into the plastic circle and the material becomes caught on the pectoral fins and/or gill slits. Then as the animal grows larger in girth the material constricts and cuts into the animals fins and/or tissue. This can cause lacerations and affect the ability of the animal to swim and turn normally (Taylor 2010). While there is a need for further research on the effects of environmental contaminants to all life stages of white shark, the Department does not find that contaminants or marine debris currently pose an imminent threat of extinction to the NEP population of white sharks. Ship Strikes Strikes by commercial shipping vessels are a potential risk for white sharks. The frequency and severity of ship strikes are not well known, even for marine mammals, due to failures to report collisions, delayed death post impact, inability to locate carcasses after an impact, and the difficulty of determining the actual cause of death. There is little documentation on the frequency and effects of ship strikes on white sharks. However, an adult white shark from Dyer Island, South Africa was observed struck by a whale watching vessel. The injury was deep, but missed the vertebral
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column, making the injury survivable. Although the shark showed signs of decreased body condition 12 months after the strike, the animal did not appear greatly impaired. The decreased body condition was most likely due to the energy cost of healing the injury. When the individual was observed almost 23 months after the strike, it appeared to have normal body conformation. This return to normal body condition, suggests the shark was able to fully recover from the injury (Towner et. al. 2012). The risk of ship strikes to white sharks in the NEP may be reduced by the recent relocation of shipping lanes adjacent to the Gulf of the Farallones, Channel Islands, and Cordell Banks National Marine Sanctuaries adopted by the International Maritime Organization (Drake 2013; NOAA 2012). Overexploitation Incidental take in California commercial fisheries Californias commercial fisheries target a wide array of species, both fish and invertebrate, with numerous gear configurations. While incidental take has been documented in multiple gear types, the majority of white shark interactions occur in the nearshore set gill net fisheries incidental to targeted species. Having peaked in the mid1980s, Californias commercial gill net fisheries have experienced a steady decline and are currently operating at a fraction of their historical high. Along with a decrease in fishing effort, catch records indicate that incidental take of white shark declined until 2005, when a sudden increase in documented cases began. This increase has been attributed to a likely increase in the YOY and juvenile white shark population, as well as an increase in reporting due to incentives from researchers. Although incidental take of YOY white sharks is known to occur, the effects on the population are likely less deleterious than in earlier years. California gill net fishing can be categorized into four separate fisheries, all having the potential for interaction with white shark: drift net, which is divided into large mesh and small mesh, and set net, which is divided into two fisheries based on target species. Small mesh drift net and set net are considered nearshore fisheries. While often times grouped with the large mesh drift net fishery, the small mesh drift fishery is more similar to the set net in target species and spatial distribution. Nearshore commercial gill net fisheries account for 81 percent of white shark interactions with fisheries off California (Lowe et al. 2012). A Department examination of both gill net logbook and landing receipt data results in a combined total of 351 records of white shark take in all California fisheries since 1979, as shown in Table 1. The Department analyzed records of white shark catch in all commercial fisheries (Table 1) to augment information from Dewar et al. (2013) (Table 2) that used gill net logbooks to evaluate fishing effort by number of sets. Gear type is indicated on both logbooks and landing receipts. Before 1996, a general designation for entangling nets, which includes set and drift gill nets along with trammel nets, was used by the Department. This grouping did not distinguish between
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types of entangling nets. While some of the records indicate specific gear type, not all can be differentiated, and take by gear type is therefore somewhat ambiguous. Between 1979 and 1996, when the entangling net designation was phased out, there were 246 instances of white shark taken. Of these, 79 were by set gill net, 59 by drift gill net (both small and large mesh), 13 by trammel net, 67 by general entangling nets, and the remaining 28 were other gear types (Table 1). Since 1996, there have been 105 records of incidental white shark take; 94 by set gill net, 7 by drift gill net, and 4 by other gear types (Table 1). Incidental take in commercial fisheries has included all age classes of white shark. However, between 1991 and 2012, 82 percent of white sharks caught were considered to be young of year (<175 cm TL; 5.7 ft). Sub-adult and adult specimens were primarily taken in the 1980s before implementation of the observer program and the 1994 ban on gill nets in state waters. That same year, the state of California declared white sharks a prohibited species, deterring further directed take. It is likely that the depth and location of fishing gear largely affects the possibility of YOY white shark interaction. Lyons et al. (2013) hypothesized that YOY and juvenile white sharks prefer shallow, inshore habitat and feed on bottom-dwelling species, where they are more likely to interact with set net gear that is deployed on the ocean floor. The depths at which inshore small mesh and large mesh drift gear are set are likely to minimize interactions. This idea is further supported by SCB juvenile white shark tagging data. Twenty-four YOY white sharks were fitted with SPOT and PAT tags, tracking data showed that they were equally likely to be found inside and outside of state waters (Lyons et al. 2013). They also indicated that these individuals maintained a similar depth distribution in the water column regardless of bottom depth (greater than or less than 200 m; 656 ft).
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Table 1. Records of white shark catch in California commercial fisheries, by gear type, 1979-2012. Catch numbers in Table 2 represent only those records available in gill net logbook data, whereas Table 1 numbers represent records from all available sources.
Data Source: CDFW landing receipts, gill net logbooks, MBA white shark research program data. A denotes record indicating 11 white shark taken in one gill net set, but is believed to be an entry error (correct record believed to be one)
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Table 2. Gill net fishing effort and white shark catch, as recorded in logbooks from 1981-2011, for three U.S. west coast net fisheries. Approximate corrected estimates of total catch (lgDGN and smDGN = large- and small-mesh drift gill net).
Data Source: Department gill net logbook data (Dewar et al. 2013)
Large mesh drift gill nets Large mesh drift gill nets are spatially distributed further offshore than the small mesh drift gill nets and set gill nets. This fishery generally targets shark and swordfish, using a mesh size of 35.5 cm (14 in.) or larger. The large mesh drift fishery has historically been the second largest of the three California gill net fisheries, reaching a peak of 10,392 sets in 1986. Effort in this fishery has been in steady decline since the peak, and in 2011, it became the smallest of the three gill net fisheries. In 2011, only 157 sets were
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reported, a mere 1.5 percent of its historical high of 10,392 in 1986 and accounting for 6.5 percent of effort (Table 2). Since 1989, a number of restrictions have been placed on the gill net fisheries, including several temporal and spatial closures that reduce the utilizable area for drift gill nets to a fraction of its historical extent (Figure 3). With this reduction comes decreased effort, and as a result, fewer instances of white shark incidental take. Gill net data have only twelve records of white shark take in large mesh drift nets from 1994-2011 (Table 1). Small mesh drift gill nets In the 1980s, the small mesh drift gill net fishery had the lowest number of sets of the three gill net fisheries. At the peak of gill net fishing effort in 1986, the small mesh drift gill net fishery was almost 17 times smaller than large mesh drift net fishery and 33 times smaller than the set net fishery in number of deployed sets. Mainly targeting white seabass with mesh 8.9-15 cm (3.5-6 in.) in size, the fishery was reduced by the California Marine Resource Protection Act of 1990 (MRPA). Enacted in 1994, the MRPA banned inshore gill nets within 5.6 km (3 nm) of the mainland coast, and within 1.9 km (one nm) of offshore southern California islands. Since then, effort in the small mesh drift gill net fishery has declined from a peak of 623 sets in 1986 to approximately 250 sets per year. In 2011, small mesh drift gill nets accounted for only 10.6 percent of total gill net fishing effort. According to gill net logbook data, small mesh drift nets have been responsible for only four records of incidental white shark take since 1981 (Table 2). Set gill nets Of Californias three gill net fisheries, the set net fishery is by far the largest, accounting for 82.8 percent of gill net fishing effort (in number of sets) in 2011. While still comprising the majority of fishing effort, it had dropped to 8.7 percent of its historical high of 22,799 sets in 1985. The fishery generally targets California halibut and white seabass with mesh 21.6 cm and 16.5 cm (8.5 in. and 6.5 in.) respectively, or larger. Set gill nets are generally deployed in waters less than 50 m (164 ft) deep, restricting effort to shallow coastal waters on the continental shelf. The gill net ban in state waters affected the set net fishery by greatly reducing the area in which these nets could be used, shifting effort to a few limited regions where the continental shelf extends beyond 5.6 km (3 nm). As a result of the reduction in fishable area, effort declined. From 1981 to 1993, gill net logbook data has record of an average of 8.2 white sharks taken per year (98 total) in the set gill net fishery. This dropped to an average of 3.9 sharks per year (67 total) between 1994, when the MRPA ban was established, and 2011 (Table 2). Due to the entangling net designation on landing receipts which was used until 1996, calculating the average number of white sharks caught by set versus drift gear is problematic, but represents an additional 5.2 sharks a year taken by entangling nets between 1981 and 1993 (3.8 if A error is corrected) (Table 1).
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Figure 3. California laws for closure areas of commercial gill net fisheries.
Starred (*) laws only apply to the offshore, large-mesh, shark and swordfish drift gill net fishery. Map does not include federal closure areas.
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Fishing effort In order to determine the frequency of gill net fishing gear and white shark interactions, the gill net fisheries need to be characterized and effort, catch, and incidental take quantified. This information is collected via fisherman reported logbooks and market reported landing receipts, as well as by data collected from at sea observer programs. Submission of logbooks is required by law (Section 174, Title 14, California Code of Regulations) by every permit holder for all gill net fishing activities or non-activity (both sets with no catch and months where no fishing occurred). From these logs, the Department is able to calculate the number of trips and sets that are completed each season by the fleet, as well as estimate bycatch. Although law requires submission of completed logbooks from all permit holders, examination of records indicates compliance is not 100 percent. Supplementary to the logbook data, the Department has catch data collected from landing receipts. In 2000, landing receipts indicated that 171 and 119 general gill net and drift gill net permits, respectively, made landings. By 2011, the numbers of issued and active permits had dropped considerably. The Department recorded 114 active general gill net permits in the set net fishery, and 43 active drift gill net permits; a 33 percent and 64 percent decrease, respectively. In 2012, only 32 drift gill net permittees actively fished. This represents an additional 25 percent decrease in participation in a single year. The decrease in permittees corresponds to a decrease in fishing effort, as opposed to a consolidation of participants. The set net fishery experienced a 64 percent decrease in reported effort, dropping from 3382 trips to 1378 trips between 2000 and 2011. Likewise, drift net effort declined almost 81 percent, dropping from 1444 to 278 trips for the same period (Table 2). Fishing location is reported to the Department by numerical designation of Department fishing blocks; there are 241 fishing blocks off of California. Lyons et al. (2013) reported that for 2006-2009, 80 percent of the total gill net fishing effort was reported in only nine Department fishing blocks. All nine blocks were considered high effort, which was defined in the study as those in which fishing effort exceeded 20 hours/fathom net length (Figure 4).
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Figure 4. Spatial distribution of set gill net effort and SPOT detections. A) SPOT tagged sharks (graduated squares) and (B) the standardized number of SPOT detections (graduated circles) relative to high (red) and low (blue) gill net fishing effort blocks (soak h/net length fathom). White shark SPOT detections were standardized to the proportion of individual tagged white sharks detected per block. Source: Lyons et al. 2013
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At sea observer programs represent a valuable source of bycatch information, providing detailed species information from an unbiased, scientifically trained source. Analysis of federal observer data indicates trip coverage of 21 percent from July 1990 to 2008, documenting eight white shark captures (Lowe et al. 2012). These estimates encompass different sectors of the gill net fishery and aggregate all gill net types. Observer coverage reported by the NMFS Southwest Region Observer Program for the 2010 season was 4.7 percent for nearshore large mesh set gill net (targeting California halibut), 12.5 percent for nearshore small mesh set and drift gill net (targeting white sea bass) and 13 percent for offshore large mesh drift gill net (targeting swordfish and thresher shark). Observer coverage in 2011 was 8 percent, 3.3 percent, and 19.5 percent, for nearshore large mesh set gill net, nearshore small mesh set/drift gill net and offshore large mesh drift gill net, respectively. In 2013, the Pacific Offshore Cetacean Take Reduction Team (POCTRT) initiated emergency regulations on the drift gill net fleet, requiring a vessel monitoring system on all drift gill net fishing vessels, as well as 100 percent observer coverage on all vessels fishing east of the main 2012 m (1.1 nm, 1100 fm) north-south bathymetric contour line (50 Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) 660). This temporary rule increased monitoring and observer coverage considerably in the drift net fisheries during the 2013-14 fishing season until long-term actions can be decided upon. Lyons et al. (2013) believed that there would be a positive correlation between CPUE of target species and incidental white shark take, expecting to find higher white shark catch where there was high catch of the target species. Instead, white shark catch was higher where catch of the target species was low. These data indicate that the potential interaction between the set gill net fishery and juvenile white sharks in southern California is low, particularly in fishing blocks that have a history of high effort. White shark catch in the gill net fisheries has dropped substantially from the mid-1980s, along with gill net fishing effort. Despite continued decline in gill net fishing effort, there has been a recent increase in the occurrence of juvenile white shark interactions since 2007. It has been hypothesized there are two causes: 1) there is increased reporting due to the initiation of the Monterey Bay Aquarium research program; and, 2) there is an increase in the population (Dewar et al. 2013). The Departments independent analysis shows trends in both fishing effort and incidental shark take that are similar to what has been reported in scientific literature (Lowe et al. 2012; Lyons et al. 2013; Dewar et al. 2013). Incidental take in California recreational fisheries White shark interactions in recreational fisheries have been documented off California. However, such interactions are difficult to accurately quantify. While Commercial Passenger Fishing Vessels (CPFVs or party boats) are required to submit daily logs of all trips, there is no general mandatory reporting requirement for private anglers in recreational fishery. Sampling programs such as the California Recreational Fishery Survey (CRFS) and the former Marine Recreational Fisheries Statistics Survey
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(MRFSS) monitor recreational fishing catch and effort. Coverage is based on a random sample and is sampled less frequently for shore based fishing trips. Similar to commercial gill net logbooks, CPFV logbooks report information such as fishing location and catch, both kept and released. Examination of these records can capture fishing effort that is not documented elsewhere. Department CPFV logbook records indicate that white sharks are occasionally hooked by anglers on CPFVs. For the period from 1980 through 2013, CPFV logs contain seven records of white shark catch (unpublished Department logbook data). This equates to one white shark caught every 4.7 years, with the majority released alive. California recreational fishery data collected by MRFSS from 1980 through 2003 contained no records of white shark observed, reported as retained, or returned catch for boat- and shore-based fishing trips. Survey data collected by CRFS from 2004 through the present had only one record of white shark reported caught and released by a private boat angler. Sampling of private boats is conducted by sampling at launch ramps. Primary launch ramps, where at least 90 percent of fishing effort and catch of important management species has historically occurred, are sampled on 20 percent of fishing days each month. Sampling effort of man-made structures (piers and jetties) is conducted ten percent of days each month during daylight hours. As a result of this limited coverage, the likelihood of capturing a rare event such as white shark catch is low, and take of white shark has not been observed. Although not documented by CRFS or MRFSS in angler surveys, white sharks are known to occasionally be caught from beaches and public fishing piers. This information is mostly anecdotal as sampling effort on man-made structures such as piers and beaches is limited both spatially and temporally. In recent years, the Department has issued two citations for illegal take of juvenile white sharks off of fishing piers in southern California (R. Hartman, CDFW, pers. comm.). Multiple media sources have reported juvenile white sharks being caught and released alive off southern California piers, particularly off Manhattan Beach Pier, Venice Pier, and Huntington Pier (Los Angeles and Orange counties) in the summers of 2012 and 2013. In 2013, an angler fishing from the beach in north San Diego County landed a juvenile white shark which he reported to have released alive. These recent anecdotal reports may indicate a greater occurrence of interaction with YOY white sharks, as well a greater awareness of interactions as media coverage and interest has increased. In summary, data collection on white shark take in Californias recreational fisheries is limited. Reporting of catch is not required for private anglers, and participation in catch and effort sampling efforts is voluntary. There is minimal information on night fishing for piers and beaches. While the extent of take is largely unknown, it is not thought to be a source of high concern for the NEP population. Incidental take in Mexican fisheries Incidental take of white sharks has also been documented in Mexican gill net fisheries. Between 1999 and 2010, 111 YOY and juvenile white sharks were reported as taken
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along the Pacific Coast of Baja California, mostly near Sebastin Vizcano Bay; 80 percent were YOY (Santana-Morales et al. 2012). Incidental catch peaked seasonally in the spring and summer. White sharks are also caught in the southern portion of Baja California but estimates are poorly documented. There is one estimate of six juveniles caught by three boats fishing out of Isla Magdalena (near Magdalena Bay), which was documented by Investigacion, Educacion, Manejo y Asesoria (H. Peckham, Grupo Tortuguero, pers. comm.). Studies initiated in 2011 are attempting to better quantify white shark catches using contacts with local distributors who purchase fish from artisanal camps, yet there are concerns with the accuracy of species identification, since only trunks (head and gutted bodies with fins and tails removed) are purchased and no data are collected on size or sex. Species identification is determined by coloration of the body, the fishery source, and according to distributors, lower meat quality, although the accuracy of this method has not been independently validated (O. Santana, CICESE, pers. comm.). Using this method, about 186 white sharks were determined to have been caught in 2011, the majority of which (approximately 170) came from near Sebastin Vizcano Bay (O. Sosa-Nishizaki, CICESE, pers. comm.). In 2012, a new seasonal closure went into effect from June 1-July 31, which prohibited the targeting of all sharks along the Pacific Coast of Mexico. No shark catches were reported during those months; but that value is questionable given the lack of reporting of sharks by the artisanal fisheries. In 2013, the closure was extended through the month of May as well. It is estimated that this seasonal closure will reduce incidental take by 60 percent if implemented and enforced as intended (Dewar et al. 2013). However its current effectiveness is unknown due to recent implementation, lack of catch reporting, and enforcement capacity. In addition, unintended consequences of effort shifts and effects on white shark incidental catch are also unknown (Dewar et al. 2013). Other incidental white shark catch is reported from the Gulf of California, but is not well quantified. Fourteen juveniles were documented between 1981 and 2007 (GalvnMagaa et al. 2010; O. Sosa-Nishizaki, CICESE, pers. comm.), and other researchers reported sightings and the take of 10 sub-adults and 8 adults between 1964 and 2012 (Galvn-Magaa et al. 2010; Castro 2012; M. Domeier, Marine Conservation Science Institute, pers. comm.). Of the 32 documented sharks, only one YOY was documented captured in the northern region (O. Sosa-Nishizaki, CICESE, pers. comm.). This is not unexpected as large females have been observed entering the area, presumably to give birth (Domeier and Nasby-Lucas 2013). Tagging studies of young white sharks in California demonstrate southern migrations towards Mexican waters. Tagged YOY sharks released in the SCB migrated south along the coast of Baja California to Ensenada and Sebastin Vizcano Bay during two months of tracking (Weng et al. 2007b). Released captive YOY and juvenile sharks from the Monterey Bay Aquarium traveled as far south as Cabo San Lucas and into the Gulf of California, during four months tracking. These tagging studies support the notion that young white sharks caught incidentally in Mexicos fisheries originated in California.
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Incidental take in states or countries other than California and Mexico The documented range of the NEP population of white sharks is spatially vast, stretching far beyond California waters into those of neighboring states and countries. As described above, the southern extent of the range covers broad areas off of Mexico. The western expanse extends past the Hawaiian Island archipelago, and the species has been documented north of California along the coast of Oregon, Washington, and on through Canada into Alaskan waters. The populations occurrence outside of California waters leads to potential interactions and therefore warrants examination. Incidental take of white shark is documented for several commercial fisheries in the Pacific. In the 1980s and 1990s, there were three main international high seas drift net fisheries whose fishing grounds overlapped the NEP white sharks rangethe salmon, flying squid, and tuna and marlin fisheries (also known as the large mesh drift net). This region of overlap represents potential take of NEP individuals. Young-of-year and juvenile white sharks are thought to be a mainly coastal species, only moving into offshore waters as they mature. This would suggest that only sub-adult and adult specimens would be found in areas utilized by the high seas drift net fisheries. Despite the potential for interaction between NEP white sharks and the high seas fisheries, Bonfl (1994) concluded that it was unlikely that many large white sharks from the NEP population were likely to have been caught in these fisheries, since sharks typically caught averaged 50 kg. He considered records from observer data unreliable and instead associated them with mako sharks (Bonfl, Instituto Nacional de la Pesca Progreso, pers. comm.). In 1992 the United Nations banned the use of high seas drift gill nets, and all three of these fisheries were phased out. Recent tagging studies have shown that sharks from the NEP population frequent waters around the Hawaiian Islands during their migrations; 22 individuals with satellite tags have been tracked from the coast of North America to Hawaii. While occurrences are rare, there have been 13 verified records of white sharks in Hawaii since 1926. Seven of these were landings documented in original catch data or from a captured specimen, all occurring before 1970. Identification of the remaining instances was based on photographs or video footage (Weng and Honebrink 2013). Observer data from 1997-2008 indicate seven white sharks were caught in the Hawaiian longline fishery. Three of these records indicated the shark was released alive and one record reported it was returned dead. However, species identification were not verifiable and not considered reliable (Dewar et al. 2013), leaving no verified take of white shark in Hawaiian waters or fisheries since the late 1960s. Examination of Oregon and Washington commercial landing receipt data dating back to 1970 resulted in no records of white shark being taken in either state during this time period. In 2009, a sub-adult white shark, reported by media to be around 3.6 m TL (12 ft), was landed in Depoe Bay, Oregon. A recreational crab fisherman allegedly found it tangled in the line of his crab pot and the shark, believed to be dead, was brought to
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shore. Review of recreational survey data also dating back to 1970, revealed this to be the only incident of white shark take (K. Hughes, WDFW, pers. comm.). In Canada, Pacific white sharks were listed as Data Deficient by the Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada (COSEWIC). There are only 14 confirmed or probable records of white shark on the Pacific coast in the last 43 years, consisting almost exclusively of strandings on the Queen Charlotte Islands. White sharks are considered rare in much of their range, but particularly so in Canadian waters, which represent the northern fringe of their distribution (COSEWIC 2006). Alaskan waters are the northern extent of the white sharks range (Martin 2004). Although over 200 individuals in the NEP have been tagged (Weng et al. 2007a; Domeier and Nasby-Lucas 2008; Jorgensen et al. 2010; Jorgensen et al. 2012a, 2012b) none has been detected in Alaskan waters (state or federal). Alaska has no fishery related concerns for the species, as there is no documentation of targeted or incidental catch in these waters (D. Vincent-Lang, ADFG, pers. comm.). Predation White sharks are apex predators and generally considered to be at the top of the food chain during most life history stages. However, available interaction data show some risk of white shark predation by orcas (Orcinus orca) and larger sharks. In addition to large size, even at birth, utilization of shallow nearshore habitat during the first three years of life likely provides some level of protection for YOY and juveniles from large predators (Pyle et al. 1999). Predation is not considered a significant threat to the population. Disease All species of sharks may develop disease and cancers, but due to a generalized immune system and other adaptations it is a relatively rare occurrence and has not been well documented or studied in the wild. Recently in Australia, researchers observed one white shark with a large tumor on its jaw (Robbins et al. 2013). To date tumors have not been observed in the NEP population, and disease is not considered a significant threat to the population. Competition and Prey Availability Competition for prey, mainly fish for juveniles and pinnipeds for adults, between white sharks and other species in their habitat is likely, but difficult to quantify due to limited data. White sharks are larger, in all life stages, than most of the predators in which they share habitat. This makes it likely that they experience significant competition with other species. They are also able to feed on a range of prey making their population less susceptible to catastrophic decline from the absence of a specific prey species.
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Young-of-the-year and juvenile white sharks Young-of-the-year and juvenile white sharks forage on a range of demersal and epipelagic fish, squid and crustaceans in the nearshore waters of the SCB. Since the 1994 ban on gill nets in state waters, there has been an increase in the abundance of many species preyed upon by YOY and juvenile white sharks including white seabass, leopard (Triakis semifasciata) and soupfin sharks (Galeorhinus galeus) (Pondella and Allen 2008). Dewar et al. (2013) evaluated reduced prey resources as a possible threat to YOY and juvenile white sharks in California. They examined the status of 23 fish and invertebrate species that have either been documented in stomach content analyses, or fit in the category of standard prey types (i.e. demersal fish) and are found in the same habitat as young white sharks. Analysis of the 23 species were based on Department semiannual status reports, Pacific Fishery Management Council (PFMC) Stock Assessment and Fishery Evaluation reports, and data from the Ocean Resources Enhancement and Hatchery Program nearshore gill net study. Of the 23 species examined, most have recovered from earlier overfishing or were never overfished (Pondella and Allen 2008). White seabass populations, for example, began to rebound in 1997 (Pondella and Allen 2008) and catch for this species is managed through a fishery management plan by CDFW (CDFW 2013). Similar patterns were seen in both soupfin and leopard shark (Pondella and Allen 2008). For some prey items, such as bat rays (Myliobatis californica), there is no available information on stock status. Concerns remain regarding some species, including lingcod (Ophiodon elongatus), cabezon (Scorpaenichthys marmoratus), green sturgeon (Acipenser medirostris), California halibut (Paralichthys californicus), Petrale sole (Eopsetta jordani), white croaker (Genyonemus lineatus) and some runs of Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha). Some of these populations are considered depleted or federally listed as a species of concern. Subadult and adult white sharks California pinniped species (northern elephant seals, California sea lions and harbor seals [Phoca vitulina]) underwent declines in previous centuries but have since experienced significant population expansions (Bartholomew and Boolootian 1960; Cass 1985; Stewart et al. 1994; Carretta et al. 2011). The local populations for the three primary California pinniped species found at the Farallon Islands have increased in recent decades. According to the following most recent estimates of population size and annual growth rates, each of the three California populations is thriving: California sea lions (2011): approximately 297,000 at 5.4 percent/year northern elephant seals (2005): approximately 124,000 at 5.9 percent/year harbor seals (2011): approximately 30,000 at 3.5 percent/year
These population expansions cannot be directly quantified as there are no historic data on the size of pinniped stocks before hunting. However, populations have increased
dramatically since the Marine Mammal Protection Act prohibited their hunting or harassment in 1972. Competition for prey, mainly pinnipeds, between transient orcas and adult white sharks in the NEP is speculated, but difficult to quantify due to limited data on orca diet in California. A review of orca and white shark sightings around Southeast Farallon Island in the fall of 1997 suggests possible competitive displacement of white sharks by orcas. During this period, when sightings of orcas increased in the area, sightings of white sharks decreased, in comparison to averages from the seven previous fall seasons (1989-1996). Further study is needed to confirm this relationship (Pyle et al. 1999). Based on existing scientific information it is unclear whether all adult white sharks depend entirely on pinnipeds. In white sharks migration offshore to the SOFA they could be feeding on other species, such as squid or swordfish (Domeier and NasbyLucas 2008, 2012). Also, new studies analyzing stable isotopes in white shark vertebrae found evidence that some adult white sharks do not depend on pinnipeds at all (Kerr et al. 2006; Carlisle et al. 2012; Kim et al. 2012), and therefore may not utilize or depend on pinniped aggregation sites. White sharks are generalist feeders and are considered more resilient to the loss of some prey items than a dietary specialist. Given the increase in other species that have overlapping diets (pinnipeds, leopard and soupfin sharks, and giant sea bass [Stereolepis gigas]) it is likely that there is currently sufficient prey in the California Current System to support the California population of YOY and juvenile white sharks (Dewar et al. 2013). Climate Change Recent models of climate change suggest a potential increase in the availability of suitable habitat for adult white shark, but this remains speculative and limited across the populations life history (Hazen et al. 2012). Three principal effects of climate change that are occurring or could occur in the white sharks range in the NEP are: 1) an increase in temperature, or ocean warming (Norris et al. 2013; IPCC, 2013a,b); 2) an increase in acidity, or decreased pH, termed ocean acidification, (Gruber et al. 2012; Norris et al. 2013); and, 3) a decrease in dissolved oxygen levels, or ocean de-oxygenation (Bograd et al. 2008; Keeling et al. 2010). Any of these three factors, alone or in concert with one another or other factors, could potentially change NEP white shark habitat characteristics or influence changes in the marine food web and affect the white shark population. Some of these changes could be beneficial to the white shark population, for example, by expanding habitat or enhancing prey availability, or detrimental, by diminishing white shark habitat or prey availability. With respect to temperature, available evidence indicates that NEP sub-adult and adult white sharks are highly migratory and can range from subtropical to near polar waters; thus, white sharks are tolerant of a wide range of ambient temperatures (Boustany et al.
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2002; Nasby-Lucas et al. 2012), and have been documented to swim in water temperatures ranging from 3.4-24 C (38-75 F) (Boustany et al. 2002; Nasby-Lucas and Domeier 2012). It is not known at present to what extent YOY and juvenile white sharks may be affected by systemic temperature changes within pupping grounds or juvenile ranges distinct from that of sub-adult and adult sharks. Modeling performed by Hazen et al. (2012) involved applying a global climate model to examine how changes in sea surface temperature (SST) and chlorophyll a influenced species-specific core habitat models for several shark species in the NEP. Habitat modeling outputs, while indicating a decreasing trend in mean core habitat area for sharks as a group, indicated an increase in core habitat area for the white shark. Results indicated a decrease in core habitat for blue (Prionace glauca), mako (Isurus oxyrinchus) and salmon sharks (Lamna ditropis), but an increase of about seven percent in ocean habitat for white shark. Increases in core habitat area were also projected for elephant seals (about 5 percent) and tunas (6-19 percent, dependent on species), while a slight decrease in sea lion habitat (about 0.5 percent) was indicated. Kim et al. (2012) found that isotope analyses on white shark vertebrae indicated a generalist feeding pattern at the population level with individual specialization evident for some kinds of prey. Across the individuals sampled, there was evidence for consumption of multiple prey types (e.g. seal; sea lion; dolphin; porpoise; tuna and cephalopods). Some individuals, however, showed isotopic evidence of apparent specializations for tunas or cephalopods. Such evidence indicates that the white shark population is capable of eating varied kinds of prey and can also specialize to specific prey species other than marine mammals. While this latter point does not speak to all possibilities of future changes in marine food webs influencing the white shark, there is some indication that white sharks may have capacity to adapt to future food web changes. While ocean acidification may be a threat to white sharks as well as other marine species, the severity of the effect on the white shark and its habitat is uncertain. Although some studies have documented the negative effects ocean acidification may have on select marine species, further study is needed to evaluate how this will affect white sharks and the NEP ecosystem as a whole (Feely et al. 2008; Gruber et al. 2012). Finally of concern is the expansion of ocean spaces with lowered dissolved oxygen concentrations which could limit or constrain some species by their tolerance for lowoxygen water (Bograd et al. 2008; Keeling et al. 2010). Low dissolved oxygen zones could have direct or indirect effects on white shark habitat and behavior (Nasby-Lucas et al. 2009; Siebel 2011). Nasby-Lucas et al. (2009) noted that white sharks appeared to be constrained to waters that had a dissolved oxygen concentration higher than 1.5 ml/L and suggested that dissolved oxygen concentration, and not temperature, was the limiting factor in diving behavior of white sharks. They also suggested that such low oxygen conditions may have the effect of concentrating prey to the foraging advantage of the white shark in open ocean areas such as the SOFA.
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Climate change is often viewed as one of a set of factors that can result in negative impacts on a species ability to survive or reproduce. While it can be asserted that changes have occurred, are occurring, and will continue to occur within the dynamic physical, chemical and biological systems of the Pacific Ocean, the manifestation of those dynamics with respect to impacts on the white shark population is not understood. Currently available modeling results, while interesting and seemingly favorable with respect to white shark habitat expansion and prey availability, are not definitive for assessment of listing status. With respect to other available scientific information, it is known that white sharks are highly migratory and range across large expanses of the NEP. There is evidence indicating that the white sharks are able to deal with wide variations in temperature and dissolved oxygen concentration as well as to consume a variety of squid, fish and marine mammal prey. However, there is not at this time sufficient scientific information to assess the specific potential or actual impacts of ocean warming, acidification or deoxygenation on the population of white sharks inhabiting the NEP.
Regulatory Status and Existing Management Efforts White sharks in the NEP are widely protected on the west coast through state, federal, and international efforts directly through general prohibitions specific to this species and indirectly under regulations for all shark species. State of California Status and Management Efforts On March 1, 2013, the California Fish and Game Commission designated white shark a candidate species under CESA, which conferred protected status afforded to listed species during the 12 month review process. During the candidacy period, no take for commercial, recreational or scientific purposes is allowed unless specifically authorized by regulation adopted pursuant to Section 2084 of the Fish and Game Code or by permit pursuant to Sections 2081(a) and 2081(b) of the Fish and Game Code. Previous to candidacy, California enacted protections for white sharks and take of this species was prohibited with exceptions (Table 3). In 1994, white sharks received special protected status in the State of California by the addition of Fish and Game Code Sections 5517 and 8599 and Title 14, Section 28.06 of the California Code of Regulations. Fish and Game Code Section 5517 prohibits the take of white sharks, except by special permit from the Department. Fish and Game Code Section 8599 prohibits commercial take of white sharks except for permitted scientific and educational purposes through a Scientific Collecting Permit (SCP). Fish and Game Code Section 8599 also allows for incidental take by round haul (purse or drum seine) or gill net gear, and any sharks landed live may be sold for scientific or live display purposes, although a permit is required for this purpose. Section 28.06, Title 14, California Code of Regulations, prohibits recreational take of white shark. In 2012, California also implemented a law prohibiting the possession, sale or trade of any shark fins (Fish and
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Game Code Section 2021) although there is an exception for taxidermy (Fish and Game Code Section 2021.5). While not specific to white shark, laws restricting the use of gill nets also provide some protection for white shark. Data on fishery interactions indicate nearshore gill net gear has the most frequent incidental take of white shark off California. The nearshore gill net fishery is regulated using area, gear, seasonal and other management measures, primarily through Fish and Game Code (Table 4, Figure 3). There are three different gear configurations used in the nearshore gill net fishery, which targets primarily California halibut and white seabass in addition to yellowtail (Seriola lalandi) and barracuda (Sphyraena argentea) as previously referenced. A general gill net permit is required for all three of these nearshore gill net gear configurations (Fish and Game Code Section 8680 et. seq., Section 174, Title 14, California Code of Regulations) and a drift gill net permit is also needed, in addition to a general gill net permit, when using drift gill net gear (Fish and Game Code Section 8561). Between 1985 and 2000, the nearshore gill net fisheries faced several restrictions, which reduced the allowable fishing area for this gear off California. The first area closure occurred in 1986, with a 45.7 m (25 fm) closure from Franklin Point (San Mateo County) to Waddell Creek (Santa Cruz County), and a 27.4 m (15 fm) closure from Waddell Creek to Yankee Point (Monterey County). During this time, gill nets were also prohibited from Point Sur (Monterey County) to Point Sal (Santa Barbara County) in waters 27.4 m (15 fm) or less. Additional closures were added between 1986 and 1991 (Tables 4 and 5; Figure 3). In 1994, the Marine Resources Protected Zone was created, which prohibited gill net use within 1 km (1 nm) or 1.3 km (70 fm) bottom depth, whichever is less, around the Channel Islands, and within 5.6 km (3 nm) of the mainland shore south of Point Arguello (Santa Barbara County). There are no seasonal closures for the halibut gill net fishery, while the white seabass gill net fishery is closed annually from March 15 to June 15 (Table 4, Figure 3). Between 1979 and 2011, there were noticeable trends in white shark catch, which correlated with periods following significant regulation changes. Between 1981 and 2005, the number of sharks caught peaked in 1985 and then decreased as regulations steadily reduced the amount of fishing effort of the nearshore set gill net fishery. Lowe et al. (2012) reports that YOY white shark captures by the gill net fishery follow temporal trends in fishery effort. In 1989 set gill net fishing effort reached its lowest level since 1979. Even with continued restrictions to the gill net fisheries, effort remained relatively stable through the next twenty years.
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Table 3. State regulatory history for white shark.
Section FGC 5517 FGC 8599 a, b, c
Year 1993
Description Makes unlawful to take any white shark except under permits issued pursuant to Section 1002 for scientific or educational purposes. a: Unlawful to take an white shark for commercial purposes, except under permits issued pursuant to Section 1002 for scientific or educational purposes. b: White sharks may be taken incidentally by commercial fishing operations using set gill nets, drift gill nets, or round haul nets. Pelvic fin must be attached on carcass until after the white shark s brought ashore. If landed alive, may be sold for scientific or live display purposes. c: Any white shark killed or injured by any person in self-defense may not be landed.
1993
FGC 8599.3 CCR Title 14 28.06
1993
Department shall cooperate with scientific institutions to facilitate data collection on white sharks taken incidentally by commercial fishing operations. Prohibits take in ocean sport fisheries except under a Scientific Collecting Permit.
1994
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Table 4. State regulatory history for set and drift nearshore gill net fisheries.
Statute FGC 8623 c, d
Year 1957,
amended
Description c: 3.5 inch minimum mesh to take yellowtail and barracuda. d: Gill nets with 6 inch mesh may be used to take white seabass; however, during the period June 16 to March 14, not more than 20 percent by number of a load of fish may be white seabass 28 inches or more in total length, up to a maximum of 10 white seabass per load, if taken in gill or trammel nets with mesh from 3.5 to 6 inch. Gill nets shall not be used in ocean waters between a line extending 245 degrees magnetic from the most westerly point of the west point of the Point Reyes headlands in Marin County and the westerly extension of the California-Oregon boundary. a: 8.5 inch minimum mesh required to take California halibut. b: Except as provided in subdivision c, not more than 1,500 fathoms of gill net or trammel net shall be fished in combination each day for California halibut from any vessel in ocean waters. c: Not more than 1,000 fathoms of gill net or trammel net shall be fished in combination each day for California halibut from any vessel in ocean waters between a line extending due west magnetic from Point Arguello (Santa Barbara County) and a line extending 172 degrees magnetic from Rincon Point (Santa Barbara County) to San Pedro Point at the east end of Santa Cruz Island (Santa Barbara County), then extending southwesterly 188 degrees magnetic from San Pedro Point on Santa Cruz Island.
1988
FGC 8664.8a
1989
FGC 8625 a, b, c
1989
FGC 8724 FGC 8610.2 d(1), d(2), d(3)
1989 1990
Trammel nets must have a mesh size of at least 8.5 inches in Districts 10, 17, 18, and 19. Marine Resource Protection Zone (MRPZ) created: d(1): waters less than 70 fathoms or within one mile (whichever is less) around the Channel Islands. d(2): area within 3 nautical miles offshore of the mainland coast and any manmade breakwater between a line extending from Point Arguello to the Mexican border. d(3): waters less than 35 fathoms between a line running 18 degrees from Point Fermin and a line running 270 degrees from the south jetty of Newport harbor.
FGC 8610.3b
1994 2000
Gill net use prohibited in Marine Reserve Protected Zone. Emergency closure prohibiting gill/trammel net use in waters 60 fathoms or less between Point Reyes (Marin Co) and Point Arguello (Santa Barbara Co). Permanent closure of waters 60 fathoms or less between Point Reyes (Marin Co) and Point Arguello (Santa Barbara Co) to gill or trammel nets.
CCR Title 14 104.1
2002
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Table 5. State regulatory history for the offshore drift gill net fishery targeting shark and swordfish.
Statute FGC 8573a FGC 8575 a, b, c, d, e, f
Year 1982,
amended
Description From 6/1-11/15 shark or swordfish gill nets shall not be in the water two hours after sunrise to two hours before the sunset east of the line from Santa Cruz Island to the California- Mexico border. a: 5/1-7/31 within six nautical miles westerly, northerly, and easterly of the shoreline of San Miguel Island between a line extending six nautical miles west magnetically from Point Bennett and a line extending six nautical miles east magnetically from Cardwell Point and within six nautical miles westerly, northerly, and easterly of the shoreline of Santa Rosa Island between a line extending six nautical miles west magnetically from Sandy Point and a line extending six nautical miles east magnetically from Skunk Point. Drift gill nets time closures: b: 5/1-7/31 within 10 nautical miles westerly, southerly, and easterly of the shoreline of San Miguel Island between a line extending 10 nautical miles west magnetically from Point Bennett and a line extending 10 nautical miles east magnetically from Cardwell Point and within 10 nautical miles westerly, southerly, and easterly of the shoreline of Santa Rosa Island between a line extending 10 nautical miles west magnetically from Sandy Point and a line extending 10 nautical miles east magnetically from Skunk Point. c: 5/1-7/31 within 10 nautical miles radius of the west end of San Nicolas Island. d: 8/15-9/30 from Dana Point (Orange County) to Church Rock (Catalina Island) then direct line to Pt. La Jolla, then from mainland shore to Dana Point. e: 8/15-9/30 6 nautical miles of the coastline on the northerly and easterly side of San Clemente Island to a line extending six nautical miles east magnetically from Pyramid Head. f: 12/15-1/31 ocean waters within 25 nautical miles of the mainland coastline.
2007 1982
FGC 8573 b(1), b(2), b(3), b(4),
1983
b(1): Total maximum length of shark or swordfish gill net shall not exceed 6,000 feet in float line length. b(2): Gill net on the reel shall have float lines of adjacent panels tied together. No quick disconnect device may be used unless total maximum length of all gill nets does not exceed 6,000 feet. b(3): Spare gill net aboard vessel shall not exceed 250 fathoms (1,500 feet). b(4): Torn panel shall be removed from working net before replacement panel is attached to the working net.
FGC 8575.5
1986
DGN fishery was eliminated within 12 nautical miles of the coast north of Point Arguello and in certain areas in the Gulf of Farallones and near the mouth of San Francisco Bay.
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Table 5 cont. State regulatory history for the offshore drift gill net fishery targeting shark and swordfish.
Statute FGC 8576.5 FGC 8576 a, b PFMC
Year 1988
Description Thresher shark taken with drift gill nets shall not have the pelvic fin severed from the carcass until after the shark is brought ashore. a: Drift gill nets shall not be used to take shark or swordfish from February 1 to April 30, inclusive. b: Lengthened 75 nautical miles closure to 5/1-8/14.
1989
1990
CA, OR, and WA enact tri-state inter-jurisdictional fishery monitoring plan for threshers.
Permitting in California Scientific collecting permits Fish and Game Code Section 1002 authorizes the Department to issue Scientific Collecting Permits (SCPs) for the take and possession of birds, mammals, fish, etc. for scientific, educational, or propagation purposes. Species listed under CESA that are taken under the auspices of Fish and Game Code Section 2081 do not require a SCP. Section 650(i), Title 14, California Code of Regulations, authorizes the issuance of SCPs for take for bona fide scientific, educational, or propagation purposes. An SCP is good for up to three years and requires submission of an annual Report of Specimens Collected, as specified in Section 650(i), Title 14, California Code of Regulations. For the last 20 years, researchers have obtained SCPs or Memorandums of Understanding (MOU) to tag white sharks to monitor their movements, to collect biological samples for genetics, to look at contaminant levels, and to temporarily hold juvenile white sharks for display at public aquariums. In 2012, nine SCPs were in force for white shark research; two were inactive and one was an entity permit covering 14 individuals. CESA take permits When a species is listed as endangered or threatened under CESA, it becomes protected and take, as defined in Fish and Game Code Section 86, is not allowed except under specific conditions (Fish and Game Code Section 2080). Candidate species are afforded these same protections under CESA (Fish and Game Code Section 2085). Fish and Game Code Section 2081 authorizes the Department to issue permits for take of listed species: A 2081(a) permit authorizes take of CESA-listed species for scientific, educational, or management purposes and can be issued to public agencies,
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universities, zoological gardens, or scientific or educational institutions. A 2081(a) permit is a MOU that allows take under specified conditions and reporting that allows the Department to monitor activity. A 2081(b) permit can be issued for take of CESA-listed species in connection with otherwise lawful activities. This permit requires that impacts to listed species be minimized and fully mitigated, and will not jeopardize the existence of the species. Title 14, Section 783 et. seq., California Code of Regulations, specifies conditions for issuing a 2081(b) incidental take permit, including complying with the California Environmental Quality Act (CEQA).
During the candidacy period in 2013, the Department issued twelve 2081(a) permits and no 2081(b) incidental take permits for the take of white shark. These permits were issued to juvenile and adult white shark researchers, commercial white shark viewing operations that were providing sighting information to the adult white shark researchers, and to several researchers working with species other than white shark operating in areas and with gears known to take white shark. Status and Management Efforts in Surrounding States Oregon prohibits take of white shark in recreational fisheries, but there is no specific prohibition for commercial fisheries. In the states of Washington and Alaska, take of white shark is regulated through general take categories for sharks or bottom fish. The state of Hawaii has no specific prohibitions on white shark take, but does prohibit feeding of sharks in state waters. Additionally, Oregon, Washington, and Hawaii have state prohibitions on shark finning, which prohibit possession and sale of shark fins. Federal Status and Management Efforts Federal management efforts providing protections for the NEP population of white shark include the West Coast Highly Migratory Species Fishery Management Plan (HMS FMP), National Marine Sanctuaries - West Coast Region, Shark Finning Prohibition Act of 2000, and Shark Finning Conservation Act of 2010. Federal law prohibits trade in all white shark products, as the U.S. recognizes the Convention of International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES) treaty. This is supported by the Lacey Act, which makes it unlawful to import, export, sell, acquire or purchase any fish, animal or plant protected by state or international law, including CITES. The Petition cites cases of illegal fishing and sales of white shark teeth, jaws, and fins for the curio trade worldwide (CITES 2004), but there are no known recorded cases of illegal trade in white shark parts in California (R. Hartman, CDFW, pers. comm.). Take of white shark is prohibited under the West Coast HMS FMP (50 CFR 660.711). The scope of this prohibition covers all United States vessels that fish for HMS species using authorized gear within the United States Exclusive Economic Zone (370 km, 200 nm) as well as the west coast state territorial waters of California, Oregon, and Washington. Additionally this applies to those vessels fishing the high seas and landing in the States of California, Oregon, and Washington (50 CFR 660.701).
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The large mesh drift gill net fishery targeting swordfish and thresher shark is a federally managed fishery under the HMS FMP. Originally managed by the State of California, this fishery came under federal jurisdiction with the adoption of the HMS FMP, and Californias protective measures for white shark were incorporated into the federal regulations. Historical catch records indicate incidental take of white shark previously occurred in this fishery, but has been greatly reduced based on logbook records since the 1980s, with only one individual reported since 2000 (Dewar et al. 2013). This fishery operates under seasonal and area closures that began in 1982. Between 1982 and 1989, several seasonal closures were enacted out to 370 km (200 nm) (Table 5). Closures in 1982 and 1985 were enacted to protect marine mammals. The 1982 closure prohibited drift gill net use within 370km (200 nm) of shore between February 1 and April 30. Regulations enacted in 1986 eliminated the drift gill net fishery for thresher sharks within 22 km (12 nm) of shore north of Point Arguello, in areas around the Farallon Islands and near the mouth of San Francisco Bay. This also shortened the thresher shark season in all other areas to the period from May 1 to May 30. In 1988, federal observers were authorized for deployment on drift gill net vessels, and in 1989 the seasonal closures out to 370km (200 nm) became permanent (Table 5). Collectively these regulations dramatically limited effort and landings of the directed thresher shark fishery, which correlates with reduced incidental take of white shark, as previously discussed. Other regulatory measures implemented to reduce marine mammal and turtle interactions with gill net gear likely reduced white shark take as well. Measures in the POCTRT, such as required use of extenders, which lower nets in the water to avoid surface swimming animals, may reduce interactions with small white sharks (Dewar et al. 2013). Additionally, two closures meant to protect sea turtles are likely to reduce white shark interactions in the large mesh drift gill net fishery. The Pacific Leatherback Conservation Area (50 CFR 223.206) prohibits use of drift gill net gear off central California from August 15 to November 15. The Pacific Loggerhead Conservation Area for Loggerhead turtles closes the fishery off the coast of southern California from June 1 to August 31 during El Nio events. Additional federal protections are afforded within National Marine Sanctuaries off California. The Gulf of the Farallones National Marine Sanctuary (GFNMS) and the Monterey Bay National Marine Sanctuary, have prohibitions on attracting white sharks (15 CFR 922.13). Additionally, the GFNMS also prohibits vessels from approaching within 50 m (164 ft) of white sharks within 3.7 km (2 nm) of the islands (15 CFR 922.82). These prohibitions were put in place to manage adventure tourism, filming, and research activities associated with white sharks that have potential to cause disturbance to natural behavior. GFNMS issues permits to allow some activities related to education and research that allow exceptions to prohibitions on a case-by-case basis. The Shark Finning Prohibition Act of 2000 amended the Magnuson-Stevens Fishery Conservation and Management Act (MSA) and prohibits shark finning within the jurisdiction of the United States (50 CFR 600.1200 et seq.). This Act also prohibits the custody, control, or possession of shark fins aboard a fishing vessel without the carcass
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or landing of shark fins without the carcass. The Shark Fin Conservation Act of 2010 strengthens the prohibitions on shark finning under the MSA and under the High Seas Driftnet Fishing Moratorium Protection Act (HSDFMPA). The prohibitions on shark finning under MSA and the HSDFMPA provide some additional protections for white shark. International Status and Management Efforts The global status of white shark has been assessed under CITES, the International Union for Conservation on Nature, and the Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals. White Shark is classified as an Appendix II species by CITES. Appendix II species are those that are not necessarily threatened with extinction, but could become so without strict regulation to prevent overutilization. In Mexico, white sharks were declared threatened as of 2001 (DOF 2002) based on a review of available literature and data, however, at that time, this status did not offer any specific protections. Regulations enacted since then do provide more protection for white sharks and other sharks. An Official Norm, published in 2007 (DOF 2007), established responsible shark and ray fishing and prohibited the catch and retention of white shark in any condition. It also prohibited finning unless the carcasses are retained, prohibits future increases in shark fishing effort, and established gear and area restrictions for shark fishing (DOF 2007; Barreira 2007); however, white sharks do continue to be caught and retained in spite of these regulations (Cartamil et al. 2011; Santana-Morales et al. 2012). Beginning in 2012, the Mexican government established a closed season for shark fishing along the Pacific Coast from June 1-July 31; in 2013, the season was expanded to include the month of May. In addition to fishery regulations, Mexico has established regulations for the tourism industry. Cage diving for the purposes of viewing white sharks is regulated by requiring vessel permits, licenses, limiting the number to six vessels in three locations, and requiring operators to abide by a code of conduct which protects white sharks at Guadalupe Island. The code of conduct prohibits fishing for white sharks, approaching feeding sharks within 50m (164 ft), using attracting decoys, and feeding or touching white sharks, although it allows bait to be used with certain restrictions. A workshop was held in the fall of 2013 to develop a Plan of Action for white shark conservation in Mexico, at which time actions were identified to improve white shark conservation. The Mexican federal government has also published a management program for Guadalupe Island Biological Reserve, which includes the rules for cage diving (O. Sosa-Nishizaki, CICESE, pers. comm.). To further protect white sharks in Mexican waters, on January 27, 2014, the Mexican government published new rules banning the incidental capture of white shark in commercial fisheries. This new regulation prohibits the landing of any white shark body part, and requires that any caught shark has to be released, whether alive or dead (DOF 2014).
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In Canada, Atlantic white sharks were listed as an endangered species in 2006 by the Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada (COSEWIC) under the Species At Risk Act (SARA) in 2011 (Environment Canada 2011). Pacific white sharks were listed as Data Deficient at the same time, due to their rarity and lack of trend information in both Canadian and adjacent U.S. waters (COSEWIC 2006). They are not currently listed under SARA. There are no Canadian regulations specific to protecting white shark, but there is a prohibition on the retention of any sharks but dogfish (Squalus acanthias) in Pacific Coast hook-and-line fisheries (COSEWIC 2006), which likely provides some white shark protection. At state, federal, and international levels, white sharks on the west coast are protected by a number of measures, including fishery season/area closures, catch prohibitions and international treaties. Existing regulations date back as far as the early-1990s and current management measures are either in place or planned for implementation in the near-term. As NEP white sharks are a vulnerable apex predator, these measures are important in safeguarding them from exploitation and current protections appear sufficient to ensure their continued existence.
Recommendations for Management The following recommendations were generated by the Department to prioritize conservation, research, regulation and monitoring activities: Support research specifically focused on juvenile and sub-adult white shark movements through the SCB, Mexico and other areas within their range. Increase coordination with other fisheries agencies to establish continuity in management goals, enforcement, and conformance in regulations. Encourage studies designed to reduce lethal interactions with fishing operations, especially with nearshore gill net fisheries that are more likely to have interactions with YOY and juvenile white sharks. Research should include exploration of gear and method modifications (soak time, etc.) that reduce lethal interactions. Increase observer coverage on commercial fishing vessels, especially those participating in the nearshore gill net fisheries. Implement regulation of recreational tourism (cage diving, viewing, etc.). Implement a public outreach and education program, especially in the shore based sector of the recreational fishery. The program should inform constituents about the presence of YOY and juvenile white sharks in the SCB, and how they can help protect this species through appropriate fishing practices and by avoiding interaction with the species.
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Increase monitoring and enforcement of recreational tourism where interactions with white sharks are high. Encourage the expansion of efforts to determine current population and abundance trends. Efforts should include: o The continuation of photo-ID studies in Guadalupe Island and central California, including a comparison of the two databases, consideration of alternate methods of identification (e.g., Computer identification via DARWIN; Towner et al. 2013), and expansion of spatial and temporal scope to additional pinniped rookeries and seasons. o The expansion of genetic research to include comparison of samples from both aggregation sites and throughout range, and identification of parentage. o Support continued life history research of all life stages of white shark. Including migration, habitat use and range, feeding ecology and reproduction. o Expand the range and scope of tagging studies to include: Areas outside of the two main aggregation sites, Increased focus on mature females, Increased acoustic tagging of YOY and juvenile white sharks in SCB and Mexican nursery areas, Increased deployment of acoustic sensors from Mexico to Washington.
Continue current efforts to determine the effects of persistent environmental pollutants, and environmental changes related to climate change, such as ocean acidification, on large shark species and their preferred prey species. Encourage research and awareness of less common factors, such as predation and disease, across all life stages. Encourage the PFMC to recommend that U.S. delegates to international regulatory bodies and Regional Fisheries Management Organizations support measures to make white sharks a prohibited species. Specifically, the U.S. delegates to entities including the Inter-American Tropical Tuna Commission and the Western Central Pacific Fisheries Commission.
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Scientific Determinations Regarding the Status of the White Shark in California The CESA directs the Department to prepare this report regarding the status of the white shark in California based upon the best scientific information. Key to the Departments related analyses are relevant factors highlighted in regulation. Under the pertinent regulation, a species shall be listed as endangered or threatened if the Commission determines that its continued existence is in serious danger or is threatened by any one or any combination of the following factors: (1) present or threatened modification or destruction of its habitat; (2) overexploitation; (3) predation; (4) competition; (5) disease; or (6) other natural occurrences or humanrelated activities. (Section 670.1 (i)(1)(A), Title 14, California Code of Regulations). Also key from a scientific standpoint are the definitions of endangered and threatened species, respectively, in Fish and Game Code. An endangered species under CESA is one, which is in serious danger of becoming extinct throughout all, or a significant portion, of its range due to one or more causes, including loss of habitat, change in habitat, overexploitation, predation, competition, or disease. (Fish and Game Code Section 2062). A threatened species under CESA is one that, although not presently threatened with extinction, is likely to become an endangered species in the foreseeable future in the absence of special protection and management efforts required by [CESA]. (Fish and Game Code Section 2067). The Departments scientific determinations regarding these factors as informed by and following independent peer review are summarized below. Present or Threatened Modification or Destruction of Habitat White sharks, like other apex predators, can accumulate contaminants over their lifespan. However, high tissue levels of elemental and organic contaminants have not been found to cause deleterious effects in NEP white sharks or elasmobranchs generally. Environmental monitoring data have shown that contaminant inputs have greatly been reduced off California through state, local, and federal regulatory efforts, reducing risks from habitat degradation. Similar to other large marine species, white sharks may be susceptible to ingestion and entanglement by marine debris, but risks to the population appear to be low. There have been no documented entanglements involving white sharks in the NEP. Additionally, lamnid sharks have the capability of evacuating their stomachs, which may reduce ingestion risks. Recent models of climate change suggest a potential increase in the availability of suitable habitat for adult white shark, but this remains speculative and limited across the populations life stages.
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White sharks are highly migratory and range across large expanses of the NEP, and there is evidence indicating that white sharks are able to deal with wide variations in temperature and dissolved oxygen concentration. At this time there is not sufficient scientific information to assess the specific potential or actual impacts of ocean warming, acidification or de-oxygenation on the population of white sharks inhabiting the NEP.
Overexploitation White sharks in the NEP are widely protected on the west coast through state, federal and international efforts directly through take prohibitions for this species, as well as through regulation of fisheries and sharks generally that provide protections indirectly. White sharks have been a protected species under California law since 1994. Nearshore set gill net fisheries account for over 80 percent of documented interactions with white shark off California. Interactions are also known to occur in Mexican commercial gill net fisheries. However, prohibitions on take of white shark have become progressively stricter, reducing risk, although limited resources for monitoring and enforcement exist. Catch records of incidental white shark take by gill net gear off California declined steadily from 1990 until 2005, indicating gill net area closures implemented during the 1990s were effective in reducing incidental take of juvenile white shark in the nearshore waters of the SCB. The recent increase in interactions with gill net gear is likely due to an increase in the population of YOY and juvenile white sharks in the SCB.
Predation White sharks are apex predators and generally considered to be at the top of the food chain during most life history stages. However, available interaction data show some white shark predation by orcas and larger sharks. In addition to large size, even at birth, utilization of shallow nearshore habitat during the first three years of life likely provides some level of protection for YOY and juveniles from large predators.
Competition Competition for prey, mainly fish for juveniles and pinnipeds for adults, between white sharks and other species in their habitat is not well understood. There may be competition from other large predator species, but there is no indication this poses a significant population risk.
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White sharks are generalist feeders and are considered resilient to changes in prey abundance and distribution. Populations of their prey species are healthy and likely to support predator populations.
Disease All species of sharks may develop disease; and tumors have recently been documented in single white shark in Australia. However, similar to other shark species, white sharks have a generalized immune system and other adaptations that make disease rare. Based on the best available scientific information, the Department finds that there is not an imminent risk of extinction due to habitat modification or loss, overexploitation, predation, competition, disease or other natural occurrences or human-related activities. Summary of Key Findings The current size of the NEP population is uncertain. While there are no historic estimates for comparison, current trends in incidental catch in fisheries and attacks on marine mammals, as well as genetic diversity suggest a stable or increasing population. Multiple analyses of photo-identification study data, have estimated the current population size from 339 sub-adults/adults to greater than 3,000 total individuals. Uncertainties about key life history characteristics, such as the habitat usage and movements of all age classes, longevity, and reproductive capacity, make population estimates difficult. Adult white sharks frequent coastal waters seasonally, but appear to spend a large part of their time migrating through open ocean habitats. Young-of-the-year and juveniles spend the majority of their time in coastal areas off southern California and northern Mexico where there is historic overlap with set gill net fisheries. Analysis of California commercial fishery data reveals that despite declines in fishing effort, the incidents of white shark captured in commercial gill net fisheries have increased steadily since 2005. This suggests that juvenile white shark abundance may be increasing within the SCB. Incidental take of juvenile white sharks in set gill net fisheries is a potential risk factor for this population. However, this risk has been reduced considerably as these fisheries have become more restricted through regulation and declining effort. Based on trends in commercial fisheries and existing regulations, the Department does not consider future impacts of commercial gill net fishing to a be an imminent threat to the continued existence of the NEP population of white sharks in California. The Department evaluated other factors, such as contaminants and non-point source pollution, recreational fishing, predation, disease, competition, climate change, and availability of prey. Based on the Departments analysis, none of these factors are considered to be a serious threat to the continued existence of the NEP white shark population.
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Based on the best scientific information available to the Department at the time of preparation of this review, the Department concludes the NEP population of white shark is not currently facing or enduring any imminent threat to extinction. Minimizing impacts to individuals could be achieved by managing interactions with commercial and recreational fisheries. Currently California gill net fisheries are heavily regulated and do not appear to be increasing in effort now or in the near future. Interactions should continue to be monitored, but are likely not a threat to the increasing population.
Listing Recommendations The CESA directs the Department to prepare this report regarding the status of the white shark in California waters based upon the best scientific information available. The CESA also directs the Department based on its analysis to indicate in the status report whether the petitioned action is warranted. (Fish and Game Code Section 207.46; Section 670.1(f), Title 14, California Code of Regulations). The Department includes and makes its recommendation in its status report as submitted to the Commission in an advisory capacity based on the best available science. In consideration of the scientific information contained herein, the Department has determined that the petitioned action is not warranted.
Protections Afforded By Listing It is the policy of the State to conserve, protect, restore and enhance any endangered or any threatened species and its habitat (Fish and Game Code Section 2052). If listed as an endangered or threatened species, unauthorized take of the white shark will be prohibited, making the conservation, protection, and enhancement of the species and its habitat an issue of statewide concern. As noted earlier, Fish and Game Code defines take as hunt, pursue, catch, capture, or kill, or attempt to hunt, pursue, capture, or kill (Fish and Game Code Section 86). Any violation of the take prohibition would be punishable under State law. As to authorized take, the Fish and Game Code provides the Department with related authority under certain circumstances (Fish and Game Code Sections 2081, 2081.1, 2086, 2087, 2835). In general, however, impacts of authorized taking of the white shark as a result of otherwise lawful activities must be minimized and fully mitigated according to State law. Additional protections of the white shark following listing are also likely with required public agency environmental review under CEQA. This act requires affected public agencies to analyze and disclose project related environmental effects, including potentially significant impacts on endangered, threatened, rare, or special status species. Under CEQAs substantive mandate, for example, state and local agencies in California must avoid or substantially lessen significant environmental effects to the extent feasible. With that mandate and the Departments regulatory jurisdiction generally, the Department expects related CEQA review will likely result in increased
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information regarding the status of the white shark in California waters as a result of, among other things, updated occurrence and abundance information for individual projects. Where significant impacts are identified under CEQA, the Department expects project-specific required avoidance, minimization, and mitigation measures will also benefit the species. State listing, in this respect, and required consultation with the Department during state and local agency environmental law review under CEQA, is also expected to benefit the species in terms of related impacts for individual projects that might otherwise occur absent listing. Listing the white shark increases the likelihood that the State land and resource management agencies will allocate funds towards protection and recovery actions. However, funding for species recovery and management is limited, and there is a growing list of threatened and endangered species.
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Marked references have not been peer reviewed.
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Personal Communications R. Bonfl, Instituto Nacional de la Pesca Progreso. M. Domeier, Marine Conservation Science Institute. M. Harris, California Department of Fish and Wildlife-Office of Spill Prevention and Response. R. Hartman, California Department of Fish and Wildlife. K. Hughes, Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife. C. Lowe, California State University, Long Beach. H. Peckham, Grupo Tortuguero. O. Santana, Centro de Investigacin Cientfica y de Educacin Superior de Ensenada (CICESE). O. Sosa-Nishizaki, CICESE. D. Vincent-Lang, Alaska Department of Fish and Game - Division of Wildlife Conservation.
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Appendix A Notice History
Commissioners Jim Kellogg, President Discovery Bay Michael Sutton, Vice President Monterey Daniel W. Richards, Member Upland Richard Rogers, Member Santa Barbara Jack Baylis, Member Los Angeles
STATE OF CALIFORNIA Edmund G. Brown Jr., Governor
Fish and Game Commission
Sonke Mastrup, Executive Director 1416 Ninth Street, Room 1320 Sacramento, CA 95814 (916) 653-4899 (916) 653-5040 Fax www.fgc.ca.gov
CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME COMMISSION NOTICE OF RECEIPT OF PETITION
NOTICE IS HEREBY GIVEN that, pursuant to the provisions of Section 2073.3 of the Fish and Game Code, the California Fish and Game Commission, on August 20, 2012 received a petition from Oceana, Center for Biological Diversity, and Shark Stewards to list the white shark (Carcharodon carcharias) as threatened or endangered under the California Endangered Species Act. White sharks are a pelagic species and are endothermic, allowing them to inhabit cold water and remain active predators of swift and agile prey. Pursuant to Section 2073 of the Fish and Game Code, on August 27, 2012 the Commission transmitted the petition to the Department of Fish and Game for review pursuant to Section 2073.5 of said code. It is anticipated that the Departments evaluation and recommendation relating to the petition will be received by the Commission at its February, 2013 Commission meeting. Interested parties may contact Paul Hamdorf, Acting Manager, Marine Region, 20 Lower Ragsdale Drive, Suite 100, Monterey, CA 93940, or telephone 562342-7210 for information on the petition or to submit information to the Department relating to the petitioned species. August 29, 2012 Fish and Game Commission
Sonke Mastrup Executive Director
Evalua onofPe
ontoListWhiteSharkasListedSpeciesAvailable|...
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JANUARY8,2013BYCDFW(HTTP://CDFGNEWS.WORDPRESS.COM/AUTHOR/CDFGNEWS/) TheCaliforniaDepartmentofFishandWildlife(CDFW)hasreleasedastaevaluationofapetitionto listtheNortheastPacicpopulationofwhitesharksasathreatenedorendangeredspeciesunderthe CaliforniaEndangeredSpeciesAct(CESA). Theevaluationdocumentisavailableathttp://dfg.ca.gov/news/pubnotice/(http://dfg.ca.gov /news/pubnotice/). Incompletingthepetitionevaluation,CDFWdeterminedthereissucientscienticinformationto indicatethatthepetitionactionmaybewarranted,andrecommendsthepetitionbeacceptedand consideredbytheCaliforniaFishandGameCommission. Atitsnextmeeting,theCommissionmaytakeactiononwhetherornottoacceptthepetitionand declarethewhitesharkasacandidateforfuturethreatenedorendangeredspeciesstatus.Ifthepetition isaccepted,thiswillstartaoneyearstatusreviewbeforedecisiononlistingismade.TheCommission meetingwillbeheldonFeb.6,2013,intheNaturalResourcesBuilding,FirstFloorAuditorium,1416 NinthStreet,Sacramento. PleasechecktheCommissionwebsitewww.fgc.ca.gov(http://www.fgc.ca.gov)formoreinformation. MediaContacts: AdriannaShea,CAFishandGameCommission,(916)5085262 MikeTaugher,CDFWCommunicationsDirector,(916)5910140 FILEDUNDERENDANGEREDSPECIES,MARINE,PUBLICPARTICIPATION,REGULATIONS TAGGEDWITHCALIFORNIAFISHANDGAMECOMMISSION,PUBLICCOMMENTS,RARE ANDENDANGEREDSPECIESPRESERVATION Commentsareclosed.
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Commissioners Michael Sutton, President Monterey Richard Rogers, Vice President Santa Barbara Jim Kellogg, Member Discovery Bay Jack Baylis, Member Los Angeles Vacant, Member
STATE OF CALIFORNIA Edmund G. Brown Jr., Governor
Fish and Game Commission
Sonke Mastrup, Executive Director 1416 Ninth Street, Room 1320 Sacramento, CA 95814 (916) 653-4899 (916) 653-5040 Fax www.fgc.ca.gov
CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME COMMISSION NOTICE OF FINDINGS White Shark (Carcharodon carcharias)
NOTICE IS HEREBY GIVEN that, pursuant to the provisions of Section 2074.2 of the Fish and Game Code, the California Fish and Game Commission, at its February 6, 2013, meeting in Sacramento, California, accepted for consideration the petition submitted to list the Northeastern Pacific Ocean population of white shark as a threatened or endangered species. Pursuant to subdivision (a)(2) of Section 2074.2 of the Fish and Game Code, the aforementioned species is hereby declared a candidate species as defined by Section 2068 of the Fish and Game Code. Within one year of the date of publication of this notice of findings, the Department of Fish and Wildlife shall submit a written report, pursuant to Section 2074.6 of the Fish and Game Code, indicating whether the petitioned action is warranted. Copies of the petition, as well as minutes of the February 6, 2013, Commission meeting, are on file and available for public review from Sonke Mastrup, Executive Director, Fish and Game Commission, 1416 Ninth Street, Box 944209, Sacramento, California 94244-2090, phone (916) 653-4899. Written comments or data related to the petitioned action should be directed to the Commission at the aforementioned address. Fish and Game Commission
February 19, 2013
Sonke Mastrup Executive Director
NewProtectionsforWhiteSharkEffectiveMarch1
February27,2013 MediaContacts: TraciLarinto,EnvironmentalScientist,(562)3427111 MichelleHoreczko,EnvironmentalScientist,(562)3427198 MikeTaugher,CDFWCommunications,(916)5910140 WhitesharksoffCaliforniascoastwillreceiveadditionalprotectionbeginningMarch1,thedateit becomesacandidatespeciesundertheCaliforniaEndangeredSpeciesAct(CESA). InFebruary2013,theCaliforniaFishandGameCommission(FGC)determinedthatlistingwhitesharkas threatenedorendangeredmaybewarrantedanddesignatedthespeciesasacandidatepursuantCESA. Asacandidatespecies,whitesharkswillbeentitledtothefulllegalprotectionaffordedtoalisted speciesoncenoticeoftheCommissionsactionispublishedintheCaliforniaRegulatoryNoticeRegister, whichisscheduledtooccuronMarch1,2013. CESAprohibitsthetakeoflistedorcandidatespecies,evenifthattakeisincidentaltootherwiselawful activity,unlessauthorizedbypermit.Asdefinedinstatelaw,takemeanshunt,pursue,catch,capture, orkillorattempttohunt,pursue,catch,capture,orkill.Anyonewhotakesawhitesharkwithouta permitmaybecitedforviolationsofCESAandsubjecttocriminalprosecution. WhiletargetedsportandcommercialfishingforwhitesharkhasbeenbannedinwatersoffCalifornia sincethemid1990s,thereweresomeexceptionsthatallowedforincidentaltakeandtakeassociated withresearchactivities,saidMarciYaremko,programmanagerforstateandfederalmarinefisheriesat theCaliforniaDepartmentofFishandWildlife(CDFW).TheDepartmentnowwillconsiderexceptions onlyonacasebycasebasis,andwillauthorizetakeonlyunderpermitsissuedpursuanttoCESA. UnderCESA,researchpermitsmaybeissuedforbonafidescientificresearchrelatingtowhitesharks.An incidentaltakepermitmayalsobeobtainedbycommercialfishingoperationsorotherswhosenon researchactivitiesmayresultintake.InformationregardingCESApermittingisavailableonthe Departmentswebsite(http://www.dfg.ca.gov/habcon/cesa/). TheCommissionreceivedapetitiontolisttheNortheastPacificpopulationofwhitesharkaseither threatenedorendangeredinAugust2012.Nowthatthespeciesisacandidate,CDFWwillconductanin depthstatusreviewtoprovidetheCommissionwithinformationtoaidinitsdecisiononwhetherornot tolistthespecies.Thestatusreviewisslatedforcompletionbyearlynextyear. MoreinformationonwhitesharkandCESAcandidacyisavailableontheDepartmentswhiteshark informationpage(www.dfg.ca.gov/marine/whiteshark.asp).
CALIFORNIA REGULATORY NOTICE REGISTER 2013, VOLUME NO. 9-Z economic and fiscal impact statements, and many other documents in the rulemaking file, have been posted at: http://www.energy.ca.gov/portfolio/documents/ index.html.
PROPOSITION 65
OFFICE OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH HAZARD ASSESSMENT
SAFE DRINKING WATER AND TOXIC ENFORCEMENT ACT OF 1986 (PROPOSITION 65) WITHDRAWAL OF NOTICE OF INTENT TO LIST STYRENE BY THE LABOR CODE MECHANISM March 1, 2013 [NOTE: This notice was posted on the OEHHA web site on February 15, 2013] On January 4, 2013, the California Environmental Protection Agencys Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment (OEHHA) issued a Notice of Intent to List styrene as a chemical known to the State to cause cancer via the Labor Code mechanism contained in Health and Safety Code section 25249.8(a). OEHHA is withdrawing the Notice at this time.
GENERAL PUBLIC INTEREST
CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME COMMISSION
NOTICE OF FINDINGS White Shark (Carcharodon carcharias) NOTICE IS HEREBY GIVEN that, pursuant to the provisions of Section 2074.2 of the Fish and Game Code, the California Fish and Game Commission, at its February 6, 2013, meeting in Sacramento, California, accepted for consideration the petition submitted to list the Northeastern Pacific Ocean population of white shark as a threatened or endangered species. Pursuant to subdivision (a)(2) of Section 2074.2 of the Fish and Game Code, the aforementioned species is hereby declared a candidate species as defined by Section 2068 of the Fish and Game Code. Within one year of the date of publication of this notice of findings, the Department of Fish and Wildlife shall submit a written report, pursuant to Section 2074.6 of the Fish and Game Code, indicating whether the petitioned action is warranted. Copies of the petition, as well as minutes of the February 6, 2013, Commission meeting, are on file and available for public review from Sonke Mastrup, Executive Director, Fish and Game Commission, 1416 Ninth Street, Box 944209, Sacramento, California 942442090, phone (916) 6534899. Written comments or data related to the petitioned action should be directed to the Commission at the aforementioned address.
SUSPENSION OF ACTION REGARDING UNDERGROUND REGULATIONS

OFFICE OF ADMINISTRATIVE LAW SUSPENSION OF ACTION REGARDING UNDERGROUND REGULATIONS (Pursuant to Title 1, section 280, of the California Code of Regulations) CTU2012102201 On October 21, 2012, the Office of Administrative Law (OAL) received a petition challenging as an underground regulation a memorandum issued by the California Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation, dated April 19, 2005, titled Priority Endorsements for Camp Placement. On February 14, 2013, OAL received a certification from the California Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation that it would not issue, use, enforce or attempt to enforce the rule expressed in the memorandum. Pursuant to Title 1, section 280 of the California Code of Regulations, therefore, OAL must suspend all action on this petition.
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CDFWInvitesPublicCommentonWhiteSharkCESACandidacy|CDFW...
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JUNE19,2013BYAHUGHAN(HTTP://CDFGNEWS.WORDPRESS.COM/AUTHOR/AHUGHAN/) TheCaliforniaDepartmentofFishandWildlife(CDFW)isacceptingcommentsonwhetherthe NortheasternPacicpopulationofwhitesharkshouldbelistedasathreatenedorendangeredspecies pursuanttotheCaliforniaEndangeredSpeciesAct(CESA). Thewhiteshark(Carcharodoncarcharias)isagloballydistributedspeciesfoundprimarilyintemperate seas.Theyarelargeapexpredatorsthatcanbefoundinawidevarietyofenvironmentsfromthe intertidalzoneandthecontinentalshelftodeeposhoreareas.TheNortheasternPacicwhiteshark populationsfullrangeextendsfromMexiconorthtotheBeringSeaandwesttoHawaii. TheFishandGameCommissionreceivedapetitiontolistwhitesharkaseitherthreatenedor endangeredpursuanttoCESAinAugust2012.TheCommissionsdecisiontoacceptthepetitionand declarewhitesharkacandidatespeciestookeectMarch1,2013. CDFWisconductinganindepthstatusreviewtoprovidetheCommissionwithinformationtoaidinits decisionwhethertolistthespecies.ThestatusreviewisslatedforcompletionbyMarch2014.Aspartof thestatusreviewprocess,CDFWissolicitinginformationthatwillinformCDFWandtheCommission onwhitesharkstatus,includingpotentialhabitatdestructionormodication,overexploitation, predation,competition,diseaseorothernaturaloccurrencesorhumanrelatedactivitiesthatmayaect thestatusofwhiteshark. Dataandotherinformationmaybesubmittedbymailtothisaddress: CaliforniaDepartmentofFishandWildlife MarineRegion Attn:WhiteSharkStatusReport 4665LampsonAvenue,SuiteC LosAlamitos,CA90720 Commentsmayalsobesentviaemailto:whiteshark@wildlife.ca.gov InformationonwhitesharkandCDFWsCESAevaluationcanbefoundat: http://www.dfg.ca.gov/marine/whiteshark.asp#cesa(http://www.dfg.ca.gov/marine /whiteshark.asp#cesa) Contact: MichelleHoreczko,MarineRegion,(562)3427198
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Appendix B Peer Review
Peer Reviewers: George Burgess Director, Florida Program for Shark Research Greg Caillet, Ph.D. Moss Landing Marine Laboratories Camilla T. McCandless, Ph.D. NOAA NMFS Apex Predators Program
Acted as a reviewer under the direction of Dr. Nancy Kohler (Program Director at NOAA NMFS Apex Predators Program).
Oscar Sosa-Nishizaki, Ph.D. Departamento de Oceanografa Biolgica CICESE Carretera
State of California Natural Resources Agency
DEPARTMENT OF FISH AND WILDLIFE

Marine Region 1933 Cliff Drive, Suite 9 Santa Barbara, CA 93109 www.wildlife.ca.gov
EDMUND G. BROWN JR., Governor CHARLTON H. BONHAM, Director
December 31st, 2013 George Burgess Shark Research Program Director University of Florida 280 Dickinson Hall Museum Road and Nevell Drive. Gainesville, FL 32611
SUBJECT: NEP WHITE SHARK STATUS REPORT PEER REVIEW
Dear Dr. Burgess, The California Department of Fish and Wildlife (Department) is preparing a draft report on the status of the North Eastern Pacific population of White Shark (Carcharodon carcharias) in response to a petition submitted jointly by the Center for Biological Diversity, Oceana and Shark Stewards to list this species as threatened or endangered pursuant to the California Endangered Species Act. The report, which will make a recommendation to the California Fish and Game Commission (Commission) regarding the listing of this species, will describe the results of our status review and analysis of the best available scientific information. Based on our analysis and review of available information, the Department is leaning toward a recommendation that listing is not warranted. The final recommendation and status review report will be submitted to the Commission before March 1, 2014 after peer review. The Department is confirming your agreement to participate in peer review of this evaluation report. Your service as a peer reviewer of the draft status review has been requested because of your expertise, publication record, and standing in the scientific community. Your comments and ideas would strengthen the scientific credibility of the report. Peer reviewers will be asked to identify changes or additions to make the draft report more accurate and complete, to discuss whether the conclusions seem logical based on the information provided, and to identify additional sources of information (literature, contacts, etc.) that may be valuable to include in the report. Peer review comments will be submitted in writing and become public record as an addendum in the final evaluation report that is transmitted to the Commission. Prior to approval by the Director and transmittal to the Commission, the evaluation document is an internal draft and should not be shared with the public.
Conserving Californias Wildlife Since 1870
George Burgess, Director Shark Research Program University of Florida December 31st, 2013 Page 2
The Department expects the external peer review will occur over a roughly 4-week period between January 6th and January 30th, 2014. We appreciate that you undoubtedly have a full schedule during this period, but hope that you can find time to participate in this important process. Please contact Michelle Horeczko to respond to this request or to discuss any questions by email at Michelle.Horeczko@wildlife.ca.gov, or by telephone at (562) 342-7198. Thank you for your consideration of this request. Sincerely,
Craig Shuman, D. Env. Regional Manager Marine Region ec: California Department of Fish and Wildlife Michelle Horeczko, Senior Environmental Scientist Marine Region Michelle.Horeczko@wildlife.ca.gov Mandy Lewis, Environmental Scientist Marine Region Mandy.Lewis@wildlife.ca.gov

December 31st, 2013 Gregor Caillet Professor Emeritus Moss Landing Marine Laboratory 8272 Moss Landing Road Moss Landing, CA 95039
Dear Dr. Caillet, The California Department of Fish and Wildlife (Department) is preparing a draft report on the status of the North Eastern Pacific population of White Shark (Carcharodon carcharias) in response to a petition submitted jointly by the Center for Biological Diversity, Oceana and Shark Stewards to list this species as threatened or endangered pursuant to the California Endangered Species Act. The report, which will make a recommendation to the California Fish and Game Commission (Commission) regarding the listing of this species, will describe the results of our status review and analysis of the best available scientific information. Based on our analysis and review of available information, the Department is leaning toward a recommendation that listing is not warranted. The final recommendation and status review report will be submitted to the Commission before March 1, 2014 after peer review. The Department is confirming your agreement to participate in peer review of this evaluation report. Your service as a peer reviewer of the draft status review has been requested because of your expertise, publication record, and standing in the scientific community. Your comments and ideas would strengthen the scientific credibility of the report. Peer reviewers will be asked to identify changes or additions to make the draft report more accurate and complete, to discuss whether the conclusions seem logical based on the information provided, and to identify additional sources of information (literature, contacts, etc.) that may be valuable to include in the report. Peer review comments will be submitted in writing and become public record as an addendum in the final evaluation report that is transmitted to the Commission. Prior to approval by the Director and transmittal to the Commission, the evaluation document is an internal draft and should not be shared with the public.
Gregor Cailliet, Professor Emeritus Moss Landing Laboratory December 31st, 2013 Page 2

December 31st, 2013 Nancy Kohler Program Director, Apex Predator Research NOAA /NEFSC 28 Tarzell Drive Narragansett, RI 02882
Dear Dr. Kohler, The California Department of Fish and Wildlife (Department) is preparing a draft report on the status of the North Eastern Pacific population of White Shark (Carcharodon carcharias) in response to a petition submitted jointly by the Center for Biological Diversity, Oceana and Shark Stewards to list this species as threatened or endangered pursuant to the California Endangered Species Act. The report, which will make a recommendation to the California Fish and Game Commission (Commission) regarding the listing of this species, will describe the results of our status review and analysis of the best available scientific information. Based on our analysis and review of available information, the Department is leaning toward a recommendation that listing is not warranted. The final recommendation and status review report will be submitted to the Commission before March 1, 2014 after peer review. The Department is confirming your agreement to participate in peer review of this evaluation report. Your service as a peer reviewer of the draft status review has been requested because of your expertise, publication record, and standing in the scientific community. Your comments and ideas would strengthen the scientific credibility of the report. Peer reviewers will be asked to identify changes or additions to make the draft report more accurate and complete, to discuss whether the conclusions seem logical based on the information provided, and to identify additional sources of information (literature, contacts, etc.) that may be valuable to include in the report. Peer review comments will be submitted in writing and become public record as an addendum in the final evaluation report that is transmitted to the Commission. Prior to approval by the Director and transmittal to the Commission, the evaluation document is an internal draft and should not be shared with the public.
Nancy Kohler, Apex Predator Program NOAA Fisheries December 31st, 2013 Page 2

December 31st, 2013 Oscar Sosa-Nishizaki CICESE Km 107 Carretera Tijuana-Ensenada Ensenada, Baja California, MX, CP 22800
Dear Dr. Sosa-Nishizaki, The California Department of Fish and Wildlife (Department) is preparing a draft report on the status of the North Eastern Pacific population of White Shark (Carcharodon carcharias) in response to a petition submitted jointly by the Center for Biological Diversity, Oceana and Shark Stewards to list this species as threatened or endangered pursuant to the California Endangered Species Act. The report, which will make a recommendation to the California Fish and Game Commission (Commission) regarding the listing of this species, will describe the results of our status review and analysis of the best available scientific information. Based on our analysis and review of available information, the Department is leaning toward a recommendation that listing is not warranted. The final recommendation and status review report will be submitted to the Commission before March 1, 2014 after peer review. The Department is confirming your agreement to participate in peer review of this evaluation report. Your service as a peer reviewer of the draft status review has been requested because of your expertise, publication record, and standing in the scientific community. Your comments and ideas would strengthen the scientific credibility of the report. Peer reviewers will be asked to identify changes or additions to make the draft report more accurate and complete, to discuss whether the conclusions seem logical based on the information provided, and to identify additional sources of information (literature, contacts, etc.) that may be valuable to include in the report. Peer review comments will be submitted in writing and become public record as an addendum in the final evaluation report that is transmitted to the Commission. Prior to approval by the Director and transmittal to the Commission, the evaluation document is an internal draft and should not be shared with the public.
Oscar Sosa, CICESE December 31st, 2013 Page 2
From: Sent: To: Subject: Categories:
Burgess,George H,JR <gburgess@flmnh.ufl.edu> Monday, February 03, 2014 1:12 PM Lewis, Mandy@Wildlife Re: Draft White Shark CESA Evaluation attached for Peer Review. DO NOT DISTRIBUTE WhiteShark
Sorry,Ihavebeenlaidupinhospitalandhavenotbeenabletoprovideacomprehensiveevaluation.Myfirstread, however,wasthatthecorrectbottomlineistherealthoughtherearefewmistakesoffact. Pleaseexcusemyfailuretoproduce. Cheers George SentfrommyiPhone >OnFeb3,2014,at3:03PM,"Lewis,Mandy@Wildlife"<Mandy.Lewis@wildlife.ca.gov>wrote: > >DearDr.Burgess, > >OnJanuary6,2014mysupervisorMichelleHoreczkosentyoudraftCESAevaluationdocumentforwhitesharkfor yourreviewinPDFform.InthatemailreviewcommentswererequestedbyJanuary31,2014.Iamcontactingyoutoday torequestanycommentsyouhaveonthedocumentsotheycanbeincorporatedbeforethedocumentmustbe submittedforapproval. > >Thankyouforyourtimeworkingwiththisdocument. > >Sincerely, >MandyLewis > > >MandyLewis >EnvironmentalScientist(MarineFisheries)CADeptofFish&Wildlife >MarineRegionPh5623427169Mandy.Lewis@wildlife.ca.gov > >OriginalMessage >From:Horeczko,Michelle@Wildlife >Sent:Monday,January06,20144:19PM >To:Horeczko,Michelle@Wildlife >Subject:DraftWhiteSharkCESAEvaluationattachedforPeerReview. >DONOTDISTRIBUTE > >GoodAfternoonPeerReviewTeam: > >AttachedisthedraftCESAevaluationdocumentforwhitesharkforyourreviewinPDFform. >Ifyouhavedifficultyworkingfromthisversionandwouldliketoreceiveahardcopy,pleaseletusknow. >
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>AsindicatedinthelettersentoutviaemailinDecember,thisisaninternaldocumentthatisnotappropriateforpublic distributionuntilfinalizedandtransmittedtotheFishandGameCommissionafterincorporationofpeerreview feedback. > >Peerreviewcommentsshouldbesubmittedviamailoremailinwriting,andwillbeincorporatedintothefinalCESA evaluationinanappendixandbecomepublicrecord.WewillneedtoreceivecommentsnolaterthanJanuary31st. > >Thankyouagainforprovidingyourtimeandexpertisetothisprocess. >Pleasecontactmeifanyquestionsarise. > >MichelleHoreczko > > >MichelleHoreczko >SeniorEnvironmentalScientist >HMSCPSProject,MarineRegion >CaliforniaDepartmentofFishandWildlife >4665LampsonAvenue,SuiteC >LosAlamitos,CA90720 >Phone:562.342.7198 >Fax:562.342.7139 > > > > >
Moss Landing Marine Laboratories

8272 Moss Landing Road, Moss Landing, CA 95039-9647 USA Tel: (831) 771-4400 Fax: (831) 632-4403 (http://psrc.mlml.calstate.edu/)
PACIFIC SHARK RESEARCH CENTER

Pacific coast representative of the National Shark Research Consortium
22 January, 2014 Michelle Horeczko Senior Environmental Scientist HMS CPS Project, Marine Region California Department of Fish and Wildlife 4665 Lampson Avenue, Suite C Los Alamitos, CA 90720 Dear Michelle As requested, I have read the Draft Report to the Fish and Game Commission (hereafter called the Commission) titled STATUS REVIEW OF WHITE SHARK (Carcharodon carcharias) in CALIFORNIA. In the cover letter from Craig Shuman, D. Env. Regional Manager Marine Region, it says [bolded, bracketed categories mine]: Your comments and ideas would strengthen the scientific credibility of the report. Peer reviewers will be asked to [1] identify changes or additions to make the draft report more accurate and complete, [2] to discuss whether the conclusions seem logical based on the information provided, and [3] to identify additional sources of information (literature, contacts, etc.) that may be valuable to include in the report. I have done the first and third things (identify changes or additions & identify additional sources of information) in a draft Word document, using track changes. I have done this because the letter also said Peer review comments will be submitted in writing and become public record as an addendum in the final evaluation report that is transmitted to the Commission. Prior to approval by the Director and transmittal to the Commission, the evaluation document is an internal draft and should not be shared with the public. And, that has already been submitted to CDFW through you. In the Word document, I used track changes to recommend some edits, publications, and other details that would make the version that makes it to the Commission even cleaner. I have then written the separate, more general review to discuss whether the conclusions seem logical based on the information provided as requested in your 6 January, 2014 email. This review is presented in this letter on official MLML and PSRC letterhead since it is to be included in your submission to the Commission.
First, I find this white shark status review to be well researched, both in terms of literature cited and in data gathered from CDFW as well as other source. For this reason, I believe CDFG and the California Fish and Game Commission will be able to make a rational decision regarding the petition to list them under CESA (California Endangered Species Act). Second, there are some updates regarding some recent references that were omitted and some details on papers cited incompletely that I have added to the edited manuscript submitted to CDFW. The omitted references were: Ebert, D.A. 2003. Sharks, Rays, and Chimaeras of California. University of California Press, Berkeley, 284 pages. and Kerr, L.A., A.H. Andrews, G.M. Cailliet, T.A. Brown, and K.H. Coale. 2006. Investigations of 14C, 13C, and 15N in vertebrae of white shark (Carcharodon carcharias) from the eastern North Pacific Ocean. Environmental Biology of Fishes. 77: 337-353. And, the modifications to already-cited references were: Decide whether Dewar et al. 2013 and NMFS 2013 are the same reference. If so, remove the redundant reference. Check the date on the citation in the text Jorgensen et al. 2010 with that in the References as Jorgensen et al. 2009. I believe it is the former, not the latter. Replace In Press and 2013 with 2014, 9 (1):108 for Hamady et al. Make sure that the References always have the date in the same place. That is, instead of directly after the authors, but rather toward the end of the citation. Examples of this can be found in Dewar et al. (2013) and Mull (2013). Add details of the publication by Lyons et al. as: 147, pp. 370380. Additional, less editorial, comments on the Report are as follows. Executive Summary The summary on white shark feeding habits ignored stable isotope information indicating that larger, older white sharks are not all feeding on marine mammals, but rather on invertebrates and bony fishes (see Kerr et al. 2006; Carlisle et al. 2012; and Kim et al 2012).
The citation of the low estimate of population size (319-3,000) does not include a comprehensive evaluation of how those estimates were derived (i.e. a value combined from two papers), nor do they reflect the lower value of 130 cited in Chapple et al. (2011), which was the lower of the confidence intervals stated from their mark-recapture study. Introduction Similar comments to the above in paragraph two, in which the citation Shester et al. (2012) is cited as a reference for the low estimate of population size of the white shark off the western United States. This is not a reference from the peerreviewed literature, simply cites the original papers, and should be viewed conservatively. Life History Under Species Description the citation of maximum total length ignores a summary in Ebert (2003) and incorrectly cites Castro (2012). In Cailliet et al. (1984), we only cited previously published papers, whereas the other two references cited above documented that the maximum size of the white shark could be between 6.0 m (Castro 2012) and 6.4 m (Ebert 2003). And, this is based on a more recent, and thorough, examination of the evidence in the literature. Similarly, in the next paragraph, the missing citation of Ebert (2003) diminishes the accuracy of the various sizes at birth, maturity, etc. discussed. It must be noted, however, that these omissions do not harm the overall evaluation of the literature on the white shark, nor should they influence how the CDFW report is evaluated. The last paragraph before Taxonomy is missing references to Kerr et al. (2006), Carlisle et al. (2012) and Kim et al. (2012), all of which used stable isotope levels in vertebrae as indicators of age-specific diets of white sharks. Under Food Habits, the reference to Kim et al. 2012 should be accompanied by reference to Kerr et al. (2006) and Carlisle et al. (2012), as these stable isotope analyses indicate ontogenetic feeding habit shifts that are different than what is normally thought for this species. Under Species Status. Abundance and Population Trends in California Waters, the same criticism as above can be made toward the way that the minimum number of white sharks off the west coast of the United States is described (See above under Executive Summary). Fortunately, the two studies (one off the Farallon Islands and Tomales Point (Chapple et al. 2011), and the other off Guadalupe Island, Baja California (Sosa-Nishizaki et al. 2012)) were both described accurately and then combined.
The subsequent discussion in this section about assumptions made in the above mark-recapture studies is very comprehensive and to the point. These studies have serious limitations with the assumptions necessary to use the particular methodology (mark-recapture analysis).
In addition, it is correct to point out that neither study adequately dealt with missing life stages of white sharks in their mark-recapture population size estimations, along with many other problematic assumptions such as probability of capture, sex ratios, sample size, etc. I agree wholeheartedly with the statement on page 19 that there remain substantive issues in the methods for determining NEP white shark abundance. It must also be said that it is reasonable for apex predators like white sharks to have relatively low population sizes and should be managed in a precautionary way. However, there is no evidence that white shark populations in the eastern North Pacific in general, or off the west coast of North America, are in any way diminished or threatened. Indeed, the evidence is that their numbers are increasing (see page 20 and references cited, plus Figure 2). Besides, they are already protected by both state (California) and federal (United States) regulations. These are clearly reported on pages 40-44. In addition, it is my understanding that Mexico has regulations protecting white sharks, even though they may not be adequately enforced. This Report covers other aspects of potential problems for white sharks in the eastern North Pacific (i.e. Marine Debris, Ship Strikes, Overexploitation, Predation, Disease, Prey Availability, Climate Change) and does not find any striking problems. Indeed, analysis starting on page 37 indicates that prey abundance for white sharks (i.e. pinnipeds and other marine mammals) has been steadily increasing over the past few decades. Thus, there is little evidence that these factors could predict white shark population declines. Rather it would suggest the opposite. The Recommendations for Management, starting on page 48, are well written and indicate that the California Department of Fish and Wildlife, and the National Marine Fisheries Service, are doing just the right thing to monitor and manage the white shark population along our west coast. Indeed, on pages 49-51, I predict that CDFW will not find any problems of danger for the white shark population in California. And, this is based upon the best scientific information. Finally, I would expect that the departments scientific determinations on page 50 should all have no as an answer to the questions regarding habitat, over-
exploitation, predation, competition, disease, other natural or human-related activities causing any significant problems with the white shark population. I would add that the Summary of Key Findings should indicate that the petition should be denied, resulting in the conclusion that the petitioned action is not warranted. Respectfully submitted,
Gregor M. Cailliet, Ph.D. Professor Emeritus, Moss Landing Marine Laboratories California State University system and Co-Director, Pacific Shark Research Center
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration National Marine Fisheries Service Northeast Fisheries Science Center
February 10, 2014 State of California Natural Resources Agency Department of Fish and Wildlife, Marine Region 1933 Cliff Drive, Suite 9 Santa Barbara, CA 93109 To whom it may concern, I have reviewed the Status Review of White Shark (Carcharodon carcharias) in California, prepared by the California Department of Fish and Wildlife. Overall, this document provides a thorough review of the literature and available data pertaining to white sharks in this region, relying heavily on the peer-reviewed, comprehensive status review of the northeastern Pacific (NEP) population of white sharks conducted by the National Marine Fisheries Service. The reports finding that there are no serious, imminent threats to the continued existence of the NEP white shark population in California is appropriate, given the available data. A few additional comments are detailed here: Introduction (p.4) Citations are lacking in this section, with respect to genetic diversity, analyses of catch trends, and documentation of catches. Life History/Life Span (p.7) Recently a more accurate study of Atlantic white sharks used vertebral band counts (validated using bomb radio carbon dating) to calculate a maximum age estimate of approximately 70-100 years (Hamady et al. in press). This statement is misleading as the paper reports on radiocarbon age estimates and not necessarily vertebral band counts (the focus of another paper in prep/review by Natanson and Skomal), and the range of 70-100 was not reported in this manuscript. Perhaps simplify to state something like: Recently a vertebral bomb radiocarbon study estimated a maximum age of at least 70 years for Atlantic white sharks (Hamady et al. 2014). Current citation is: Hamady, LL, Natanson LJ, Skomal GB, Thorrold SR (2014) Vertebral Bomb Radiocarbon Suggests Extreme Longevity in White Sharks. PLoS ONE 9(1): e84006. Doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0084006. Genetics is touched on very briefly in a few areas with no details and limited documentation (Tanaka et al. 2011 not cited anywhere). Given the detail provided to all other topics, perhaps this topic should have its own heading with a little more explanation of why NEP white sharks are genetically distinct from other populations. (Tanaka, S., T. Kitamura, and K. Kofuji. 2011. Age, growth and genetic status of the white shark (Carcharodon carcharias) from Kashima-nada, Japan. Marine & Freshwater Research:548-556.) Table 3 (p.30) The asterisks in Table 3 are not defined. My comments above are minor and do not change the finding that there appears to be a low risk of extinction potential for the NEP white shark population. Please dont hesitate to contact me with any questions you may have. Sincerely,
Camilla T. McCandless Research Fisheries Biologist NOAA NMFS Narragansett Lab 28 Tarzwell Drive Narragansett, RI 02882 401-782-3272 cami.mccandless@noaa.gov
Appendix C Public Comment
Summary of Comments Received from the Public
The Department and the Commission received 35,502 pieces of correspondence during the public notice period ending February 1, 2014. Of these: 99.71% (n=35,398) supported listing the NEP white shark population. This total includes five responses from the Petitioners. This total includes four responses that contained multiple signatures from different persons/groups. 00.28% (n=100) opposed listing the NEP white shark population. 00.01% (n=4) did not state support or opposition. Affiliations of the respondents are summarized below. 99.94% 0.03% 0.02% 0.01% 0.01% 0.003% (n=35,481) members of the public without stated affiliation (n=9) non-governmental organizations (Petitioners included) (n=6) private industry (n=3) state and county governments (n=2) white shark researchers (n=1) public user groups
Respondents are grouped by stance and listed in the order their comments were received.
Support Comments sent to the Fish & Game Commission
MiyokoSakashita EmailtoCommissiondatedAugust20,2012 PetitiontoListWhiteSharkUnderCESAAttachment:PETITIONTOLISTTHEWHITE SHARK(CARCHARODONCARCHARIAS)ASTHREATENEDORENDANGEREDUNDERTHE CALIFORNIAENDANGEREDSPECIESACT(August20,2012)(49pages) OnbehalfofOceana,CenterforBiologicalDiversity,andSharkStewards;pleasefindthe attachedscientificpetitionseekingprotectionforthewhitesharkundertheCalifornia EndangeredSpeciesAct.Acopyofthispetitionwithsupportingscientificmaterialshas alsobeensentviacertifiedmail.Thankyouforyourconsiderationofthismatter. Sincerely, MiyokoSakashita __________________________________________ MiyokoSakashita OceansDirector|SeniorAttorney CenterforBiologicalDiversity 351CaliforniaStreet#600 SanFrancisco,CA94104 tel.4156325308|miyoko@biologicaldiversity.org @endangeredocean|biologicaldiversity.org RobertE.Rutkowski EmailtoCommissiondatedDecember12,2012 SaveCaliforniaGreatWhiteSharksFromExtinction ThePacificcoastofCaliforniaandBajaCalifornia,Mexicoarehometoaunique populationofgreatwhitesharks(Carcharodoncarcharias)thataregeneticallydistinct andisolatedfromallothergreatwhitesharksaroundtheglobe.Scientistsestimatethat onlyafewhundredadultandsubadultindividualgreatwhitesharksremaininthis population,meaningthecontinuedexistenceofgreatwhitesharksontheUSwestcoast isatrisk.Existingprotectionsarenotadequatelyprotectingthisspecies.Juvenilegreat whitesharkscontinuetobekilledasincidentalbycatchinUSandMexicancommercial fishinggillnetsinimportantnurseryareasfortheseyoungsharks.Underexisting regulations,therearenolimitsonthisbycatch,noristheresufficientobservercoverage inthesefisheries.Inaddition,juvenilegreatwhitesharksoffofsouthernCaliforniacan becaughtandkilledbyrecreationalfishermenwhoassumeanysmallsharkisedible, wheniffacttheyhavesomeofthehighestlevelsofmercury,DDT,andPCBsfoundin anysharkspeciesworldwide.Ouroceanecosystemsneedgreatwhitesharks.Astop oceanpredators,greatwhitesharksplayacriticaltopdownroleinstructuringthe marineecosystembykeepingpreypopulationslikesealsandsealionsincheck.The
presenceofgreatwhitesharksultimatelyincreasesspeciesdiversityoftheoverall ecosystem.TheNorthEastPacificPopulationofgreatwhitesharksalongtheUSWest Coastrequiresadditionalprotectionasanendangeredspeciesbecauseofitslow populationsizeandtheongoingthreatsfromhumanactivities.EndangeredSpeciesAct listingwillbecriticaltoeffectivelyaddressingthecontinuedbycatchofgreatwhite sharks,whilepromotingadditionalscientificresearchonthisdwindlingpopulation. IurgetheCaliforniaFishandGameCommissiontoconsiderprotectingthispopulation ofgreatwhitesharksundertheCaliforniaEndangeredSpeciesAct. RaviGrover EmailtoCommissiondatedDecember13,2012 re:whitesharksneedconservation Astopoceanpredators,greatwhitesharksplayacriticaltopdownroleinstructuring themarineecosystembykeepingpreypopulationslikesealsandsealionsincheck.The presenceofgreatwhitesharksultimatelyincreasesspeciesdiversityoftheoverall ecosystem.TheNorthEastPacificPopulationofgreatwhitesharksalongtheUSWest Coastrequiresadditionalprotectionasanendangeredspeciesbecauseofitslow populationsizeandtheongoingthreatsfromhumanactivities.EndangeredSpeciesAct listingwillbecriticaltoeffectivelyaddressingthecontinuedbycatchofgreatwhite sharks,whilepromotingadditionalscientificresearchonthisdwindlingpopulation. PleaseconsiderprotectingthispopulationofgreatwhitesharksundertheCalifornia EndangeredSpeciesAct.
AshleyBlacow EmailtoCommissiondatedJanuary3,2013 letterofsupportre:whitesharkEndangeredSpeciesActpetitionAttachments(72 pages) DearPresidentKelloggandmembersoftheCaliforniaFishandGameCommission, Pleasefindattachedaletteronbehalfof886Californiaresidentsandthousandsof otherUSresidentsinsupportofprovidingadditionalprotectionsfortheNortheastern Pacificpopulationofwhitesharksvialistingasastateendangeredspecies. Regards, AshleyBlacow AshleyBlacow|PacificPolicyandCommunicationsCoordinator ____________________________________ OCEANA|ProtectingtheWorld'sOceans 99PacificStreet,Suite155C|Monterey,CA93940 T8316439220|C8312247484|F8316439268
January 3, 2012 President James Kellogg and Members of the California Fish and Game Commission 1416 Ninth Street, Room 1320 Sacramento, CA 95814
Dear President Kellogg and Commissioners: Sharks have been swimming in the worlds oceans for more than 400 million years, since before the dinosaurs. While sharks have been able to survive periods of global mass extinctions, they have not evolved to withstand destructive human interactions. The Pacific coast of California and Baja California, Mexico is home to a unique population of great white sharks that are genetically distinct and isolated from all other great white sharks around the world. With only an estimated few hundred adult and sub-adult individual great white sharks in this population, the survival of great white sharks on the U.S. west coast is at serious risk. While targeted fishing for great whites is currently prohibited, juvenile great white sharks continue to be unintentionally caught regularly as bycatch by U.S. and Mexican commercial fishing gillnets in important nursery areas for these young sharks. Under existing regulations, there are no limits on this bycatch, nor is there sufficient observer coverage in these fisheries to assess the full extent of this bycatch. In addition juvenile great white sharks off of southern California have some of the highest levels of mercury, DDT, and PCBs found in any shark species worldwide. Our ocean needs great white sharks. As top ocean predators, great white sharks play a critical top-down role in structuring the marine ecosystem by regulating prey populations of seals and sea lions. The presence of great white sharks ultimately keeps the ocean food web in balance and increases the species diversity of the overall ecosystem. The west coast population of great white sharks requires additional protection as an endangered species because of its low population size and the ongoing threats from human activities. Endangered Species listing will be critical to effectively addressing the continued bycatch of great white sharks and other threats, while promoting additional scientific research on this population of grave concern. We urge you to protect great white sharks by listing the west coast population on the Endangered Species List. Sincerely, 886 concerned California residents and 3,744 concerned residents and members of the American Armed Forces living outside the state of California.
First Name Josh Myra Roxanna Keith Shivanni Shannon Megan Hilary arnette Sara Lucia Jennifer Karina Tabitha Jerry Malia Laura Julie Craig Shelley Paul Debra Joan Charles Brian Dwayne Holland Kim Mardo Eve Sarah Amanda Alfred Jessie Mary David JENNIFER Benjamin Joe Harvey Cathy Cindy Kari Craig Lorrie Nadia Travis Carol
Last Name Thomas
City Los Angeles Lemoore
State CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA
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City Redding oakland Laguna Beach San Clemente San Francisco Inglewood Murrieta Santa Cruz San Francisco Castro Valley Los Angeles Venice
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CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA
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Coronado San Rafael Arroyo Grande Northampton Los Altos San Diego Sacramento San Francisco Los Osos Covina Lake Forest Indio San Diego Sacramento Gardena Gilroy
Nancy Brent Adam Carmen Matthew Martha Warren Mi Kevin Bob Eric Natalie Thais Bill Sherry James MICHAEL Jim & Loree James george Mark Fredrica Dani Phil Jan Robert Robyn Jon Steve Julie John Shelley Peter Selena marty Charles Cass Paul Alan G Robert Carol JAYNE Daryl Elaine Yael Susanna Colleen Susan
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Blackington Valdez
Encinitas Bonita bonita
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Feldman Rice Burke
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Sturmthal Alabidi Dosier
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Ellen Jere Judith Dean Michael Jordan Michael Mildred Leo Susan Ronald Jim Lori Charles John Jeffrey Danielle Stella
Leaf Guldin Hoaglund Frick Hemp Conneely Tonetti Gordon Lucido Mathison Eby Klug
Redondo Beach Los Angeles Santa Rosa San Francisco Carmel Oregon House Chico Oceanside sylmar Los angeles Marina Aptos riverside
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South Lake tahoe CA san jose San Diego Berkeley Belmont San Pedro San Rafael San Rafael san francisco Los Angeles Sacramento west hollywood Bellflower Los Angeles Descanso Glendale Burbank Mission Hills LOmpoc Los Angeles San Diego Hayward San Jose CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA
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Clearlake Oaks Los Angeles Anaheim Salinas irvine Pacific Palisades San Francisco Winnipeg San Diego Forestville West Hollywood Concord San Jose oakland Santa Barbara TORRANCE Santa Barbara San Diego Chatsworth Altadena Davis Los Angeles West Hollywood Valley Center Sacramento Half Moon Bay Aptos San Diego Los Angeles Santa Rosa San Francisco La Habra Heights Chico Palo Alto Mountain View Los Angeles
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Huntington Beach CA sherman oaks Crescent City San Francisco Soquel San Francisco Long Beach Fallbrook CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA
Pederson Brown
Santa Cruz Salinas san francisco
Noloboff Valenzuela Sleva Lynn Hasik Weid Petersen hibben Baker Pease Stacey hampel Hays Molina Theiss
Santa Cruz Paradise Seal Beach Bakersfield Alameda Lake Isabella Pleasanton newport beach Sacramento Murrieta lemoor Foster City Berkeley San Diego COSTA MESA
John Susan Michael Bill Candace Harriette Sarah Jo Jim
Griesgraber Wehrle Edge Van Iden Neff Searle Ashley Green Wright
Finley Richmond Escondido San Francisco castro valley taylorsville Altadena El Cerrito san diego San Jose berkeley San Diego van nuys, ca Oakland Studio City Sanger Anaheim Santa Barbara Huntington Beach Topanga Encinitas Pioneer san francisco Bamberg Yreka Aptos Walnut Creek BBC Long Beach Oakland
CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA
95435 94805 92025 94121 94546 95983 91001 94530 92110 95117 94709 92115 91401 94601 91604 93657 92802 93108 92646 90290 92024 95666 94114 96049 96097 95003 94596 92314 90804 94618 92688 94061 91945 92688 92263 94941 93436 94022 90026 95405 96146 91604 95746 95024 90403 90025 91024 93443 90264
Karen Elizabeth Khoi carol Andrew Rafael kathleen Kathy Darrell Julie Carlos Dominic Michael Jennifer Toby-Rachel Catherine Daga Janet Carolee Tiffany Almass Wendy Cheng-Ting Erin Glenda Rochelle Denay Jeff William Bev Maria Vickie Laura Deane Diana Nolan Marilyn nicolette Sofia Ken Teryn Lynnette Kelly Evelyn Mary John gilberto Tamra Ben
Anderson STruve Bui duran Abate Amaya ferguson Franks Rolstone Ostoich E. Perello Filio Stewart Leder Keller Krackowizer Walton Hill Haugen
Fremont La Jolla Dublin Riverside Ventura Daly City San Marcos Blouberstands larkspur Sacramento Inglewood San Luis Obispo San Diego Roseville San Diego Oakland Laguna Beach Concord Oceanside Santa Monica Fremont
CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA
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Margaret Christine Robinett Cynthia Jenn Vicki Justin Katie Beth Gary Gary Ryan Joe Marco Thomas Emily Anne Steven Gail Thomas India JUDITH Brooke Terri Andy Elizabeth Susan Alex Helen Gregory Nicholas Claire Arianna Cody Tanya Leonard Vivian Harlan Barbara Christine Tom Debbie Peacock Stearn Rubin Gladish Davidson Barlow Schulz Burkhead Caplan Abee Danza Olson Liss Bradley Nelson Futterer Araujo Nass Anderson Firsching Brown McCredie Bassett Sandek BARNETT Battles Ludtke Zamenes Jache Nelson Yaron Pacula Hyatt Dirks Phillips Faurot Nern Vidmar
Gross Ni Greenwell Cook Guardado Heddy Vandenburgh McGuffey Marnewick Patakas Hershberger Riley Brockway Dring Turner Lang douvris Ratcovich Donar Carlson Shaw Ellis Bonilla Rossi Beaubien kuhn Schnitman Crabb
Santa Rosa Oakland Novato Petaluma Lancaster EL CAJON
Huntington Beach CA Santa Rosa Jahannesburg CA CA
RANCHO SANTA MARGARI CA Redwood City Lemon Grove Rancho Santa Margarita Palm Springs Mill Valley Lompoc Los altos Los Angeles santa rosa Olympic Valley Los Angeles Granite Bay Hollister Santa Monica Los Angeles Sierra Madre morro bay Malibu CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA
Desert Hot Springs CA San Pedro Citrus Heights Thousand Oaks Corte Madera San Jose Eureka san francisco west hollywoood san diego cherry valley Fairfax Los Angeles Long Beach Santee Los Angeles w. hollywood Calabasas Fremont CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA
Theresa Ellen Maria Edmund Alexandra Ellen Philip Sidney Margaret S David Deby Alison Leanne Judy Judy Terri David Linda Sheila Nalyne Heide Anslem carla James & Lynn Margaret Carol Alec Frank Elyse Edward Maria Robert marilyn Charlie Ron Tisha Chirawat Reidun Christine Sue Adrian Allen Janis Kendra Mark Pamela Chris Kurt
Vernon Caldwell Nowicki Wright Thorwarth Hunt Glaser Scott Koster Hansen Caldwell Salcido Braun Yerby Elbring Sachter Harris Chisholm Nicoletto Desmond Lunati Jenkins Mason dimondstein Dodson Wessels Kommerstad-Reiche Naylor Poppie Ashton Kehoe Nunes Chirpin black Johnson Mahood Kahl Chotikasupaseranee Carstens Aegean Walden Magana Hill Loveday Bench Biskeborn Magathan Worcester Gross
Santa Rosa San Anselmo San Francisco Trinidad Menifee Burbank Laguna Niguel carmel Willits San Anselmo San Francisco Ontario Keeler Irvine Penngrove Los Angeles camarillo Palmdale Corte madera Cameron Park Pleasanton Culver city Berkeley fort bragg Burbank Aptos Montecito Beverly Hills Monterey Park West Hollywood Sebastopol Redwwod City Northridge Rancho Mirage Cardiff Hayward San Rafael Newhall LA Laguna Beach San Francisco Fallbrook Palm Springs GRASS VALLEY gilroy Venice Los Angeles Truckee San Diego
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Donna Ben Donna Linda Jan Marta Anne Marsha Winnie Meghan Mary Kelly Christoph Richard Marcella Florence matthew Eric Muffett Heather M Shelby Gene W. Shelley Forest Rayna Richard Joyce Susan Laura Aileen Jo Ann Sharma Heather RN Kathryn David Karen Dea Nicky Sylvia Stephani Maria Maria Gregg Barbara Lena Karen
Ansari Cachola Falcone Lessels Mulholland Zelaya Barker Rose Chin Hayes Flynn
Newbury Park Union City Playa del Rey Santa Barbara
CA CA CA CA
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huntington beach CA San Jose San Rafael Encino San Francisco San Jose San Francisco San Jose CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA
Ruegg Takagi Raya Dormer zola Horwitz Kaufman Hurtt Dillon Solomon Wagg0ner II JIang Frasieur Mare Chu Bulleri Phelan Becke Milliman Wahdan Mayo Gaponoff Rhine Toni A. Wolfson Cooke Thomas Spiegel Maurizi Keyes Warnotte
Studio City Fullerton Orange San Diego long beach Lake Forest Santa Barbara Folsom Pacific Grove Piedmont Pinon Hills Berkeley Benicia
Huntington Beach CA San Francisco Stockton Danville San Francisco LONG BEACH Roseville san clemente Grass Valley Tiburon Felton Los Gatos San Diego Burbank Santa Rosa Willits Topanga Rialto CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA
Basaldu Goddard Roebuck Scheinman Hansen Laffey
Los Angeles Fresno Los Angeles Mission Viejo Monte Nido Larkspur
janet Elizabeth Jean Charles Linda Trish Elizabeth Jessica Sandra Elizabeth Valerie Susan Virginia David Kathy magaly Jennifer William Nikki Joshua Grace meleina Nikki WESLEY Ruth Regina Dana Jeff Dan Gail Jeff Monique Joshua Robin Jazzmin Clover Jesisca Jon Cindy Barbara Katherine Gerald Antoinette Matt James Vince Jacqueline Gloria lauren
Kusnick Carvalho Andrews Carroux Trevillian Tuley Zenker Simms Tullis Cotton Belt Allen Roberts Cronin Keough fernandez Wroan Green Clark Ezekiel Feldmann mayhew Black HORN Browne Hamilton Miller Landau Banner Noon Landau Ehsan Hannaleck Larsen Mason-Berry Catskill Oei Porter Arent Daniels Waid Fox Calavas Lunn Brady Brooke Haller Ellwood Ornelas
los Angeles Calabasas Santa Cruz Belmont Alhambra Idyllwild arcata San Diego San Jose Encinitas Pacific Palisades Livermore El Dorado Hills Orinda Redding San Francisco Los Angeles Thousand Oaks Rancho Santa Margarita Salinas Santa Barbara Los Angeles San Juan Capistrano Citrus Heights Beverly Hills Temecula montrose Westlake Village San Francisco San Pedro Simi Valley Hermosa Beach Santa Cruz Berkeley Los Angeles Pinole La Mesa Rossmoor Aptos Newbury Park Mendocino Ladysmith Mendocino Petaluma San Francisco SAN DIEGO Belmont Los Angeles Rohnert Park
90066 91302 95060 94002 91803 92549 95521 92115 95125 92024 90272 94551 95762 94563 96001 94124 90046 91362 92688 93901 93105 90039 92675 95621 90210 92591 91021 91361 94121 90731 93065 90254 95062 94704 90024 94564 91942 90720 95003 91320 95460 92102 95460 94952 94105 92123 94002 90046 94928
James Katerina Brian Alicia Ingrid Robin Marie-Pierre Quinton angie James Sabine Miriam Linda Emily Bobak Val Mel Anders Chris leah Linda Virginia Le Marta Gala Renee Kris Shelby Daniel Jim Susan Susan Pamela Claudio Aline Paul Daniel Earl Kevin Robert Michele Caroline Tina K Ariadna Phoenix Chris Amanda Terry
Elliott
Encinitas San Francisco
CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA
92024 94110 90293 90291 91708 94117 92150 94533 92201 92532 94133 91932 95338 91754 94587 92677 91604 90210 92692 90035 95402 94301 92592 93644 91344 93923 90406 90290 91773 90034 92232 90019
Thompson Arlow Hejdukova Kallman
Playa Del Rey Venice trnava San Francisco
Guillot-Friedmann Suresnes Crawford emery Black Falk Iosupovici Erhardt Fairfield Indio Lake Elsinore San Francisco
IMPERIAL BEACH CA Mariposa Monterey Park CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA
Daei Hongo-whiting Randall Nordlund Barrand
Union City Laguna Niguel Studio City Beverly Hills Mission Viejo
hackenson-Allers los angeles Russell Smedberg luong Peters Santa Rosa Palo Alto temecula Oakhurst Granada Hills Nadalin Sherwood Flint Bauer Brown enson Nicola Cassidy Cotta Godon Sanchez Ogas Kuon Kennedy Wales Stewart Salazar Oglesby McDonald Valle Vie Gilbertsen Samuelsen Kourda Carmel Santa Monica Topanga San Dimas Los Angeles Calexico Los Angeles Santa Cruz Burbank San Francisco Sacramento San Diego Oceanside Camarillo Danville Vista Carmichael Shingletown San Francisco Orange Berkeley Glendora Acampo Chula Vista
91505 94110 95815 92127 92054 93012 94526 92081 95609 96088 94107 96457 94706 91740 95220 91913
Matthias Taisha Richard Raquel Jaoana Jacqui Catherine Klaudia Susan Patricia June MM Heather Bruce Bertil Ivan Dorothy Jess Debbie Diamond Michael Geraldine Chris Wendy Dione Richard Ed Lindsey gloria Carole Elizabeth Pat Alfred Shannon leslie Dorothy Michelle Michael Nada Stefan Nancie Rebecca Tiffany Kaye Megan Duncan Rose Janice
Tilmann Arnold Placone Munoz Dean Zink Hale-Pillsbury Englund Lynch Holbert Alexander Finnan Fadden Stubbs Moller Dryer Tharsing Cramp Pautsch Moebus Smith May Prince Wittl King Luke Escobar Boos nelson Dadurka Deloughrey
Igo Mission Viejo Palo Alto northridge Buellton Truckee La Mesa Thousand Oaks Pacific Palisades Soquel Rohnert Park Sherman Oaks /Van Nuys Sebastopol Carlsbad Lemon Grove Northridge Walnut Creek San Diego San clemente Eureka San Francisco Creston San Diego santa barbara San francisco Los Altos Hills san leandro Mountain View San Jose San Clemente Los Angeles Carmichael
96047 92692 94306 91324 93427 96161 91941 91360 90272 95073 94928 91405 95472 92010 91945 91326 94597 92109 92672 95501 94127 93432 92124 93105 94114 94024 94578 94043 95129 92673 90095 95608 90275 95454 93405 94022 92629 90032 94061 94105 94024 93611 93067 92084 95421 94121 94110 92591 92663
kim Sandra Rachelle Rayne Lynn lindsay Sherra Jillian Fallon Vince Mitchell JOHANNES Sharon Chris Tony Shannon Ken Marva Ann Spautz Carol Eric Leonard Allie Laurel Elisabeth Rochelle Robert Julie Ryan Juanita Jason Andy Alec R Pamela Lisa Jazmen Cindy Florence Tedford Jack A Meara Harold Tom Sharon Carl James Virginia
guerin Gross Henderson Ivanushka Spina carlisle Franklin Medrano Hall Argenio Hambley WATTIMENA Rodrigues Dawes Fuller Campbell Ennis Johnson
Hermosa Beach Lynwood woodland hills Big Bear City Ventura San Francisco San Francisco Rancho Cordova San Diego Stockton San Diego Mentone Fremont Chico Petaluma Chico Bakersfield
CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA
90254 90262 91367 92314 93001 94117 94103 95670 92117 95207 92103 92359 94539 95973 94954 95926 93312 91730 91214 93446 90031 95338 92507 94306 92115 93101 92129 94549 95519 92120 93101 92079 90265 92506 92111 92069 91913 95436 93940 91740 90731 92117 96161 94501 93105 93292 94116 91006 94019
Rancho CucamongCA La Crescenta CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA
De Hart Hu McKenzie Rackerby Perry Pett
Paso Robles Los Angeles Mariposa riverside Palo Alto San Diego Santa Barbara
Bogart
san diego Walnut creek
Crawford Chavez Harris Tomsky Payne Larrison Harris Kavas Tejero Belleau Assalit Rose Lunbeck de Ruyter Mooney Vanderlaan Simmons Moran Riccitelli Mello Lee
Mckinleyville San Diego Santa Barbara san marcos Malibu Riverside San Diego San Marcos chula vista Forestville Monterey Glendora San Pedro San Diego Truckee Alameda Santa Barbara Visalia San Francisco Arcadia Half Moon Bay
Cellier Joyner nelson Hassett Oliver Cardoza Ballator Schumacher Sailor
Rancho Palos Verdes Laytonville San Luis Obispo Los Altos Dana Point Los Angeles Redwood City san francisco los altos Clovis
Story Dodson Saunders Dow Goldthwait Austin
Summerland Vista Cazadero San Francisco San Francisco Temecula Newport Beach
Dr's Gail and Sorel Reisman
Karen Ecrossenas Nancy Edward Sasha Alana Grace Anna Nick Lori Judith Shannon M Donald Paul Paul Karen Ginger christina Paul Brian Jon Stephanie Rev Jayson Kathryn Holly GH Simone Jenna E Peter Gordon Daniel Ryan Nina Kimberly Jeremy Kemal Edward J joseph Tom Devyn Vivian Diana Prisca Sarah Donna Elva
Rusiniak Rossenas Sykes Costello Taus Dill Tiessen Thurman Shestople Santos Goe Switzer Ruge DeLany McConnell Babbini Cuchet Iglesias Rey Fortin O'Reilly Senour Doyle King Yamaguchi Day Hefele Soto st. Clare Robinson Moore Stranger Reed Helsel Green Bergman Keller Shellhase
Berkeley muir beach Canyon Countary Santa MOnica Arroyo Grande Aameda Pasadena Simi VAlley Temecula Chicago San Diego Vista Sherman Oaks Laguna Niguel Encinitas Santa Rosa Cerritos Livermore fort bragg Toronto Los Angeles San Diego Sanger Cathedra City Los Angeles Berkeley Pismo Beach Alameda Martinez Beverly Hills Santa Rosa Los Angeles Huntington Beach Kelseyville Simi Valley Los Angeles Santee McKinleyville san francisco
94710 94965 91351 90402 93420 94501 91103 93065 92589 91607 92102 92084 91403 92677 92024 95401 90703 94550 95437 93011 90065 92109 93657 92234 90012 94704 93449 94501 94553 90210 95404 90068 92646 95451 93065 90038 92071 95519 94122 95051 90706 91506 93440 95132 90291 90066 95616 92024 92629
MaryRose Mariuccia Rosemary Tracie Denise Lauren Kimberly Jane lindsey Terence Michael Matthew Andrew Annabelle Erin carole Ann tiffanie Mary Nancy
OConnor Iaconi
Guerneville San Francisco
CA CA
95446 94107 91607 92116 91367 90025 92056 92649 94118 90291 91759 95404 94559 94803 92660 90035 93103 90017 95461 95008
VALLEY VILLAGE CA Livermore Vandermeer Gaffney Murphy Jepson gore Pearce Valdez Danielczyk MacLaggan Travis Mertlbauer shelton Mahoney luong Wells Fomenko San Diego Woodland Hills Los Angeles Oceanside CA CA CA CA
Huntington Beach CA San Francisco Venice Mt. Baldy Santa Rosa Napa El Sobrante Newport Beach Los Angeles Santa Barbara Los Angeles Middletown Campbell CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA
Joanne Veronnica Bonnie James Sharon JP Patrick Dan Tammy ilana Suzanne Richard morgan Edna Ann-Marie Lauri Kelly Helaina Connie Douglas Holland Wendy Alanna Tracy Eric Lisa Allison tanny
Greenstein
San Francisco San Dimas
CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA
94114 91773 96003 90802 91123 94546 92008 94061 92690 91103 95521 92105 93108 92104 94122 91405 91754 93101 95610 92129 92057 94947 93704
Jorgensen Kao Stewart Yurgel McIntosh Sailor DeSanchez mcallister Fortner Kacmar coffey Publicover Murphy Dowling Bain Takeda Henifin Evans Elder Williamson Louin McPherson Gratz Davis Riemer klasna
Redding Long Beach Arnhem Union City carlsbad Redwood City Mission Viejo Pasadena Arcata San Diego santa barbara San Diego San Francisco Valley Glen Monterey Park Santa Barbara Citrus Heights San Diego Oceanside NOVATO Fresno San Diego fresno Lake Forest Arcata Santa Barbara
Lee logston Pitman Marseilles
Santa Clara bellflower Burbank Los Alamos San Jose
Kamibayashi Gloor Mayhew Carr Pero
Venice los angeles Davis Encinitas Dana Point
93720 92630 95521 93103
Shad Susan Roger R. Merrill Pam Trisha Mary cindi Darcy Isaiah Linda Mario Darin Zach Scottie Cheryl Karen Peter Shirley Linda Susan Martin Robert Alexander Barbara Pam Kathleen Tom John Anita Cynthia Ronnie Jean Jesse Bethany Sandra ben Sivle Virginia Debbie Chris Melinda Susan Robin Agnieszka Stanley Susan Donna Darlene
Clark Stauffer Vortman Jones DeWitt
Oakland Fort Bragg Santa Cruz Pebble Beach Angles Camp loomis
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Ronald James Dennis Amanda Rachael Heidi Leonard Jim Greg Jon Sue Hester Rose Diane Lisa Megan Susan William Daniel Catherine Rosamonde Stuart Diane Ana Theresa Jo Katie Karl Heidi Lane William Clarice Gordon Nina Paige Crystal Martha Jeanne Louise Tresa Diana Alice Anne Maria Dee Elizabeth Judy Haydee Tomislava
Warren Maricondo Smith Cotylo Atchison Krautschick Adame Berry Hampton Prasuhn DeVries Goedhart
Glendale San Francisco Davis South Pasadena San Francisco Los Angeles Fresno Woodland Hills san diego San Marcos Albany Redwood City Van Nuys
91206 94131 95618 91030 94112 90034 93704 91367 92115 92078 94706 94065 91405 92284 93306 95667 95468 91001 91361 93103 92507 94117 93445 92868 90277 92253 94941 94062 92126 94015 93105 92507 95401 91604 92021 95372 94530 90731 90601 94549 96002 92627 92128 91331 92057 95472 95010 94509 95129
Ridriguez runyan Skarada Schisler Dow Montano Layman Tison Singer Knecht Burns pfeiffer Auerbach Klein Larson Lomeli Johnson Engel Consbruck urban Fowler francis March Coolidge Leeder Rose
La Puente Sylmar Middletown San Diego Claremont San Jose Oakland Burbank Hemet Riverside Auburn Altadena Laguna Woods El Segundo Paso Robles San Dimas El Segundo Studio City Sylmar heiligenhaus Alturas Santa Monica Beverly Hills Cardiff San Jose San Jose EUREKA
Cohan Arnone Adams Miletich Peer Sturman Dishion Cook Thomas Dolden Valdez Laura Bollen Blair Weidel Aubrey Smith Giordano Turney Beebe Smith Adams Sevier Colburn Kelly Eiler Black Harris Di Natale Kearns Barakos Fremont Krohn Cassada Matthews Ciglenjak
Yucca Valley Bakersfield Placerville Point Arena Altadena westlake village Santa Barbara Riverside san francisco Oceano Orange Redondo Beach La Quinta mill valley Redwood City San Diego Daly City Santa Barbara Riverside Santa Rosa Studio City El Cajon Soulsbyville EL CERRITO San Pedro Whittier Lafayette Redding Costa Mesa San Diego Arleta Oceanside Sebastopol Capitola Antioch San Jose
Croxton Richardson Melchor Carpenter Angleton La Monica Sturt Halley
Venice San Francisco Richmond oakland willow creek Newhall Pacific Grove irvine west covina
Thompson Shepard Gocek
Pacifica bellflower Lodz Fresno
Ryan Ross Ross
Sacramento Huntington Beach Woodbridge
Evan David B Jan Andrea Curtis Steven Zahir Wayne P. Connor James Amy Colonel Chris Julia Mario Paula Carole Pat colleen Charlotte Donna Marie-Claire luca Annie Jay Ronit Terry Mark Frank Felix Suzanne Ethan Stephen Marcela Regina Michael George Jennifer Kim Gillian John Imelda Eileen Clarissa Nydia Rose Jessenia Andrea
Shamoon Beard Erickson Hornby Kean Keedy Sugarman Aziz Flottman Chilcott Dawson Lentine Fong Young Beckley Lopez Lancaster Cole cameron auernig Sonoda Lyons TAGNATI montemagni Senechal sheehi Corry Andrews Carroll Huttinger Aguilar Hodges Krenzer Manly Vasquez Phillips Friedman Weiss Lawson Snow Ellenby Harris Chinchilla Francisco Garcia Cardona Menard Rivas Baker
Los Angeles EUREKA Westlake Village bishop Berkeley Riverside Malibu Fremont Torrance Temecula Torrance Buena Park Los Angeles Los Angeles San DIego Montebello Fresno Santa Barbara Oceanside Folsom BERKELEY Los Angeles COURQUETAINE San Francisco huntington beach Oceanside Santa Barbara Palos Verdes Peninsula San Diego Pasadena Long Beach Sacramento Coto de Caza Sacramento culver city Winnetka El Sobrante Sonoma Mill Valley VISTA San Francisco bay point Knightsen SAN MATEO Burbank Lake Elsinore Orange HOLLYWOOD Sacramento
90038 95503 91361 93514 94708 92506 90265 94555 90504 92592 90504 90621 90004 90046 92111 90640 93755 93103 92057 95630 94709 90036 77390 94116 92648 92057 93110 90274 92106 91105 90804 95819 92679 95842 90230 91306 94803 95476 94941 92083 94103 94565 94548 94401 91502 92532 92868 90028 95828
Tamara Breanna Stephen Jim Alex Kerstin Kathryn Vinaya Tonantzyn Lotus Heike Wendy Mary Erin Jeffery Kyle Mike Ethel & Michael Joseph David Jeff Jaynee Mary Lauren Cynthia Carolyn Coryl Darlene Ed Kyle Mary Kristen Michele Jay Mayra Jean Richard elsa Timothy Jacqueline Joshua Catherine Jessica David Anthony Phyllis Toby-Rachel Abigail Gwen
Voyles
Sebastopol San Jose Lompoc
CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA
95472 95111 93436 92107 90278 92536 95650 95446 94960 95437 95688 95380 91932 91604 90042 94121 96067 90066 90069 90064 90278 90717 94928 93940 92780 90029 93546 95926 94941 94038 95076 93704 91942 95521 91605 94122 94061 91001 94553 91387 90715 95560 92128 94560 94602 90046 92101 93065 90230
Turnage Gallipeau Baierl McCool Alahan Beltran Reiko Krautschick Larson Mautino Lindquist dorer Gifr Fraser Tankenson Aylward Williams Salvaryn Harpe Tullock Daly Lee Gamiao Dolfin Wykoff Payne Locke Dixon Berardi Mattingly Peterson Herrera Lee
San Diego Redondo Beach Aguanga Loomis Guerneville San Anselmo fort bragg Vacaville Turlock Imperial Beach Studio city Los Angeles San Francisco Mty Shasta Los Angeles Los Angeles
West Los Angeles CA Redondo Beach Lomita Rohnert Park Monterey Tustin LA Mammoth Lakes Chico Mill Valley moss beach Royal Oaks FRESNO La Mesa Arcata North Hollywood San Francisco Redwood City CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA
aguirre Lippert Cocker Christensen Hirsch Sanchez-Casey Baker Sachs Foster Leder
altadena Martinez Santa Clarita lakewood Redway san diego Newark Oakland Los Angeles San Diego Simi Valley
Noda
Culver City
Vincent Helen Madeleine Denise Cynthia Jason J. Kat Lindsay Malea Tim Ann John Didelot Alisa Amanda Dorothy Lowell Brenda Craig S Lori Dan Jane Diane june Rachelle
Weis Engledow Henry Zamora Pounds Davis Kerr zacharski Byers McGuinness Cain Prichard Carroll Sylvie Arnold McDermott Wilkinson Eliason Haig
sacramento Sonora San Diego Redlands Sacramento Montebello Thousand Oaks Long beach Beverly Hills Santa monica Woodacre Hayward Elk Grove Issy les Moulineaux Marina Del Rey Concord Hollywood Cypress Long Beach Beverly Hills
CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA
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Elise Andrea Verna Aguilera Michael Terra Tess Terry Iain Caralee Lester Jennifer Claudia Amber Armen Chris Michelle Gordon Linda Cindy Marilyn Rocky Laura Brian ivory Leotis Kelley Nancy
Villemaire Benassi Winters Astrid parker Paigne Paigne Paigne MacAdam Thompson Little Nichols Pessoa Wheat-Salazar Carapetian Alstrand Layer Gerbitz Jacobs Yang Kirby Leplin Harvey Thompson reid Foster Clare Fuller
Santa Rosa Laguna Hills Berkeley eggolsheim colusa cerritos cerritos cerritos Cambria patterson BERKELEY Inverness Belo Horizonte
CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA
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REDONDO BEACH CA San Francisco Poway San Francisco Santa Barbara Campbell Santa Cruz Carmel Valley Richmond Pritchard Grover Beach Long Beach Oakland Tahoe City Los Angeles CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA
Skolnik Dunham Auerbach Edwards Pearson barnard Caruso
Sumnyvale Garden Grove Thousand Oaks La Palma San Marcos san francisco Davis
Residents of other US states First Name Rick susan April Donald Evelyn Kimberly Bill Frank Monika Elvira Dan Jennifer Carla Kevin Annika Noel Pauline Ken Cynthia Last Name Wicks whitefeather Warwick Cornelius Seguela McConkey Sherwonit Gwartney Szrot Paschke LaBrosse Armstrong Green Anderson Lindkvist Portelli Strong Graham Laramee City Anchorage Palmer Anchorage Petersburg Homer Anchorage Anchorage Anchorage Olkusz Anchorage Fairbanks North Pole Willow Leeds stockholm Hamrun juneau skagway soldotna State AK AK AK AK AK AK AK AK AK AK AK AK AK AK AK AK AK AK AK Zip Code 99517 99645 99504 99833 99603 99508 99517 99509 32300 99508 99712 99705 99688 98765 11227 356 99801 99840 99669 First Name Chris Charles Lori Ann Laura Jeffrey Bernadette Barbara Ellen Janet Brian Ellen Joyce Eloy Joy Marie Alexandra Emilio Elizabeth Colette Last Name Schwamb Molway Rodriguez Huntsman Horsch Ramos Curtis Trufant Bolasci Plodizyn Trufant Allington Hernandez Santillo Yuill Melligon Letang Banwell Dineen City Medford Laurel Springs Wallington Princeton State NJ NJ NJ NJ 8831 7307 8831 7456 7070 8033 7456 8540 8108 8527 8755 7078 8012 7731 7866 Zip Code 8055 8021 7057
Monrioe Township NJ JERSEY CITY Monroe Twp Ringwood Rutherford Haddonfield Ringwood Princeton Collingswood Jackson Toms River short hills Barcelona Howell Rocakway NJ NJ NJ NJ NJ NJ NJ NJ NJ NJ NJ NJ NJ NJ
Afrodith Robert David Laurie Joseph Gayle Mary Maria Belinda Sandra Richard Russell William Anita Frank Anna Sue Joan Katie Lisa Shauna Charles Heather Jacqui Lewis JerryLee Nichole Jennifer David Jeannine Darcy Julie Catherine Theodore Holly Sandra Linda Keitha Mike David Teresa Chantal Beverly Abela Debbie Alida Daphne Sara Miller
Mauropoulou Hyer II Smith summers Scanlan Jansen Cooke-Hite Peteinaraki Lang Boyer Heckman Alcott Shirey Jensen
Clarks point Lillian Spanish Fort Ardmore Pike Road Mount Olive Madison heraklion city creta Birmingham Montgomery Huntsville Huntsville Decatur Calpe Mobile
AK AL AL AL AL AL AL AL AL AL AL AL AL AL AL AL AL AL AL AL AL AL AL AL AL AL AL AL AL AL AL AL AL AL AL AL AL AL AL AL AL AL AL AL AR AR AR AR AR
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Bruno Ronald Carroll Diane Terry Timothy Steve Mar Sharon Lynne David Eileen Mauro Donna Randi Hugh Kitrina patty eugenie Nancy Aimee Dave S Stephanie Lee Ralph Susan Bradley Barbara Paul Paul Robert Mike Patricia Donald Joan Lisa dian Richard Caroline Jessica Melissa Ellen Laura lisa Bettie Maura Feryal R Michael
Schremmer Sverdlove Arkema Afonso-piza Bentivegna Barrow Deats
Princeton Princeton Pompton Lakes newark Old Bridge Lebanon Mendham barcelona
NJ NJ NJ NJ NJ NJ NJ NJ NJ NJ NJ NJ NJ NJ NJ NJ
8540 8540 7442 7104 8857 8833 7945 8006 8648 8512 7095 8005 7093 8322 8879 7052 8831 7204 7731 7004
Ernst Elson Benitez Smith Monia Ennis Greenberg Lindsay Lisiewski coates trott Deubel Lynn Ruegnitz Seymour MacKenn Litwin Blubaugh Dharam Westergaard Dunn Denko von Zumbusch Rafferty Felice Beck domino
Lawrenceville cranbury Woodbridge Barnegat West New York Franklinville Laurence Harbor west orange
Thibodeaux Aitchison-Windeler Lowe Benbow Stewart Nicholas Maples Hood Glyde Edwards Brisendine Long Rowley Harwell Whitley Symes Gobbell Hunt Spachidakis Brambleby Arapoudis DeWitt Hudson Lesley Noble Campos Lamy Gannon
Vance auckland Birmingham Birmingham Birmingham Pelham Danville Calgary EAGLEBY Huntsville Henagar Montgomery Scarborough Huntsville Sylacauga spanish fort Cullman Birmingham piraeus Abbeville rhodos Auburn Blountsville Birmingam Tuscaloosa Coimbra Gauteng london nice
Monroe Township NJ roselle park howell Fairfield Piscataway Lake Hopatcong Englewood Bloomingdale Mendham Milford North Bergen Princeton Edison New Egypt Princeton Carlstadt Ramsey AUGUSTA West orange NJ NJ NJ NJ NJ NJ NJ NJ NJ NJ NJ NJ NJ NJ NJ NJ NJ NJ NJ NJ
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Bowles-Goldstein Randolph afonso Frank Bissey Dolce Glick Stanton Talarn daibes Reina belleville
Egg Harbor Towns NJ Juliustown summt east brunswick Bergenfield barcelona Edgewater Milmay North Arlington NJ NJ NJ NJ NJ NJ NJ NJ NJ NJ NJ
Williamson Montero Vestal Bufford Williams
Mountain Home Little Rock NORTH LITTLE ROCK Searcy Fayetteville
Collazo Farkas Gonzales
New Milford piscataway Jersey City
Cathy Miranda Scott Deborah Jan Martha Jennifer THERESA Ramsey Robyn Roy Heather Cynthia Stacy Leland Donna Shirley Glen Lizzie Paul Cristine Rick Bruce Kimberly Marty Jack Steven Celina Thomas Terri LuMarion Tana Maxx David Limell Elizabeth Kathy David Mary Dan Timothy Melinda Louise Tom James Angelo Anuja Ron Alan
Brownlee Dixon Akridge Lucia Lawes Strother Highfill WEBB Sealy Glisson Andrews D. Stratton Townsend Stanley Wolz Bailey Bindrich Baggleman Steffen Perkins Easton Kramer Barton Landa Cupp Clark Enciso Monforte Hanshew Conklin Zachreson Patterson Lee Lawson Cook Krucker Black White Faulkner Wong Merrill Baca Ramos Bergstrom Filigenzi Gladish Hubert Pedolsky
Mountain Home Morrilton Bradford CATANZARO warrnamboll Little Rock Paragould NORTH LITTLE ROCK Fayetteville Maynard Hattieville Fayetteville Jacksonville Arkadelphia Bella Vista Paragould Hot Springs Village Fifty Six Phoenix Tucson Sedona CORNVILLE Sedona Phoenix Sedona Phoenix Peoria Tucson Tucson Phoenix Flagstaff Mesa Tempe Phoenix Tucson prescott Tucson Tucson tucson Prescott Chandler Tucson Phoenix Phoenix San Manuel Green Valley Tucosn Flagstaff tucson
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Jennifer Dorothy Jim George Angela Maureen Douglas Jonathan angela Michael Nicholas John Joanne JoAnne Judith Craig Joan Patricia Margaret Stephanie Lise Julie Matthew Andrea Penny Mike Doris Donna Trina Melissa Kim Gaby John Cherie GINA Sue Jodi Kristel Victoria natalie Jim Adella Sara Edina Claudia Anna Rosalie Iris Catherine
Gorgo Danner Krieger Baker B Carson Wise Nolde canduci Donnini Conte Lippiello Felcetto Ciraolo Schleicher Cook Hoffmann Patterson Yelenik Falkowski Sayer Behmer Coller Mottram Wild-Perkowski Ruderman Carey Altschuler Paulus Berger Swain Rodriguez Lynch Giangrande
Voorhees Englewood Fort Lee Pittstown Mount Laurel Edison Newark Metuchen delran Margate City Matawan Morris Plains maywood Maywood denville howell Laurence Harbor Millville Manalapan Voorhees North Plainfield Hopatcong toms river Cedar Knolls Pequannock
NJ NJ NJ NJ NJ NJ NJ NJ NJ NJ NJ NJ NJ NJ NJ NJ NJ NJ NJ NJ NJ NJ NJ NJ NJ
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Princeton Junction NJ Cherry Hill Fair Lawn montclair PRINCETON Lumberton Orange Cherry Hill Clifton lindenwold NJ NJ NJ NJ NJ NJ NJ NJ NJ NJ NJ NJ NJ NJ NJ NJ NJ NJ NJ NJ NJ NJ NJ
Moyer gross Moody Campbell belcon Nordstrom Menger Yuppa Molnar Sagatelian Coleman
Robbinsville See caucus Jackson Eatontown fort lee Jersey City Basking Ridge Hillsdale Fort Lee Hackensack Williamstown
Richter-Goldberg Lafayette Browne Keim New Milford Morristown
Martha Allison Landis Brad Ruth Richard Kathy Lawrence Jackie Ted Richard Casey S Gary Valerie Darin Anne-Marie Janet Iris Robert David Holly Melody Susan Kristine Carl Susan ann carol Theresa DENNIS Sean Harriet Vicky Greg Kathy Tatiana Lyn Paul Noah Kyle Joan Marika Pamela Neil Stefani Roxann Dieter Beverly
Martinez Glaser Kearnon Archer Herrera Brunsberg Sweany Ellis Bush Dallas Skinner Smith Eyde Munroe Retter Davis Neckebroeck Glover Beaver Watson Haynes Allcock Heart Bishop Roche Noggle Mueller stapleton Chai Bernhardsen STARKINS
Phoenix Buckeye Tucson Mesa Tucson CASA GRANDE Phoenix Tucson Mesa Phoenix Tucson Gilbert TUCSON Sierra Vista Scottsdale Flagstaff Wetteren Tucson Tucson mesa Cave Creek Phoenix Sedona Sedona Phoenix Tucson Tucson Scottsdale sedona Kingman Phoenix Sun City
AZ AZ AZ AZ AZ AZ AZ AZ AZ AZ AZ AZ AZ AZ AZ AZ AZ AZ AZ AZ AZ AZ AZ AZ AZ AZ AZ AZ AZ AZ AZ AZ AZ AZ AZ AZ AZ AZ AZ AZ AZ AZ AZ AZ AZ AZ AZ AZ AZ
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Soto Angus Marmier Andreu Bonualas Castro Berlan Dragan Dowd Osofsky Piletich burns Corboy Perez Chiappini Knowlton koshney Filicetti Manners Hart Rossignol Barry verderame Solton Yakoban Carluccio Werntz
Hamburg cape town barcelona Hospitalet Millville Any City Garfield aberdeen Stanhope Bridgeton Jersey City Marlton Lambertvile Gloucester City Millville Fair Haven belmar Denville Lincoln Park toms River Hamilton Mahwah Brick Collingswood englewood Clifton Collingswood Oakland
NJ NJ NJ NJ NJ NJ NJ NJ NJ NJ NJ NJ NJ NJ NJ NJ NJ NJ NJ NJ NJ NJ NJ NJ NJ NJ NJ NJ NJ NJ NJ NJ NJ NJ NJ NJ NJ NJ NJ NJ NJ NJ NJ NJ NJ NJ NJ NJ NJ
7419 7439 8002 8901 8332 7087 7026 7747 7874 8302 7307 8053 8530 8030 8332 7704 7719 7834 7035 8757 8619 7430 8723 8108 7631 7014 8108 7436 7109 7945 7036 8525 7712 7470 7724 8055 7626 7730 8004 8048 7470 7052 7876 8060 7631 8035 7002 8753 8002
Conners Sabine Apostolovska Simmons Carideo
Belleville Mendham linden Hopewell Wayside wayne
Anderson crampton Kammerer Crist Marquez Burns krauss Wilspn Schmierer Price Witenko Gylling Weiss Ramirez Carmean Bartels Barron
GILBERT Patagonia Tucson Sedona Tucson Scottsdale Phoenix phoenix Phoenix Scottsdale Phoenix Tucson Prescott gilbert Strawberry clarkdale Mesa
Koutsoudakis Wexler Bensetler Boyle chiumento Casey Cordova Doroschenko hart Thivierge Davidson
Eatontown Medford Cresskill Hazlet atco Lumberton Wayne West Orange Succasunna Westampton Englewood Haddon Heights
Lindquist Castor Prinsloo
Bayonne Toms River Cherry Hill
Jesse Judson Andrew Hilary Diane JALEE Judith Donna Bob kristen Sharon Linda Allen Tracey jon Kim Jacques Cherie Joan Sheila Carla Kristen Jerome Angela Nancy susan Larry Sandra Jayme Sl Elizabeth Christina Susan Thomas Michael Joel James Scott Cheryl Edwina Virginia Nancy Carol Nancy Deirdre Lance SSuzanne Maureen Alike
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Tucson Flagstaff Flagstaff Tucson Mesa Glendale Cave Creek Scottsdale Tucson Phoenix Green Valley Apache Junction Phoenix Phoenix Buckeye Maricopa Tucson Maricopa Surprise Scottsdale peoria Phoenix Tempe Phoenix Tucson Tucson Phoenix Scottsdale Phoenix Show Low Phoenix Phoenix scottsdale Glendale Sierra Vista Flagstaff Tucson Kingman Phoenix Mesa Tempe Scottsdale Tucson Cave Creek Cottonwood Fountain Hills Sedona tucon Noonu Atoll
AZ AZ AZ AZ AZ AZ AZ AZ AZ AZ AZ AZ AZ AZ AZ AZ AZ AZ AZ AZ AZ AZ AZ AZ AZ AZ AZ AZ AZ AZ AZ AZ AZ AZ AZ AZ AZ AZ AZ AZ AZ AZ AZ AZ AZ AZ AZ AZ AZ
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cheryl Brian Richard Nicole Joe Deborah Val Elsie Emma Lori PAMela Edward Judy Hannah Mark Henry Sharon Paula Yesenia Marty E Richard Christine Crystal Leigh Adrienne susan Linda Michael Rhea Michael Ericha Judith Margaret Juliet Janice Joan Jerrold Richard Ralph Steve Carol Chris William Alice Ellen Helen Crawford Jen
powers Gill Pecha Gillespy String K Abbondandolo Zecchino Cottone Mangan Neal Velazquez DeAntonellis osborne Stanton Frankel Bulovcsak Pais Garcia Fogel Talamante Beery Fouts wolf Dias Ross gallaher Apton Meade goodman Laine Courtright Sellars Weinrod Calabi Mulkey Earnshaw Osborn Khanlian Campbell Kongs Larroque Trujillo Swinney Dudley Robinson
morris plains Hackettstown Lake Hopatcong MAPLE SHADE Rockaway hillsborough fort lee Howell Hightstown Livingston Howell Ridgefield Park Atco basking ridge Clementon Ventnor Yardville keyport
NJ NJ NJ NJ NJ NJ NJ NJ NJ NJ NJ NJ NJ NJ NJ NJ NJ NJ
7950 7840 7849 8052 7866 8844 7024 7731 8520 7039 7731 7660 8004 7920 8021 8406 8620 7735 7047 7043 87154 87015 87111 87505 88005 87540 87501 87002 87505 87507 87004 88011 87501 87107 87502 87111 87418 87107 87505 87144 87109 87008 87124 87508 87015 87106 88005 87059 87506
NORTH BERGEN NJ Montclair Albuquerque Edgewood Albuquerque Santa fe Las Cruces Lamy santa fe Belen Santa Fe santa Fe Bernalillo Las Cruces Santa Fe Los Ranchos Santa Fe Albuquerque La Plata Albuquerque Santa Fe Rio Rancho Albuquerque Cedar Crest Rio Rancho Santa Fe Edgewood Albuquerque Las Cruces NJ NM NM NM NM NM NM NM NM NM NM NM NM NM NM NM NM NM NM NM NM NM NM NM NM NM NM NM NM NM
MacCallum Wilson
Tijeras Santa Fe
james-Garrett Adrian Phyllis David Crystal Rio Roger Susan K Ron Wendy Chris Dorothy Les Nathan Carmen Nicole Nicole John lisa L Natasha Barbara Lyn Brooke Maria Barbara Danielle Nat Rachael Shirl Karen Ray Sandra Mary Paul Carolyn Jake Leslie Elizabeth Victoria Nicole Albert Inka Carrie Zita Danielle Lydia Cyril
Kelley Lopez Turner Erlich Rector Garcia Cardillo Moran Smith Bergman Peterson Britt Richmond Switzer Russell Nichols Grimes Brown Borcherding kanarish Brownell Douglass Bowman Hart Franko Gonzales Gerhart Calabrese Houghton Calabrese Simkins Perkins Cage Riker
pearce Tucson Winslow Chandler Phoenix Gold Canyon Mesa Saint David Tucson Flagstaff Phoenix Gilbert Tucson Mesa Tempe Chandler PHOENIX Gilbert Chandler PEORIA tempe Sedona Mesa tucson Tucson Litchfield Park Glendale Yuma Prescott Scottsdale Flagstaff Tucson Prescott Flagstaff hereford
AZ AZ AZ AZ AZ AZ AZ AZ AZ AZ AZ AZ AZ AZ AZ AZ AZ AZ AZ AZ AZ AZ AZ AZ AZ AZ AZ AZ AZ AZ AZ AZ AZ AZ AZ AZ AZ AZ AZ CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO
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Marcella Joyce Marlen Farice Laura Susan Guru Roberta Kelly Karen Diane gigi jan Dylan Patrice Isaac Little Ali Cat Ana Sandra Karen Monika Richard Aleasha Teresa Jackie Sharee Kate Ana Elizabeth Jamie Nancy Cynthia Dyan David Laura Lorii Hanks Chemen Diane Kathleen Mary Kortney DAVID Barry Schmmer Renee Silversage
Wiard Cousino Hdz. Rezabek Stewart Hoffman Wilson Price Wells Bernhardt Bloom gaulin macek O'Reilly Landreth Fischer Heard Deckoff-Jones Wilson Cohen Perkins
Arroyo Hondo Deming Distrito Federal Tesuque
NM NM NM NM
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RANCHOS DE TAO NM Stanley Alcalde Albuquerque Albuquerque Albuquerque Rio Rancho Santa Fe los Alamos Farmington Carlsbad Santa Fe Albuquerque Santa Fe Albuquerque Santa Fe Tome Melbourne NM NM NM NM NM NM NM NM NM NM NM NM NM NM NM NM NM NM NM NM NM NM NM NM NM NM NM NM NM NM NM NM NM NM NM NM NM NM NV NV NV NV NV NV
Laendle Welker Baker Hammond Decker Christy Skwire R Bucy Skinner Ness French Merick Pease Jackson Pottorff Hernandez Saxe Ochoa Gledhill O'Neill Mendez Melciorre SHINDER McLeod Sue Lake Healthnutrition
Glorieta Santa Fe Albuquerque Albuquerque Albuquerque Albuquerque Santa Fe Abbott Santa Fe Albuquerque Los Alamos Albuquerque Albuquerque Santa Fe Deming Mexico Taos Santa Fe Embudo Las Cruces Albuquerque Las Vegas Las Vegas Henderson ulm Carson City Reno
87544 87114 87176 87505 88030 3020 87571 87508 87531 88005 87108 89128 89137 89015 89077 89701
Ruffner DeJonge Turner Faber Klinger Powell Brunner Chong Dance Cono Wendler Alkire
Prescott Gilbert Tucson Tucson boulder Colorado Springs Denver Boulder Colorado Springs Lafayette Evergreen Thornton Colorado Springs
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Barad Bolander Sachnoff Peterson Lankering
Colorado Springs Northglenn Boulder Wheat ridge Basalt Littleton
CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO
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Russell Courtwright Weisend LaRocca Fewell Nicoll McBride Hoit Rebane Vanzeller Hale Griswold Florke Lindquist Goettling Postman Roberts hastings Cooper morris Smith March Tsang Gross Mendez Anca Sugarman Wyant Ryan Mrkvicka Haldeman Sommerfield Murfree Dieter Matzke Esposito Boydston Blumberg Ipock Mar Casano Chandler Fong Carr Ratliff Williams Otero Pourboghrat Tavcar
Las Vegas Reno Carson City Las Vegas Las Vegas Las Vegas Henderson Henderson Incline Village Las Vegas Las Vegas Reno Las Vegas Henderson Logandale Reno Reno Reno Henderson Las Vegas Las Vegas Las Vegas las vegas Reno Reno Las Vegas Las Vegas Las Vegas Reno LAS VEGAS Reno Henderson Carson City Gardnerville Silver Springs Sparks Pahrump Carson City Las Vegas Las Vegas Pahrump Las Vegas Las Vegas Henderson Winnemucca Laughlin Las Vegas Las Vegas Reno
NV NV NV NV NV NV NV NV NV NV NV NV NV NV NV NV NV NV NV NV NV NV NV NV NV NV NV NV NV NV NV NV NV NV NV NV NV NV NV NV NV NV NV NV NV NV NV NV NV
89145 89506 89705 89122 89141 89122 89044 89012 89451 89134 89147 89521 89108 89052 89021 89509 89511 89503 89014 89141 89121 89121 89141 89502 89506 89122 89113 89193 89501 89130 89502 89014 89721 89410 89429 89434 89048 89703 89157 89117 89060 89103 89102 89074 89445 89029 89104
sandman northern Martens Maun Bhattacharjya Staats Kob Perry Sitkin Correll Thomas Olk
Denver colorado springs Boulder Littleton Colorado Springs Boulder Fort Collins Nederland Crestone Fort Collins Boulder CENTENNIAL Lafayette
Tyler Brown DeCrescentis Stenftenagel Dryden Chandranatha Nordson Blackmore S Hancey Shaffran Cort Santini Beckenhaupt Casias Smith Vickers
Englewood Evergreen Evergreen Boulder Westminster Golden Boulder Boulder FORT COLLINS Pine Boulder Boulder Denver colo. spgs. Littleton Colorado Springs Denver Denver
Glasser briggs Keil Moore Staufer Martens Marshall Nassar Masferrer Winston Landwert Levitt
Louisville Steamboat Springs Breckenridge Lafayette vail Boulder Longmont Fort Collins Denver Denver Johnstown ft collins
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Peters Yasinitsky Liebmann Adams Wamble Schumacher Pickens Cornely Oberhausen Wright Dreyer Monell Yeager-Meeks Story Olmsted Ferguson Jefferies Tauer Wright Jenkins Wolinsky Long Chaput Brooks Alves Alpern Bevington Merline Caballero Supperstein Ellenwood Ashmore Ycas Meyer casner Maragon Strauss Springer Volk Easterling Eisnaugle Wagner Dearmendi Pressman Shinkle Webster Abrams Hendry Bonetti
Lakewood Englewood Woody Creek Fort Collins Colorado Springs colorado springs Aurora Littleton Brighton Denver Denver durango Bailey denver Greeley Lakewood louisville Aurora Centennial Fort Collins Denver littleton Fort Collins Lafayette Boulder Boulder Lyons Black Hawk Loveland Colorado Springs Colorado Springs Colorado Springs DURANGO Fort Collins steamboat springs Denver Commerce City Evergreen Highlands Ranch Aurora Denver Denver Castle Rock Boulder loveland Boulder Denver Littleton Boulder
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Saunders Dunaetz erikson Riva lewis
reno Gardnerville las vegas North Las Vegas Las vegas Las Vegas
NV NV NV NV NV NV NV NV NV NV NV NV NV NY NY NY NY NY NY NY NY NY NY NY NY NY NY NY NY NY NY NY NY NY NY NY NY NY NY NY NY NY NY NY NY NY NY NY NY
89502 89410 89107 89031 89104 89135 89830 89019 89122 89403 89431 89512 89118 10573 10310 10541 11206 11787
Guthrie Dewenter Bay Valent Colvig Price Kelly Micheli Baez Cain Karell Esca Clark Herkowitz Hoffner van Eijkelenburg bossung Pollard Maher Laundre wagner Wachtel McGowan Benevides Nassau Singleton Zatz-D-az Hoyt Aiken Chiofalo Tropea Woods Chiger Guernsey Blitzblau Kane Petersen Dalton Ryan
Montello Sandy Valley Las Vegas Dayton Sparks Reno Las Vegas Port Chester Staten Island Mahopac Brookly Smithtown Bronx Valatie Staten Island Bilthoven Remsenburg N Syracuse Brooklyn Oswego palmyra New York New York New York Brooklyn Bronx New York Boiceville Tully New York Forest Hills New York Monticello New Rochelle Canastota Amherst bayport New York Cornwall Yonkers
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Pinto Gilbert sink
New York Brooktondale New York
Michael Martha Douglas Viktoriia Caroline Leslie Albert Kathleen Mary Julieta Sheryle Carol Kevin Michelle Ray Lark Gordon Nalani David Adria Marnie Georgia Cindy Jane Rose Cory Jahnavi Kurt Ann Douglas Norman Paula Tom julie Harry Jody Theresa Jean Jerry Janet Heather Melissa Clay Virginia Karen Cynthia James Tina Claudia
Parsons Williamson Adler Tovstolyp Eader Wingerath Gauna Jennings Smith Bastida McNeill Hulse Tong Newmark Bernhardt Lands Steuck Dulaney Auerbach Hendrickson Bromby Locker Massey Swartley Womack Parks Stenflo
Aguilar Lyons Colorado Springs Aurora Boulder Denver Trinidad Louisville Thornton denver thornton Strasburg Lakewood Thornton Divide Georgetown Denver Colorado Springs Lafayette Denver Denver Fort Collins Littleton Boulder Longmont Fort Collins Boulder Denver
81020 80540 80911 80015 80302 80247 81082 80027 80241 80219 80260 80136 80401 80241 80814 80444 80209 80911 80026 80228 80227 80525 80120 80303 80503 80525 80304 80207 80129 80020 80122 80138 80306 80003 80108 81301 81001 80212 80126 80904 81504 80121 80202 81003 80120 80516 80525 80229 80014
Deanna Karen Larry Deborah Mildred Kendra Jimmy Irini Sarah James Nathan Elizabeth JD Doreen Tara Rhonda Kelly Brian Mario Zephrin Vitina Erin Nupur Dona Tom Steve C Robert Leila Julio anita Shari James Pamela Glenn Charlie Joann Elisabeth Myrna Shirley Naomi Kathy Kristin Kevinrusso Christiane Deb Adrienne Rita Patrick
Berman Killeen Weingart Badran Huffmire Mackenzie Massey
Ithaca Sleepy Hollow New York New York South Salem Yonkers Richfield Springs brooklyn
NY NY NY NY NY NY NY NY NY NY NY NY NY NY NY NY NY NY NY NY NY NY NY NY NY NY NY NY NY NY NY NY NY NY NY NY NY NY
14850 10591 10040 10022 10590 10705
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Peavey Wrobel Rulli Ungar King Tignanelli Fish Lieberman Hushin Anderson Morales lasker Muirhead McFadzen Johri Wesley Koster Wolfert Wilhelm-Pierson Manning Martin Soto randolfi Markovich Lear Inglis Staub Bertou Eckstut Youngclaus Sak Strickland
Brooklyn Niagara Falls Brooklyn New York Remsen Poughkeepsie Binghamton new york Kew Gardens New York Bronx brooklyn Elmont Commack New York SYR New York Hartsdale Delhi Johnsburg New York Brooklyn New York Bellerose Brooklyn New York White Plains orlando Rensselaerville New York
Troy Nelson Poire Fischer Finneran gulden Corsover Newman hearn Wall Boswell Burgess Williams Leonnig Chase Waldron Larsen Carver Miller Hickman Zwick
HGHLNDS RANCH Broomfield centennial Parker Boulder arvada Castle Rock durango pueblo Denver Highlands Rancgh Colorado Springs Grand Junction Centennial denver Pueblo Littleton Erie Fort Collins Denver AURORA
Saratoga Springs NY Mechanicville New York NY NY NY NY NY NY NY NY NY NY
Alter Walsh
Munnsville Nyack BRONX
Pistor Padovano Neff Zielinski Donovan
New York Massena New York Pine Plains Brooklyn
Wayne Herbert Tracey Lora Tawnee Tanya Teri Claudia Bonnie Austin Heidi Claudia Robyn barbara Kathy Joel Tiffany Cherry Robert Abigail Kenny Philip Rebecca Mary Jen Thomas Katherine Pam Richard Alicia Christopher Thomas Carol Yarrow Rachel Leigh Kathryn M Susan Alikina Stephanie Janet Norman Sue Karen Elizabeth Sara Sylvia Kristen
Hardaker Kress MacDonald Premo Livingston McKown Nolion Bourks Mandell-Rice McDougal Cox Todd Wille fox Vetos Murray Schilmann Miloe Cruder Massey
Aurora Highlands Ranch Denver CO SPGS Golden Pueblo Denver morrison Broomfield Boulder Denver Colorado Springs Boulder Westminster Denver Denver Erie Bayfield Elizabeth Denver Denver
CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CT CT
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Ayotte Foote Hornick-Becker Wiggins Fiege Kopec Spagnolo Weinert Gamble Sica
NY Smithtown Brooklyn New York Brooklyn Dundee Syosset Kenmore New York Bronx Syracuse
NY NY NY NY NY NY NY NY NY NY NY NY NY NY NY NY NY NY NY NY NY NY NY NY NY NY
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Rubenstein Giles Hansen Barrett Rutledge Garratt Gale Marhis Sekhar schuster
Mt. Tremper Brooklyn Chestnut Ridge Bronxville Astoria Buffalo New York New York Markham Cornwall
Rowe Lewis
Boulder Colorado Springs Louisville
Thompson-LaPerleLatham Solorio Gardner Krishnapillai Hertzman Dashew Gannon Rumsey Johnson Stratton Hodgson Matos Slack Dyer Paxton Renner Williams Green Bien Goddard Weld-Cary Duchyns Polet Astoria Etobicoke New york city New York
Gray Zieber Warren Reynolds Creswell Miller Nall Stocker Sidofsky S. Kellum Kennison
Loveland Gunnison Fort Garlanf Denver Denver Glenwood Springs Colorado Springs Arvada Winter Park Denver Brush Denver Englewood highlands ranch
FRANKLIN SQUARNY Yorktown Heights NY East Islip Lake George New Hartford Perth massapequa Newburgh Ithaca Putnam Valley Staten Island New York Broolyn Brooklyn Castlegregory Rochester Rochester East Northport London NY NY NY NY NY NY NY NY NY NY NY NY NY NY NY NY NY NY NY NY NY
Granias Iubhar Huntington Holley Traum Peters Anderson Finfgeld Reese Frhlich
Pagosa Springs Fountain Denver Glenwood Springs Boulder Denver Rollinsville Littleton Cortez Bitterfeld monroe
Abate Kroll Anderson Benjelloun
Middletown Brooklyn Troy New York
Jay Wendy Sabrina George Carol Michael Elizabeth Melissa Alex Bill David Katherine Jonathan Kathy Wanda Bernie James Jennifer Charles Eric Kayla Sue Danette Cat Laura Douglas Daniel pamela Christine Sandra Patricia Lynn David Gian Helen Hope Linda Dean Benjamin Kathleen Lynn Beth Harold Benjamin Mitchell Torrance Heidi Vincenzo Brenda
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Ivoryton Middletown East Haven Norwalk New Britain Redding Ontario Enfield Rocky Hill ENFIELD Stamford wilton ellington Glastonbury Tariffville Hartford Westport Hartford Fairfield Greenwich New London deep river Vence vernon Norwalk Norwalk Bethel north branford Southbury Manchester Norwalk Greenwich Madison Bridgeport FAIRFIELD Newington Fairfield Prospect Wallingford Collinsville Bristol East Hampton Washington Depot New Milford Hamden New Haven Branford gioiella Old Saybrook
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Horowitz Cameron Mintz putz Mason Rodriguez Madigan Parisi Levavy Prol Perret Emery clowe Ewing Zurcher Keudel Mireille Ksczanowicz Levine Serenson Bradford Curtin-Barnes swain Matoff Middlebrooks visconti Fields Wood Morningstar Gover Flynn Lee Schectman Iungerman Beasley-Baker Clark Kessler Gilleberg jennick Pollack Milgrom
Floral Park New Windsor New York Valley Stream Brooklyn LIC Freeville Yonkers Astoria Brooklyn Rye Larchmont Rye New York Brooklyn Kenmore toulon Rochester South Salem Yonkers Portland NY ithaca Rhinebeck Sunnyside Port Jefferson Port Washington Rochester Brooklyn Forest Hills Cutchogue New York Mt. Kisco Glens Falls Brooklyn New York Springwater norwich New Milford New York Bronx Irvington
NY NY NY NY NY NY NY NY NY NY NY NY NY NY NY NY NY NY NY NY NY NY NY NY NY NY NY NY NY NY NY NY NY NY NY NY NY NY NY NY NY NY NY NY NY
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Meigs Marks sanger McCarron Acunzo Reynolds Sabin
norwich Odessa NY
Saratoga Springs NY Brooklyn New York Mill Neck NY NY NY
Sarah Maureen Geoffrey Emma Stephen Lidia Shelly Bill Alexander Elaina Matthew Glenn Johanna Brooke Bailey M Mary Chris Lucinda Erik Stephanie Maureen Michael Vanstalle Estelle Wendy Cindy tuula Roberta Masha lorraine Joyce John Elisa Kelley Kerry Amy Cindy Francine William Evgeniia Iris Katrina Patrick Adam Ricardo Alycia Alan Jill
Blumenreich Heiddtmann Frattini
Ridgefield East Hampton Cheshire Enfield
CT CT CT CT CT CT CT CT CT CT CT CT CT CT CT CT CT CT CT CT CT CT CT CT CT CT CT CT CT CT CT CT CT CT CT CT CT CT CT CT CT CT DC DC DC DC DC DC DC
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Barbara Brian Allison Linda Anthony Maria-Cristina Amersbeek Sherry Susan Brendan Leo shari Donna Daniel Carol Alan Paul Pauline Richard David Edwin mae Bruce Nancy DuCasse Elise Kelly Erica Yvonne Jude Antoinette Marsha Danielle Pamela Janice Doris Jeanne Ashley Debra Carol Michael Lisa Nadia Antonia Kelly Mary Jacqueline Cal Amanda Larry
O'Brien Schiavo Waxman Adsit Aviles Marinescu Amersbeek Jones Terwilliger Nelson Blackman falomir Daniels Zoladz Moon Wolfer Furman DeMairo Nowak Weiss Philbrook chok Buck Yacalis Birn Grindstaff Sarro Imperiale E.Newton Zometa Vander Heyden
Huntington New York New York Weedsport Forest Hills yorktown heights Burt Olean Flushing
NY NY NY NY NY NY NY NY NY
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Fleitas Baltazar JULIAN Martens Chapman Marcotte Lugauskas Williams Vroegop Girty McCann Gillespie Psarras Sanders Hannon Alexander Fox DeNunzio KochKetola Myriam
Norwalk Sabugal auckland Vernon Bridgeport Vernon Rockville Waterbury Mystic Auckland lyme New Fairfield Madison Stratford Manchester Avon Manchester Bloomfield Norwalk middletown Bertrix Danbury
East Atlantic BeachNY Wassaic mexico city getzville Rochester New York Long Beach chestnut ridge Jackson Heights Rocheater Brooklyn Latham Flushing Monroe Plainedge NY NY NY NY NY NY NY NY NY NY NY NY NY NY
Greenwood Lake NY Saratoga Springs NY Pleasantville New York Islip Terrace San Salvador NYC New York NY NY NY NY NY NY NY NY NY NY NY NY NY NY NY NY NY NY NY NY NY NY NY
Herbert Girgenti Berke Reynolds Whittemore petro Joiner Pugzlesi Katz Babcock McGorlick Wallace Burke Ungaro Gibson Romakhova Hotakov Cox Reilly Lewis Roman Kellman Weiskott Pape
North Branford Danbury Clinton Shelton Danialson waterbury westport TOlland Wallingford Southington Pine Meadow Darien weston Southington Ansonia Norwalk Stamford Washington Washington Washington AGUASCALIENTES Washington Washington Washington
Joy Capuani Gahler Jacobowitz Lovell Durante Bernstein Gerber Karp Mehenni
New York Orchard Park New York Craryville Nyc New York Oyster Bay Snyder Brooklyn Brooklyn Castleton
Baker Nostramo Henderson Mendelsohn Libutti Rundle
Rochester Maspeth New York Nanuet Staten Island Glens Falls
Stephanie Harry Alexandra Martha Charles judith Candice Irene Fann Amy Lucia Michael Kristina Hattie Jonathan Howard Sharon Megan Carol Rae Linda Melanie alvaro Kathleen margo Dee Jennifer Ray Riesa Brigitte Geme Dennis Joan Nancy Dawn Jared Sally Lindsay Alfred BETTY Christine Michael Robert Howard Sylvia Alvaro Hazel Anthony Sara
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Susan Shannon Alan Marc Kim Savannah Josephine James Anna Diane John Donna Aubrey JEan Rachel Kenneth MaryEllen Mary Diane
Sheffield Soltysiak Henriksen Weber Holloway Wozny Castro Koncurat Davis Engdahl Wilson Butler
Syracuse Brooklyn Smithtown New City Massapequa New York New York Bearsville Hankins johnson city Long Beach New York
NY NY NY NY NY NY NY NY NY NY NY NY NY NY NY NY NY NY NY NY NY NY NY NY NY
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Washington Washington Washington WASHINGTON Washington Washington Washington Washington Washington Washington Washington Newark Newark Newark Claymont Newark Wilmington Newark Felton Adendorf detroit Middletown Millsboro Millsboro Wilmington Wilmington New castle, altenmuenster Wilmington Selbyville Camden-Wyoming Wilmington Ocean View Wilmington New Smyrna Bch. St. Petersburg Biscayne Park lakeland Vendays-Montalivet williston Tampa Spring Hill Fort Lauderdale miami Tallahassee Palm Beach Gardens santa rosa beach
Lees Jung Seiler LaBarca Cahill Sager Hedley Robinson Peto Esposito Weber McGinness DeLuke Speranza Taylor Bernier Perez Dunker Stanton Trioufanova Bartold Battista Olmstead Cannatella Hanna gates Schmid Culbert Wolfe Harris Baxter Bellantoni formosa Solomon Ruas BOZZOLA Falk
New York NYC Coram Tuckahoe Astoria Endicott malta Mississauga Gloversville Staten Island Flanders Cortlandt Manor Oneida
19702 19943 21365 54070 19709 19966 19966 19805 19806 19720 86450 19802 19975 19934 19810 19970 19804 32168 33701 33161 33801 33930 32696 33625 34606 33315 33166 32312 33418 32459
Jill Shari Susan Bonnie Jo-Ann Jan Linda Madeleine Richard Octavio Bradley tatiana Tatiana Carol Gia Ruby John Donna dawn David Maureen Ellen Jenny Barbara Marianna miguel Karen Charles Eliette Florence
South Farmingdale NY New York St. James New York NEW YORK Trumansburg New York Lima Copiague Staten Island New York Staten Island schoharie Buffalo East Springfield New York Holsworthy Falconer Staten Island Bronx SaratogaSprings New York Bouckville New York NY NY NY NY NY NY NY NY NY NY NY NY NY NY NY NY NY NY NY NY NY NY NY
Nicole Randy Marie Jonathan Terry Cody Vivian Matthew Scott Leo Marcela Marlie Maureen Gabriella Lois Kelly Theresa Ken ann Daniel Christine Joseefine Barbara Marcla Susan Laurie Lisa Nancy Steve Melissa Isabel Colleen Bruce Michael Rachel Leah Cynthia Peggy Mary Jeff kent Marian Emily Alyssa Don Patricia Bonnie Brian Sam
Hornberger Chapman Hammer Piper Bykka Pinti Griffin Borland Ewing
Miami Sugarloaf key Gainesville Clearwater St. Augustine Melbourne Lakeland Jacksonville Hudson Hiealeah
FL FL FL FL FL FL FL FL FL FL FL FL FL FL FL FL FL FL FL FL FL FL FL FL FL FL FL FL FL FL FL FL FL FL FL FL FL FL FL FL FL FL FL FL FL FL FL FL FL
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Oswego Tillsonburg Ithaca Lattingtown New York Pw Red Hook Astoria New York Holmes Saranac Lake
NY NY NY NY NY NY NY NY NY NY NY
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Lutz Tarpon Springs St. Petersburg Hialeah Apalachicola Wellington DeLand spring hill miami Windermere Bunnell St Petersburg Valrico Cocoa Altoona Ft. Lauderdale Jacksonville Naples Safety Harbor
Massapequa Park NY Brier Hill Brooklyn Rosendale Bronx NY NY NY NY NY NY NY
Taddeo Kolodzieczyk Greenberg cirabisi Loscialo Nalencz Wayne Note Segal McKay Wright Vorreuter Reynolds Geller
New York Brooklyn Bronx
Massapequa Park NY West Babylon New York New York Brooklyn suffern New York NY NY NY NY NY NY
North Tonawanda NY new York St Helier Nanuet Dewitt NY NY NY NY NY NY NY NY NY
Muza Esparza O'Neill Marshall chase Perez Pecoraro-Eddy Brown Goldberg Gross Hanna driskell Quinlan
Bristol Davie St. Petersburg The Villages jacksonville Miami Dunedin Sebring Citra Belleair Nokomis Lake Worth Apopka Miami
Simonetti Brenner Graziano Badia LeVine
Selden brooklyn New York new york Brooklyn
leah john Michael Kathryn Gab Wayne Benedetta Jill Connie Mary Robert Marion
hardy
new york queens
NY NY NY NY NY NY NY NY NY NY NY
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Hadj Barry Herman Johnson Palmirani Schreier Laccone Cordray Banov Lakatos
New york SUFFERN New York Bk Vinovo ny port washington Medford Brooklyn
Anderson Margeson Wilson Bellin Gillis
Tallahassee St. Petersburg Lady Lake Palm Coast MIAMI Gulfport
Croton on Hudson NY
Jasmine Robert Sean Janet Kathryn zulma Candace William Cy Beth Julius Erik June Bridget Marilyn Lynda Cynthia Lily Susan Michaela Savannah Linda melissa Susana John Franky Barbara-Lee Ann Vikki Simone Andy Carole Carolina Kirsi Phyllis Jeannie Judith Cynthia Karen Rick Kiko Carmen Eric olga Melissa Theodore Brian Indra M
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Miami Pembroke Pines coral springs Gainesville Plantation weston Gainesville Pensacola Altamonte springs St. Petersburg Miami Miami Sebastian deland Coral Gables Orange Park West Palm Beach Coral Gables Lakeland Oviedo pensacola beach Venice coconut grove miami hudson Miami Lakeland Delray Beach Palm Harbor Clearwater Jacksonville Beach Brooksville Miami Beach Tampere Boca Raton Orlando Cantonment West Palm Beach Ocala Tampa Fort Lauderdale Hollywood GAINESVILLE Miami wellington Pensacola Lakewood Ranch Davie Miami
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NY NY NY NY NY NY NY NY NY NY NY NY NY NY NY NY NY NY NY NY NY NY NY NY NY NY NY NY NY NY NY NY NY NY
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port jefferson StatioNY NY Tonawanda Larchmont New York Medford East Chatham New York Chatham Coxsackie Skaneateles Middletown Great Neck Binghamton NY NY NY NY NY NY NY NY NY NY NY NY NY NY NY
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Fressell Brown
destin Miami Gardens, Plantation
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Brad Johanna Chris Chris Yvonne robert Joseph Jeremiah Joyce Colleen Maria Sadie Emanuela
Walrod Elias Witting Washington P parks Rosta Belanger Marthaller Lucas Astorga Dempsey Souza
Kenoza Lake Brooklyn queens New York Ozone Park ogdensburg Brooklyn Cobleskill Canandaigua Far Rockaway Flushing Dukinfield CAMPINAS FARMINGDALE Albany Greenlawn bath New York Huntington
NY NY NY NY NY NY NY NY NY NY NY NY NY NY NY NY NY NY NY
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Ellis Alvarez Quesada Finamore Grill
Davenport Weston Pompano Beach citrus springs West Palm Beach Tampa
Rowell Jacobs Greenboam Kornse Grinmanis Seailles Swart Epstein Sundquist Krause Torres-Castro West Brown Schwartz Garcia-Rodriguez Poole Cabrera Lima Piccione Hardeman Lamas Dalton Asher Pankow Yip Caperilla Marice Masser Kerrigan Chatterton Stanton Harju Murray
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Denisedefrancisco defrancisco Roy Karen gabrielle Theresa Susan Miriam Christopher Sara Jamie Ponie Mike Michael Christopher Cliff Vincent Julie Phyllis Joel Dragana Andre norma Marge Mary Anne Richard Maria Gabrielle Selah Sanaa emanuela Silvia Edgar Bradley Thomas Irving DiTizio Takatsch Wagner Coon M West gibney Maloney Levitt Kobayashi Bartley Stock Mott lamphier Johnson Goldman Gordon Pelham gennaro VanHoesen Sheehan Kelly Mitchell Sammond
West Hempstead NY New York Howard Beach Cortland NY NY NY
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Mastropaolo-Bocle Brooklyn Kayser Roberts Benjelloun levin Rennie Roberts Duprey Rochford Lee Hicksville New York New York Rochester New York Scarsdale Chazy New York New York
Rodriguez Hutton Eckert Cole Dopico Powers
Kissimmee Vero Beach Jacksonville Tarpon Springs Miami fort myers
Dennis michele Melissa
Hewitt labrie Gagnon
Winter Haven Barefoot Bay Fort Lauderdale Orlando
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Floral Park Rochester New York Stittville Buffalo syracuse Woodside new York City Neversink New York Mohegan Lake Brooklyn HORNELL Nyc West Islip Central Islip new york New York Bklyn Kirkwood Horseheads brooklyn BROOKLYN Middle Village Rosedale Briarwood NEW YORK Woodside Smithtown
NY NY NY NY NY NY NY NY NY NY NY NY NY NY NY NY NY NY NY NY NY NY NY NY NY NY NY NY NY
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Bangkok Thailand NY New York Ithaca Waterford Old Chatham Albion Wingdale Bayside Brooklyn Suffern New York NY NY NY NY NY NY NY NY NY NY
PORT CHESTER NY Armonk Williston Park White Plains NYC Malone NY Valhalla Rome NY NY NY NY NY NY NY NY
Terriault Campbell Smith Inere Gitzen
Tequesta Pensacola Fleming Island Pensacola lake Worth
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Royal Palm Beach Weston Miami Boca Raton Clackmannanshire
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NY NY NY NY NY NY NY NY NY NY NY NY NY NY NY NY NY NY NY NY NY NY NY NY NY NY NY NY NY NY NY NY NY NY NY NY NY NY NY NY NY NY NY NY NY NY NY NY NY
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Bonita Springs Wellington west palm beach holiday Boca Grande West Palm Beach West Palm Beach Leesburg Hernando Ocala Lehigh Acres Boca Raton Clermont Fort Lauderdale Tampa Boca Raton Pt Charlotte West Palm Beach Oldsmar JACKSONVILLE Sarasota spring hill Fort Lauderdale Bronson Miami beach Hialeah Venice clearwater Davie Key West altamonte springs Tallahassee Nokomis Santa Giustina Melbourne Tavares Boca Raton Masaryktown Sydney Clermont Beadenton Homestead Tampa Hialeah
Melanie & Jeff vinny Jill Hildegard Scott Leigh stephen Tiffany Ellen Shirilyn Angelina Eileen Francis Rosamund Joyce Sonja KP Erika Mike SANDA Nicole Patrizia Edith Lesley Laura Terri Debbie Patty Felicia Richard Cheryl Richard Leslie Donna Mary-Jo Carolina Sharon Gwenn Linda William Nancy Melissa Patricia Luz C Brenda Jean Vita Sam
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Dexter Harper Hovestadt Koosed Fleet Pfaffenbach Noguera Winner Singer Miljour
London Red Hook Spring Valley New York Camden Schenectady Bay Shore Brooklyn New York sanborn Pretoria
NY NY NY NY NY NY NY NY NY NY NY NY NY NY NY NY NY NY NY NY NY NY NY NY NY NY NY NY NY NY NY NY NY NY NY NY NY NY NY NY NY NY NY NY
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Ellis Moore Priestley Asch
West Chazy New York BEDFORD New York Mineola
Douglas Griego Dillmann Buschi Necker cinardo Van Amburgh
Astoria new york Ithaca Tarrytown Norwich Ny Troy Rochester
kastin Andreis Strout Fazio Emmanuel
brooklyn Torino Dobbs Ferry Merrick New York brooklyn
Siwik Bernard Kasminoff Cannicott Carey Keeny Williams Mostov Corelli Feld DuVall Lasko polizzi Coviello Carollo Strassberg Bassoff Aponte Moreno
New York Scarborough Old Bethpage New York Astoria Medusa Brooklyn NEW YORK Troy Garrison NY New York Rochester Ontario
Cannon Meehan Rodriguez Hawkins Ospina Tamburry Cremeans Latimer Cox Sandilla Jr.
dunedin Santa Rosa Beach MIAMI Palm Coast north bay village Fort Lauderdale sarasota Davie daytona beach Clearwater
KNICKERBOCKERNY Shandaken Jefferson kingston Chestnut Ridge NY NY NY NY
Esther Carlos Shannon Merrill Pam Carol Laurie Bernadine David Charles Kallya Meg Vanessa N Linda bret Maureen Geri Ken Denene Daniel Christy Leslie Melissa Dr. William E Maura Christina Brig Alejandro Russell Sarah Donna Janet suzanne Cynthia Sam Joyce Lisa Stephanie Peter Jean Yvonne George Jamie adriana Parvin Steve Fr yderyk
M.Prexl Quiroga-Lassepas Hane Kramer Bee Smerling Champion Turner Davis Franklin Georgiades Mishler Benitez W Winner watson Shull Bommarito Warren Dobbratz Fontaine
Tamarac Tampa tavares clearwater Titusville Boca Raton Holiday Newberry Gainesville Winter Haven Palm Beach Gardens Fort Lauderdale Cutler Bay Delray Beach pensacola Ellenton Naples Tampa Pinellas Park Coral Springs Orlando Summerfield
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Donaghy Wagner Muller
New York Kirkville Brooklyn New York
10023 13082 11229 10002 12572 11421 10590 11362 10012 14105 12345
Cody Sanchez Hoffman Bitet Lebow Sonnenberg
Rhinebeck Woodhaven South Salem Little Neck New York Middleport Schenectady
Zdeb Scibilia-Carver Liebling Lazarewicz Pine smith Hawelu-Hills Schnick Pinsky Edelson Drake Venesky Fresco waller Meltzer Patel Powell Clay Van Wagenen Weisman Romer Panko Patterson Tran Perkins Kaufman Murray Arnone Casstevens
Buffalo Trumansburg Brooklyn Buffalo Sea Cliff glens falls Buffalo Buffalo Hudson Woodstock Coram Brooklyn new york new york Port Washington Rego Park Brushton Beacon Astoria New York Farmingville Hartsdale Canaan Schenectady new york Bronx New York Brooklyn Binghamton Hilton
14886 11215 14223 11579 12801 14210 14207 12534 12498 11727 11226 12345 10014 11050 11374 12916 12508 11106 10021 11738 10530 12029 12345 10024 10471 10065 11204 13905 14468 12061 12498 14830 14472 12345 11772 11727 13901
davis Hendershott Serra Alexander ODonnell Robinson Leas Cabal-Cabal Riley McKenna Scheubert Robinson Valencia Talbert Rosa McDonnell Shaw Johnson P Yedkois Kupersmit Wilder Verity wozniak Daneshvar Rosenka Dubienski
Fort Lauderdale Pensacola Orlando Miami Miami Beach lehigh rpyal palm beach Hallandale Beach Pensacola Euclid Naples Boca Raton West Melbourne Port Orange hialeah Kissimmee Saint Petersburg Tampa Jacksonville Clearwater Loxahatchee naples Oldsmar Palm Coast casselberry Brooksville Pompano Beach
Tidd Mendoza Schwartzman Knox Vandal McNamee Gluck
East Greenbush Woodstock Corning Honeoye Falls alma Patchogue Coram Binghamton
Shaffer Pamela Myles Conroy Agzack Michael Nicole Amy Summer Gladys Dana Paul Kathy Steve Mich Courtney Carolin Danielle christopher Sandra Susan Glenn Tracy John Celeste Sandra Terry Julia Jenny Alison Robert Donald Laura Alexis Julie Adriana Luci Michael Maria Veronica Paul T.Marietta Jay Emma Lisa Renee Frank Amie christie
Ann Haun McGann Jacob
Jacksonville Cooper City Gainesville Oldsmar Pompano Beach
32205 33328 32653 34677 33062 32607 33050 32563 32811 32501 33612 33704 32216 32250 33713 33185 32225 33172 32738 33144 33486 33312 33709 33850 32601 32827 32958 33412 33706 34237 32937 33919 34233 33703 33606 33134 32440 33716 33129 32812 32951 34655 33308 32035 33125 32792 33021 32666 34677
Mara John Eileen Anna Angela Carla Richard lisa ruth Susan Mariyam Inge Judith Tracy Jonathan Ilenia Sandra Ilene Laura susanne Sergio Janet Joseph Lisa Daniel Miriam Joyce Marie Tinne Bryson Helen Lillian Chris Eileen Suzanne Jaime Chris Demi Karen Leonard Gorge Izabela Michael David John Jennifer Dennis P. Paul VM
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new york Brooklyn port washingotn Brooklyn Webster Pittsford New Paltz stony point MEDFORD oneida Bardonia Brooklyn B'klyn Chappaqua Binghamton Astoria Babylon Brooklyn Selden E Hills WESTBURY Montauk Staten Island Liverpool Garrison Bromma wilton Staten Island Turnhout NY
10003 11218 11050 11215 14580 14534 12561 10980 11763 13421 10954 11225 11235 10514 13905 11105 11702 11234 11784 11576 11590 11954 10305 13088 10524 12345 12831 10304 12345 10075 10314 11377 11374 12122 11215 14206 14001 11790 10314 11576 11209 11385 11777 11733 12572 14051 12501 10003 14850
Rogal Ferris Reyes ankiel Giraldo Kovar Herzig Turba Bennett Sullivan Edwards olive Phelps kowalski Berardino Aramayo Coombe Ferguson Dame Shitama rodriguez
Gainesville Marathon GULF BREEZE orlando Pensacola TAMPA Saint Petersburg Jacksonville jacksonville Saint Petersburg Miami Jacksonvile Miami deltona Miami Boca Raton Staines St. Petersburg Lake Alfred Gainesville Orlando Sebastian
Gordon
west palm beach St. Pete Beach
Davies Morgan Hendricks Schiess Roman Henderson Teodoro-Dier Fowler Katzban Auzas Ramos Heinricher Christon Rozner Pearce Washburn Thomas Gallart Hagar coker
Sarasota Satellite Beach Fort Myers Sarasota Saint Petersburg Tampa Coral Gables Graceville St Petersburg miami orlando melbourne beach New Port Richey FORT LAUDERDALE Fernandina Beach Miami Winter Park Hollywood Melrose oldsmar
McGrail Brooking Hernandez Corbett Driscoll Barnes Campbell Fortuna Harper Rappe Politis Cogelja Ross Douglas Compton Radecki Rooney Clay Campbell
staten island Woodside Rego Park Middleburgh Brooklyn Buffalo Akron Stony Brook Staten Island Roslyn brooklyn glemdale Port Jefferson East Setauket Rhinebeck East Amherst Amenia New York Ithaca
Priscilla Evonne Tim Betty Mark Linda John Gina Shirley Felipe Jennifer Martha Patricia alicia Andrew Brianna Sherrill Patrick Alan Tim Jean Johanna Bob Sierra tara Debra Leslie stephanie Marcela Lazzarotti dharma Harriet Kam Daniel Magda Raemona Taylor Cynthia Elizabeth Ruben & Dianne Amanda Kari William Margaret Sean Matt Sara Clare Karen Hannaman Hughes Wolff Stiewing Williams Goldthwait de Silva Soto Henderson Carvajal Vinson del aguila Siva Frachtman Wycoff Owens Fernandez Salt Thompson Fletcher Brockhoff Kross grimes Forman Nelson whisler Artiles natacha rama Martinez Chapman Cavanaugh Santiago Clark Hanagriff Ferraiuolo Hudson Arvizu Langston Waters Norman Thrash Bailey Campbell Faoro Costello Leasman
west palm beach Seminole West Palm Beach Pensacola Oviedo Pompano Beach St. Augustine Beach Miami Miami Doral Fleming Island North Miami Beach Lakeland miami Casselberry Coral Springs Jacksonville panama city Miami Philipsburg Ormond Beach Delray Beach Safety Harbor Celebration orange city palm beach gardens Hialeah orange park Miami beziers miami avon park Lake Worth Loxahatchee Davenport Largo Brandon miami beach Atlanta Marietta Decatur Macon Atlanta Atlanta Athens Pine Lake Conegliano Decatur Cumming
FL FL FL FL FL FL FL FL FL FL FL FL FL FL FL FL FL FL FL FL FL FL FL FL FL FL FL FL FL FL FL FL FL FL FL FL FL FL GA GA GA GA GA GA GA GA GA GA GA
33415 33772 33403 32504 32765 33062 32080 33186 33187 33172 32003 33162 33812 33183 32707 33076 32224 32405 33125 33166 32174 33445 34695 34747 32763 33410 33018 32065 33186 34500 33166 33825 33467 33470 33897 33778 33511 33141 30317 30064 30032 31210 30324 30339 30601 30072 31015 30033 30040
Louise Jane Stacie jeffrey Dominique chanta Seneca Dan Pia Diane Christiane Jenny Jimmy Patrick David Doug Laura Beth Sandra Mary Catherine Linas Elizabeth Shelly deb DrHcg Charlotte Sue Zachary gary Matt Jamie Helen Marlene Sunny Melanie Sharon geoffrey Susan Barbara Jimacia Paul james Debra Kathleen Sara alexander J John
Calabro Kirk Claytor Heinrich Provencher merritt Solt Sandman Alm-Basu Schabitzer Henker Hill Arcade Jones Kersten Klingenberg Dailey Buist Wagner Tucker Scallen Muliolis Evelyn Hall wisintainer Sales Cook Miller Jacobs newhart Smith Ratajczak Bauman Barrett Graham Walker Sieger bachert Williams Fath Levy Rogers swartz Morgan Jennings Crosby savvateev Anderson Koerner
Bayside York Uniontown Columbus North Royalton dayton North Olmsted Chardon LOVELAND Medina Gelsenkirchen Westerville Columbus West Milton Medina Tallmadge Maineville Bluffton Bryan
NY NY OH OH OH OH OH OH OH OH OH OH OH OH OH OH OH OH OH
11360 80318 44685 43206 44133 45424 44070 44024 45140 44256 45881 43081 43224 45383 44256 44278 45039 45817 43506 44060 44122 44122 45244 44050 44663 44011 45239 45211 43469 45034 44333 44287 44236 43537 44077 45066 44094 43202 44632 45162 44483 45353 43506 43558 43952 43202 45678 43207 45434
Mentor On The LakOH Shaker Heights Beachwood Cincinnati LaGrange NEW PHILA Avon Cincinnati Cincinnati Woodville Kings Mills AKRON West salem Hudson Maumee Painesville springboro Willoughby volumbus Hartville Plesant Plain Warren watford bryan Swanton Steubenville Columbus Scottown Columbus Beavercreek OH OH OH OH OH OH OH OH OH OH OH OH OH OH OH OH OH OH OH OH OH OH OH OH OH OH OH OH OH
Diane Drew Rena Aubrey Anna Belle Susan Susan Don Janet Regina siobhan Ken Julie Jane Lynn Lucia Larry Leah Carole Colleen Martha Beverly V Krysten Sue Michele Elizabeth Susan Joel Sidney MIchelle Robby Lydia Clarence Brandy toby Sabina Christine Layla Sarah Cindy Marinangeles Lain Caroline Phyllis Charlotte Granger Melody Glenz
Houston Kramer Sutton Burke Illien Starling Drake Hutcheson Katz Kay gilchrist Spence Ceigler Palmer Edgar DePretto Arnold Canady Mathews crump Bohannon Trottier Certain Rose-McCully Stoudemire Kay Rutledge Welch Jackson Thiessen Gregg Strozier Adams Rosa Evett Thomas martin Cushing Lacayo Holguin-Messner Skahan Langley Gutierrez
Savannah Athens Woodstock Canton Atlanta Marietta Atlanta Atlanta Marietta Decatur decatur Columbus Duluth stone mountain Decatur Norcross macon Grayson Smyrna Decatur Albany Marietta St. simons island Atlanta ATLANTA Savannah Mableton Millen Atlanta Warner Robins Atlanta Macon Athens atlanta Rossville Acworth Savannah Marietta Decatur Jasper Decatur Atlanta Dunwoody
GA GA GA GA GA GA GA GA GA GA GA GA GA GA GA GA GA GA GA GA GA GA GA GA GA GA GA GA GA GA GA GA GA GA GA GA GA GA GA GA GA GA GA GA GA GA GA GA GA
31401 30606 30188 30115 30309 30067 30324 30309 30068 30032 30030 31904 30097 30087 30030 30092 31216 30017 30082 30032 31707 30064 31522 30339 30305 31406 30126 30442 30307 31088 30329 31204 30606 30345 30741 30102 31401 30068 30033 30143 30030 30312 30339 30340 30345 30097 31401 30316 57910
Karen Anna Al Bridget Adriana Paul Jennifer Debra Marlene Rochelle David Beverly Susan Ellen Julie ms cynthia Carrie Robert Franklin John Donald Jeffrey Heather sandra Rebecca Sharyn Kschischan Dixie Martha Shoshana Mary Brian Scott Sandra Lynne Sue Terri Tsali Sue Jenny charlene Nalana Charlene jim Mary Julia Susan Kevin Steven
Hart Shaugnesy Blazo Murphy Aguirre Hopkins Simpson Reble Borton Verchick Gurarie Hartman Lay Dryer Jones conner Davis Morton Piccirillo Rumary Hyatt Norwalk Tessler tyson Klasen Porter Kschischan Bowsher Cocke Kaufman Dustin Kuru
Akron Geneva Youngstown cincinnati Montreal Norwalk Mason Cleveland Hts. Vandalia cleveland Cleveland Lexington Dayton Loveland Cuyahoga Falls akron Warren Fremont Cleveland tunbridge wells Columbus Genoa Toledo akron Athens Worthington Herne Dayton Warren
OH OH OH OH OH OH OH OH OH OH OH OH OH OH OH OH OH OH OH OH OH OH OH OH OH OH OH OH OH
44313 44041 44509 45202 45030 44857 45040 44106 45377 44113 44106 44904 45410 45140 44221 44319 44483 43420 44102 66633 43221 43430 43614 44303 45701 43085 44625 45424 44484 44118 44094 43202 44275 44256 43952 44256 45417 45404 45202 45056 44818 44319 44022 43616 44035
University Heights OH Willoughby Columbus Spencer OH OH OH OH OH OH OH OH OH OH OH OH OH OH OH OH OH OH
Bilek Baird Elkevizth Pigford Ticonderoga Murray Witt harmount Kardos Nevans crawford Showers DeNiro Glynn Labadie Holland
Medina Steubenville Medina dayton Dayton Cincinnati Oxford Bloomville akron Moreland Hills oregon Elyria Wooster Kettering Stow
Prinzivalli Free K Eltringham Paris Marilou
Atlanta Atlanta Duluth Savannah Atlanta roth hambach
45420 44224 44118
OH SHAKER HEIGHTS
Muriel betty Arthur David Lindsay Lindsey Devin Kelley Carmen Trey Wilma Robin Patricia Roberta Jenny Kay Tiffany Lynne Benjamin William Andrew Carlotta Lil Laura Alanna Narelle Daniela Gogoci Debby robert Taylor Mary Mike & Joy Charles Robert Caroline Amy Michelle Tony becky Geeta Kate Judeen shon ann Betty Jamie
Lindsay almand Hughes Nebel Conklin Rushing Hardin harvey Calleja Coursey Turner Vincent Roberts Cook Baker Burnette Hsia Chimiklis Goggins Brown Byczko Harrell
Tybee Island Avondale Est. Marietta Sharpsburg Ft benning Statesboro Lawrenceville Fort benning Alpharetta Richmond Hill cumming cartersville Atlanta Mableton Valdosta Dalton Atlanta Atlanta Tybee Island Fitzgerald atlanta Stockbridge Clayton
GA GA GA GA GA GA GA GA GA GA GA GA GA GA GA GA GA GA GA GA GA GA GA GA GA GA GA GA GA GA GA GA GA GA GA GA GA GA GA GA GA GA GA GA GA GA GA GA GA
31328 30002 30067 30277 31905 30461 30045 31905 30004 31324 30040 30120 30314 30126 31602 30721 30303 30342 31328 31750 30312 30281 30525 30318 30102 31720 30135 30058 30342 31525 30002 30102 30143 31406 31525 30268 31030 30329 30033 31907 30097 30605 30127 30030 30906 30044 30741 30529 30572
Max Rachel John Melanie Robin Judy Jeffery Lena Daniel Eric Rodney William Ed Linda Mark Herbert Michael Tracy ashley juliana Robert August Ronald Abigail Patricia Sara John Loretta Robin Kim Lori Gwynyth Ed Nancy Rhonda Marilyn Debra Monique R Travis Gina Tiffany Steven Jean Veronica Kristin Tracy Ilaria Juliane
Frazier Doyle Beamer Minnich Lewis Schomaker Tucker Rehberger Morris schickendantz Miller Walraven sauer Van Brocklyn Hrusovsky larson Seager Smith stanbery fuerst Shannon Armstrong Conn Marker Piatt Sherman Thoma Kerns Hershey Patton Stoner Chmara-Huff George Roth Holt Graham
COLUMBUS Ohio City Curtice lorain Brunswick Worthington Kenton Macedonia Westlake Akron Wooster Akron columbus Columbus North Ridgeville Cleveland Mentor Waverly Grand Rapids Beachwood Newark Lakewood Lancaster Cincinnati Cincinnati Columbus Dayton Cortland Akron Springboro Bryan Granville Cleveland Oberlin Miamisburg Lakewood Canton
OH OH OH OH OH OH OH OH OH OH OH OH OH OH OH OH OH OH OH OH OH OH OH OH OH OH OH OH OH OH OH OH OH OH OH OH OH OH OH OH OH OH OH OH OH OH OH OH OH
43227 45874 43412 44055 44212 43085 43326 44056 44145 44313 44691 44313 43214 43219 44039 44119 44060 45690 43522 44122 43055 44107 43130 45208 45230 43207 45419 44410 44301 45066 43506 43023 44111 44074 45342 44107 44718 44074 44108 43081 43017 44053 44122 45243 43022 44130 45242 45011 44149
DeHaven Watson Mynott Laudati Ramona-Liana
Atlanta Acworth Barwick Venezia Timisoara Atlanta
ogburn St.Clair Turcotte Cook Relyea Van Winkle Shaw Hiley Gregg Hart sanes Singh Dillon Garza henderson bell Woods Couch
brunswick Avondale Estates acworth Jasper Savannah Brunswick chattahoochee hills Fort Valley Atlanta DECATUR Columbus duluth Athens powder springs Decatur Augusta Lawrenceville rossville Commerce Suches
Duphil Waychoff Campbell Gambino Arnold Brofman Durbin Sarati Tamas Johnson Osti Gareis
Oberlin Bratenahl Westerville Dublin Lorain Beachwood Cincinnati Parma Cleveland Cincinnati Hamilton Dortmund
Katharine Michelle Haag Linda Butcher
A Sky Penny Bill Forrest Steven Kathie fax Alain Jan Cassie Margaret Rose Daniel Alfred Mark Clifton Raymond Victor Roanne Robert J Tamara Eve Denis Isabelle Stephanie christopher shera Terence Barb Dave Sherrye Sylvia Debra John Ruth Torun and David ciro Silvia Sarah Drago Hiroko Robin Elle deborah david Derek Lisa
Mathews Alexandra Gregorio Rubin Treat Ruddell chun sinclair Mei Lubin Syme Sueoka Adare Lindsay Arney Deakos Nunnally Baskerville Holmes LeBrun Van Wagoner Rosa Ticktin McGoldrick Dicks Berges Walkeapaa Harrison allen Travis Travis Kisor Grotte Baldwin Nix Nix Pahinui Almer kamai Rudert
Milner Atlanta Albany Atlanta Valdosta Kilauea Mililani waikoloa kihei Honolulu Kailua Kona Kapaa Keaau Hilo Honolulu Lahaina Honolulu Paia Makawao Pahoa Haiku Honolulu Honolulu Ewa Beach Kula kilauea Haleiwa waikoloa honolulu Ewa Beach Ewa Beach Pahoa KAILUA KONA Kailua Kihei Kihei Waimanalo Captain Cook Honolulu Honolulu basel
GA GA GA GA GA HI HI HI HI HI HI HI HI HI HI HI HI HI HI HI HI HI HI HI HI HI HI HI HI HI HI HI HI HI HI HI HI HI HI HI HI HI HI HI HI HI HI HI HI
30257
Daniella Natalie
Teodoro-Dier Means Cohn Aiken Dian Agelopoulos BAILEY Stanko Johnson Schaefer Carpino Temin Demeter Henzler Gabella Austing Zikmanis Sticka Faure Weaver Norman Stamm Rea Niedzielski Teets Blasingim Stanley Mulcahey Best Faulhammer Eggleston Sheets Roth Wright Sheridan Hutchins Kennon Brenneis-Fisher Woods Myers Maschke Garlock Grimm Hill Smith Azevedo Bermannov Dance Austin
Cincinnati Medway Niles Warren Cleveland Canton southington Dublin Perrysburg Somerville Magnolia Loveland CONCORD Perrysburg Kent Columbus
OH OH OH OH OH OH OH OH OH OH OH OH OH OH OH OH
45220 45341 44446 44481 44111 44721 44470 43017 43551 45064 44643 45140 44077 43551 44240 43229 44147 45242 43268 44212 44301 45130 43221 43613 45356 43605 43068 45230 43025 44333 43232 44135 44107 45410 45601 44857 43081 44512 45252 43782 44102 43229 74012 74114 73159 74012 74864 74080 74105
31721 30339 31605 96754 96789 96738 96753 96816 96740 96746 96749 96720 96816 96761 96822 96779 96768 96778 96708 96822 96822 96706 96790 96766 96712 96738 96816 96706 96706 96778 96745 96734 96753 96753 96795 96704 96817 96815 96701 96797 96813 96760 96815 96778 96786 96744 96734
Louise Nancy Lisa Lisa MARY Dawn Susan Alayne Marlene Larry Laurie Kathryn Kristin Cynthia Kristine Lauren Peter Beverly Julie Lynda Chris MaryAnn Crystal Jaime Morgan Annie R Patrice B David Carla Ellen W Rose Paula Susan A. Rocky Nicole Paul Barbara Sally Natalie Mario Sylvie Chris K
Broadview Heights OH Cincinnati Columbus Brunswick Akron Hamersville Columbus Toledo Piqua Toledo Reynoldsburg Cincinnati Hebron Akron Columbus cleveland Lakewood Dayton chillicothe Norwalk Westerville Youngstown Cincinnati Shawnee Cleveland Columbus Broken Arrow Tulsa Oklahoma City Broken Arrow Prague Mablethorpe Tulsa OH OH OH OH OH OH OH OH OH OH OH OH OH OH OH OH OH OH OH OH OH OH OH OH OH OK OK OK OK OK OK OK
Krakovic Matsumoto Simiele Cook kelly bohn Lindes Kelso
Waipahu honolulu Kurtistown Honolulu pahoa wahiawa kaneohe Kailua
Leslie Deborah Kathy David Danielle Serena Dennis Randy John MJ Peter Christine Anna Nyla Renee Patrick Auria Margaret Elaine Sherry Katharine Kait Alicia Rachel Inara Caroline Mike Lexi Hillary Sue Rhonda Linda David Michelle Vicki Debbie Vera Carmel Lori Susan Chiara Susan Sylvia Sara Vanessa Judy David Gay Amanda
Kornblatt Sherman Schuster Eash Hopkins Ruffilli Thompson Ouren Zimmerman House Feldstein Blake Gannon Logsden-Sackett Rickerl McKay Ruiz Holmgren Mahler Toelle Dale Ashenfelter Lamb Schutte Powers Rojas Bailey martin Maurer Sonner Duncan Bader McFarland Richard Hanson Heaton Cousins Benton Geiger Benson-Blaine Innocenti Collins Ethington Breschi Piearson Porter Brame Mikelson Dake
Puunene Haleiwa Kapaa Solon Davenport Florence Des Moines Harlan Clinton Coralville Oxford Indianola Des Moins Iowa City Clinton Iowa City Mxico Ames Iowa City Atlantic Lisbon Indianola Stuart Decorah Cedar Rapids Trujillo Fairfield Davenport West Branch Urbandale Indianola Cedar Rapids Urbandale Walcott Parnell Marion Grinnell Greenfield Crescent Harlan Girone Fiesole Firenze Cedar Rapids Des Moines Livorno Mason City Des Moines Tabor Iowa City Mount Vernon
HI HI HI IA IA IA IA IA IA IA IA IA IA IA IA IA IA IA IA IA IA IA IA IA IA IA IA IA IA IA IA IA IA IA IA IA IA IA IA IA IA IA IA IA IA IA IA IA IA
96784 96712 96746 52333 52803 50100 50320 51537 52732 52241 52322 50125 50317 52245 52732 52240 52045 50010 52240 50022 52253 50125 50250 52101 52402 51044 52556 52803 52358 50322 50125 52405 50323 52773 52325 52302 50112 50849 51526 51537 50061 52403 50313 57100 50401 50322 51653 52246 52314
Caitlyn Magorzata Jennifer Susan Cheryl Mercedes Heidi DEBORAH Ann Bill Virenda Paula Cheryl Darry Debe Jennifer reta Bradford Pamela Neil Jody Barry Janice Bill Bryan Jennifer Brandy Robert Karen Henry Alexis Richard Sarah Patrick Brook Gene Christian Sherry Irene Dick Charlotte Lucy amy Kim Bernice Anne Michele Barbara Sarah
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Swann Swanson Vaught Lackey Reinhardt SMITH Martin Cunningham Casey Wroten Mitchem Carlstone Judah Jayroe decastro Crain Statz Shargel Rutledge Klein Sherer Pierce Smith Welburn Swan Miller Berdou Carlile Laine Glass Vito Smit Manning Gossett Burchard Britz Willard Merrill Allen Mead Wilhite Kahl Freed Gongora DeBacker Wright Peters
Oklahoma City Jenks Oklahoma City Claremore Bopfingen Oklahoma City moore Oklahoma City Bixby Comanche Oklahoma City Tahlequah Broken Arrow Edmond enid Portland Portland portland Portland Eugene Hood River Milwaukie Portland Portland Milwaukie Portland Eugene Portland Portland Eugene Eugene Coos Bay Lake Oswego Portland Ashland Hillsboro Pilot Rock Bandon McMinnville Vida Port Orford Bend Beaverton
Cornelio Procopio OR Astoria Eugene newberg OR OR OR
Symone Richard Grace Michel Sherry Marcy Leena Ruth Julie Michelle Barbara Linda Kerry Nancy Tala Elizabeth Celeste Ellen Robin Lara Pam Shawna Kathy Romina Paul Kelli Jennifer Lynette roberta Penny Jane Jon DEAN Tawan Rob Malcolm Kristy Monique Randall Kim Jose Sergey Joel Janice Dale Christine Marcia Nehemiah Sheila
Ma Blandin Himmelberger Mowry Elrod Flansburg Maristo Bullock Lafferty Lenhart Bird Morgan Ritchie-Campbell Abdallah Wood Kelly Arnold Powers Powell Ruffinatto Turner Harbaugh Goebel
Cedar Falls Waterloo Boise Caldwell Salmon Eagle Helsinki Priest River Boise Boise Lewiston Caldwell Eagle Boise Cocolalla Moscow Boise Paris Post falls pinerolo banstead,uk Jerome Sagle Milan
IA IA ID ID ID ID ID ID ID ID ID ID ID ID ID ID ID ID ID ID ID ID ID ID ID IL IL IL IL IL IL IL IL IL IL IL IL IL IL IL IL IL IL IL IL IL IL IL IL
50613 50702 83709 83607 83467 83616 990 83856 83713 83704 83501 83607 83616 83716 83813 83843 83713 83261 84855 10064 83648 83338 83860 20100 83805 60517 60482 60659 60586 60646 60626 60622 60660 60645 62281 60613 60115 60660 61606 61736 60660 51265 60423 60616 60438 60030 60660 61201 61070
Lucia Carol John Rebecca Susan H Susan Berklee Kelly Margie Lori Kris Katherine Richard ruth HM Robin Irene Daniel Jacquie Angela Fanan Marta Peggy Ashley nicholas Angela Mark Osalyn Annie Hugh kiim Severian Kerry Terry Maril John
Durand Dotson Donley Haas Sheythe Millard Lilley Robins Hibbert
Corvallis Cloverdale Coos Bay PORTLAND Albany Salem Hillsboro Lake Oswego Roseburg Mcminnville
OR OR OR OR OR OR OR OR OR OR OR OR OR
97330 97112 97420 97215 97321 97308 97123 97035 97470 97128 97402 97471 97344 97502 97402 97404 97229 97540 97304 97203 97302 97229 97437 97405 97213 97217 97538 97201 97321 97024 97045 97086 97239 97394 97487 52018 97420 97498 97217 97321 97540 97465 97005 97230 97214 97701 97341 97478 97520
Dennis Bennett Gaeta Holman wilday Sustaita Weage Brady Saltz Gregor Norse Gar Boyett Hinsman Gossman nakadate Jensen rainha Houser van Domelen Davis stavrum Fryskesma Morgan Hodgin Mart-nez Trent
Eugene Roseburg Falls City
CENTRAL POINT OR Eugene Eugene Portland Talent Salem Portland Salem Portland Elmira Eugene portland portland Selma Portland Albany fairview Oregon City happy valley Portland Waldport Veneta Lima Coos Bay Yachats Portland albany Talent Port Orford Beaverton Portland Portland Bend Depoe Bay Springfield Ashland OR OR OR OR OR OR OR OR OR OR OR OR OR OR OR OR OR OR OR OR OR OR OR OR OR OR OR OR OR OR OR OR OR OR OR
Anthony Pero Fox Nieves lee Blubaugh Alexander Kula PEERMAN Saykawlard Kamps DOW Sipe Wheeler Monk Miller Valle Chyburayev Kramer Frankel Boroviak Pado Gundrum Hankins Swanson
Bonners Ferry Woodridge Worth Chicago Plainfield Chicago Chicago Chicago CHICAGO Chicago Maastricht ChiCAGO Dekalb Chicago Peoria Downs Chicago Bnei Brak FRANKFORT Chicago Lansing Third Lake Chicago ROCK ISLAND Rock City
Stephen and JacquCutler Peter Dawn Dolly Paulianne Ann Judith Kara Olivia Melinda Virginia Lisa Shaw Draper Warden Balch-Rancourt Tiedeman Ponder Ford Perry Spencer Conley Schumacher
Erin Susan Angela Daniel Deena Erini Barbara Fonda Dawn Nancy Adam AG Katie Bruce james Jerry Jane Dawn Marla Bonnie mark Rich Amy Laura Mary Rita peggy Susan Debra Robert Gary Stephen Ron Roger Ryan William Margaret Jeannine Terri Laura Edward James Rebecca Jeff Peter Richard Margareat Paul Sharon Alex
Yerges McFADDEN Marzelli Tamburich Seifer Shields Palmer Elder Stock Gurny Smith Hansen Abma Gordon Hines Bresnahan Drews Suppo Herzog Van Stedum gillono Eide andrews Long Luecke hutchison Mitchell Pumphrey Krueger LaClair Nickels Gary Gonnering Whetsel Burda Nagel Weidner barnett Haldeman Osowski Heller Ruiz Cox Kontos Winship Erickson Straka haney Oles
Champaign Tinley Park Palatine Chicago wheeling Evanston Golf Sullivan Geneseo Skokie Chicago Crestwood Berwyn Chicago Chicago Lake In The Hills McHenry Highlandpark Warsaw` Cicero aurora Evanston Chicago Chicago Evanston Apple River Romeoville pekin Chicago Scahumburg Simpson Chicago Schaumburg Chicago Naperville Evanston Rockford Yorkville Channahon Chicago Chicago CHICAGO East Peoria Aurora Evanston Chicago Brookfield la grange park Hinsdale
IL IL IL IL IL IL IL IL IL IL IL IL IL IL IL IL IL IL IL IL IL IL IL IL IL IL IL IL IL IL IL IL IL IL IL IL IL IL IL IL IL IL IL IL IL IL IL IL IL
61820 60477 60067 60608 60090 60202 60029 61951 61254 60077 60625 60445 60402 60630 60630 60156 60051 60035 62379 60804 60503 60201 60645 60613 60203 61001 60446 61554 60626 60194 62985 60660 60193 60660 60565 60202 61103 60560 60410 60606 60645 60641 61611 60503 60202 60657 60513 60526 60521
Patricia Beau Robin Jason Sarah Vivian Krissy Derek Robert David Denise Ron Darrell Douglas Wally Nancy David Margaret Philip Susan Deborah Robert Kathleen Tresa Cherry Esther Alyssa Diana Mary Kiva Chris Karen Lisa Kristi Elizabeth Garrett Jenn Valerie Fred Dorothy Cheyne Dorothy Ted Robin Jesus Mlou Seth Sarah Zephyr
Stenberg Peterson Milam Karn Barron Sherman
Bend Portland grants pass Bend CHARLESTON Portland Bend
OR OR OR OR OR OR OR OR OR OR OR OR OR OR OR OR OR OR OR OR OR OR OR OR OR OR OR OR OR OR OR OR OR OR OR OR OR OR OR OR OR OR OR OR OR OR OR OR OR
97707 97213 97526 97701 97420 97217 97701 97402 97423 97339 97302 97701 97520 97309 97846 97415 97213 97221 97405 97365 97034 97520 97850 97217 97501 97405 97701 97367 97202 97031 97212 97540 97130 97132 97333 97330 97060 97544 97317 97702 97212
V. Burch Taylor Smith Berry Kastin Depue Sykes McClelland Fitzgibbon Willis Bryer Birge Freeland Ferl Evergreen Horney Marrone Streisfeld Thomas Portwood Englert Dobson Frick Varney Champ Paluck Meier Wood Meigs Brown Lovejoy Wellard Girard Cumming Hanes Picciotto Bundy Ilundain christ McCloud Teubner Moore
Eugene Coquille Corvallis Salem Bend Ashland SALEM Joseph Brookings Portland Portland Eugene Newport Lake Oswego Ashland La Grande Portland Medford eugene Bend Lincoln City Portland Hood River portland Talent Manzanita Newberg Corvallis Corvallis Troutdale williams Salem Bebd Portland Portland Portland Eugene McMinnville Portland Portland Portland beav
97214 97401 97128 97223 97233 97212 97005
Kris Barbara Biff Jude Laura Arlene Shirley Lee KJ Earl Janis Abigail Lori
Lee Covelli Thiele Rodriguez Prendergast Zapata Garmon Johnson Dowds Shumaker Turek Dean Domich
Harvard Tinley Park Glenview Chicago Gurnee Skokie GLEN ELLYN Grant Park Chicago Sycamore Chicago Chicago Elgin Chicago North Barrington Aurora Rantoul South Elgin Chicago chicago CHICAGO Plainfield Chicago Shorewood Naperville Arlington Heights Normal Park Ridge Prospect Heights Chicago Chicago Woodridge Chicago Chicago Highwood Oglesby Chicago Pekin Brimfield Chicago Chicago Harvard La Grange Park Shelbyville Chicago Carbondale Chicago Chicago Perth
60033 60477 60025 60618 60031 60077 60137 60940 60625 60178 60641 60641 60120 60625 60010 60505 61866 60177 60660 60618 60630 60585 60632 60404 60565 60004 61761 60068 60070 60642 60622 60517 60613 60618 60040 61348 60608 61554 61517 60615 60615 60033 60526 62565 60625 62903 60630 60633 61101
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whittun Moore Minkler Damico Hull
Portland beaverton Brookings Portland Kfalls Salem
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philadelphia Havertown Collegeville Whitehall Arnold Malvern Pittsburgh
Ellen Sheryl Kim David Dora Colin Carol Dirk Irene Gabrielle Jessica Robert Daniel Leslie Cynthia ruth Barry Donald Dan Laurie Garry Suesie Ana Laura Cindy Russ Denise Bj Sara Rev Janet Leslie
Fitzpatrick Martinetti Jessum Christiansen Magovern McK Gisselquist Bahmann Hathout Hase Frisco Gibb Reschke Patrick Miller kapo Deist Meserole Delduco Mielo Chick Hartman Zuniga Gonzalez Arblaster Allen Bruno Novack Phillips Cherry DiPiero Roessler
Phoenixville Freeport philadelphia Mechanicsville PIttsburgh Steelton Hershey johannesburg Marousi Holicong Philadelphia Homestead Malvern Mifflinburg transfer allentown Chambersburg Wrightsville Cochranville Clarks Summit Port Matilda Bowmansville Twin Rocks greensburg Jenkintown Canonsburg Easton Finleyville Pittsburgh
Meade Shepard Pierce Foley Brown Johnson Warren GARETTO Parker McTigue Benjamin Farooqi
Naperville Cobden Mchenry Chicago Antioch Belvidere Normal South Holland Belleville Chicago Chicago Darien
Huntingdon Valley PA Bethlehem PA
Jerry Charles W. susan Sandi Maja Danette Alicia melody Joyce Susan Sarah Shane Carol Ben Heidi William Victoria Ann Carol Cynthia Brenda Karen Julie Jean Chirag Roseanne Jim Rosa Mary Keith Anna Molly Jaclyn Kathryn Suzanne Silvia Carole Cynthia Carol Corinne Ben Jack Jonathan Nicole John Todd Michael Liz Michael
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lexington Shorewood McHenry east moline Arlington Heights Midlothian Pittsfield chicago East Alton Northbrook Streator Chicago Schaumburg My Hometown Plano Roselle Chicago Quincy Streamwood Willow Springs Washington elk grove village Mount Prospect Bensenville Chicago Woodridge lindenhurat Caseyville Coal Valley Glen Carbon Orland Park Chicago West Dundee Evanston Chicago Chicago georgetown Lake In The Hills Naperville
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Philadelphia Santa Fe Frederiksberg C West Chester Pittsburgh Philadelphia Lemont Reading
Svalmark Murray Faber Brown
Chicago Edmonton Tel Aviv-Jaffa Wood River chicago
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upper black eddy PA Doylestown old forge Bethlehem Philadelphia PA PA PA PA
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Darien Chicago Chicago chicago Chicago Brookfield chicago, geneva Vernon Hills Chicago Jerseyville Park Ridge Northbrook Chicago Joliet Chicago Aurora O Fallon Lake forest bloomington Oswego Chicago Chicago Chicago Aurora Greenwood
IL IL IL IL IL IL IL IL IL IL IL IL IL IL IL IL IL IL IL IL IL IL IL IL IL IN IN IN IN IN IN IN IN IN IN IN IN IN IN IN IN IN IN IN IN IN IN IN IN
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Indianapolis lebanon Indianapolis South Bend Goshen South Bend Greenfield Gary West Lafayette DeMotte Richmond South Bend South Bend Kokomo Wilkinson La Porte Paris Crossing Brazil Plymouth Fort Wayne Bloomington Ft. Wayne Lafayette
Stefano Sandra Chase Don Paul Connie Sally Jon James Nancy Clement I Erik Ashley robert Shari Terri Smita Theodore Christina Beth Tanya Vanessa Barbara Jeremy Kelly Judy Jill Ande Virginia Gloria Hallie Betsy John Dale Jesse roz Jessica Sharon Stanka Joyce Lynda Justine Rene Becky Ed Robert Sharon Venus
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Coburn Kennett Square harrisburg Eighty Four Arnold Slatington Shippensburg Havertown
PA PA PA PA PA PA PA PA
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Rebecca and Rick Maxwell Emily Sandra Darlene Jason Marie Leslie JoDee Mary Boris Janet Danielle Judy Stacey Sally Ann Jennifer Irene Debra Rick James Susan Ashley Tammy Jo Gabrielle Todd Crowson Zagata Driesbaugh GRIFFITH Alexander LaCasse Daub Dirnbach Samuel Josset McAuley Macchia Farneth Millan Roberts Fisher
HUNLOCK CREEKPA Glenside Mount Bethel Williamstown Philadelphia Philadelphia west chester Pittsburgh Blakeslee Yardley Dunmore Breinigsville Shrewsbury PA PA PA PA PA PA PA PA PA PA PA PA PA PA PA PA PA PA PA PA
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Yates Griffith Koschmeder Tamaran Fleetwood Geltz
Liberty Centerville Lawrenceburg Bloomingtin Nashville Indianapolis Middlebury
IN IN IN IN IN IN IN IN IN IN IN IN IN IN IN IN IN IN IN KS KS KS KS KS KS KS KS KS KS KS KS KS KS KS KS KS KS KS KS KS KS KS KS KS KS KS KS KS KS
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trainer Philadelphia Abington Pittsburgh Brackenridge Ambler Dunmore Savona
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MYRTLE BEACH SC Mount Pleasant central SC SC SC SC SC SC SC SC SC SC SC SC
Mims Vogt McKinnon Junior Lockey Brooks Durham Sharbrough Smith-Connelly Adam, Ph.D. Hale
Saint Matthews Clemson Goose Creek Laurens Myrtle Beach greenville Charleston Charleston N. Augusta Blythewood
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SC SC SC SC SC SC SD SD SD SD
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TN TN TN TN TN TN TN TN TN TN TN TN TN TN TN TN TN TN TN TN TN TN TN TN TN TN TN TN TN TN TN TN TN TN TN TN TN TN TN TN TX TX TX TX TX TX TX TX TX
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gander mitchell Biviano Cosby Morgan Mark Sonder Courson Remick-Simkins Homulos Natelson Bashen Stewart Field O'Hara Parrella O'Brien Boutin Hilldrup Barber Hodgman Drembus HAYES Burdash Becklund Kirby
Fairfax Norfolk Richmond Lynchburg Chester Linden Centreville Fairfax Hamilton Annandale Reston radford Alexandria Virginia Beach milano Charlottesville Windsor Fredericksburg Bland Fairfield Reston REMINGTON Earlysville Fairfax Front Royal
VA VA VA VA VA VA VA VA VA VA VA VA VA VA VA VA VA VA VA VA VA VA VA VA VA VA VA VA VA
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Providence Forge VA Virginia Beach Vienna Alexandria Reston Alexandria Chesapeake Vienna Toano Annandale Chantilly Manassas Harrisonburg richmond Catharpin Fairfax Norfolk Arlington richmond Virginia Beach VA VA VA VA VA VA VA VA VA VA VA VA VA VA VA VA VA VA VA
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Brill Busch Findley McDonald Stecker Peterson Culver Redalen McDonald Burns Rowell Norton Timmers Cooper Peterson Kerr Cole Stewart Naithani Newman Lund Galt Ahrndt Corliss JOHNSON
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MI MI MI MN MN MN MN MN MN MN MN MN MN MN MN MN MN MN MN MN MN MN MN MN MN MN MN MN MN MN MN MN MN MN MN MN MN MN MN MN MN MN MN MN MN MN MN MN MN
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Cynthia Kelsey Kristen Matt Kemosabe Kim Kathy TRUDY Kurt Katie Sue Dawn Duncan Mary
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Alexandria Gladstone Centreville Parklsey chesapeake Williamsburg Hampton Marion norfolk richmond Warrenton Virgina Beach Blacksburg VirginiaBeach Chesapeake Ruther Glen Haymarket Virginia Beach atlantic Arlington Doran Chantilly SPEEDWELL Charlottesville Manassas Leon Harrisonburg Danville virginia beach Norfolk
VA VA VA VA VA VA VA VA VA VA VA VA VA VA VA VA VA VA VA VA VA VA VA VA VA VA VA VA VA VA
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Clearwater Stillwater Duluth Albert Lea Woodbury Duluth HAWICK Cook st paul mendota heights Minneapolis easr sussex stacy Minneapolis Waconia Minneapolis Duluth Afton Laporte Hinckley Edina Mendota Heights Minneapolis
WILLIAMSBURG VA Staunton Alexandria Virginia Beach Arlington Newport News King George Alexandria Manassas Arlington alexandria Hampton Brandon Lynchburg Richmond Richmond Entroncamento Entroncamento Entroncamento VA VA VA VA VA VA VA VA VA VA VA VA VA VA VA VA VA VA
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bergerud Eastham Thorsson Udenberg Bartlett
Saint Paul Minneapolis Minneapolis Apple Valley Mounds View Minneapolis
MN MN MN MN MN MN MN MN MN MN MN MN MN MN MN MN MN MN MN MN MN MN MN MN MN MN MN MN MN MN MN MN MN MN MN MN MN MN MN MN MN MN MN MN MN MN MN MN MN
55108 55406 55410 55124 55112 55421 55433 55124 56714 55122 55107 55116 55315 55066 55076 56345 55441 55416 55403 55106 55426 55410 55109 55404 55423 55391 55123 55407 55442 56601 55448 55021 55113 55428 55128 55405 55012 55443 55374 55424 55025 55981 55126 56377 55406 56093 55413 55424 55447
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Entroncamento centreville Pulaski Fredericksburg McGhaeysville Richmond Springfield Henrico Ruckersville Haymarket Gloucester Richmond RICHMOND
VA VA VA VA VA VA VA VA VA VA VA VA VA
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Batt Taylor Johnson Hardies Kaufman Duren
Coon Rapids Apple Valley Badger Eagan st. paul Saint Paul carver
Willis-Jick Neperud chock Ockman langsetmo Rolf Johnson Warfield skinaway Stone Adams Sausen Takahashi
Red Wing Inver Grove Heights little falls Minneapolis saint luois park Minneapolis St. Paul Minneapolis Minneapolis St Paul Mpls Richfield Wayzata Eagan
North Chesterfield VA Norfolk Richmond manassas woodbridge Arlington Big Stone Gap Arlington Floyd Richmond glen allen Galax Quinton Arlington Virginia Beach Dayton Arlington Vinton Gate City Concord Bluefield Milano Italy Arlington Charlottesville Spotsylvania Norfolk Norfolk Virginia Beach middleburg Rio de Janeiro Rio de Janeiro Rio de Janeiro Woodbridge Montpelier Ashland nokesville VA VA VA VA VA VA VA VA VA VA VA VA VA VA VA VA VA VA VA VA VA VA VA VA VA VA VA VA VA VA VA VA VA VA VA
Irish Morem Smith Collins Hensel Neher Och Wilson McNeil Toschi Duncan Laitinen Dreeszen Ringquist Christopherson Beane ernster McBride Blowers simenson Elliott Hon
Minneapolis Mpls Bemidji Coon Rapids Faribaault Lauerdale new hope Oakdale Minneapolis paganico Brooklyn Park Rogers Edina Forest Lake Wabasha Shoreview sartell Minneapolis Waseca Mpls Edina Plymouth
Juliana Marleen Ramona Karen Jay Ashley Ryan Heather Jenni Nancy Larry Larry Nadine Judy Keith Lucy Douglas Norbert David Lauren Daniela Skip Linda lora Karyn Ann SaphiraRain Kathryn Terry John Crickett Carrie Inci Bill William Hannah Laura Jocelyn Charlotte Megan Keith Peter Bette Patricia Cindy Lynne Carol Linda Tina
Torres Neus Kopnick Hatlestad Wohlert Kight Deisner
Rio de Janeiro Zele Sandstone Maplewood Festus Saint Charles st. louis Kansas City
MN MN MN MN MO MO MO MO MO MO MO MO MO MO MO MO MO MO MO MO MO MO MO MO MO MO MO MO MO MO MO MO MO MO MO MO MO MO MO MO MO MO MO MO MO MO MO MO MO
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Nunnally Fischer Freeman Lander Murawski Supan Usahanun Borror Bain Comstock Fredericks Guerrero Packard Chernomazov Klein Wilson Rutman Lindorff
Newport News Roanoke Chesapeake Williamsburg Keokee Norfolk Wien
VA VA VA VA VA VA VI
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South Lake Tahoe VI Bridport Lincoln Lincoln Bennington Williston montpelier Ripton North Springfield St Johnsbury VT VT VT VT VT VT VT VT VT
Hamilton Dickinson Rollings Trochtenberg Cochran Wardlow Krupinski Church Berg Habermann Grunwaldt Rapp Hhn
Plattsburg University Ciey Kansas City st. louis Barnhart St. Louis Kansas City Kansas City Saint Louis Offenbach Lebanon St. Louis Hadamar fflorissant
Middletown SpringsVT s burlington VT VT VT VT
Thompson Stroud-Speyers St. Louis Se Merewether Fortier Polya Stetson Johnson Michaels Willcox Vincent Shepard Ellenwood
Lyndon Center Brandon Alburgh
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El Dorado Springs Holts Summit Kansas City Kansas City Raytown Labadie Joplin Cuba St Louis St. Louis
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demirsahin Acord Robinson Looney Lamorette Bates Pisoni Harper Herring Lane Grotegut McHugh Bushue Hooper Laciny McMullin Chaney
Kansas City St. Louis Kansas City Saint Joespy Saint Peters Kansas City St. Louis Saint Louis Wildwood St. Louis plattsburg Saint Louis Saint Louis Hartsburg Saint Louis Springfield Blue Springs
Sobel Bulnes Martin VOGT Eisenhauer Ryan LaRue Galick Galick Jog
East Wallingford Colchester Shelburne Newport Burlington Winooski starksboro Bristol Bristol Hartford Spokane
Ward Bonsignore Raffaele Friesem
Rochester Redmond Capo d'Orlando
Bainbridge Island WA
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Nicolai Silliman Edwards MacGregor Williams
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Bellevue Seattle Clinton Everett Vancouver Olympia Snohomish Mercer Island Kirkland Kennewick Langley Seattle
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Anderson-Crosen ford Celli Blaine Seattle Carter Odegard Ferriel fernandez Francis Lowney Poncz Friday Harbor Friday Harbor Vashon Seattle langley Issaquah Redmond
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Xanthe Segue Rebecca TERESA Jessica Jack Sara Gaby Justin Melissa Peggy Anne Kelly Dan sarah Irene Brian Shannon
Denning Fischlin Leuck THOMPSON Powers Scott Hackenberg Adam Roberts McCool Reynolds Danford
Mercer Island Seattle Seattle SEATTLE Ellensburg Sequim Moses Lake Seattle Seattle Selah Ferndale marblemount longview
WA WA WA WA WA WA WA WA WA WA WA WA WA WA WA WA WA WA WA WA WA WA WA WA WA WA WA WA WA WA WA WA WA WA WA WA WA WA WA WA WA WA WA WA WA WA WA WA WA
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Hoth Stoffregen Griffin Schroedel Breaux Goodwin DAMERON Greeson Wallin Wyant
Kalispell Busby Billings Fort Shaw Kitty Hawk Pittsboro Lincolnton Fayetteville Boone Lincolnton Burlington
MT MT MT MT NC NC NC NC NC NC NC NC NC NC NC NC NC NC NC NC NC NC NC NC NC NC NC NC NC NC NC NC NC NC NC NC NC NC NC NC NC NC NC NC NC NC NC NC NC
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Camano Island Sequim Spokane Ocean Shores Woodinville Goldendale Woodinville Shoreline Kent Coupeville Bellingham Bellingham Port Townsend Seattle
WA WA WA WA WA WA WA WA WA WA WA WA WA WA
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Chapel Hill MURPHY Charlotte asheville Southport Charlotte Raleigh Maggie Valley
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Graham Hernandez Kerwin Cross gan MacNamara Graham
Bellingham Kirkland GOLDENDALE Port orchard Bellevue Tacoma Vashon Edmonds
Roberts Jones Stevens
Federal Way Lynnwood Sammamish
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Forest City Wilmington Carrboro Denton belews creek durham Madrid Matthews Louisburg Banner Elk Chapel Hill Durham Durham Bakersville Bremen Willow Spring Wilmington Winston-Salem
NC NC NC NC NC NC NC NC NC NC NC NC NC NC NC NC NC NC NC NC NC NC NC NC NC NC NC NC NC NC NC NC NC NC NC NC NC NC NC NC NC NC NC NC NC NC NC NC NC
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Ekholm Roybal Chutich Hollister Bennett Lambert-Smith
Bainbridge Island WA Mukilteo Seattle Spokane Tacoma Tacoma Davenport WA WA WA WA WA WA WA WA WA WA WA WA WA WA WA WA WA WA WA WA WA WA WA WA WA WA WA WA WA WA WA WA WA WA WA WA WA WA WA
98110 98275 98136 99205 98405 98401 99122 98332 98272 98103 98034 98296 98310
Ellis Rushkarski Sebek
Gig Harbor Monroe Seattle
Renfroe-Gielgens Kirkland haight Herron Untalan Allred day Severson Bailey Donnelly Kelly Grennier Davis Weaver Gehri-Bergman Bachman Gould Trasoff Lawrence Matthews Lyon Reid Payton Kelly Cook Davis Bayle McDonnell Plancich Hendrickson MENISH Dunn Meixner Oswell White Follett Krom Snow McQuerry Glanzman Snohomish BREMERTON Seattle Belfair seattle Lynnwood Tukwila EVERETT Olympia Friday Harbor BURIEN Bellingham Lynnwood Seattle Tenino Blaine Seattle Ellensburg L'Anse Vata Olympia Carnation camano island Friday Harbor Seattle Everett Seattle Shoreline Seattle Bellingham
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Charlotte Raleigh Carthage Kill Devil Hills Aberdeen
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Asheville Vinnitsa
Hairston Pfeiffer Director Byrum Krist Buchanan Whitman McGraw Baker Burke Brown Palmer Tourian Hurley Prior Parenti Thibaut Staton Weil Santos Kreeb Turner Taylor
Reidsville Charlotte Black Mountain Winston-Salem Raleigh Lexington Stokesdale Rocky Point creedmoor Mills River Newland Hillsborough RALEIGH Wilmington Winston-Salem Winston-salem chapel hill Charlotte Pittsboro Canton Charlotte Leicester Lumberton indian trail
Bainbridge Island WA Richmond Olympia Bellevue Bellingham Vancouver Bellingham Yakima Seattle WA WA WA WA WA WA WA WA
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Greensboro Wake Forest Madrid Durham SILER CITY lenoir Durham charlotte Fletcher Raleigh Connelly Springs BURLINGTON Cedar Mountain Fuquay Varina Winnabow Edenton Belmont wilmington Wilmington Supply Chapel Hill Charlotte cashiers Raleigh waxhaw Jacksonville Leland otto Cedar Grove Castle Hayne CHAPEL HILL Charlotte Asheville Wilmington Newport Asheville Cary HILLSBOROUGH Greensboro Charlotte Mooresville Wilmington Moyock Charlotte
NC NC NC NC NC NC NC NC NC NC NC NC NC NC NC NC NC NC NC NC NC NC NC NC NC NC NC NC NC NC NC NC NC NC NC NC NC NC NC NC NC NC NC NC NC NC NC NC NC
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DeGeorge russell Blomberg Rudisill Thomas Dubpernell Ferrell Pechenkov Bomkamp mccabe Milligan Wahosi
Seattle Lacey lopez Olympia Seattle Coupeville bellevue Seattle Chimacum Spokane Spokane Bremerton lynnwood North Vancouver
WA WA WA WA WA WA WA WA WA WA WA WA WA WA WA WA WA WA WA WA WA WA WA WA WA WA WA WI WI WI WI WI WI WI WI WI WI WI WI WI WI WI WI WI WI WI WI WI WI
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Everett Washougal Roy Spokane QUINCY Vancouver Burlington Lacey Richland Snohomish Seattle Vancouver Seattle Racine
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Wroclaw Brookfield West Allis Madison Sheboygan West Allis Williams Bay River Falls Madison Wauwatosa Cross Plains Cross Plains marshfield Madison Spring Green grafton Brookfield De Forest Green Bay Franklin Franklin
Bazin wright Buenau Moore Crosby
wilmington franklinton Mooresville Asheville Hendersonville
jimmie Sonja Molly Ginger Roger dana Cynthia Giana Christine Karen
hultman Stahlhut McKinney Sikes Lentz pajack Gross Paz Collette Loughmiller
shelby Durham Charlotte Currituck Hickory Granitefalls Kernersville Hendersonville hickory Asheville Jackson Springs
NC NC NC NC NC NC NC NC NC NC NC NC NC NC NC NC NC NC NC NC NC NC NC NC NC NC NC NC NC NC NC NC NC NC NC NC NC NC NC NC NC NC NC NC NC ND ND ND ND
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Anglim Hege Cumpston Emerson Meyer Phelps Sederoff Falk West o'connell Turmel Surles O'leary Medley McLain Bell Benefield Cox Harris Ray Combs Woods Pearson Walker Fernndez de Gonzlez Cervio Cervio Herndon Cannizzaro Hepler Duna Howell Byrd White Anderson Ouradnik Hass
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American Armed Forces Micol Rosalia Christie Karen Bryant Arru Casals Armed Forces Europe Armed Forces Europe Armed Forces Pacific Armed Forces Europe 9131 8980 96555 9012
DanaMurray EmailtoCommissiondatedJanuary22,2013 SupportforWhiteSharkCESAListingAttachments(13pages) AttachedpleasefindourcommentssupportingtheCommissionadvancingthe NortheasternPacificpopulationofwhitesharks(Carcharodoncarcharias)ascandidate speciesundertheCaliforniaEndangeredSpeciesAct.Wealsohavepublicpetition signersattachedattheendoftheletter. Thankyou, DanaMurray DanaRoeberMurray|Marine&CoastalScientist HealtheBay|14449thStreet|SantaMonica,CA90401 Tel:310.451.1500x139|dmurray@healthebay.org GeoffShester EmailtoCommissiondatedJanuary24,2013 supportforwhitesharkcandidacystatusunderCESAAttachments(4pages) PleasefindtheattachedletterfromOceana,CenterforBiologicalDiversity,andShark StewardsinsupportofcandidacystatusforwhitesharksundertheCalifornia EndangeredSpeciesActforinclusionintheCommission'sbriefingbinderfortheFeb6 Commissionmeeting. Thankyou. Sincerely, GeoffShester GeoffShester,Ph.D. CaliforniaProgramDirector,Oceana 8312076981 GeoffShester EmailtoCommissiondatedJanuary25,2013 signonletterfrom33groupssupportingwhitesharkcandidacystatusunderCESA Attachments(4pages) InadditiontotheletterfromthepetitionersIsentyesterday,pleaseacceptthe attachedsignonletterfrom33businessesandorganizationsinsupportof"candidacy" statusforwhitesharksundertheCaliforniaEndangeredSpeciesAct,forinclusioninthe briefingbinder. Sincerely, GeoffShester GeoffShester,Ph.D. CaliforniaProgramDirector,Oceana 8312076981
1444 9th Street Santa Monica CA 90401
ph 310 451 1550 fax 310 496 1902
info@healthebay.org www.healthebay.org
January 22, 2013 President James Kellogg and Members of the California Fish and Game Commission 1416 Ninth Street, Room 1320 Sacramento, CA 95814 Via email: fgc@fgc.ca.gov RE: Support for advancing Northeastern Pacific population of White Sharks as a Candidate Species under the California Endangered Species Act Dear President Kellogg and Commissioners: On behalf of Heal the Bay, a non-profit environmental organization with over 13,000 members dedicated to making Santa Monica Bay and Southern California coastal waters and watersheds safe, healthy, and clean, we are writing to support advancing the Northeastern Pacific population of white sharks (Carcharodon carcharias) as candidate species under the California Endangered Species Act (CESA). We urge the California Fish and Game Commission (Commission) to advance the California Department of Fish and Wildlifes recommendation to accept the petition, and conduct a full review of the status of Californias white sharks. We believe that listing is warranted because Californias small population is vulnerable to depletion and faces ongoing threats. The best available science indicates that there are only a few hundred adult and sub-adult individual white sharks at known aggregation sites off the central coast of California and Guadalupe Island, Mexico. As a long-lived species that is slow to mature and has low reproductive rates, we believe the Northeastern Pacific population of white sharks is at risk. As a genetically distinct population, their recovery is threatened unless greater conservation measures are implemented. We are concerned that continual decline of white shark numbers in the Northeaster Pacific will have a detrimental impact on the balance and health of the rich California Current ecosystem. Last year the National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) found that listing the Northeastern Pacific white shark under the federal Endangered Species Act may be warranted; thus, if the Commission determines that the white shark petition includes sufficient scientific information to indicate that action may be warranted, this would be consistent with the NMFS. In addition, Northeastern Pacific white sharks would benefit from a full status review under both federal and California endangered species laws. As apex predators, sharks play an exceedingly vital role in a balanced and healthy ocean ecosystem. White sharks are one of the few natural predators of seals and sea lions in the California Current. The listing process will allow for additional public and scientific discussion, which will ultimately benefit the ability to manage and protect this population and the ecological benefits it provides. The primary documented threat to the Northeastern Pacific population of white sharks is commercial gillnet fishing. While fishing for white sharks in California is prohibited, there are no limits on white shark bycatch in U.S. fisheries. Juvenile white sharks have been documented to be entangled as bycatch by set and drift gillnet fisheries in their nursery habitats off the coast of California. While these fisheries target California halibut, white seabass, yellowtail, Pacific swordfish, common thresher sharks, and benthic fish, logbook and observer data indicate that their nets can also entangle juvenile white sharks as
bycatchranging from 2-25 white sharks annually off Southern California alone. However, there are some concerns that white shark bycatch may be higher due to underreporting and low observer coverage in this fishery. Accurate accounting through 100% observer coverage is necessary for determining the full extent of this bycatch. While fishing for white sharks is prohibited, there are no limits on white shark bycatch in U.S. or Mexican Pacific Coast fisheries. In addition, recent research shows that Northeastern Pacific white sharks are among the most heavily contaminated shark species. Mercury, PCBs, and DDT levels in juvenile white sharks in the Southern California Bight were found to be six times higher than established thresholds known to cause physiological and reproductive harm in other fish. Great white sharks have been listed as vulnerable to extinction on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, and are protected under the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES), but they are in need of protection in California. By the Commission advancing the listing candidacy of the Northeastern Pacific population of white sharks as endangered or threatened under the California Endangered Species Act, it would allow California to promote recovery of the species by: 1. Obtaining more accurate information on the bycatch of white sharks in California fisheries; 2. Enacting reasonable and precautionary management measures to minimize the bycatch of white sharks; and 3. Garnering additional funding and resources to better understand white shark population trends and threats. In addition to the scientific merits of advancing the Northeastern Pacific population of white sharks as candidate species under the CESA, there is broad public support for such effort. Over the past month Heal the Bay has collected over 848 petition signatures (see attached) in support of such action electronically and by paper petition. Please see the attached petition letter and associated signatures that were collected electronically. We will also be presenting the paper petitions and updated numbers at the next Fish and Game Commission meeting. Given the importance of this iconic predator off our coast and the threats posed by low population numbers, genetic isolation, contamination, and direct mortality caused by human activities, we support listing the Northeastern Pacific population of white sharks as a candidate species under the California Endangered Species Act, and urge the Commission to advance this petition to a full status review to determine if a threatened or endangered listing is warranted. Thank you for your consideration. Sincerely,
Sarah Abramson Sikich, MESM Coastal Resources Director
Dana Roeber Murray, MESM Marine & Coastal Scientist
cc: Chuck Bonham, Director, California Department of Fish and Game
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President James Kellogg and Members of the California Fish and Game Commission 1416 Ninth Street, Room 1320 Sacramento, CA 95814 Via email: fgc@fgc.ca.gov RE: Support for listing White Sharks as Threatened or Endangered under the California Endangered Species Act Dear President Kellogg and Commissioners: I am writing to support listing of the Northeastern Pacific population of white sharks (Carcharodon carcharias) as endangered or threatened under the California Endangered Species Act. As top predators, sharks play a very important role in our ocean ecosystem, and are one of the few natural predators of seals and sea lions in California. However, the Northeastern Pacific white shark population, which ranges from Mexico to the Bering Sea, and offshore to Hawaii, is at risk. Population assessments estimate that there are only a few hundred adult sharks in this range, and they are vulnerable to ongoing threats, such as incidental catch, pollution, and other issues. As a long-lived species with low reproductive rates, the recovery of white sharks is threatened. I am concerned that the continual decline of white sharks in the Northeastern Pacific will have a negative impact on the balance and health of our valuable and unique California Current ecosystem unless greater conservation measures are implemented. Listing the white shark will allow for additional public and scientific discussion, which will benefit the ability to manage and protect their population and the ecological benefits white sharks provide. The primary documented threat to the Northeastern Pacific population of white sharks is commercial gillnet fishing. While fishing for white sharks is prohibited in the United States, there are no limits on white shark bycatch. Juvenile white sharks are entangled as bycatch by set and drift gillnet fisheries in their nursery habitats off the coast of California. Logbook records and observers indicate that these gillnet fisheries incidentally entangle juvenile white sharks catching up to 25 white sharks annually off Southern California alone. Furthermore, observer coverage on these boats is low, so bycatch may even be higher. Listing white sharks as endangered or threatened would serve several benefits; including increased onboard observer coverage in gillnet fisheries, implementation of management measures to minimize white shark bycatch, and promote research to better understand white shark population trends and threats in order to promote recovery. Please take action to list the Northeastern Pacific population of white sharks as threatened or endangered. Sincerely, 848 Concerned Citizens (442 California residents, and 406 residents of the U.S. and abroad)
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348 ELECTRONIC SIGNATURES FROM CALIFORNIA AS OF 1/22/2013

Bobby Feingold adam gruen Agaly DeJesus Aiden Pascucci Alan Haggard Alden Quartz Alena Kaye Alex Purves Alex Woolery Alexandra Jackson Alexandra Mathieu Alexandra Perata Alexandra Tower Alisa Arnold alixandra lomas Alma Roberts Alyson Thomas Amanda Gruen Amanda Jones amanda mcnair Amanda Pardo Amanda Parzen Amelia Zuckerwise Amy Skerkoski An Verbeeck Ana Luisa Ahern Andrea Lee andrew heilprin Andrew Traglia Andy Guzman angela bueser anke pilz Anna Fruge Anne Bergman Los Angeles pacific palisades Oxnard Malibu San Diego Malibu Malibu Santa Monica San Rafael Malibu Los Angeles Los Angeles Santa Monica Marina Del Rey Redondo Beach Los Angeles Sacramento Pacific Palisades Santa Monica laguna hills Los Angeles Pacific Palisades Stanford Los Angeles Westchester Venice Sherman Oaks venice Santa Monica Los Angeles bellflower redlands Torrance Sherman Oaks California California California California California California California California California California California California California California California California California California California California California California California California California California California California California California California California California California 90401 90272 93036 90265 921055104 90265 90265 90405 94903 90265 90024 90041 90405 90292 90277 90034 95816
Anne Ohliger Anthony Montapert Anthony Solis Ari Taublieb Arild Warud Ashley Arnett audrey haynes Barbara Eicker Barbara Nicholls Ben Leeds Beth Knowlton betty murphy Blake Douglas Blanca Perez Brandon Rojas Brett Thomsen Brie-anna Rojas Brie-anna Rojas Brooke Caldwell Bryan Murray
Sacramento Ventura Culver City Malibu Ericeira La Crescenta lodi Mariposa Culver City Los Angeles Burbank long beach Long Beach Los Angeles Davis Redondo Beach North Hollywood Davis Pacific palisades Los Angeles La CrescentaMontrose Los Angeles La Mesa san pedro Santa Monica Burbank Santa Monica Monrovia Santa Monica Inglewood Malibu Malibu Playa Del Rey Malibu San Rafael Alameda Venice
California California California California California California California California California California California California California California California California California California California California
95816 93004 90232 90265 2655-461 91214 95240 95338 92030 90034 91501 90802 90745 90037 95616 90278 91601 95616 90272 90025
Bryan Redfern 90272 90401 92653 90045 90272 94305 90027 90045 90291 91423 90291 90403 90057 90706 92373 90504 91411 Caitlin McClure Candy Nehlsen Hofman Captain Chris Wade Carrie Weil cassandra wright Cassie Gardener Catherine Gallagher Celena Staff Chandra Comstock Chase Lambert Chloe Veronique Chris Dawson Chris Falk chris nelson Christina Wong Christine
California California California California California California California California California California California California California California California California California
91214 90034 91942 90731 90404 915051611 90404 91016 90402 90302 90265 90265 90293 90265 94901 94501 90291
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Mathieu Christine Sur Christopher Trinh Cindy Mouw Clara Gharibian claudia garcia Constance Franklin Cynthia Puga Daisy Vargas Dale Anania Dana Murray Danny Sills David Strohm deanna garcia Deb Castellana Deisy Villasenor dennis willis Devyn Masterson Dominique Cano-Stocco Don Mogill Donald Capes Donald Wolf Donna Martinez Donovan Novotny Dwight Doyle Dyer Pettijohn Edi Stiles Edward Rodriguez Elana Sitrin Eleanor Nett Elias Pineda Elise Kamp Elizabeth Broberg Emily Campbell Emily Goldman Eric Nicolai Erik Rosenberg Erin O'Reilly Davis Lake Forest Long Beach Glendale ontario Los Angeles Los Angeles Los Angeles Berkeley Los Angeles Malibu Santa Monica los angeles Berkeley Oxnard los angeles Malibu Coronado Los Angeles Los Angeles Long Beach Chino Malibu san diego Malibu Los Angeles los angeles Culver City Santa Monica Los Angeles Los Angeles Sherman Oaks Hermosa Beach Topanga San Luis Obispo Topanga Pasadena California California California California California California California California California California California California California California California California California California California California California California California California California California California California California California California California California California California California California 95616
Eroni Matanitobua Ethan Matty 92630 90803 91202 91761 90026 90022 90022 94702 90025 90265 90403 90022 94804 93033 90019 90265 92118 90025 90731 90802 91710 90265 92107 90265 90048 90022 90230 90401 90022 90025 91423 90254 90290 93405 90290 91106 Iveta Sabova Jack Thompson James Adams James Davidson James Gordon Jan Egge Jana Hadous Frazier Jana Pratt jane drew Jane Evans Janet Davoodzadeh Janet Graham Janet Juarez janice greenberg Eva Sigismondi Forrest Shannon Francisco Diaz Fritz Chesnut Gabriel Adamson Gabriel Rapoport Gabriella Grahek Gail Hubbard Gale Mead Gehan Elshafei Geneva Phillips georgette baker Gerald Orcholski gina bryant Giusy Adragna Gloriann Leslie Grace Van Dien Hannah Giroux Harrison Smart Heather AlleySoul Surf Sessions Heather Doyle holly digras
San Rafael Santa Monica Los Angeles Covina los angeles Los Angeles Los Angeles Malibu Malibu Glendale Sonoma Los Angeles Northridge Chino Hills Pasadena calabasas Chico Los Angeles Malibu Palmdale Malibu
California California California California California California California California California California California California California California California California California California California California California
94901 90405 90049 91724 90022 90004 90066 90265 90265 91202 95476 90066 91325 91709 91104 91302 95926 90018 90265 93551 90265
Los Angeles Santa Monica Redondo Beach San Luis Obispo Topanga Yreka Burbank Malibu Santa Monica Redondo Beach Modesto Los Angeles Torrance Santa Monica, Sherman Oaks Los Angeles berkeley
California California California California California California California California California California California California California California California California California
90278 90401 90277 93401 90290 96097 91502 90265 90405 90278 95356 90026 90505 90404 91423 90063 94705
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Jarod Wang Jason Frankle Jazmin Roque Jeanne Ayers Jeanne Garcia Jeff Landau jene misraje Jenna Kennedy Jenna Segal Jennifer Herron Jennifer Miller Jennifer Pratt Jeron Artest Jessica De Anda Jessica Gonzalez Jessica Lukvec jocelyne lapointe John Green Jordan Alexander Jordan Michaelson Jose Bacallao joshua schweitz Josi Chow Judith Vogelsang Juliann Bebee Julie Delapena Julie Newsome Karen Acha Karen Acha Karen Suarez Kate Klevit Kate Larsen Katharine Saavedra Katherine Den Bleyker Katherine Lazalde Katherine Pease Kathie Kingett
Malibu Malibu Arleta Camarillo San Jose Simi Valley Santa Monica Los Angeles Santa Monica El Segundo Simi Valley Hollywood Santa Monica corona Los Angeles Santa Monica Terrebonne Santa Monica West Hills Topanga Hermosa Bch Alhambra Los Angeles Los Angeles Huntington Beach Whittier Westlake Village los angeles Los Angeles Monrovia Malibu San Franciso Los Angeles Culver City Los Angeles Los Angeles La Habra Heights
California California California California California California California California California California California California California California California California California California California California California California California California California California California California California California California California California California California California California
90265 90265 91331 93012 95135 93065 90403 90045 90401 90245 Simi Valley 90028 90404 92881 90061 90403 j6w0b5 90405 81307 90290 90254 91803 90046 90046 92647 90602 91361 90022 90023 91016 90265 94131 90024 90230 90022 90026 906318057
Kathleen Krasenics Kathryn Carmody kelly shea kenneth sanchez Kevin Sullivan Khoi Prakasim KIm Jenkins Kirstenen Dale Kiwi Lotati Kristin Denehy Lacey Glass Lark Levine larry mallery Laura Rice Le Tran lea griffin Leah Davidson lem martinez Lenie Ramos Lenise Andrade Leslie Julian Leslie Seki Leslie Williams linda wilkin Lindsay Barker Lisa Handschumache r Lisa Salazar Lissette Rios LORI CHAPLIN Lori Macdonald Louis Montenegro Luis Guardado Lynn Wolf Lynsey Russell m welker Malina Loeher Marcella Stevenson
Redondo Beach Fairfield Long Beach Chino Simi Valley Malibu Los Angeles Truckee Studio City Sherman Oaks Venice Santa Monica los angeles North Hills San Jose valley village Burbank san juan capo Manhattan Beach San Diego Auburn Los Angeles El Cajon simi valley Los Angeles Redondo Beach Foster City Downey SAN FRANCISCO Los Angeles Folsom los angeles Saugus Lakewood xxxxxxxxxxx x Davis Santa Monica
California California California California California California California California California California California California California California California California California California California California California California California California California
90278 94534 90804 91710 93063 90265 91401 96161 91604 91423 90291 90402 90066 91343 95122 91607 91502 92692 90266 92012 95602 90064 920206683 93063 90291
California California California California California California California California California California California California
90277 94404 90241 94131 90048 95630 90023 91350 90713 90405 95616 90404
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Mardie Schroeder MARIANA ACUNA Marina DeBris Marina Fernandez Marion Clark mark winnik Martha Palacio Mary Doyle Mary Glassanos Mary Proteau Maurice Buntin Maya Armstrong Melisa Sharpe melissa Makous melody miller Mercedes Mata Meredith McCarthy Micaela Arellano Michael Kellman Michael Kesterson michael king Michael Strong Michelle Broberg Michelle Fryback Milan Vasic Miles Sundher Monica Flores Monica Flores Nancy Shrodes Nancy Smith Naomi Dutch Neil Cabana Nereyda Montano Nick Sadrpour Nicole Novelli Olivia Thorne Pammy Brutzkus
San Diego Los Angeles Los Angeles Los Angeles Santa Monica huntington beach Los Angeles Burbank San Francisco Los Angeles Los Angeles Culver City los angeles Los Angeles west hills Riverside Santa monica La Miraa Los Angeles Northridge Venice Santa Monica Malibu Lomita Pasadena Malibu Los Angeles Los Angeles Los Angeles Santa Monica Ridgecrest Santa Monica Seaside Los Angeles Santa Monica Malibu Westlake Village
California California California California California California California California California California California California California California California California California California California California California California California California California California California California California California California California California California California California California
92104 90026 90066 90017 90404 92646 90022 91506
Patricia Oscar patricia seabourne Patricia Spellman Paula Boubary
Los Angeles Redondo Beach Stevenson Ranch Carson Santa Monica Ca 90402 Santa Monica Yucaipa San Francisco Santa Monica palo alto Venice Torrance Tucson Redondo Beach marina Del Rey Malibu Malibu Los Angeles apple valley Santa Monica Redondo Beach Burbank Camarillo Malibu los angeles los Angeles Orange County Malibu Venice LA Malibu Los Angeles Malibu Los Angeles Los Angeles burbank
California California California California
90063 90277 91381 90810
Pauline Kennedy Priscila Burti Priscila Mendoza R Yoch
California California California California California California California California California California California California California California California California California California California California California California California California California California California California California California California California
90402 90401 92399 94116 90403 94301 90291 90504 85703 90278 90292 90265 90265 90049 92307 90403 90278 91505 93010 90265 90023 90025 94728 90265 90291 90230 90265 90291 90265 90034 90024 91505
94103 90036 90036 90230 90016 90036 91307 92506 90404 90638 90020 91325 90291 90403 902646433 90717 91104 90265 90063 90063 90036 90401 93555 90403 93955 90045 90403 90265 91361 Randi Parent rebecca vitale mandich Rebekah Haraczka Renee Jeska Richard Burk Richard Garcia Rick Vanzini Riley Prichard Robbie Lauren Rory McGonigle rosanna lynch Rosemary Sostarich Ryan Sass Sabrina Whaley Saira Gandhi Sam CohenSuelter Sandra Medrano sandro chiavaro Sara R Sara Toussieng Sara Truedson Sarah Scott Sarah Shoemaker Sasha Gary Scott Wesson SEAN Morey Sedonna Goeman-Shulsky shannon stoy
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Shannon Shoup Shannon Skaff Sharon Gettman Shaun Lauren Sheila McSherry sheldon morris Shelley Billik Shirley Pratt Sirena Lao Sofi Peterson Sonja Phillips Sophie Mallery Spencer Campbell stacey paredes Stacie Reader Stephen Handal Steve Hess Steven MacGregor Susan Hernandez Susan Sloan Susana Espinoza Susana Flores Susanah Kassan suzanne ely Suze Bujsaim Suzette Gordon Tara Crow Tara Treiber terance tashiro Thomas Snell Thomas Ziegler Tiffany Chang Timothy Dallinger Todd Snyder Tom Klane Toni Musulin Tova Handelman Tracey Higa
Oxnard Santa Monica Highland Malibu San Pedro hidden hills Encino Burbank Culver City Malibu Los Angeles Los Angeles Hermosa Beach Santa Clarita Monrovia Malibu Cornell Agoura Hills commerce Los Angeles South Gate Long Beach Sherman Oaks santa monica Mission Viejo Santa Monica Pacifc Palisades Santa Monica los angeles Hayward Riverside Chino Hills Los Angeles San Francisco Malibu Torrance Valley Village Marina Del
California California California California California California California California California California California California California California California California California California California California California California California California California California California California California California California California California California California California California California
93035 90403 92346 90265 90732 91302 91436 91504 90230 90265 90046 90066 90254 91350 91016 90265 91301 91301 90040 900642679 90280 90808 91403 90405 92691 90403 90272 90404 90045 94541 92503 91709 90025 94115 90265 90501 91607 90292 Zinrry Martin William Schoene Yasmine Diba Tracey Thompson Treasure Gutierrez Tyler Savitsky Valentin De Anda Vanessa Alcantar Vanessa De Anda Vanessa Paredes vicky baines Victor Paz Victoria Caro Virginia Greb Vivian Fox Wesley Walker Will Feldman
Rey San Francisco Los Angeles Malibu corona Los Angeles Corona Santa Clarita San Diego Los Angles Los Angeles Los Angeles Santa Monica Yorba Linda Encino Santa Monica Malibu East Los Angeles California California California California California California California California California California California California California California California California California 94102 90057 90265 92881 90034 92881 91350 92103 90022 90045 90026 90401 92886 91316 90405 90265 90022
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ph 310 451 1550 fax 310 496 1902
368 ELECTRONIC SIGNATURES FROM OUTSIDE CALIFORNIA (US & ABROAD) AS OF 1/22/2013
Margaret Rigsby Robert Ortiz Elizabeth McCleary-Kiffe James Robertson vida fritz Lydia Leclair Edward Laurson Beate Dietrich Derek Thompson Caye Sipes Marilyn Denehy Maryann Birdsall Daniella Rooslund Lida Paulat Heather Coleman Patrick Ahern Cassie Gardener Laura Saxon KATRINA SHADIX Anabella Godoy katia engelhard ron silver Margaret Silver staci-lee sherwood Jessica Hoyt Heather Green Leslie Harris Claudine Chevriaux antona manuela Anita Nguyen Gleason Sweeney Jodi Silver Andrea McCain Santina DiCaro Sandra Bailey Hazel Green Phoenix Maricopa Heber Springs vico-morcote Colorado Springs Denver Colorado Springs Colorado Springs Fountain Middletown Middletown Cromwell Borstel Washington Washington, DC Washington morriston GENEVA Doral Douvres la Delivrande Atlantic Beach Atlantic Beach Boca Raton Sunny Isles Beach Pace Apollo Beach poligny vichy Lawrenceville Kingsland Atlanta Savannah Decatur Makawao Alabama Arizona Arizona Arkansas Armed Forces Pacific Colorado Colorado Colorado Colorado Colorado Connecticut Connecticut Connecticut Delaware District Of Columbia District Of Columbia District Of Columbia Florida Florida Florida Florida Florida Florida Florida Florida Florida Florida Florida Florida Georgia Georgia Georgia Georgia Georgia Hawaii 35750 85008 85238 72543 6921 80909 80235 80907 80923 80817 6457 6457 6416 25494 United States United States United States United States United States United States United States United States United States United States United States United States United States United States United States 20010 20002 32668 32732 33178 14440 fran 32233 32233 33433 33160 32571 33572 39800 3200 30043 31548 30328 31419 30032 96768 United States United States United States United States United States United States United States United States United States United States United States United States United States Tammy Luppino United States Erin Hardy United States Marc Schomburg United States United States United States United States United States Michael Steele Andrew Yagley faith hershiser Katie Sass Barbara Erdman Plymouth Morrice Troy bellaire Rochester Hills Livonia Massachusetts Michigan Michigan Michigan Michigan Michigan 2360 48857 48085 49615 48307 48152 United States United States United States United States United States United States peabody Massachusetts 1960 United States Winchendon Massachusetts 1475 United States Inna Trotsai Jill Hirschi Yasiu Kruszynski Taryn Chaifetz v evan Soci Bassuk Tanya Seidman Erik Attaway piera rossi pam irvin Luis Contreras Megan Thomas Sami Signorino Clement Cherlin Jess Keller paul mccarthy Paige Nelson Carol Link Jenell Black John Aquaman Koehler joanna goley joseph hall jr Lacey Levitt Wili B Gavin Irene Goley Kyle Ahlers Jocelyn Slater gary martin steve mineau Vinnitsa American Falls Chicago Downers Grove Chicago Chicago Chicago New Lenox motta gilman Addison addison Kokomo Columbus Manilla clive Lexington Ekron Shreveport Ocean City germantown baltimore Baltimore baltimore Germantown Ashland Falmouth norton worcester Idaho Idaho Illinois Illinois Illinois Illinois Illinois Illinois Illinois Illinois Illinois Illinois Indiana Indiana Indiana Iowa Kentucky Kentucky Louisiana Maryland Maryland Maryland Maryland Maryland Maryland Massachusetts Massachusetts Massachusetts Massachusetts 21037 83211 606130011 60516 60660 60615 60618 60451 13100 60938 60101 60101 46902 47201 46150 50325 40517 40117 71101 21842 20874 21211 21210 21211 20874 1721 2540 2766 1603 Ukraine United States United States United States United States United States United States United States United States United States United States United States United States United States United States United States United States United States United States United States United States United States United States United States United States United States United States United States United States
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Keiko Olds Joel Schneider Jason Schmidt paula eaton Jonny Rio Patrick Dubois fred fall Christine VanderWal eileen crossman Alisa Schwartz Julie Jo Elizabeth DePalma kimberly wolf Concerned Citizen Joel Finley naomi cohen Ken Ward Jr. Milagros Alvarez Vadim melerzanov Poonam Mehra Juliana Schwarz Nicholas Thompson daniel spitzer Jenifer Brock karen lyons kalmenson Christine Hutten stephanie seitman Germn Bayter Jayni Chase malik griffin Sarah Greene shedy berrios Deborough Blalock Lu Pugh tressa reisberg Anne Cooper Joan Braun Kurt Frees Jo Anne Smerk
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5012 5012 5014 70607 1154 5800
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Queade Di Ilio Karen Allgrove Kay Rymer Renato Ortiz de Zevallos Lindie OBrien Ila France Porcher manuela wolter Maja Smilovic Danijela Glavic Eadaoin Flynn Mauricio Gomez Tuija VirtaVesanen Virpi Kangas Marja leena Leskel_ Christelle CEYRAT stephane BOUTHIER Rajeev RAMTOHUL Bamboo Ab Danette Hrberg Isabelle VANDEWATTYNE cuellar bernadette maryse CHARPENTIER caroline perez raphael vallet HENOT Laurence bordier cris Barbara Buchholz davonneau frederic christophe lefort laly noyer blangis pascale Jean Francois Lepicard dumas josette BOUVART Elodie Maik Schaffer Alexa Brueckl Sven Keller Esther Juhl Maria Jaeger
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Canada Canada Canada Canada Canada Canada Costa Rica Croatia Croatia Czech Republic Dominican Republic Finland Finland Finland France France France France France France France France France France France France France France France France France France France France Germany Germany Germany Germany Germany
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Daniela Bress Maria Schneider Petra Hegenscheidt Jacqueline Ruebsam sue sch. Rita Schroeter Dagmar Grabsch elke zeich Nicolette Ludolphi Baerbel Doebler Andrew harrison Johanna Le Maire Syrke j Hoernemann holger ochsner Nicole Kuhl Marion Feuchte Martin Seemann andreas steiner Nadezhda Peneva Nina Rsch Marion Tillmann Christiane Franz Diana Nymand Michael Heitmann Schlegel Anja Anita Olejnik Volker Schauffel Bo Dhi mari bo alex altmann Sara Treiber Scarleth Amaya Yrna Miryana rojhina raziani Bart Hoppenbrouwers sandra sheehy sharon stanley barbara ito Gunther Mussner
Niedersachsen Munich
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Germany Germany Germany Germany Germany Germany Germany Germany Germany Germany Germany Germany Germany Germany Germany Germany Germany Germany Germany Germany Germany Germany Germany Germany Germany Germany Germany Germany Germany Germany Greece
monica molteni Rossano Castelli Jaewon Lee eunjung lee Aist Gavnien maya mancoff alan mercado Lilia Rizk Scott Peterson Davidmar Santos Lenika Roozendaal Renate Thomee jan schmitz Mirjam Verseput Patrick van der Meer E Jongejan linda van den bossche nicolas le corvec Rebecca Belleni angelito roo luz miguel jazmine ganado Christine Cerqueda Ewa Piasecka Ewa Chrzanowska Anna G_rny Monica Salazar Svetlana BlagojevicStefanovic monika kubalakova Gabriela Guzmicka Tom Kovai Cvetka Bregant Seoul Donghae-Si Vilnius skopje guadalajara Casablanca Amsterdam Den Haag Lucaswolde Limburg voorbeeld OudBeyerland Wijdenes Heemskerk groningen Auckland Tauranga san mateo rizal mandaluyong cebu city Paranaque Warsaw Buczkowice Gdynia Bayamon
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marian madsen M_nica Alonso Ruiz carmen MARTINEZ Jorge Perez Zamora Ewa Oscarsdotter Jasmina Cuk Maud Eriksson David Bernvi Pascale Kirchen Clara KisinyoLocher Tamara Jezler John Zysset Marlise K_lin Agnes Jakupi Sonja Feierabend nil_fer nil_fer Danyil Kolyesnikov kayleigh williams Sophie Laulik Harry Thomas Babak SadeghZadeh ROSE MARIE GILMOUR Jan Garen Christopher Evans sandra barker Angel Warrior Jana Parnicanova Michelle Atthews juliet browse Luna Dance Helen Chave sue wadland john harlow
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Spain Spain Spain Spain Sweden Sweden Sweden Sweden Switzerland Switzerland Switzerland Switzerland Switzerland Switzerland Switzerland Turkey Ukraine
caspa ceacas Patricia Wanless Paul Robinson Joshua Callan nicola macdonald terry bull Gary Curtis monia casamatta Lesley Dove Tania White emma schumann Stephanie Le Turgeon laura cotton Freda Dominy Barbara Whelan Lynn Unsworth Nigel Carey
norwich Edinburgh Llanrwst Dingwall essex STANFORD-LE-HOPE West Sussex london London, UK Worthing ruislip St Saviour cornwall Newcastle Lancashire Warrington Southampton. plymouth Colchester Poole London London Rugby caterham Lancaster London bedworth new york Aguas Dulces, Rocha
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United Kingdom United Kingdom United Kingdom United Kingdom United Kingdom United Kingdom United Kingdom United Kingdom United Kingdom United Kingdom United Kingdom United Kingdom United Kingdom United Kingdom United Kingdom United Kingdom United Kingdom United Kingdom United Kingdom United Kingdom United Kingdom United Kingdom United Kingdom United Kingdom United Kingdom United Kingdom United Kingdom
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Rob Yarwood United Kingdom poopak parvaresh United Kingdom Kathy Niell amanda United Kingdom elisabete silva santos United Kingdom tasunka maza United Kingdom United Kingdom United Kingdom
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Venezuela, Bolivarian Republic Virgin Islands, U.S.
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January 24, 2013 President James Kellogg and Members of the California Fish and Game Commission 1416 Ninth Street, Room 1320 Sacramento, CA 95814 RE: Support for advancing the Northeastern Pacific population of White Sharks to Candidate Status under the California Endangered Species Act Dear President Kellogg and Commissioners: As the organizations who submitted the original petition to list Northeastern Pacific white sharks (Carcharodon carcharias) under the California Endangered Species Act (CESA), we ask that you advance this species to candidate status at your upcoming meeting. Such action would be consistent both with the National Marine Fisheries Service 90-day finding that there is substantial scientific or commercial information indicating that the petitioned action may be warranted and the Department of Fish and Wildlifes recommendation to accept the petition and conduct a full review of the status of Californias white sharks. This population meets the criteria for listing because, among other things, it has a dangerously low number of sub-adults and adults (estimated total of 339) and it continues to be caught in Mexican and U.S. commercial fisheries as bycatch, including fisheries managed and authorized by the state of California. Even if the actual population size is two to three times larger than these estimates, or there are additional, yet to be discovered aggregation sites, these levels are far lower than what is expected even for such an apex predator, presenting an unacceptably high risk of extinction. Furthermore, other threats to the white shark such as pollution, habitat degradation, ocean acidification and climate change continue to threaten its ongoing survival. This population is genetically isolated, and if it is extirpated, it is unlikely that the area will be successfully recolonized for thousands of years if ever. We commend the California Department of Fish and Wildlifes evaluation of our petition, and concur with the arguments providing the basis for their recommendation to list this population as a candidate species under CESA. At the same time, there remain some key unanswered questions that would benefit from a more thorough status review associated with candidacy listing. We also reiterate our support for ultimately listing this population as threatened or endangered. One of the primary benefits of listing white sharks under CESA is that listing would prompt more active management of the bycatch of white shark pups in state-managed gillnet fisheries. As discussed in our original petition, there is substantial continued bycatch of young of the year and juvenile white sharks in U.S. and Mexican commercial fisheries, particularly by entangling drift and set gillnets. Of particular concern with white shark bycatch is the post-release mortality, which involves the cumulative effects of physical trauma and capture stress (Skomal 2007). In particular, physical trauma in sharks may result from internal damage and bleeding upon damage to cartilage, gills, and internal organs. Fish react to the acute stress of capture, exhaustive exercise and handling with more exaggerated disruptions to their physiology and biochemistry than higher vertebrates. Such stress-related disruptions include lowering of blood pH and increases in blood lactate levels. While many fish may appear alive upon release, the occurrence of post-release mortality in seemingly live sharks is common and widespread. Therefore, until post-release survivorship has been assessed through appropriate forms of tagging and monitoring, it is appropriate to assume nearly 100% mortality for all white sharks caught as bycatch in commercial fisheries. While we recognize that there already exists a prohibition on targeting or landing white sharks, to date there has been no assessment of the Page 1 of 4
Comments from Oceana, CBD, and Shark Stewards January 24, 2013
full extent of the bycatch, no assessment of the impacts of the bycatch on the viability of the population, nor any management measures promulgated specifically to reduce white shark bycatch. We reiterate our concerns with the low levels of observer coverage in the large-mesh drift gillnet fishery, the small-mesh drift gillnet fishery, and the set gillnet fishery. According to NMFS Technical Memo SWFSC 441 (Larese 2009), observer coverage has been sporadic, often at low coverage rates. That technical memo concludes that to determine the take of rarely discarded species (i.e. species caught a few times a year) would require 100% observer coverage. As observer coverage across fisheries is typically allocated based on management need and priority, we believe that CESA listing would be helpful in garnering additional observer coverage on the fisheries that catch white sharks as bycatch to more adequately assess that threat. Our petition presents substantial new information that this population meets the criteria for protection under CESA, which would provide new opportunities for managing this bycatch through reasonable and precautionary measures. For example, the maps of reported bycatch provided in Lowe et al. 2012 indicate that there are discrete times and places where white shark bycatch is more frequent. As an example, this information could be used to craft time/area closures on set gillnets at those particular times and places. The benefit of this type of approach is that it could provide a much more cost effective means of reducing the bycatch and give the Commission a wider set of options in addressing this bycatch concern.
Figure: Spatial distribution of reported Young-of-the-Year (YOY) white shark captures occurring in Southern California, 1935-2009. From Lowe et al. (2012).
Page 2 of 4
The Northeastern Pacific population of white sharks has unique aggregation areas, behaviors, and migration patterns. White sharks are endothermic, allowing them to inhabit cold water and remain active predators of swift and agile prey, while helping explain the reasons for their migration routes, aggregation areas, and nursery sites (Goldman 1997). Recently published data from pop-up archival transmitting tags has revealed four distinctive behavioral clusters among migrating Northeastern Pacific white sharks, including differences in diving behavior with both sexual and seasonal based patterns (Jorgensen et al. 2012). This study confirms behavioral and migration observations of white sharks that make them vulnerable to human-caused threats, including site fidelity, spatial aggregation, and patrolling data near seal rookeries (Goldman and Anderson 1999). Additionally, white sharks play an important and unique role in the California Current ecosystem. A study of 15 individual white sharks from California showed substantial ontogenetic variation and individual dietary variation with sex, size, age, and location (Kim et al. 2012). The diverse diets observed support their classification as generalist predators, consuming an array of low and high trophic level prey items from nearshore and offshore habitats. The significance of this is that white sharks are clearly exerting a powerful influence on the shape and structure of the entire marine food web, directly affecting populations of marine species at multiple trophic levels. As has been documented for other endangered species, CESA listing would likely garner additional funding and resources for research to better understand white shark population dynamics, behavior, migration patterns, ecological role, and diet, while also more thoroughly understanding and assessing human caused threats to the population. In some ways, the lack of understanding of this species puts them at risk, and acquiring better information will be essential to our efforts to prevent their extinction and promote recovery. Ultimately, protecting Californias marine ecosystems from the top down is a critical piece of ecosystembased management, as envisioned under the Marine Life Management Act, in concert with the protection of the forage base and habitats. Listing white sharks as Candidate under CESA not only makes sense because white sharks clearly meet the criteria for CESA listing, but it would enable the Commission and Department to much more actively manage and monitor this ecologically important predator. White sharks exert powerful influence on the structure of Californias ocean food web, and play a unique role in maintaining the health of many prey populations at multiple trophic levels by removing sick and unhealthy individuals. This role is simply irreplaceable, and the loss of white sharks would throw our marine ecosystem and associated recreational and commercial fisheries into a state of serious instability with unpredictable consequences. For the reasons stated above and in our petition to list the Northeastern Pacific population of white shark, we believe that candidacy status listing is warranted for this population of white sharks under the California Endangered Species Act. A full status review would be of great benefit to this species and to various fishery management entities, and would in and of itself assist in future conservation and research efforts to protect white sharks and the California Current Ecosystem. We look forward to working with the Commission and the Department of Fish and Wildlife as you conduct a full status review of this imperiled apex predator. Sincerely,
Geoffrey Shester, Ph.D. Oceana 99 Pacific Street, Suite 155-C Monterey, CA 93940
David McGuire Shark Stewards P. O. Box 370 Forest Knolls, CA 94933
Miyoko Sakashita Center For Biological Diversity 351 California St., Ste. 600 San Francisco, CA 94104
cc: Chuck Bonham, Director, California Department of Fish and Wildlife
Page 3 of 4
References:
Goldman, K. and S. Anderson (1999). Space utilization and swimming depth of white sharks Carcharodon carcharias, at the South Farallon Islands, central California. Environ Biol Fishes 56: 351-364. Goldman, K. J. (1997). Regulation of body temperature in the white shark, Carcharodon carcharias. J. Comp. Physiol. B 167: 423-429. Jorgensen, S. J., N. S. Arnoldi, E. E. Estess, T. K. Chapple, M. Rckert, S. D. Anderson and B. A. Block (2012). Eating or Meeting? Cluster Analysis Reveals Intricacies of White Shark (Carcharodon carcharias) Migration and Offshore Behavior. PloS One 7(10): e47819. Kim, S. L., M. T. Tinker, J. A. Estes and P. L. Koch (2012). Ontogenetic and among-individual variation in foraging strategies of Northeast Pacific white sharks based on stable isotope analysis. PLoS One 7(9): e45068. Larese, J. P. (2009). Fish and invertebrate bycatch estimates for the California set gillnet fishery targeting halibut and white seabass, 1990-2006, NOAA Technical Memorandum, NOAA-TM-NMFS-SWFSC-441. Lowe, C., M. E. Blasius, E. T. Jarvis, T. J. Mason, G. D. Goodmanlowe and J. B. O'Sullivan (2012). Historic Fishery Interactions with White Sharks in the Southern California Bight. Global Perspectives on the Biology and Life History of White Sharks. M. Domeier, CRC Press: 169-185. Skomal, G. B. (2007). Evaluating the physiological and physical consequences of capture on post-release survivorship in large pelagic fishes. Fisheries Management and Ecology 14: 81-89.
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MontereyBayandChannelIslandsSanctuaryFoundation OrganisationforRespectandCareofAnimals(ORCA) Sharkprotecte.V. SharkResearchCommittee

January 25, 2013 President James Kellogg and Members of the California Fish and Game Commission 1416 Ninth Street, Room 1320 Sacramento, CA 95814
AfriOceansConservationAlliance MontereyBayWhaleWatchCenter OceanicAllstars TheGlobalSharkConservationInitiative
RE: Support for advancing Northeastern Pacific population of White Sharks as a Candidate Species under the California Endangered Species Act Dear President Kellogg and Commissioners: On behalf of the undersigned organizations and our members, we are concerned about the future of the Northeastern Pacific population of white sharks (Carcharodon carcharias) and support efforts to have this population listed as a candidate species under the California Endangered Species Act (CESA). We urge the Commission to follow the Department of Fish and Wildlifes recommendation to accept the petition and conduct a full review of the status of Californias white sharks. We believe that the Commission should advance the white shark listing petition because current data and information indicate a small population with fewer than 100 breeding females in a species that is slow to mature and reproduce, while state-authorized fisheries continue to pose further threats to the population. If the Commission determines that the petition presented sufficient scientific information to indicate that the petitioned action may be warranted, this would comport with the finding already made by the National Marine Fisheries Service that listing may be warranted under the federal Endangered Species Act. Accordingly, Northeastern Pacific white sharks would benefit from a full status review under both federal and California endangered species laws.
President Kellogg and Commissioners January 25, 2013 Page 2 of 4
The Northeastern Pacific population of white sharks is extremely small. The best available science indicates that there are only a few hundred adult and sub-adult individual white sharks at their known autumn aggregation sites off the central coast of California and Guadalupe Island, Mexico. The small population number combined with their relatively long-lived life history, slow maturation, and low reproductive rate presents a serious risk of extinction. If we lose this population of genetically distinct white sharks it is likely we lose white sharks off the Pacific coastline forever, having dramatic impact on the balance and health of the rich California Current ecosystem. The primary documented threat to the Northeastern Pacific population of white sharks is commercial gillnet fishing. White shark pups are entangled as bycatch by set and drift gillnet fisheries in nursery habitats off the coasts of Southern California and Mexico. While these fisheries target California halibut, white seabass, yellowtail, Pacific swordfish, common thresher sharks, and benthic fish, logbook and observer data indicate that their nets regularly entangle juvenile white sharks as bycatchwith voluntarily reported bycatch ranging from 2-25 white sharks annually off Southern California alone. However, bycatch is likely much higher because of low observer coverage and underreporting. The available data does indicate that white shark bycatch rates appear to be higher at certain times and places, offering the potential for effective management to minimize the bycatch in a cost effective manner. Accurate bycatch accounting through 100% observer coverage is necessary for determining the full extent of this bycatch, and CESA listing would be helpful in increasing the priority for placing observers on these gillnet fisheries. While directed fishing for white sharks is prohibited, there are no limits on or management of white shark bycatch in U.S. or Mexican Pacific Coast fisheries. CESA listing would allow the Commission and Department to begin deliberately managing this bycatch for California fisheries, while helping prompt other entities to take similar action. In addition, new studies show that juvenile Northeastern Pacific white sharks are among the most heavily contaminated with mercury, PCBs, and DDT of any shark species tested to date globally. Young white sharks of the Southern California Bight have mercury concentrations that are six times higher than established thresholds known to cause physiological and reproductive harm in other marine fish. As top ocean predators, white sharks play an exceedingly vital role in a balanced and healthy ocean ecosystem, and are among the only natural predators of seals and sea lions in the California Current. The listing process will allow additional public and scientific dialogue ultimately benefiting our ability to manage and protect this population and the ecological benefits it provides. Given the importance of this iconic apex predator off our coast and the threats posed by a low population, reproductive isolation, and direct mortality caused by human activities, we support listing the Northeastern Pacific population of white sharks as a candidate species under the California Endangered Species Act, and urge the Commission to advance this petition to a full status review to determine if a threatened or endangered listing is warranted. Thank you for your consideration. Sincerely, Geoff Shester, Ph.D. California Program Director Oceana 99 Pacific Street, Suite 155-C Monterey, CA 93940 David McGuire Director Shark Stewards P. O. Box 617 Sausalito, CA 94966
Miyoko Sakashita Senior Attorney, Oceans Director Center For Biological Diversity 351 California St., Ste. 600 San Francisco, CA 94104 Nathan Weaver Oceans Advocate Environment California 1107 9th Street, Suite 601 Sacramento, CA 95814 Chris Hartzell Monterey Audubon Society P.O. Box 5656 Carmel, CA 93921 Sean R. Van Sommeran Executive Director Pelagic Shark Research Foundation P.O. Box 24 Capitola CA, 95010 Jillian Morris Oceanic Allstars Milton, New Hampshire/Bimini The Bahamas Craig Appel Bythos Films 2204 Spencer Street Napa, CA 94559 Dennis J. Long Executive Director Monterey Bay and Channel Islands Sanctuary Foundation 99 Pacific Street, Suite 455 Monterey, CA 93940-2493 DJ Schubert Animal Welfare Institute 202 Cranberry Court Egg Harbor Township, NJ 08234 Lance Morgan, Ph.D. President Marine Conservation Institute 14301 Arnold Dr., Suite 25 Glen Ellen, CA 95442 Carol Maehr
Taylor Jones Endangered Species Advocate WildEarth Guardians 1536 Wynkoop St., Suite 301 Denver, CO 80202 Ralph S. Collier President Shark Research Committee P. O. Box 3492 Chatsworth, CA 91313 Richard L Ternullo Monterey Bay Whale Watch Center 84 Fisherman's Wharf Monterey, CA 93940 Lesley Rochat Founder and Executive Director AfriOceans Conservation Alliance PO Bosx 22436, Fish Hoek South Africa Veerle Roelandt The Global Shark Conservation Initiative Dorp 51, 9290 Berlare Belgium Jupp Kerckerinck zur Borg President Sharkprotect e.V.
Marcie Keever Oceans & Vessels Project Director Friends of the Earth David Brower Center 2150 Allston Way, Ste. 240 Berkeley, CA 94704 Anna Weinstein Audubon California 4225 Hollis St. Emeryville, CA94608 Liz White Director Animal Alliance/Environment Voters of Canada 101 221 Broadview Avenue Toronto, ON M4M 2G3 Jupp Kerckerinck zur Borg
Conservation Chair American Cetacean Society Monterey Bay P.O. Box HE Pacific Grove, CA 93950 Martin Raspor lan Upravnog odbora / Board Member Organisation for Respect and Care of Animals Risanska 1/1, Belgrade, Serbia
President Shark Research Institute P.O. Box 40 Princeton, NJ 08540 Steven Shirley Executive Director Ocean Research Foundation
Todd Steiner Executive Director Turtle Island Restoration Network P.O. Box 370 Forest Knolls, CA 94933 Cynthia Walter Owner Passionfish Restaurant 701 Lighthouse Ave. Pacific Grove, CA 93950 Jackie Dragon Senior Oceans Campaigner Greenpeace 1661 Mission St. San Francisco, CA 94103 Sigrid Lber President OceanCare Oberdorfstrasse 16 P.O. Box 372 CH-8820 Wdenswil James Moskito Vice President/Expedition Leader Great White Adventures/Shark Diving International 22568 Mission Blvd. #211 Hayward, CA. 94542
Cynthia Wigren President Atlantic White Shark Conservancy 9 Cedar Street Amesbury, MA 01913 Kim Delfino California Program Director Defenders of Wildlife 1303 J Street, Suite 270 Sacramento, CA 95814 Maris Sidenstecker Executive Director Save The Whales 1192 Waring Street Seaside, CA 93955 Jennifer Fearing California Senior State Director The Humane Society of the United States 5714 Folsom Blvd #223 Sacramento, CA 95819
From: Sent: To: Subject: Attachments:
Craig Shuman<Craig.Shuman@fgc.ca.gov> Friday, January 25, 2013 12:47 PM FGC@fgc.ca.gov Fwd: white shark letter WHITESHARK_OPC_12513.PDF
CraigShuman,D.Env. MarineAdvisor CaliforniaFish&GameCommission 9162159694 >>>ValerieTermini<vtermini@scc.ca.gov>1/25/201311:15AM>>> HiCraig, AttachedpleasefindtheOPCsupportletterforthewhitesharklisting. WeshouldalsochatabouttheFebruary20thMRCmeetingwhatkindsofthingsareyoulookingforinthemeeting?As ImentionedwhenwechattedlasttheOPC(staff)arehavingaprioritiesmeetingFeb12ththatshoulddovetailnicelyfor ustosaysomethingmeaningfulatthemeetingbutperhapstherearetopicareasthatFGCisinterestedinhearing moreabout? Letmeknowifyouneedanythingelsefrommeforthesharkstuff. Thanks, Valerie ValerieTerminiMcCormick StateCoastalConservancy ProjectManager,OceanProtectionCouncil 5102860319 vtermini@scc.ca.gov www.opc.ca.gov
JessicaLambertson EmailtoCommissiondatedJanuary28,2013 ProtectGreatWhiteSharksAttachments:GreatWhiteSharkAction_Part1.pdf ToWhomitMayConcern: PleasefindattachedlettersfrommembersandsupportersoftheCenterforBiological Diversityurgingforendangeredspeciesprotectionsforgreatwhitesharks. Iwillbeemailingyoutheremainderofourourlettersshortlytofitthefilesize requirements. Thankyou, JessicaLambertson CommunicationsAssociate CenterforBiologicalDiversity P.O.Box710 Tucson,AZ85702 (520)6235252x324(o) (520)2601725(c) www.biologicaldiversity.org SummaryofAttachment 34,569Lettersmailedto:CaliforniaFishandGameCommission P.O.Box944209 Sacramento,CA94244,US Iamwritinginsupportofprotectingthegreatwhitesharkasathreatenedor endangeredspecies.Sharksareavitalpartoftheoceanecosystem,andconserving thesetoppredatorsisessentialtoahealthyocean. Don'tletwhitesharksgetwipedoutbyfisheriesandotherthreats.Toensurethe continuedsurvivalofgreatwhitesharksinU.S.waters,weneedbetterocean managementandconservationofthesemightysharksandtheir"criticalhabitat." IencourageyoutograntnortheasternPacificgreatwhitesharkstheprotectionsunder ourwildlifeprotectionlawstheyneedtocontinuetosurviveandthrive. Thankyou. AlexVollmer EmailtoCommissiondatedJanuary28,2013 PleaseProtecttheGreatWhiteSharks NancyHoppe EmailtoCommissiondatedJanuary28,2013 PleaseProtecttheGreatWhiteSharks
AlexandraSaunders EmailtoCommissiondatedJanuary28,2013 PleaseProtecttheGreatWhiteSharks KarenAquila EmailtoCommissiondatedJanuary28,2013 PleaseProtecttheGreatWhiteSharks Iamwritinginsupportofprotectingthegreatwhitesharkasathreatenedor endangeredspecies.Sharksareavitalpartoftheoceanecosystem,andconserving thesetoppredatorsisessentialtoahealthyocean.Don'tletwhitesharksgetwipedout byfisheriesandotherthreats.Toensurethecontinuedsurvivalofgreatwhitesharksin U.S.waters,weneedbetteroceanmanagementandconservationofthesemighty sharksandtheirhabitat.IencourageyoutograntnortheasternPacificgreatwhite sharkstheprotectionsunderourwildlifeprotectionlawstheyneedtocontinueto surviveandthrive.Thisiscriticallyimportantforyourtoprotectthem. ChristinaMohaddess EmailtoCommissiondatedJanuary28,2013 PleaseProtectGreatWhiteSharks Iaskthatyourenewyourcommitmenttobeastewardoftheearthandallofits creaturesespeciallythosehereinCalifornia.Asyouknowtherestofthenation watcheswhatwedohereinCaliforniawithgreatinterest..Pleasedonotletour generationbetheonethatfailedtoprotectthesesharksfromextinction.Iamwriting insupportofprotectingthegreatwhitesharkasathreatenedorendangeredspecies. Sharksareavitalpartoftheoceanecosystem,andconservingthesetoppredatorsis essentialtoahealthyocean.Don'tletwhitesharksgetwipedoutbyfisheriesandother threats.ToensurethecontinuedsurvivalofgreatwhitesharksinU.S.waters,weneed betteroceanmanagementandconservationofthesemightysharksandtheirhabitat.I sincerelyencourageyoutograntnortheasternPacificgreatwhitesharkstheprotections underourwildlifeprotectionlawstheyneedtocontinuetosurviveandthrive. ElseFergo EmailtoCommissiondatedJanuary31,2013 NoTimeToWaste:PleaseProtectGreatWhiteSharks IamwritingtoyoufromDenmarkinsupportofprotectingthegreatwhitesharkasa threatenedorendangeredspecies.Sharksareavitalpartoftheoceanecosystem,and conservingthesetoppredatorsisessentialtoahealthyocean.Pleasedon'tletwhite sharksgetwipedoutbyfisheriesandotherthreats.Toensurethecontinuedsurvivalof greatwhitesharksinU.S.waters,weneedbetteroceanmanagementandconservation ofthesemightysharksandtheirhabitat.IencourageyoutograntnortheasternPacific greatwhitesharkstheprotectionsunderourwildlifeprotectionlawstheyneedto continuetosurviveandthrive.
February 4, 2013 President James Kellogg and Members of the California Fish and Game Commission 1416 Ninth Street, Room 1320 Sacramento, CA 95814 RE: Support for advancing Northeastern Pacific population of White Sharks as a Candidate Species under the California Endangered Species Act Dear President Kellogg and Commissioners: I write to you on behalf of WiLDCOAST and our concern about the future of the Northeastern Pacific population of white sharks (Carcharodon carcharias). We support efforts to have this population listed as a candidate species under the California Endangered Species Act (CESA). We urge the Commission to follow the Department of Fish and Wildlifes recommendation to accept the petition and conduct a full review of the status of Californias white sharks. We believe that the Commission should advance the white shark listing petition because current data and information indicate a small population with fewer than 100 breeding females in a species that is slow to mature and reproduce, while state-authorized fisheries continue to pose further threats to the population. If the Commission determines that the petition presented sufficient scientific information to indicate that the petitioned action may be warranted, this would comport with the finding already made by the National Marine Fisheries Service that listing may be warranted under the federal Endangered Species Act. Accordingly, Northeastern Pacific white sharks would benefit from a full status review under both federal and California endangered species laws. The Northeastern Pacific population of white sharks is extremely small. The best available science indicates that there are only a few hundred adult and sub-adult individual white sharks at their known autumn aggregation sites off the central coast of California and Guadalupe Island, Mexico. The small population number combined with their relatively long-lived life history, slow maturation, and low reproductive rate presents a serious risk of extinction. If we lose this population of genetically distinct white sharks it is likely we lose white sharks off the Pacific coastline forever, having dramatic impact on the balance and health of the rich California Current ecosystem. The primary documented threat to the Northeastern Pacific population of white sharks is commercial gillnet fishing. White shark pups are entangled as bycatch by set and drift gillnet fisheries in nursery habitats off the coasts of Southern California and Mexico. While these fisheries target California halibut, white seabass, yellowtail, Pacific swordfish, common thresher sharks, and benthic fish, logbook and observer data indicate
that their nets regularly entangle juvenile white sharks as bycatchwith voluntarily reported bycatch ranging from 2-25 white sharks annually off Southern California alone. However, bycatch is likely much higher because of low observer coverage and underreporting. The available data does indicate that white shark bycatch rates appear to be higher at certain times and places, offering the potential for effective management to minimize the bycatch in a cost effective manner. Accurate bycatch accounting through 100% observer coverage is necessary for determining the full extent of this bycatch, and CESA listing would be helpful in increasing the priority for placing observers on these gillnet fisheries. While directed fishing for white sharks is prohibited, there are no limits on or management of white shark bycatch in U.S. or Mexican Pacific Coast fisheries. CESA listing would allow the Commission and Department to begin deliberately managing this bycatch for California fisheries, while helping prompt other entities to take similar action. In addition, new studies show that juvenile Northeastern Pacific white sharks are among the most heavily contaminated with mercury, PCBs, and DDT of any shark species tested to date globally. Young white sharks of the Southern California Bight have mercury concentrations that are six times higher than established thresholds known to cause physiological and reproductive harm in other marine fish. As top ocean predators, white sharks play an exceedingly vital role in a balanced and healthy ocean ecosystem, and are among the only natural predators of seals and sea lions in the California Current. The listing process will allow additional public and scientific dialogue ultimately benefiting our ability to manage and protect this population and the ecological benefits it provides. Given the importance of this iconic apex predator off our coast and the threats posed by a low population, reproductive isolation, and direct mortality caused by human activities, we support listing the Northeastern Pacific population of white sharks as a candidate species under the California Endangered Species Act, and urge the Commission to advance this petition to a full status review to determine if a threatened or endangered listing is warranted. Thank you for your consideration. I can be reached at 619.423.8665 or sdedina@wildcoast.net. Sincerely,
Serge Dedina, PhD Executive Director
05 February 2013 via e-mail (fgc@fgc.ca.gov) President James Kellogg California Fish and Game Commission 1 1! "inth #treet$ %oom 1320 #a&ramento C' (5)1 %e* 'genda item +13* ,hite #har-s as a Candidate #.e&ies under the California /ndangered #.e&ies '&t 0 SUPPORT 1ear President Kellogg and 2embers of the California Fish and Game Commission* 's you -no3$ C4'%/ is e5tremely &on&erned 3ith the health of our o&eans6 "aturally$ 3e are also &on&erned about the future of the "ortheastern Pa&ifi& .o.ulation of 3hite shar-s (Carcharodon carcharias) and 3e heartily su..ort efforts to ha7e this .o.ulation listed as a &andidate s.e&ies under the California /ndangered #.e&ies '&t (C/#')6 ,e urge the Commission to follo3 the 1e.artment of Fish and ,ildlife8s re&ommendation to a&&e.t the .etition and &ondu&t a full re7ie3 of the status of California8s 3hite shar-s6 Current data and information indi&ate a small .o.ulation 3ith fe3er than one hundred (100) breeding females in a s.e&ies that is slo3 to mature and re.rodu&e$ yet #tate9authori:ed fisheries &ontinue to .ose further threats to the .o.ulation6 ,e en&ourage the Commission to ad7an&e this .etition$ in &onsisten&y 3ith the finding already made by the "ational 2arine Fisheries #er7i&e that listing may be 3arranted under the federal /ndangered #.e&ies '&t6 "ortheastern Pa&ifi& 3hite shar-s 3ould thus benefit from a full status re7ie3 under both federal and California endangered s.e&ies la3s6 ;he "ortheastern Pa&ifi& .o.ulation of 3hite shar-s is e5tremely small6 ;he best a7ailable s&ien&e indi&ates that only a fe3 hundred adult and sub9adult indi7idual 3hite shar-s aggregate at -no3n autumn aggregation sites off the &entral &oast of California and Guadalu.e <sland$ 2e5i&o6 ;his small .o.ulation number &ombined 3ith their slo3 maturation$ lo3 re.rodu&ti7e rate$ and lo3 fe&undity .resents a serious ris- of e5tin&tion6 <f 3e this .o.ulation of geneti&ally distin&t 3hite shar-s$ it is li-ely that 3e 3ill lose 3hite shar-s off the Pa&ifi& &oastline fore7er$ thus ha7ing dramati& im.a&t on the balan&e and health of the ri&h California Current e&osystem6
Christopher Chin
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Nico Danan
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Clemente Jimnez
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Richard Nelson
Director
Sonja Fordham
Advisory Board
Francesca Koe
Advisory Board
Johann Mourier
Advisory Board
Marty Snyderman
Advisory Board
Tim Taylor
Advisory Board
Jim Toomey
Advisory Board
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BrittneyBarnes EmailtoCommissionJanuary28,2013 PleaseprotectGreatWhiteSharks! KathrynHarrold EmailtoCommissionFebruary4,2013 PleaseprotectGreatWhiteSharks! Iamwritinginsupportofprotectingthegreatwhitesharkasathreatenedor endangeredspecies.Sharksareavitalpartoftheoceanecosystem,andconserving thesetoppredatorsisessentialtoahealthyocean.Don'tletwhitesharksgetwipedout byfisheriesandotherthreats.Toensurethecontinuedsurvivalofgreatwhitesharksin U.S.waters,weneedbetteroceanmanagementandconservationofthesemighty sharksandtheirhabitat.IencourageyoutograntnortheasternPacificgreatwhite sharkstheprotections. KatherineHead EmailtoCommissiondatedNovember19,2012 ProtectGreatWhiteSharks AdilMehta EmailtoCommissiondatedJanuary25,2013 ProtectGreatWhiteSharks KellyLandreth EmailtoCommissiondatedJanuary25,2013 ProtectGreatWhiteSharks
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DebbieHouse EmailtoCommissiondatedJanuary31,2013 ProtectGreatWhiteSharks
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itslowpopulationsizeandtheongoingthreatsfromhumanactivities.Endangered Specieslistingwillbecriticaltoeffectivelyaddressingthecontinuedbycatchofgreat whitesharksandotherthreats,whilepromotingadditionalscientificresearchonthis populationofgraveconcern.Manysupportersofenvironmentalconservationlikeme urgeyoutoprotectgreatwhitesharksbylistingthewestcoastpopulationonthe EndangeredSpeciesList.
May 23, 2013 Mr. Mike e Sutton, Pre esident (fgc@ @fgc.ca.gov v) Californi ia Fish and Game G Comm mission 1416 Nin nth Street, Room 1320 Sacramen nto, CA 95814 Dear President Sutton n and memb bers of the Commission: We appre eciate the De epartment of f Fish and Wildlifes W com mmitment to o undertakin ng an extensi ive populatio on status rev view of the Northeastern N Pacific popu ulation of gr reat white sh harks (Carchar rodon carcha arias) in response to the e February 20 013 candida acy determin nation. New research studies have e been publis shed in 2013 3, since the E Endangered Species Act t petition was submitted d for conside eration. We are writing to t ensure yo ou are apprise ed of these n new studies which ma ay assist CD DFW staff in the status re eview proces ss. The four publications s are attache ed to this em mail and are a as follows: Domeier, D M. and Nasby-L Lucas, N (20 013). Two-y year migratio on of adult fe emale white sh harks (Carch harodon car rcharias) rev veals widely separated nu ursery areas and co onservation concerns. Animal A Biotelemetry 201 3, 1:2. Mull M CG, Lyo ons K, Blasi ius ME, Win nkler C, OSu ullivan JB, e et al. (2013). . Evidence o of Maternal M Offl floading of Organic O Cont taminants in n White Shar rks (Carchar rodon ca archarias). PLoS P ONE 8(4): 8 e62886 6. doi:10.137 71/journal.po one.0062886 6. Weng, W K. and d Honebrink k, R. (2013). Occurrence of White Sh harks (Carch harodon ca archarias) in n Hawaiian Waters. W Jour rnal of Marin ne Biology. Volume 201 13, Article ID D 598745, 7 pag ges. http://dx x.doi.org/10.1155/2013/ /598745. Semmens J. M, M Payne,N. L., Huvene eers C. D. , S Sims W, and d BruceB. D D.(2013). Feeding requi irements of white w sharks s may be hig gher than ori iginally thou ught. Scientif fic Reports R 3: 14 471 DOI: 10 0.1038/srep0 01471. Sincerely y, hester, Ph.D. Geoff Sh Oceana 99 Pacifi ic Street, Sui ite 155-C Monterey y, CA 93940 0
Mr. Mike Sutton May 23, 2013 Page 2 of 2 Miyoko Sakashita Center For Biological Diversity 351 California St., Ste. 600 San Francisco, CA 94104 David McGuire Shark Stewards 2150 Allston Way #460 Berkeley, CA 94704 cc: Sonke Mastrup, Executive Director, California Fish and Game Commission (SMastrup@dfg.ca.gov) Chuck Bonham, Director, California Department of Fish and Wildlife (Director@wildlife.ca.gov)
Two-year migration of adult female white sharks (Carcharodon carcharias) reveals widely separated nursery areas and conservation concerns
Domeier and Nasby-Lucas
Domeier and Nasby-Lucas Animal Biotelemetry 2013, 1:2 http://www.animalbiotelemetry.com/content/1/1/2
RESEARCH
Open Access
Two-year migration of adult female white sharks (Carcharodon carcharias) reveals widely separated nursery areas and conservation concerns
Michael L Domeier* and Nicole Nasby-Lucas
Abstract
Background: Satellite tagging programs have provided detailed information about the migratory patterns of northeastern Pacific white sharks, revealing a seasonal migration between a vast offshore region and coastal aggregation sites. Although adult males undergo annual round-trip migrations, photo-identification programs have noted that sexually mature females may only visit coastal aggregation sites once every 2 years, a behavior that is presumably linked to an estimated 18-month gestation period. The whereabouts of females during their full 2-year migration were previously unknown, because of the limited battery capacity of satellite pop-up tags. Results: Through the use of satellite-linked radio-telemetry tags with multi-year tracking capability, we describe the 2-year migratory pattern for four mature female white sharks tagged at Guadalupe Island, Mexico. The 2-year migration comprised four phases: 1) an Offshore Gestation Phase (which had an average duration of 15.5 months; 2) a Pupping Phase, which occurred along the Mexican coast between the months of April and August; 3) a Pre-Aggregation Phase (when the females were in transition between the Pupping Phase and Guadalupe Island; and 4) the Guadalupe Island Aggregation Phase, which began when the mature females arrived at Guadalupe Island between late September and early October. Conclusions: Long-term satellite tracking of mature female white sharks highlighted the connectivity between a single presumed mating site at Guadalupe Island, and two widely separated pupping sites along the Mexican coast. The Offshore Gestation Phase provided evidence that the females remained offshore for up to 16 months during their 2-year migration cycle. The Pupping Phase along the Mexican coast coincided with the seasonal presence of young-of-the-year white sharks along the coast of North America, and with a presumed gestation period of 18 months, this placed mating between October and January, during the period when white sharks are known to be at Guadalupe Island. Tracking data during the time sharks were offshore showed that mature males and females are spatially segregated, except for their concurrent seasonal presence at Guadalupe Island. These discoveries provide important new details about the complete life history of northeastern Pacific white sharks while identifying crucial regions in which young-of-the-year, juveniles and adult females are most vulnerable. Keywords: White shark, Mating, Pupping, Migration, Baja, Mexico, Pacific, Gestation
Background The white shark (Carcharodon carcharias) is a charismatic, apex predator that routinely migrates thousands of kilometers [1-10], and yet regional population structure exists on a global scale [5,10,11]. Because there are no physical boundaries separating the white-shark populations, behavioral traits that limit mixing may be the
* Correspondence: ml.domeier@gmail.com Marine Conservation Science Institute, 2809 South Mission Road, Suite G, Fallbrook, CA 92028, USA
mechanism responsible for the observed population structure. One hypothesis, based upon DNA analysis, suggests that females have restricted geographic movement patterns but males are likely far-ranging [11]. Electronic tagging studies have presented seemingly contradictory results, with both sexes found to follow wide-ranging migratory patterns [3-8], with one female tracked across the Indian Ocean [6]. The discovery of male and female seasonal site fidelity among white sharks [2,5,12,13], termed philopatry, provided the first evidence of a behavioral trait that could restrict gene flow. It has been suggested that
2013 Domeier and Nasby-Lucas; licensee BioMed Central Ltd. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
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new white shark populations are founded by straying individuals, and the tendency for philopatry is what eventually differentiates the new population from the ancestral population [5,11,14,15]. However, philopatry will only lead to unique population structure if the behavior is focused on mating and/or pupping sites. Identifying mating and pupping sites and describing the connectivity between them can be extremely challenging when studying a highly migratory fish of relatively low abundance such as the white shark, but if accomplished, the results would have significant genetic and conservation implications [16,17]. Electronic tagging of adult white sharks in the northeastern Pacific has identified a previously unknown pelagic life-history phase, with sharks spending roughly half of their time in the deep-ocean environment, sometimes traveling as far as the Hawaiian Islands before returning to the continent [3,4]. Despite this pelagic phase, photographic identification (photo-ID) programs have shown white sharks to exhibit strong seasonal philopatry to one of two aggregation sites in the northeastern Pacific [12,13,18]: one off central California, USA, and the other at Guadalupe Island (GI), Mexico. Hundreds of sharks have been tracked from these aggregation sites, but only one individual (a sub-adult female) is known to have visited both sites [9]. Males visit these aggregation sites every year whereas adult females are typically seen every other year [8,12,18,19]. This 2-year migration pattern for females is likely associated with a presumed 18-month gestation cycle [20]. Multi-year tracking of adult female white sharks, combined with other direct and indirect life-history observations, could identify mating and pupping sites for the tracked individuals, as well as the connectivity between these important sites. To date, satellite pop-up tags have been unable to provide data/tracks on white sharks spanning more than 1 year, but the design of a satellite-linked radio-telemetry (SLRT) tag with a multi-year battery capacity, together with the development of methods for the capture, tagging, and release of large adult white sharks, allowed for a new research approach used in this study. Here we describe a 2-year migratory pattern for mature female white sharks, and document the connectivity between a single presumed mating site at GI and two widely separated pupping sites along the Mexican coast. This discovery is an important addition to our understanding of the life history of the white shark, a species currently listed as vulnerable by the World Conservation Union (IUCN), and which is protected under the Convention on the International Trade in Endangered Wild Flora and Fauna (CITES) [21].
provided multi-year tracking data. F6 and F100 completed 2-year round-trip migrations in the first 2-year period after tagging, but F77 was tracked for 3 years to capture a 2-year migration pattern, because she returned to GI the year after tagging, before embarking on a 2-year migration. The tag on F98 ceased transmitting 510 days after tagging, just before her expected return to GI; although her track is incomplete, the migratory pattern was consistent with the other tracked females, and therefore the data from F98 were included in our analyses. Data from the GI SLRT-tagged sharks, combined with previously published life-history observations, allowed for the synthesis and description of a multi-year migratory pattern for mature, female white sharks. The 2-year migration was found to consist of four phases: 1) an offshore gestation phase (OGP), which began when the females depart GI, and ended when they migrated to coastal regions during the pupping season; 2) a pupping phase (PP), defined as the time the females remained in the coastal waters of Baja California, Mexico, during the known pupping season [8]; 3) a pre-aggregation phase (PAP), when the females were in transition between the PP and GI; and 4) the GI aggregation phase (GIAP). Although the occurrence of each of these phases was seasonal, the timing and duration of each phase varied to some degree between individuals.
Offshore gestation phase
Results and discussion Four mature female white sharks tagged at GI with SLRT tags (F77 and F98 in 2008; F6 and F100 in 2009; Table 1)
Tagged female white sharks began the OGP by departing GI between 25 Jan and 22 Feb (median departure date 5 February) (Table 1). This phase lasted between 439 and 484 days (mean 465 days). Males also underwent an offshore phase during their 1-year migratory pattern, but it was of much shorter duration (mean 104 days) [4] and focused on a region termed the shared offshore foraging area (SOFA) [4,7], approximately halfway between the coast of Baja California, Mexico, and the Hawaiian Islands. Locations from SLRT-tagged females during the OGP were not focused on the SOFA; instead, the females used a much larger space (Figure 1) bound by a minimum convex polygon (MCP) encompassing 3,383,105 km2. During the OGP, the SLRT data indicated that tagged females spent only 4.2% of their time within the SOFA core (defined as the 50% density contour of the offshore area utilized by adult males [7]) while the males were present, supporting a previous study which suggested strong sexual segregation for adult white sharks during the offshore phase [7]. The OGP is the longest phase of an adult white shark's migratory pattern (14-16 month duration), meaning mature females spend more time in pelagic habitats than in any other habitat type. Females experience significantly warmer SSTs by remaining offshore, perhaps facilitating optimal growth of developing embryos [7]. Preferred prey for females in offshore waters is unknown. An expedition to the male focal area, the SOFA, found the
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Table 1 Tagging and tracking data for tagged GI female white sharks
Shark numbera Date tagged Total length, m Start offshore Arrive pupping Depart pupping Arrive Guadalupe Depart Guadalupe F98 F77 year 1b F77 year 2 F6 F100
a b
12/9/2008 12/3/2008 11/19/2009 11/20/2009
4.98 5.08 4.62 4.62
1/26/2009 2/1/2009 1/25/2010 2/22/2010 2/15/2010
4/10/2010 5/24/2011 5/30/2011 6/3/2011
6/20/2010 8/4/2011 8/15/2011 7/25/2011
NA 9/11/2009 9/15/2011 10/6/2011 9/19/2011
1/25/2010 12/7/2011 1/8/2012 1/13/2012
Shark number corresponds to number assigned in the Guadalupe Island photographic identification database [12,19]. Shark F77 returned to Guadalupe Island the year following tagging, before beginning a 2-year migration.
presence of three species of spawning squid (Architeuthis sp. and Ommastrephes sp.) and sperm whales, but no small marine mammals, and very little other epipelagic life [22]. Mature females travel east/west over a much broader area than the males, so it is possible that the preferred offshore prey differs between males and females. White sharks have never been documented to prey on healthy, large cetaceans, and are probably too small to do so; however, it cannot be overlooked that adult white-shark migrations overlap with large cetacean migrations in many parts of the world. Sperm whales and white sharks coincide within the SOFA core [22], white sharks and calving humpback whales coincide in Hawaii [3] and the south Pacific [10], and white sharks coincide with northern right whales off the east coast of the USA [23]. The growing circumstantial
evidence that white sharks migrate to regions with relatively high whale density suggests a foraging link; whether the sharks are actively predating or simply scavenging upon the whales (and/or calves) is not known. The OGP ended when the females migrated to coastal habitats along the Baja California Peninsula.
Pupping phase
Previously published analyses of fisheries data have identified seasonal pulses of young-of-the-year (YOY) whiteshark pups, from April through August, within YOY hotspots along the western coast of North America [8,24,25]. The timing of SLRT-tagged females into coastal waters coincided with the identified PP. Our presumed pregnant SLRT-tagged females migrated to coastal waters
Figure 1 Location data for four satellite-linked radio-telemetry-tagged female white sharks during the Offshore Phase. The large gold contour indicates the MCP for all offshore location points for the four tagged female sharks: (A) F98, (B) F77, (C) F6 and (D) F100. The white contour indicates the 50% density contour for adult males while they were offshore [7]. The small black circles indicate the estimated end position of the offshore track as the sharks moved toward the pupping grounds.
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between 10 April and 3 June (median 27 May) and departed between 20 June and 15 August (median 30 July) (Table 1). The duration of this PP varied from 52 to 77 days (mean 68 days). The approximately 2-month duration of the PP for tagged female sharks precluded precise identification of the location and timing of parturition, and it is unknown whether pups are born simultaneously or sequentially over a period. The movement of pregnant females to coastal habitats was not simultaneous, nor restricted to a single nursery region. F77 and F98 migrated into the Sea of Cortez whereas F6 and F100 migrated to the central Pacific coast of Baja California, Mexico (Figure 2). YOY white sharks have not been collected in the Sea of Cortez [25,26], and there was no focal point of activity for F77 and F98, so it is not possible to deduce the exact location of the Sea of Cortez nursery area(s). However, both F6 and F100 remained within a relatively local region, near Sebastin Vizcano Bay, Mexico, a known YOY white-shark hotspot [25], suggesting that this coastal Pacific Baja California region is indeed an important pupping and nursery area for white sharks. Future directed sampling may provide more data regarding the nursery region in the Sea of Cortez. Because none of the tagged females traveled to southern California during their 2year migration, the source of YOY California recruits remains unknown. SLRT tagging of central California females and increasing the sample size of females from GI should help resolve this remaining question.
Pre-aggregation phase
The PAP was the interval between parturition along the coast of Baja California and arrival to GI. Females left the pupping grounds between 20 June and 15 August (median 30 July) (Table 1). The SLRT on F98 ceased transmitting on 27 June 2009, 7 days after she exited the Sea of Cortez, prior to the time when she presumably would have returned to GI. The remaining three tagged females returned to GI between 15 September and 6 October (median return date 19 September), well after the return of the males to GI (average return date 22 July) [4]. The duration of the PAP varied from 4256 days (mean 50 days) with sharks primarily located in the pelagic regions east and south of GI, but on a few occasions, they came into close proximity to GI for short periods (1 to 3 days) before returning to the open ocean (Figure 3). Photo-ID records confirmed the occasional presence of mature females at GI in early September, with numbers increasing in October and peaking in November [12,18]. It is notable that F77 returned to GI directly from the offshore waters in the first year after tagging (11 September 2009), presumably because mating was not successful in 2008. The SLRT data confirmed the photo-ID observations [18] that individual females may not reproduce every cycle. Females that skip a year between reproductive cycles exhibit a 1year migration cycle similar to that of mature males, involving a shortened offshore phase (instead of an OGP) immediately followed by an aggregation phase (below) without undergoing the PP or PAP.
Figure 2 Location data for the four satellite-linked radio-telemetry-tagged female white sharks during the pupping phase. Location data for each shark is indicated by shape (F6 triangle, F77 square, F98 circle, and F100 diamond) and by color for each month.
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The purpose of the PAP can only be speculated. The females could benefit from the pinniped populations of GI if they migrated directly to the island from the pupping grounds, but the presence of males may be a deterrent. The migratory behavior of the tagged females during the PAP supports the hypothesis that females actively avoid males until the mating season [7,8]. The PAP may be a period when the females are physiologically preparing to mate again, while avoiding the risks associated with should say inhabiting the same space as adult males.
Guadalupe Island aggregation phase
Alternative mating hypothesis
The GIAP was a period of seasonal residency at GI presumably the time and place of mating [8]. The GI arrival of three tagged females occurred over a relatively narrow temporal window between 11 September and 6 October (Table 1). The percentage of time that SLRT tag transmissions were located within 15 km of GI peaked at close to 100% during the months of October and November (8%, 55%, 98%, 97%, 74%, 52%, and 7%, for August to February, respectively). Conspecific wounds to both male and female white sharks are frequently seen at GI [8,12], confirming that the mating aggregation does involve risk of injury. Male/male aggression certainly occurs, because wounds are seen prior to the arrival of females, but whether the males are defending mating sites or prey resources is unknown. The GIAP ended when the females departed for the open ocean between 7 December and 25 January (median 23 December) (Table 1), after 83 to 136 days at the island.
Jorgensen et al. [27] have proposed an alternative lifehistory hypothesis that is contradictory to the hypothesis proposed by Domeier [8]. The major difference between these hypotheses pertains to the timing and location of mating. Jorgensen et al. [27] speculated that white sharks are mating during their offshore phase, whereas Domeier proposed that mating occurs during seasonal, near-shore, adult aggregations. The hypothesis that white sharks are mating at coastal aggregation sites is supported by a growing body of indirect evidence: 1) the presence of mature females at GI with fresh conspecific bite wounds on the lateral surfaces of their head, pectoral fins, and flanks [8]; 2) the finding of spermatophores in the claspers of males at the GI and central California aggregation sites [8]; 3) a strong spatiotemporal overlap in the distribution of males and females at the GI and central California aggregation sites [7]; 4) strong sexual segregation during the offshore phase [7]; 5) the finding that peak presence of white sharks at GI does not correspond with the seasonal peak abundance of pinnipeds, suggesting that foraging is not the primary motivation for the aggregation [28], and 6) as presented here, a match between the estimated duration of gestation and the time between coastal aggregations and the known pupping season. By contrast, the hypothesis that mating is occurring offshore was not supported by any substantiating evidence, except for the speculative interpretation of diving patterns derived from electronic tags.
Figure 3 Location data for the four satellite-linked radio-telemetry-tagged female white sharks during the pre-aggregation phase. Location data for each shark is indicated by shape (F6 triangle, F77 square, F98 circle, and F100 diamond) and by color for each month.
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The offshore-mating hypothesis is based upon the conjecture that a described vertical-diving pattern (rapid oscillatory diving (ROD)) is a result of a lek-like mating behavior in the core of the SOFA [27]. This interpretation is problematic from several perspectives. Lek-like mating systems involve the gathering of males at a traditional site for the purpose of ritualized courtship display. The males compete for the attention of females, and in turn, the females select a specific male for mating. Although the peak in ROD behavior, and thus presumed offshore mating, occurs during June/July in a period when the distribution of males temporarily constricts, even the constricted offshore space is vast (estimated to be about 64,000 km2 [7]). Lek-like mating would require the males to be in a very small space to allow females to observe the courtship of several males at once. No electronic-tag data have ever indicated that sharks are densely populating a small, traditional offshore site. Lek-like mating systems have been described for some species of fish [29], but leks have never been seen among elasmobranchs. Females that mate in lek systems select a single male deemed superior to other males, thus the fact that white-shark pups from a single litter tested positive for multiple paternity [14] argues against lek-like mating for this species. It is challenging to ascribe any behavior to vertical movement data in the absence of visual observations. The seasonal constriction of the SOFA and the ROD-type diving pattern could be due to the pursuit of a seasonally available prey. An expedition to this region during the constriction identified the presence of three species of spawning squid and sperm whales [22], but again, the absence of behavioral observations deems it impractical to assign any cause to the ROD diving pattern. Diving patterns and mating systems aside, there are other strong arguments against the hypothesis that white sharks are mating during the offshore phase of their migratory pattern. First, electronic-tag data indicate that males and females are largely segregated during the offshore period [7], and second, the proposed mating during June/July [27] would equate to December/January pupping (accepting the 18-month gestation estimate [20]). Females arrive at adult aggregation sites approximately in September, and depart in December to end of February. No YOY have been seen at the adult aggregation sites, no obviously pregnant females have been sighted at GI, and pupping is known to occur approximately April through July.
Conservation concerns
and explain the presence of persistent YOY hotspots [8,24,25,34] and the genetic indication that females do not disperse [11]. Females may be returning to their place of birth to pup; this phenomenon, called natal homing, has been suggested for sharks [35], but not yet documented. The existence of natal homing in white sharks would explain the genetic indication that dispersion of this species is sex-biased. Furthermore, natal homing creates population vulnerability; the removal of females that support a specific pupping region would cause a loss of genetic diversity and the collapse of that nursery. The return of gravid females to coastal regions where active commercial fisheries take place presents the most vulnerable life-history stage for adult females, a threat confirmed by documented mortalities in the Sea of Cortez in 1996 [26], 2004 [36], and 2012 (reported in popular media: http://www.petethomasoutdoors.com/2012/04/great-whiteshark-catches-appear-on-the-rise-sea-of-cortez-.html). The SLRT-tagged shark F98 had been reporting regular position data but ceased sending messages soon after exiting the Sea of Cortez, and she has not been subsequently resighted at GI; fishery-related mortality is a reasonable explanation. The 1-year offshore migratory pattern of adult males exposes them to far less commercial fishery pressure than females, because they rarely stray towards the coast of Mexico. In addition to the threat to gravid females along the coast, there is also a threat to YOY and juvenile white sharks, which are found along the continental shelf in the near-shore regions. Adult white sharks are capable of breaking through most commercial fishing gear to escape, but YOY and juvenile white sharks do not have the mass and strength to do the same, therefore juveniles represent the most vulnerable stage for this species. Care must be taken to protect both the adult females and juveniles and their nursery habitats.
The revelation that GI supports two Mexican coastalnursery areas separated by 1000 to 2000 km gives rise to major conservation implications. In some coastal-shark species, females have been shown to be philopatric to specific nursery regions [30-33]. Longer-term tracking could provide confirmation of such behavior in white sharks,
Conclusion This is the first long term, continuous tracking study of individual adult female white sharks. Our results not only confirmed a 2-year migratory pattern for adult females, they also provide unifying support for the natural history hypothesis proposed by Domeier [8]. This hypothesis proposed that Guadalupe Island serves as a mating site for adult white sharks, and that this site is visited every year by adult males, but only once every two years by reproductively active females. The migratory pattern described here also supports the previously published estimate of gestation period (18 months [20]); a time that we found adult females to spend entirely in the open ocean. Our tracking has highlighted a previously unknown period of vulnerability for adult females: the period of time they are exposed to coastal fisheries when they migrate to the coast of North America to give birth. Adult males from GI,
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however, do not share this period of vulnerability, since they do not travel to the coast of North America once they reach sexual maturity [8]. Although the exact location of parturition cannot be determined from our tracking, it is clear that females that mate at GI support recruitment of YOY to two widely separated nursery areas; one on the Pacific side of the Baja California Peninsula and the other in the Sea of Cortez. If further tracking reveals that females are philopatric to very specific pupping grounds, the preservation of genetic diversity will depend upon the proper management of both the adult females and pups that support specific nursery area.
error. All messages, even those that did not provide location, gave a status message that included the SST recorded at the location of the tagged shark.
Argos position processing
Methods
Satellite-linked radio-telemetry tagging
Four mature female white sharks were tagged (SPOT5 SLRT tags; SPOT-257A, Inline Finmount, 4 holes, 7 7; Wildlife Computers, Redmond WA, USA) at GI, Mexico in 2008 and 2009 (Table 1) as described previously by Domeier and Nasby-Lucas [7]. In summary, sharks were attracted to the research vessel by baiting a custommade circle hook (Mustad, Gjvik, Norway) with a tuna or salvaged marine-mammal carcass. The baited hook was suspended behind the vessel via a plastic float. Four to six large plastic floats (22 kg flotation each) were evenly spaced along the line to keep the shark near the surface while providing drag. Once a shark was hooked, a smaller boat was used to follow the shark, bring the animal to the surface by shortening the distance between the floats and the shark, and guide the shark onto a large submerged platform that was attached to the larger research vessel. Once on the platform, the shark was hydraulically raised above the waterline. An irrigation hose was immediately placed in the mouth of the shark to flush seawater over the gills, the hook was removed, and a wet towel was placed over the head to protect the eyes and calm the animal. The time taken to capture the four female sharks ranged from 45 to 162 minutes (mean 77 minutes), and tagging time ranged from 14 to 17 minutes (mean 16 minutes). Each shark was measured and sex recorded prior to release. Determination of sexual maturity for female white sharks was based on a total length of at least 4.5 m [37]. SLRT tags were attached to the apex of the sharks first dorsal fin by drilling four small holes through the fin, and securing the tag with plastic bolts. Each time a tagged sharks dorsal fin was out of the water, a wet/dry switch activated the transmitter. Tags were programmed to transmit a maximum of 250 messages per day. If the tag remained out of the water long enough for an Argos satellite to receive four consecutive transmissions, the Doppler-shift-induced frequency change allowed calculation of the tags location [38] with associated location
All transmitted location positions were processed using a Kalman filter and reprocessed by Argos with a smoothing algorithm. The Kalman filter [39] computes the platform location and an error estimate, based on the Argos Doppler frequency measurements obtained up to the date of the location. The smoother is based on the Rauch-Tung-Striebel formulae [40], which combines, in a backward-time recursive process, some quantities produced by the Kalman filter. The Rauch-Tung-Striebel smoother computes the location and the error conditioned on all the measurements recorded (that is, past, present, and future available measurements). Location data were further selected with a speed filter between consecutive points, using the maximum estimated sustained speed of 192 km/day [4].
Data analysis
Date of the start and end of the PP were determined either directly by date of location data when available to indicate movement from the OGP to the PP, or by examining SST associated with transmitted status messages, and matching these to moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer (MODIS) weekly SST data from the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Aqua satellite. The date of the end of GIAP was determined by examining the first point away from GI and calculating the date of departure back in time, based on published average speed during travel (77 km/day [4]). All location points during the offshore phase for all four sharks were used to determine a MCP for the region used while offshore. MCP was determined using the minimum bounding geometry tool in ArcGIS. The percentage of location data from August to February within 15 km of GI was calculated by using a frequency of 1 location per day, and using all data from the four tagged female sharks during those months.
Abbreviations GI: Guadalupe Island, Mexico; GIAP: Guadalupe Island aggregation phase; MCP: Minimum convex polygon; OGP: Offshore gestation phase; photoID: Photographic identification; PAP: Pre-aggregation phase; PP: Pupping phase; ROD: Rapid oscillatory diving; SLRT: Satellite-linked radio telemetry; SST: Sea surface temperature; SOFA: Shared offshore foraging area; YOY: young-of-the-year. Competing interests The authors declare that they have no competing interests. Authors contributions MLD initiated the study, designed the experiments and deployed the electronic tags on the sharks. NN performed data management and analyses, and created the figures. MLD drafted and NN edited the manuscript. Both authors read and approved the final manuscript.
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Acknowledgements Funding for this study was provided by the Offield Family Foundation, Guy Harvey Ocean Foundation and National Geographic via Fischer Productions. Invaluable field assistance was provided by C. Fischer, B. McBride and the crew of the M/V Ocean. We thank L. Wheeler and E. Andrews of the Marine Mammal Center for their assistance in the collection of salvaged whale blubber. We thank O. Sosa-Nishizaki, F. Galvn-Magaa, and M. Hoyos-Padilla for assistance in obtaining Mexican permits. Research was conducted in accordance with permits through SEMARNAT (Secretara de Medio Ambiente y Recursos Naturales), and CONANP (Comisin Nacional de reas Naturales Protegidas). The cover image was given with the permission of Michael L. Domeier. Received: 18 July 2012 Accepted: 19 February 2013 Published: 4 April 2013 References 1. Boustany AM, Davis SF, Pyle P, Anderson SD, Le Boeuf BJ, Block BA: Expanded niche for white sharks. Nature 2001, 415:3536. 2. Bonfil R, Meyer M, Scholl MC, Johnson R, OBrien S, Oosthuizen H, Swanson S, Kotze D, Paterson M: Transoceanic migration, spatial dynamics, and population linkages of white sharks. Science 2005, 310:100103. 3. Weng KC, Boustany AM, Pyle P, Anderson SD, Brown A, Block BA: Migration and habitat of white sharks (Carcharodon carcharias) in the eastern Pacific Ocean. Mar Biol 2007, 152:877894. 4. Domeier ML, Nasby-Lucas N: Migration patterns of white sharks Carcharodon carcharias tagged at Guadalupe Island, Mexico, and identification of an eastern Pacific shared offshore foraging area. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 2008, 370:221237. 5. Jorgensen SJ, Reeb CA, Chapple TK, Anderson S, Perle C, Van Sommeran SR, Fritz-Cope C, Brown AC, Klimley AP, Block BA: Philopatry and migration of Pacific white sharks. Proc R Soc B 2010, 277:679688. 6. Bonfil R, Francis MP, Duffy C, Manning MJ, OBrien S: Large-scale tropical movements and diving behavior of white sharks Carcharodon carcharias tagged off New Zealand. Aquat Biol 2010, 8:115123. 7. Domeier ML, Nasby-Lucas N: Sex specific migration patterns and sexual segregation for adult white sharks in the northeastern Pacific. In Global Perspectives on the Biology and Life History of the White Shark. Edited by Domeier ML. Boca Raton: CRC Press; 2012:133146. 8. Domeier ML: A new life-history hypothesis for white sharks, Carcharodon carcharias, in the northeastern Pacific. In Global Perspectives on the Biology and Life History of the White Shark. Edited by Domeier ML. Boca Raton: CRC Press; 2012:199224. 9. Jorgensen S, Chapple TK, Anderson S, Hoyos M, Reeb C, Block BA: Connectivity among white shark coastal aggregation areas in the northeastern Pacific. In Global Perspectives on the Biology and Life History of the White Shark. Edited by Domeier ML. Boca Raton: CRC Press; 2012:159168. 10. Duffy C, Francis MP, Manning MJ, Bonfil R: Regional population connectivity, oceanic habitat, and return migration revealed by satellite tagging of white sharks, Carcharodon carcharias, at New Zealand aggregation sites. In Global Perspectives on the Biology and Life History of the White Shark. Edited by Domeier ML. Boca Raton: CRC Press; 2012:301318. 11. Pardini AT, Jones CS, Noble LR, Kreise B, Malcom H, Bruce BD, Stevens JD, Cliff G, Scholl MC, Francis M, Duffy CAJ, Martin AP: Sex-biased dispersal of great white sharks. Nature 2001, 412:139140. 12. Domeier M, Nasby-Lucas N: Annual re-sightings of photographically identified white sharks (Carcharodon carcharias) at an eastern Pacific aggregation site (Guadalupe Island, Mexico). Mar Biol 2007, 150:977984. 13. Anderson SD, Chapple TK, Jorgensen SJ, Klimley AP, Block BA: Long-term individual identification and site fidelity of white sharks, Carcharodon carcharias, of California. Mar Biol 2011, 158:12331237. 14. Gubili C, Duffy CAJ, Cliff G, Wintner SP, Shivji M, Chapman D, Bruce BD, Martin AP, Sims DW: Application of molecular genetics for conservation of the white shark, Carcharodon carcharias, L.1758. In Global Perspectives on the Biology and Life History of the White Shark. Edited by Domeier ML. Boca Raton: CRC Press; 2012:357380. 15. Gubili C, Bilgin R, Kalkan E, nsal Karhan S, Jones CS, Sims DW, Kabasakal H, Martin AP, Noble LR: Antipodean white sharks on a Mediterranean walkabout? Historical dispersal leads to genetic discontinuity and an endangered anomalous population. Proc R Soc B 2011, 278:16791686. 16. Avise JC: Molecular Markers, Natural History, and Evolution. Sunderland: Sinauer & Associates; 2004.
17. Waples RS, Gaggiotti O: What is a population? An empirical evaluation of some genetic methods for identifying the number of gene pools and their degree of connectivity. Mol Ecol 2006, 15:14191439. 18. Nasby-Lucas N, Domeier ML: Use of photo identification to describe a white sharks aggregation at Guadalupe Island, Mexico. In Global Perspectives on the Biology and Life History of the White Shark. Edited by Domeier ML. Boca Raton: CRC Press; 2012:381392. 19. Anderson S, Pyle P: A temporal, sex-specific occurrence pattern among white sharks (Carcharodon carcharias) at the South Farallon Islands, California. Calif Fish Game 2003, 89:96101. 20. Mollet H, Cliff G, Pratt H, Stevens J: Reproductive biology of the female shortfin mako, Isurus oxyrinchus Rafinesque, 1810, with comments on the embryonic development of lamnoids. Fish Bull 2000, 98:299318. 21. Dulvy NK, Baum JK, Clarke S, Compagno LJV, Corts E, Domingo A, Fordham S, Fowler S, Francis MP, Gibson C, Martinez J, Musick JA, Soldo A, Stevens JD, Valent S: You can swim but you can't hide: the global status and conservation of oceanic pelagic sharks and rays. Aquat Conservat Mar Freshwat Ecosyst 2008, 18:459482. 22. Domeier ML, Nasby-Lucas N, Palacios DM: The Northeastern Pacific white shark Shared Offshore Foraging Area (SOFA): A first examination and description from ship observations and remote sensing. In Global Perspectives on the Biology and Life History of the White Shark. Edited by Domeier ML. Boca Raton: CRC Press; 2012:147158. 23. Taylor JKD, Mandelman JW, McLellan WA, Moore MJ, Skomal GB, Rotstein DS, Kraus SD: Shark predation on North Atlantic right whales (Eubalaena glacialis) in the southeastern United States calving ground. Mar Mamm Sci 2013, 29:204212. 24. Lowe CG, Blasius ME, Jarvis ET, Mason TJ, Goodmanlowe GD, O'Sullivan JB: Historic fishery interactions with white sharks in the southern California bight. In Global Perspectives on the Biology and Life History of the White Shark. Edited by Domeier ML. Boca Raton: CRC Press; 2012:169186. 25. Santana-Morales O, Sosa-Nishizaki O, Escobedo-Olvera MA, Oate-Gonzlez EC, O'Sullivan JB, Cartamil D: Incidental catch and ecological observations of juvenile white sharks, Carcharodon carcharias, in western Baja California, Mexico: Conservation implications. In Global Perspectives on the Biology and Life History of the White Shark. Edited by Domeier ML. Boca Raton: CRC Press; 2012:187198. 26. Galvn-Magaa F, Hoyos-Padilla EM, Navarro-Serment CJ, Mrquez-Faras F: Records of white shark, Carcharodon carcharias, in the Gulf of California, Mexico. Mar Biodiversity Rec 2010, 3:16. 27. Jorgensen SJ, Arnoldi NS, Estess EE, Chapple TK, Rckert M, Anderson SD, Block BA: Eating or meeting? Cluster analysis reveals intricacies of white shark (Carcharodon carcharias) migration and offshore behavior. PLoS One 2012, 7:e47819. http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal. pone.0047819. 28. Domeier ML, Nasby-Lucas N, Lam CH: Fine-scale habitat use by white sharks at Guadalupe Island, Mexico. In Global Perspectives on the Biology and Life History of the White Shark. Edited by Domeier ML. Boca Raton: CRC Press; 2012:121132. 29. Hglund J, Alatalo RV: Leks. Princeton: Princeton University Press; 1995. 30. Feldheim KA, Gruber SH, Ashley MV: The breeding biology of lemon sharks at a tropical nursery lagoon. Proc R Soc Lond B 2002, 269:16551661. 31. Mourier J, Planes S: Direct genetic evidence for reproductive philopatry and associated fine-scale migrations in female blacktip reef sharks (Carcharhinus melanopterus) in French Polynesia. Mol Ecol 2013, 22:201214. 32. Portnoy DS, McDowell JR, Heist EJ, Musick JA, Graves JE: World phylogeography and male-mediated gene flow in the sandbar shark, Carcharhinus plumbeus. Mol Ecol 2010, 19:19942010. 33. Tillett BJ, Meekan MG, Field IC, Thorburn DC, Ovenden JR: Evidence for reproductive philopatry in the bull shark Carcharhinus leucas. J Fish Biol 2012, 80:21402158. 34. Bruce BD, Bradford RW: Habitat use and spatial dynamics of juvenile white sharks, Carcharodon carcharias, in eastern Australia. In Global Perspectives on the Biology and Life History of the White Shark. Edited by Domeier ML. Boca Raton: CRC Press; 2012:225254. 35. Hueter RE, Heupel MR, Heist EJ, Keeney DB: Evidence of philopatry in sharks and implications for the management of shark fisheries. J Northw Atl Fish Sci 2005, 35:239247.
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36. Castro JI: A summary of observations on the maximum size attained by the white sharks. In Global Perspectives on the Biology and Life History of the White Shark. Edited by Domeier ML. Boca Raton: CRC Press; 2012:8590. 37. Francis MC: Observations of a pregnant white shark with a review of reproductive biology. In Great white sharks: the biology of Carcharodon carcharias. Edited by Klimley AP, Ainley DG. San Diego: Academic Press; 1996:157172. 38. Taillade M: Animal tracking by satellite. In Wildlife telemetry: remote monitoring and tracking of animals. Edited by Priede IG, Swift SM. London: Ellis Horwood; 1992:149160. 39. Kalman RE: A new approach to linear filtering and prediction problems. Trans ASME J Basic Eng 1960, 82:3545. 40. Rauch HE, Tung F, Striebel CT: Maximum likelihood estimates of linear dynamic systems. AIAA J 1965, 3:14451450.
doi:10.1186/2050-3385-1-2 Cite this article as: Domeier and Nasby-Lucas: Two-year migration of adult female white sharks (Carcharodon carcharias) reveals widely separated nursery areas and conservation concerns. Animal Biotelemetry 2013 1:2.
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Evidence of Maternal Offloading of Organic Contaminants in White Sharks (Carcharodon carcharias)

Christopher G. Mull1,2*, Kady Lyons1, Mary E. Blasius1,2, Chuck Winkler3, John B. OSullivan4, Christopher G. Lowe1
1 Department of Biological Sciences, California State University Long Beach, Long Beach, California, United States of America, 2 Institute for Integrated Research in Material Environments and Society, California State University Long Beach, Long Beach, California, United States of America, 3 Southern California Marine Institute, Terminal Island, California, United States of America, 4 Monterey Bay Aquarium, Monterey, California, United States of America
Abstract
Organic contaminants were measured in young of the year (YOY) white sharks (Carcharodon carcharias) incidentally caught in southern California between 2005 and 2012 (n = 20) and were found to be unexpectedly high considering the young age and dietary preferences of young white sharks, suggesting these levels may be due to exposure in utero. To assess the potential contributions of dietary exposure to the observed levels, a five-parameter bioaccumulation model was used to estimate the total loads a newborn shark would potentially accumulate in one year from consuming contaminated prey from southern California. Maximum simulated dietary accumulation of DDTs and PCBs were 25.1 and 4.73 mg/g wet weight (ww) liver, respectively. Observed SDDT and SPCB concentrations (95691 mg/g and 16610 mg/g ww, respectively) in a majority of YOY sharks were substantially higher than the model predictions suggesting an additional source of contaminant exposure beyond foraging. Maternal offloading of organic contaminants during reproduction has been noted in other apex predators, but this is the first evidence of transfer in a matrotrophic shark. While there are signs of white shark population recovery in the eastern Pacific, the long-term physiological and population level consequences of biomagnification and maternal offloading of environmental contaminants in white sharks is unclear.
Citation: Mull CG, Lyons K, Blasius ME, Winkler C, OSullivan JB, et al. (2013) Evidence of Maternal Offloading of Organic Contaminants in White Sharks (Carcharodon carcharias). PLoS ONE 8(4): e62886. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0062886 Editor: Sandra Maria Feliciano de Oliveira Azevedo, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil Received December 17, 2012; Accepted March 26, 2013; Published April 30, 2013 Copyright: 2013 Mull et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Funding: Funding for this project was provided, in part, by Monterey Bay Aquarium, University of Southern California Sea Grant and the California Ocean Protection Council. The funders had no role in the study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist. * E-mail: creeas@gmail.com
Introduction
Marine pollutants, such as persistent organic pollutants (e.g. DDT, PCBs), are a global concern for ecosystems, wildlife, and human health. The majority of pollutants released into the environment ultimately end up in aquatic ecosystems, where they can remain in sediments or be assimilated into food webs and reach potentially harmful levels in higher trophic level organisms or humans [1]. Of particular concern are marine ecosystems adjacent to heavily populated or industrialized areas that have elevated levels of organochlorine contaminants such, as DDT and PCBs [1]. In southern California, an estimated 110 tons of SDDT and 11 tons of SPCBs remain in marine sediments at historic dumping sites along the Palos Verdes Peninsula, despite prohibition of discharging these organic pollutants in the 1970s [2,3]. The persistently high concentrations of contaminants at the Palos Verdes Peninsula and their ongoing redistribution due to physical perturbation and biological processes pose health concerns for marine organisms utilizing southern California, especially higher trophic level predators [4,5]. Due to their nonpolar nature, DDT and PCBs tend to be taken up by living organisms, and eventually are biomagnified throughout the food web. Marine apex predators are particularly susceptible to accumulating high levels of these contaminants because of their trophic position, longevity, and inability to process
and excrete many of these anthropogenic compounds [6,7,8,9]. Elevated levels of DDT and PCBs have been observed in polar bears, Ursus maritimus [10,11], pinnipeds [12], and odontocetes [13,14], which are top marine predators in their respective communities. While many sharks provide similar ecosystem functions as other top predators [15] much less is known about the levels and effects of these contaminants on this group. However, the few studies that have been conducted on elasmobranch fishes indicate that they bioaccumulate organic compounds readily due to their higher trophic position, life history characteristics (i.e. slow growth, longevity), and large, lipid rich livers where contaminants can be accumulated [16,17,18,19,20]. White sharks (Carcharodon carcharias) share similar ecological roles and reproductive life-history traits with the better-studied marine mammals, in that both nourish offspring through the metabolism of stored maternal lipids (i.e. liver and blubber respectively), which is also the primary site of organic contaminant accumulation. Lipids are mobilized from blubber during milk production in mammals and from the liver during vitellogenesis in sharks, then subsequently passed to offspring during lactation or oophagy (developing embryos feed on sequentially ovulated unfertilized eggs). These pathways provide a mechanism for the passive transfer of bioaccumulated contaminants from mother to offspring during lactation or gestation. This offloading of contaminants to offspring has been well documented in several taxa besides marine
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Maternal Offloading in White Sharks
mammals [21,22,23,24], including birds [25,26,27], reptiles [28,29,30], and teleost fishes [31,32,33]. However despite their global distribution, and evidence of bioaccumulation of organochlorines in sharks [34], little attention has been paid to maternal offloading processes. Evidence of maternal transfer of contaminants, specifically detectable levels of SDDT, was noted in a single study of Atlantic spiny dogfish (Squalus acanthias) [35], a relatively long lived species capable of considerable bioaccumulation. Elevated levels of gDDT in the livers of neonatal sharks were attributed to transfer via yolk during embryonic provisioning. However, since Atlantic spiny dogfish are not apex predators, and are lecithotrophic (e.g. the developing embryo is nourished solely by the initial yolk-sac), it may not be indicative of the greatest potential of maternal offloading in sharks. Thus, the dramatic effects of biomagnification of contaminants and subsequent transfer to offspring would be difficult to compare to other wellstudied systems such as marine mammals. White sharks are the most recognizable marine apex predators of temperate and subtropical oceans. Southern California and Baja California, Mexico are known nursery areas for northeastern Pacific white sharks, where young of the year (YOY,,one yr. old) and juvenile sharks occur close to shore during summer and fall [36,37,38,39]. Extremely high levels of DDT and PCBs have been observed in YOY white sharks from southern California [16], which was unexpected considering their young age. Despite the legacy of contamination in southern California, the levels of contaminants observed in these YOY white sharks [16] are not likely to have been achieved by dietary exposure alone, though this has not been directly tested until now. Therefore, maternal offloading may help explain these elevated contaminant concentrations with regards to adult white sharks high trophic position and oophagous method of matrotrophy [40]. To estimate the potential contribution of maternally derived contaminants to observed levels in YOY white sharks from southern California, we developed a bioaccumulation model to simulate contaminant uptake through diet alone. The model was designed to estimate the maximum possible amount of dietary bioaccumulation in YOY white sharks using contaminant levels of known prey found in southern California. We model bioaccumulation of contaminants from dietary exposure and compare with the results of Mull et al. [16], with additional samples from YOY white sharks to assess the role of maternal offloading in elevated contaminant concentrations. We hypothesized that YOY white sharks would exhibit contaminant loads exceeding those of our model output, indicating that the observed levels cannot be achieved via feeding alone, and that maternal offloading is an important factor explaining the high observed levels of organochlorine contaminants.
Materials and Methods Sample Collection

Juvenile white sharks are occasionally caught incidentally in several southern California fisheries [39] (Figure 1). Deceased animals were collected and brought back to the CSULB Shark Lab for dissection and tissue collection. Information about sex, total length (TL), weight and date of capture was recorded (Table 1); no animals were killed for the purposes of this study. Sharks were considered YOY if they measured under 175 cm TL [41]. Approximately 20 g of liver was collected from the middle of the left lobe from each shark, wrapped in foil for later organochlorine analyses, and stored in a freezer at 220uC until extractions could take place (n = 20).
Sample analysis. Samples of liver were analyzed for DDT and its metabolites (herein DDT) and PCBs using gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GCMS). Contaminant data for sharks caught between 20052009 was obtained from previously published study [16] and sample analysis for sharks caught between 20102012 is described below. In both cases, analytical procedures are nearly identical. Prior to analysis, liver tissue samples were passed through several preparative steps to extract, purify, and concentrate the contaminants from the neutral lipids. Due to equipment accessibility at IIRMES, two extraction methods (microwave and Soxhlet) were employed. Samples prior to 2010 were extracted using a MARS 5 microwave reaction system (CEM Corporation, Matthews, NC) while all samples taken after 2009 underwent Soxhlet extraction. All post-extraction procedures were identical. Despite the difference in extraction method, all batches passed QA/QC criteria (described below), and we are therefore confident these methods are comparable. Prior to extraction all samples were spiked with recovery surrogates to determine the extraction efficiency and retention of compounds through the preparatory process. A 12 g subsample of liver was used in both procedures and were extracted with a 3:1 mixture of dichloromethane (DCM):acetone. For all samples, lipid content was determined gravimetrically from split aliquots of the extracts after removing the DCM [42]. After extraction, the remaining extracts were processed using Alumina-B/Silica Gel chromatography by sequential elution with hexane, 30% DCM in n-hexane, and DCM. The samples were then concentrated by rotavap, transferred to an autosampler vial, and internal standards (4,49-Dibromobiphenyl and 2,29,5,59Tetrabromobiphenyl) were added prior to chemical analysis. Samples were injected onto an Agilent gas chromatograph (GC; 6890N series) equipped with a mass selective detector (MSD; Agilent 5973 inert series) using an autosampler (7683B series, Agilent Technologies, Santa Clara, California, USA). The GC column used was a ZB-5 (J&W Scientific; Santa Clara, California) fused silica capillary (0.25 mm ID660 m) with 0.25 mm film thickness. The temperature profile of the GC oven was programmed from 45uC to 125uC at 20uC/min, then to 295uC at 2.5uC/min and held for 10 min. Injector and transfer line temperatures were set at 285uC and 300uC, respectively. The source and quadrupole temperatures were set at 230uC and 150uC, respectively. Helium was used as the carrier gas at a flow velocity of 40 cm/sec. The MSD was used in the Electron Ionization (EI) mode and scanned from 45500 amu at a rate of 1.66 scans/sec. Data was acquired by software in the GCMS system. Total PCB (gPCB) concentrations was calculated as the sum of 53 individually resolved peaks of PCBs congeners: 3 8,18, 28, 31, 33, 52, 49, 44, 37, 74, 70, 66, 95, 56, 101, 99, 119, 87, 97, 81, 110, 77, 151, 123, 149, 118, 114, 153, 168+132, 105, 105, 141, 138, 158, 126, 187, 183, 128, 167, 174, 177, 156, 180, 169, 170, 201, 189, 195, 194, 206, and 209. Total DDT (gDDT) was calculated as the sum of 2,49-DDE, 4,49-DDE, 2,49-DDD, 4,49DDD, 2,49-DDT and 4,49-DDT. Quantification of each target analyte was based on the largest single ion with confirmation from at least two additional ions [43].
Quality Assurance/Quality Control (QA/QC)

For quality assurance and quality control, method blanks (n = 5), duplicates (n = 4), matrix spikes (MS)/matrix spike duplicates (MSD), and standard reference materials (SRMs; n = 4) were processed in parallel with samples. All target analytes in the laboratory blanks were below detectable concentrations. Precision of the method was evaluated by one duplicate analysis of
Figure 1. Map of the study area in the Southern California Bight (SCB). Black crosses denote the capture location of each individual used in this study. The shaded area represents the Palos Verdes Shelf Superfund Site where large amounts of DDT and PCBs were discharged with effluent and constitute a large portion of the legacy contaminants in the SCB. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0062886.g001
shark liver per 5 samples analyzed; the relative difference for PCBs and DDT of the four duplicates was within 14% and 9% of each other. A known concentration of the target analytes (160 ng and 250 ng for PCBs and DDT, respectively) was spiked into the sample matrix as a check for matrix effects through the calculation of recoveries. Matrix spike recoveries of the target analytes were within an acceptable range of 70 to 130% (EPA Method 8000), with a relative significant difference (RSD) of ,10%. For PCBs, MS/MSD percent recoveries (mean 6 SD) were 75610% and 79612%, respectively with a RSD of 5%. For DDT, MS/MSD percent recoveries were 71614% and 77623%, respectively with a RSD of 6%. Lake Michigan fish tissue SRM (1947; National Institute of Standards and Technology) was within the acceptable percent recovery limit (630%). Recovery of PCBs and DDT recovery surrogates were 104612% and 82612%, respectively. Four recovery surrogates (tetrachloro-m-xylene, TCMX; PCB 30, PCB 112 and PCB 198) were added to each sample prior to extraction to follow analyte recovery. Liver sample recoveries (n = 20; mean 6 SD) of TCMX, PCB 30, PCB 112 and PCB 198 were 114623%, 110620%, 106624%, and 7869%, respectively. Although overall MS/MSD recovery was low, recovery of the most abundant analytes was very high (e.g. 4,49-DDE which
PLOS ONE | www.plosone.org 3
represent 99% of DDT had a recovery of 106.5%). The recovery of abundant analytes in addition to other QA/QC criteria gives us high confidence in the reported values.
Data Analysis
No corrections were made to sample values based on recovery factors because they were all in the acceptable range (70130%). Values for duplicate samples analyzed were averaged for data summaries and statistical analyses. Values below detection limits were treated as zero values. All organic analyte values for samples were expressed on a wet-weight basis (mg of analyte per g wet weight tissue). All analyses were carried out using Sigmaplot 11.0 (Systat Software Inc., San Jose, CA) and the R statistical package [44]. A potential confounding factor in interpreting tissue contaminant concentrations is the effect of body condition. Poor body condition, characterized by low body mass or low body mass of lipid storage tissues, can artificially increase the concentration of contaminants. In pinnipeds body condition is inversely correlated with contaminant concentrations, especially post-weaning when lipid reserves are heavily relied upon prior to efficient foraging
April 2013 | Volume 8 | Issue 4 | e62886
Table 1. Capture date, total length (TL), percent lipid concentration of the liver and liver concentrations (mg/g, wet weight) for SDDT and SPCB for the YOY white shark samples.
Bioaccumulation Modeling
Bioaccumulation was simulated using a five-parameter model adapted from Connolly and Glaser [4]. The model estimates daily changes in total body concentration by balancing uptake, loss, and growth. Models were run using the R statistical package (R core development team) using the following equation: d ocshark ~aCocprey {kzGocshark dt where ocshark is the concentration of the contaminant in the shark (mg/g (ww)), a is the gross assimilation efficiency (% of ingested mass), C is the prey consumption rate (g(ww)/g(ww)-d), ocprey is the prey contamination level (mg/g(ww)), k is the total contaminant excretion rate (1/d), and G is the growth rate (g(ww)/g(ww)-d). All parameters used in the model can be found in Table 2. The model, incorporated YOY white shark growth rate, daily rationing, absorption efficiency, prey contaminant concentration, and metabolic turnover of contaminants. Consumption rate was based on a 3% of body weight/day derived from captive feeding of YOY white sharks at the Monterey Bay Aquarium, the only approximation for this species [50]. Potential prey contaminant concentrations were obtained from a 2009 health advisory report for southern California fishes [51] to ensure the most up-to-date and potentially most contaminated prey items were used in the model. This model assumes young white sharks are consuming the most heavily contaminated fish prey available in southern California to obtain the maximum levels possible in one year. Metabolic turnover and excretion of contaminants was assumed to be zero in our model to maximize simulated contaminant bioaccumulation. Each iteration of the model simulates accumulation over one day, and the model was run for 365 days to estimate OC bioaccumulation over an entire year. To compare our model levels expressed in total body concentration (mg/g ww total mass) to our observed liver concentrations (mg/g ww liver) a correction factor was used. Sharks sampled had an average hepatosomatic index (HSI) of 12.763.1% (n = 12) total body mass. To maximize our simulated concentrations we assumed that 100% of ingested contaminants would fractionate into the liver. Therefore, total values were corrected by multiplying model output by (1 g Total Mass/0.12760.031 g Liver) to obtain liver concentrations.
Capture Date TL (cm) 27-Jul-10 26-Sep-12 28-Aug-09 16-Oct-08 23-Aug-07 31-Jul-12 7-Aug-05 13-Jun-06 12-Jul-12 9-Aug-08 23-Aug-12 26-Aug-07 4-Aug-09 16-Aug-10 1-Oct-09 13-Jun-10 26-Jun-11 6-Jul-10 17-Aug-08 17-Apr-09 Mean SD 116 130 136 137 140 140 141 143 148 148 150 151 156 156 158 158 160 166 167 175
Sex F M M F M F F M F F M M F F F M M F F F
% Lipid 59 63 37 75 62 75 65 77 60 79 58 62 62 70 51 38 84 79 78 26 63 15.5
SDDT 51.3 287.0 4.2 60.2 37.1 45.6 186.0 18.4 136.2 58.4 110.3 21.9 34.9 177.9 74.5 249.2 276.2 19.4 33.0 26.2 95.4 91.4
SPCB 10.0 38.2 1.3 17.7 15.0 10.3 28.3 10.5 21.6 13.1 21.6 7.3 14.7 26.7 21.4 24.9 27.6 2.9 10.8 4.7 16.4 9.7
doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0062886.t001
[45,46]. During the first few weeks of life neonatal sharks rely heavily on lipid reserves in livers [47,48,49]. This reliance on liver reserves during early life could increase organochlorine contaminant concentrations in young sharks as lipids are metabolized but contaminants are not. To ensure that our results were not confounded by this phenomenon we tested for correlations between organochlorine concentrations and body conditions, measured as hepatosomatic index (liver mass:total body mass) and lipid content (%) of livers. Contaminant levels were log10 transformed and checked with Shapiro-Wilk test to ensure normality.
Results
Organochlorine contaminants levels found in the liver of YOY white sharks were extremely high in comparison to published records for other sharks, particularly in light of their age [16]. Mean (6 SD) gDDT and gPCBs for YOYs were 95.4691.4 mg/ g ww (wet weight) (Figure 1A) and 16.469.7 mg/g ww (Figure 1B)
Table 2. Parameter values used to simulate dietary bioaccumulation over 365 days.
Variable A C OCprey G K
Parameter Assimilation efficiency Prey consumption rate Prey Concentration (whole body) Growth rate Excretion rate
Units % g(ww*)/g(ww)-d
mg/g(ww); ppm
Value 80 3 SDDT: 0.609 SPCB: 0.113 0.3 0
Source Wetherbee and Gruber, 1993 Ezcurra et al. 2012 Klasing et al. 2009 Ezcurra et al. 2012 Present study
g(ww)/g(ww)-d 1/d
* = wet weight. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0062886.t002
Figure 2. Measured concentration of organochlorine contaminants (mg/g, wet weight) in liver of YOY white sharks across total length (TL, cm), compared with maximum expected dietary accumulation over one year. (A) Dietary accumulation of SDDT was estimated to be 25.168.23 mg/g (solid and broken reference lines). There was no significant relationship between TL and SDDT levels. (B) Dietary accumulation of SPCBs was estimated to be 4.7361.53 mg/g (solid and broken reference lines). There was no significant relationship between TL and SPCBs levels. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0062886.g002
(Table 1), respectively. Mean values for all contaminants measured for all YOY white sharks sampled exceeded the maximum simulated levels in the five parameter dietary bioaccumulation model (Figure 2). Running the model for 365 days suggested the potential mean levels that YOY white sharks could attain from dietary exposure are 25.168.23 mg/g gDDT and 4.7361.53mg/g gPCBs ww in liver (Figure 2). Observed concentrations of both gDDT and gPCBs in liver of most YOY sharks exceeded maximum model output. SDDT concentrations in 16 individuals
(80%) exceeded estimated maximum dietary accumulation (Figure 2A), and 17 individuals (85%) exhibited gPCBs concentrations exceeding estimated maximum dietary accumulation (Figure 2B). There was no clear relationship between total length and wet weight (mg/g liver weight) (gDDT: r2 = 0.00015, p = 0.96; gPCBs: r2 = 0.009, p = 0.69) or lipid normalized (mg/g lipid weight) contaminant levels (gDDT: r2 = 0.0014, p = 0.87; gPCBs: r2 = 0.001, p = 0.89).
Figure 3. Observed levels of organochlorine contaminants versus metrics of body condition. There was no significant relationship between HSI and SDDT (A) or SPCBs (B). Hepatic lipid levels were positively related to both SDDT (C) and SPCBs (D). doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0062886.g003
The elevated organochlorine concentrations observed in YOY white sharks did not appear to be an artifact of sampling animals in poor condition (i.e. low HSI or hepatic lipid content). There was no significant relationship between SDDT and HSI (r2 = 0.15, p = 0.21) (Figure 3A), or SPCBs and HSI (r2 = 0.08, p = 0.36) (Figure 3B). There was no relationship between hepatic lipid content and gDDT (r2 = 0.03, p = 0.49) (Figure 3C) or gPCBs (r2 = 0.07, p = 0.25) (Figure 3D).
Discussion
Observed organochlorine contaminant levels in YOY white sharks were considerably higher than estimated by modeled dietary accumulation alone, with mean liver concentrations of SDDT and SPCBs approximately 3-fold higher than modeled levels. While sharks were sampled across the entire YOY size range, several were near size at birth, and likely weeks to months old, yet many had contaminant levels exceeding the model, which was run for an entire year. This indicates that mothers are likely passively transferring organochlorine contaminants to embryos during gestation, since it is unlikely that YOY sharks are acquiring such high levels from diet alone. While there was a large variation in observed liver concentrations, only four sharks fell below the modeled dietary accumulation of SDDT, and three below modeled dietary accumulation of SPCBs. These findings suggest that some, if not all, young white sharks are exposed to some level of organochlorine contaminants in utero, although the magnitude of exposure is highly variable.
High levels of organochlorine contaminants are common in marine apex predators, though the magnitude of tissue concentrations seen in YOY white sharks is surprising given their age, and may be due to the feeding ecology of adults. The levels of SDDT and SPCBs found in sharks in our study are among the highest ever reported for any elasmobranch, despite other studies focusing predominantly on older adults [16]. Though organochlorine contaminant burdens have been examined in other apexpredatory sharks, white sharks are unique in that adults feed heavily on adult pinnipeds during certain times of year [52,53], while other sharks are predominantly piscivorous. Organochlorine contaminant levels in juvenile orcas (Orcinus orca) also vary significantly with adult feeding ecology [54,55]. One year old piscivorous resident orcas had much lower blubber concentrations of SDDT and SPCBs, than a one year old transient orca calf, whose mother fed on marine mammals [54]. This lone transient calf had blubber concentrations of 240 mg/g ww SDDT and 120 mg/g ww SPCBs, which was 3 and 8 fold higher than mean SDDT and SPCBs in YOY sharks from our study, respectively, though three sharks in our study exceeded this SDDT level. The elevated levels of organochlorine contaminants seen in the offspring of marine mammal predators compared with fish predators suggests that maternal prey selection can significantly increase the level of contaminant exposure to offspring during lactation. The degree and magnitude of contaminant offloading in marine mammals has been linked to the reproductive life-history of mothers [12], in particular birth order of offspring [22,23,54,55,56,57]. During their first reproductive event, marine
mammal females will offload a significant portion of the contaminants they have acquired prior to maturity, which represents a potentially large reservoir for late maturing apex predators such as orcas [55]. During subsequent reproductive events the reservoir of contaminants stored in lipid reserves will be lower, thus the magnitude of contaminant offloading will decrease. For example, in northern fur seals (Callorhinus ursinus) and several species of cetaceans, the greatest difference in the amount of contaminants passed to offspring is between first-time and older mothers [22,23,55,57,58]. Comparable processes are expected to occur in white sharks given their similarity in life-history characteristics to marine mammals. The individuals observed with relatively high levels of organochlorine contaminants could potentially be the offspring of first-time mothers; however, to directly test this hypothesis we would need to match pups to their mother. The high variability of organochlorine concentrations observed in YOY sharks is likely due to the specific life-history of their mothers, including where females forage geographically and reproductive history. Since observed contaminant concentrations in YOY white sharks were highly variable it suggests that maternal offloading and the processes influencing the magnitude of transfer are important factors related to the level of contaminant exposure sharks will experience as juveniles. Variability in maternal offloading likely reduces the ability to detect bioaccumulation or growth dilution in young sharks. We saw no significant relationship between SDDT and SPCBs (wet weight or lipid normalized weight) with total length. While YOY sharks are likely accumulating contaminants feeding in the Southern California Bight, the varying levels of exposure in utero and individual growth rates will potentially obscure any trends. Although it is likely that the more heavily chlorinated PCB congeners are accumulated at greater rates, we saw no evidence of accumulation trends across the size range of sharks examined in this study. Future investigations of contaminants in young individuals should focus on the biochemical pathways in which various compounds are transferred between mother and embryo, as modes of maternal supplement during gestation vary among species.
understand how they cycle through ecosystems, and food webs in particular. The life-history traits (e.g. longevity, low fecundity, apex predatory role) of most sharks make them vulnerable to not only overfishing but to bioaccumulation of contaminants and intergenerational transfer. Though improved fisheries management in southern California has decreased the fishing induced mortality rate of young white sharks [39], the effects of exposure to anthropogenic contaminants is unknown and could affect white sharks throughout their lives. While we did not measure bioindicators of pathology in the current study, there is reason for concern about the long-term physiological and population level consequences of contaminants to white sharks, especially at the early life stages. Many organochlorine contaminants have been well documented to have negative impacts on reproduction and development in a variety of organisms [5,59,60,61]. Unfortunately, no information regarding toxicity of organochlorines exists in sharks, and we have not observed any sub-lethal impacts of these levels to date. Continued monitoring as well as investigating the potential sub-lethal impacts of these contaminants on these and other elasmobranchs may be essential in documenting long term population impacts and contaminant remediation strategies in the future.
Acknowledgments
We thank A. Fisk and one anonymous reviewer for their valuable comments on the manuscript and Monterey Bay Aquarium for their support of this research. We thank the fisherman who provided samples as well as the CSULB Shark Lab and Rapid Response Team for assistance in collecting data and performing dissections. We thank the Institute for Integrated Research in Materials, Environments, and Society for access to instrumentation, especially R. Gossett for his guidance in analyzing samples. We also thank A. Cooper for his assistance in generating code for the bioaccumulation model, and D. Witting for his constructive feedback about our data analysis. All samples were collected under authorization from the Califiornia Department of Fish and Wildlife (SCP # 002026).
Author Contributions
Conceived and designed the experiments: CGM MEB CGL. Performed the experiments: CGM MEB KL. Analyzed the data: CGM MEB KL CGL. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: CGM MEB KL CW JO CGL. Wrote the paper: CGM KL MEB CGL.
Conclusions
To accurately gauge the potential impacts of organochlorine contaminants released into the marine environment, we must
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In: Domeier M, editor. Global Perspectives on the Biology and Life History of the Great White Shark Research (Carcharodon carcharias): Taylor and Francis. Francis MP (1996) Observations on a pregnant white shark with a review of reproductive biology; Klimley AP, Ainley DG, editors. 157172 p. Cailliet GM, Natanson LJ, Welden BA, Ebert DA (1985) Preliminary studeis on the age and growth of the white shark, Caracharodon carcharias, using vertebral bands. Memoirs of the Southern California Academy of Sciences 9: 4960. Bligh EG, Dyer WJ (1959) A rapid method of total lipid extraction and purification. Canadian Journal of Biochemistry and Physiology 37: 911917. Cochran JW, Frame GM (1999) Recent developments in the high-resolution gas chromatography of polychlorinated biphenyls. Journal of Chromatography A 843: 323368. Team RDC (2008) R: A language and environment for statistical computing. Vienna Austria: R Foundation for Statistical Computing. Debier C, Chalon C, Le Boeuf BJ, de Tillesse T, Larondelle Y, et al. (2006) Mobilization of PCBs from blubber to blood in northern elephant seals (Mirounga angustirostris) during the post-weaning fast. Aquatic Toxicology 80: 149157. Greig DJ, Ylitalo GM, Wheeler EA, Boyd D, Gulland FMD, et al. (2011) Geography and stage of development affect persistent organic pollutants in stranded and wild-caught harbor seal pups from central California. Science of the Total Environment 409: 35373547. Lowe CG (2002) Bioenergetics of free-ranging juvenile scalloped hammerhead sharks (Sphyrna lewini) in Kaneohe Bay, Oahu, HI. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 278: 141156. Hussey NE, Cocks DT, Dudley SFJ, McCarthy ID, Wintner SP (2009) The condition conundrum: application of multiple condition indices to the dusky shark Carcharhinus obscurus. Marine Ecology-Progress Series 380: 199212. Hussey NE, Wintner SP, Dudley SFJ, Cliff G, Cocks DT, et al. (2010) Maternal investment and size-specific reproductive output in carcharhinid sharks. Journal of Animal Ecology 79: 184193. Ezcurra JM, Lowe CG, Mollet HF, Ferry LA, OSullivan JB (2012) Captive feeding and growth oy young-of-the-year white sharks (Carcharodon carcharias) at the Monterey Bay Aquarium. In: Domeier M, editor. Global Perspectives on the Biology and Life History of the Great White Shark. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. 315. Klasing S, Witting D, Brodberg R, Gassel M (2009) Health Advisory and Safe Eating Guidelines for Fish from Coastal Areas of Southern California: Ventura Harbor to San Mateo Point In: Branch PaET, editor. Sacramento, CA: Office of Environmental Health and Hazard Assessment. 42. Carlisle AB, Kim SL, Semmens BX, Madigan DJ, Jorgensen SJ, et al. (2012) Using Stable Isotope Analysis to Understand the Migration and Trophic Ecology of Northeastern Pacific White Sharks (Carcharodon carcharias). Plos One 7. Kim SL, Tinker MT, Estes JA, Koch PL (2012) Ontogenetic and AmongIndividual Variation in Foraging Strategies of Northeast Pacific White Sharks Based on Stable Isotope Analysis. Plos One 7. Ylitalo GM, Matkin CO, Buzitis J, Krahn MM, Jones LL, et al. (2001) Influence of life-history parameters on organochlorine concentrations in free-ranging killer whales (Orcinus orca) from Prince William Sound, AK. Science of the Total Environment 281: 183203. Ross PS, Ellis GM, Ikonomou MG, Barrett-Lennard LG, Addison RF (2000) High PCB concentrations in free-ranging Pacific killer whales, Orcinus orca: Effects of age, sex and dietary preference. Marine Pollution Bulletin 40: 504 515. Mongillo TM, Holmes EE, Noren DP, VanBlaricom GR, Punt AE, et al. (2012) Predicted polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) and polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) accumulation in southern resident killer whales. Marine Ecology-Progress Series 453: 263277. Hickie BE, Mackay D, de Koning J (1999) Lifetime pharmacokinetic model for hydrophobic contaminants in marine mammals. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 18: 26222633. Beckmen KB, Ylitalo GM, Towell RG, Krahn MM, OHara TM, et al. (1999) Factors affecting organochlorine contaminant concentrations in milk and blood of northern fur seal (Callorhinus ursinus) dams and pups from St. George Island, Alaska. Science of the Total Environment 231: 183200. Subramanian A, Tanabe S, Tatsukawa R, Saito S, Miyazaki N (1987) Reduction in the testosterone levels by PCBs and DDE in dalls porpoises of northwestern north Pacific. Marine Pollution Bulletin 18: 643646. Fry DM (1995) Reproductive effects in birds exposed to pesticides and industrialchemicals. Environmental Health Perspectives 103: 165171. Guillette LJ, Gross TS, Gross DA, Rooney AA, Percival HF (1995) Gonadal steroidogenesis in vitro from juvenile alligators obtained from contaminanted or control lakes. Environmental Health Perspectives 103: 3136. Wetherbee BM, Gruber SH (1993) Absorption efficiency of the lemon shark Negaprion brevirostris at varying rates of energy intake. Copeia 1993: 416425.
Hindawi Publishing Corporation Journal of Marine Biology Volume 2013, Article ID 598745, 7 pages http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/598745
Research Article Occurrence of White Sharks (Carcharodon carcharias) in Hawaiian Waters

Kevin Weng1 and Randy Honebrink2
1
Pelagic Fisheries Research Program, Department of Oceanography, University of Hawaii at Manoa, 1000 Pope Road, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA 2 Hawaii Division of Aquatic Resources, 1151Punchbowl Street, Honolulu, HI 96813, USA Correspondence should be addressed to Kevin Weng; kweng@hawaii.edu Received 27 August 2012; Revised 6 March 2013; Accepted 7 March 2013 Academic Editor: E. A. Pakhomov Copyright 2013 K. Weng and R. Honebrink. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. White sharks (Carcharodon carcharias) have been known in Hawaii (158 W, 22 N) since the time of ancient Hawaiians. We compiled sightings and records from 1926 to the present (4 females, 2 males, and 8 unknown sex; 3.34.5 m total length) and compared them with satellite tracking records (7 females, 9 males, and 6 unknown; 3.75.3 m total length). White sharks have been sighted in Hawaii throughout the year, whereas satellite tracking studies show individuals near the North American coast during fall and offshore during spring for the eastern North Pacific population (northern fall/spring). The mismatch of these datasets could hypothetically be consistent with fall-sighted individuals being sourced from a different population or part of a resident population. However, recently documented multiyear movements of North American sharks revealed that the annual nearshoreoffshore pattern does not hold for mature females, which ranged over larger areas and were offshore during the fall. We found that fall white shark sightings in Hawaii are predominantly of females, most likely visitors from the eastern North Pacific population. Misidentification of other species as white sharks frequently occurs by fishers and in the news media, and we suggest methods for discrimination of related species.
1. Introduction
White sharks (Carcharodon carcharias) are known to have occurred historically in Hawaii based on Hawaiian knowledge and artefacts predating European contact [1], and their presence continues to be documented by contemporary observations (this study) and electronic tracking [25]. This paper aims to provide a definitive record of the presence of white sharks in Hawaiian waters, based on confirmed incidents and satellite tracking data, while eliminating previously reported sightings that cannot be verified. We compared sightings data from Hawaii with satellite tracking data and consider life history hypotheses for the eastern North Pacific, in order to understand the likely origins of sharks that occur in Hawaii. Observations of white sharks in Hawaii have been rare and brief, but have provided information on the seasonality of occurrence in the Archipelago and some information on sex
and size class. On the North American coast, the occurrence of white sharks has been studied via direct observation, photo cataloging, records of attacks on marine mammals and humans, fishery capture records, and satellite and acoustic telemetry. White sharks have been seen at aggregation sites (pinniped colonies) primarily during northern autumn [6], and satellite tracking studies record them moving west from the North American coast in the spring to offshore waters including Hawaii [25]. These data suggest that Hawaii white sharks are part of the same population that inhabits the North American west coast. However, sightings in Hawaii across nearly all months of the year conflict with the springoffshore pattern, raising the possibility of either a resident population or an alternate source of visitors. New data for the seasonal movements of female sharks from North American aggregation sites [7, 8] allow a new interpretation of the Hawaii observation data.
2 A number of potential reasons for the migration to Hawaii have been suggested, focused on foraging and mating. Taylor [1] suggested that the winter aggregation of humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae) in Hawaii may provide a food source (via newborns or placentas), and that monk seals (Monachus schauinslandi) could provide a year-round food source. Coastal dolphin populations, notably spinner dolphins (Stenella longirostris) that aggregate during the day in shallow bays, are another potential food source. Jorgensen et al. [5] suggested foraging on deep scattering layer organisms. Weng et al. [3] and Jorgensen et al. [5] both speculated that since both males and females visit Hawaii, mating may occur in the Archipelago. Reports of white sharks are frequently made by the news media, generally without adequate verification of species. Since there are a variety of sharks with similar sizes, and a number of species in the family Lamnidae that have similar features, verification based on morphology is important. We provide suggestions on verification and review a recent case that was widely reported, but based on a misidentification.
Journal of Marine Biology mako sharks (Isurus oxyrinchus) occur regularly and have been misidentified as white sharks by the public and news media. We use a number of characters noted in the peerreviewed literature to distinguish the two species. (1) Origin of first dorsal fin relative to the pectorals: in the white shark first dorsal fin origin is usually over the pectoral inner margins whereas in the mako first dorsal fin origin is usually behind the pectoral fin free rear tips [11]. (2) Snout shape: the mako shark snout is acutely pointed whereas the white shark snout is bluntly conical [11]. The acuteness of the point on the snout is commonly used by biologists and fishermen to distinguish the two species. Therefore, we propose a new metric to quantify this feature, the ratio of distance from tip to anterior edge of eye versus height at anterior edge of eye. The keys used to distinguish different lamnids utilize tooth morphology or other features typically unavailable from photographs. Since photos typically show the snout, our metric may be useful for identification in other cases. In addition, the pattern on the flank of white sharks is typically an uneven line between the contrasting white ventral and grey dorsal surfaces (margin between dorsal dark and ventral white surfaces sharply delimited [11]), whereas mako sharks typically have a smooth transition from lighter to darker. The eye is larger relative to the body in the mako shark [11].
2. Materials and Methods

Information on the occurrence of white sharks in Hawaii was compiled from sighting and attack records, shark culling program data, remote cameras, submersibles, and published satellite tag records. Sex of sharks was recorded if the ventral surface was observed sufficiently to determine presence/absence of claspers. Length was taken from observer estimates, and in the case of some photographs was determined using laser spacers or stereovideo calculations [9]. We include published records of white sharks that were tracked with satellite tags to the Hawaii region. Three publications focusing on the northern California white shark aggregation reported on a total of 19 white sharks that moved from California to Hawaii [2, 3, 5]. One publication focusing on the Guadalupe, Mexico aggregation reported on three white sharks moving to Hawaii [4]. The months of occurrence of white sharks satellite tracked in Hawaii were determined from these published papers and combined with occurrence data from direct observations. We considered sightings to be verified where specimens were in hand, photographs providing morphological information existed, evidence such as tooth pattern was analyzed from bites, or scientific observers recorded identifying characters. Where verification was not possible, records were not included in our analyses. Reports by the public of large sharks frequently do not include enough morphological information to make species identifications, even between major groups such as lamnids and carcharhinids. Where limited information is available, it is important to distinguish between white sharks and other members of the family Lamnidae. In the eastern North Pacific, the salmon shark (Lamna ditropis) is commonly misidentified as a white shark, and while at least one specimen has been shown to occur in Hawaii [10], it exhibits a strong tropical submergence and this has not been directly observed or captured. In the Atlantic, the porbeagle shark (Lamna nasus) has a similar appearance to the white shark. In the Hawaii region, shortfin
3. Results and Discussion

3.1. Records of White Sharks in Hawaii. Thirteen modern records for white shark sightings in Hawaii were verified (See Supplementary Material available online at http:// dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/598745) (Table 1, Figure 1), and 22 individuals were satellite tracked to Hawaii from the coast of North America, reported in published articles [25, 7]. White sharks occurred in both the Main and Northwestern Hawaiian Islands [5]. The presence of Carcharodon carcharias in Hawaiian waters has been known since the days of precontact Hawaiians, as evidenced by artifacts containing white shark teeth held in the various museums [1]. Contemporary records of white sharks date back to May 1926, when the remains of a man who apparently drowned in waters of Haleiwa, Oahu were recovered 16 days later in the stomach of a large shark landed off Kahuku, Oahu. Of five newspaper articles describing the incident, only one [12] identified the shark as C. carcharias. This appears to have been the first time a white shark was mentioned by name in any Hawaiian shark incident account in recent history. Following the size classification of Bruce and Bradford [13], records of white sharks in Hawaiian waters have involved subadults and adults, ranging in size from 3.3 m (this study) to 5.3 m [5]. Where sex could be determined, males ranged from 3.5 m to 4.9 m and females from 3.3 m to 4.8 m. Juvenile (1.75 3 m) and young of the year (<1.75 m) size classes have not been reported, with the exception of shark 19690308, whose size was estimated from bite marks. Since it is not known what proportion of the sharks jaws resulted in a 24 cm bite width, the length estimate may have a large margin of error. A length of 2.7 m would be at least 0.6 m less than any other reliably measured white shark in Hawaiian waters.
Journal of Marine Biology

Table 1: White sharks observed in the Hawaiian Archipelago. Date May 18, 1926 Dec 7, 1959 Mar 6, 1960 Mar 8, 1961 Jan 20, 1966 Jan 20, 1966 Mar 8, 1969 May 3, 1969 Oct 28, 2002 Oct 4, 2004 Jan 4, 2005 Dec 28, 2005 Jan 29, 2006 May 1, 2011
Animal ID 19260603 19591207 19600306 19610308 19660120a 19660120b 19690308 19690503 20021028 20041004 20050104 20051228 20060129 20110501
Location Kahuku, Oahu Kahuku-Waialee, Oahu Windward Oahu 1 mile outside Honolulu Harbor Kawaihae Bay, Hawaii Kawaihae Bay, Hawaii Makaha, Oahu Kawaihae Bay, Hawaii Penguin Bank, Molokai Makapuu, Oahu Molokini, Maui Near Haleiwa, Oahu Mahukona, Hawaii Between Molokai and Maui
TL (m) 3.8 3.5 3.3 4.1
3.9 Large 4.5 4.2 3.3
Sex U M F U U U U M U F U F F U
Basis for identification Captured specimen Original catch data Original catch data Captive specimen Original catch data Original catch data Tooth impressions in surfboard Original catch data Video footage Video footage Photograph Video footage Photograph Video footage
Source [12] [14] [14] [1, 15] [1, 16] [1, 16] [17] [1, 16] [18] [18] [18], 1 2 3 4
Animal ID is given as date in the format. Detailed descriptions of each individual are in the Supplementary Material available online at http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/ 2013/598745. Sources: References 1 Photographs and descriptions by John Chakerain provided to K. Weng, 2012; 2 Jimmy Hall photos provided to K. Weng; 3 Todd Buczyna photographs provided to K. Weng, 2012; 4 Virginia Moriwake and Jeff Drazen, University of Hawaii.
22 N 21 N 20 N 19 N 158 W 157 W 156 W 155 W 28 N 26 N 24 N 22 N 20 N 18 N

175 W
80 N 60 N 40 N 20 N 0 N 20 S 200 W 150 W 100 W
170 W
165 W
160 W
155 W
This study Boustany et al., 2002 [2] Weng et al., 2007 [3]
Domeier and Nasby-Lucas, 2008 [4] Jorgensen et al., 2010 [5]
Figure 1: Location of white sharks sighted in Hawaii and reported in published satellite tracking studies.
Domeier [8] reported on a 3.15 m total length subadult male tagged off Guadalupe Island (GI) on December 6, 2007, which departed GI April 20, 2008 and migrated to a point 1100 km due north of Hawaii island. Although the shark did not enter the Hawaiian waters, it did travel through similar latitudes and longitudes.
Observations of white sharks in Hawaii included sightings from vessels and by divers as well as recordings on remote cameras and from submersibles. All records are from daytime periods and range from the surface to 446 m. The relatively low abundance of white sharks in Hawaiian waters was evidenced by the results of large-scale shark
4
10 5 0 Dec Jan 4 2 0 Dec Jan 2 1 0 Dec Jan 4 Unknown 2 0 Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Female Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Male
All
Figure 2: Distribution of white shark occurrences in Hawaii by month based on verified sightings (this study) and published records [2, 3, 5, 7].
culling operations conducted from 1959 to 1969. A total of 697 sharks were caught during the Billy Weaver Shark Research and Control Program (1959-60) [14]. Of those, only two were white sharks. Surprisingly, two white sharks were among 92 sharks caught during a 1966-67 abatement program at Kawaihae Bay, Hawaii island, and a third was caught in the same area in 1969 [1]. However, during the largest shark control effort in Hawaiis history, the 196769 Cooperative Shark Research and Control Program, 1,727 sharks were caught, but not a single white shark [19]. No white sharks were caught during three other shark control programs in the 1970s [20]. 3.2. Origins of Hawaii White Sharks. White sharks in Hawaii may hypothetically be migrants from populations near North America, Japan, or Australia/New Zealand or a resident population. At present no evidence exists for connectivity between Hawaii and the Australia/New Zealand region, though tracking studies have occurred [13, 21, 22]. Insufficient research has occurred to evaluate connectivity with Asia. Large-scale tracking studies on the North American coast have revealed a high degree of connectivity with Hawaii and showed a seasonal pattern with sharks departing the coast during the northern autumn [24]. The lack of juvenile and young-of-the-year size classes and strong seasonal presence of subadult and adult males indicate that a resident Hawaii population is unlikely. The seasonality of white shark occurrences in Hawaii based on both sightings, fishery records and published records, is shown in Figure 2. White shark occurrences are distributed through all months of the year except November, with a broad peak during northern winter-spring. Males are absent during northern summer-fall, while females occur all year round. The absence of males in the northern fall is consistent with those individuals leaving Hawaii and moving to North American aggregations in the fall-winter. In contrast, female sharks occur in Hawaii throughout the
year. The autumn occurrence of white sharks in Hawaii is not consistent with the seasonal pattern identified by early tracking studies [25]. However, this seasonal pattern is not the complete story and is part of a more complex migratory system in which females and males have different patterns [7]. Domeier and Nasby-Lucas [7] described migratory patterns of eight adult male and four adult female white sharks tagged with satellite-linked radio transmitters at their northeastern Pacific aggregation sites. Two of the males were tagged at the Southeastern Farallon Island (SEFI), and all other sharks were tagged at Guadalupe Island (GI). Males tagged at SEFI began their offshore migration with a mean departure of November 23, while males tagged at GI departed later, with a mean date of February 7. They all traveled to the same core region of the Shared Offshore Foraging Area (SOFA), then returned to their respective aggregation sites around the same time (mean returns July 30 to SEFI and August 7 to GI). Females began their offshore migration from GI about the same time as the males, with a mean departure date of February 5. However, they roamed a much larger expanse of ocean than the males, between GI and the SOFAs eastern edge. Three of the four females did not return to the adult aggregation area for at least a year after tagging, while one returned after 228 days. The biannual migrations of females described by Domeier [8] potentially put them far offshore of their North American coastal aggregation sites throughout the year, whereas annual migrations by males reflect a higher level of seasonality. The seasonal differences in male and female white sharks visits to Hawaii are consistent with the life history hypotheses presented in a recent review [8]. Male visits are determined by the offshore migration from the North American coast [2, 3, 5], whereas female visits are poorly correlated with this migration [7]. The variability in seasonality of female visits is likely related to their two-year reproductive cycle in which they do not return to coastal aggregation sites off California
Journal of Marine Biology and Mexico on alternate years. During these periods, females occupy a large pelagic habitat. Our results suggest that this large pelagic habitat includes Hawaii. Hawaii may provide a good foraging area with warm water temperatures for female white sharks. Based on the girth of shark 20041004, the observers speculated that it was pregnant [18]. Given the length estimate of 3.9 m, the shark would have been small for a reproductively mature female, assuming an average length at maturity of 4.5 m for females [23]. However, visual length estimates made without lasers, stereovideo, or clear scale references may have considerable error. Females may prefer warmer waters since fetal development would presumably occur faster [7]. 3.3. Mating. Male and female white sharks in the Eastern Pacific may have very short periods of overlap during which mating could occur [7]. Male-female overlap at coastal seal colony aggregation sites occurs primarily during December and January, and Domeier [8] suggested that seal colony aggregations are the only locations where mature male and female sharks are in the same place at the same time [8]. Overlap in Hawaii is most likely during the northern spring (Figure 2), and Hawaii may provide clear landmarks that could facilitate interactions between male and female sharks. However, given that sightings have been of single sharks, there is no evidence for mating in the Archipelago. Hawaii receives visits from both Central California as well as Guadalupe Island sharks (more frequently from Central California) [8]; so interactions between these populations are possible in the Archipelago. Overlap offshore appears unlikely, due to the vast size of the SOFA, as well as the fact that it is used primarily by males, with females using a larger and more dispersed area [8]. 3.4. Occurrence of Potential Prey in Hawaii. Taylor [1] noted the possibility of white sharks foraging on humpback whales or Hawaiian monk seals. The seasonality of white sharks in Hawaii overlaps with humpback whales, particularly for males (Figure 2), but the seasonal correlation is weak, suggesting that humpbacks are unlikely to be a driver of white shark visitation. The resurgence of the population of Hawaiian monk seals in the Main Hawaiian Islands may provide a slight increase in foraging opportunities for large sharks, though the population is far lower than the population of gray seals off the east coast of the US, where white sharks have returned [24]. The total population of monk seals in the Main Hawaiian Islands is likely to be between 150 and 200 [25], and given the low productivity of a long lived mammal such as this, monk seals represent a very small forage base for white sharks. Small cetaceans are present in Hawaii all year round and may be a food source for white sharks [8]. 3.5. Depth Utilization and Foraging. Two papers have noted that white sharks engage in a diel vertical migration while in the Hawaii region; however, the nature of the migration differed, and each paper presented data from a single individual shark. Weng et al. [3] noted a reverse migration, being shallower during day and deeper during night, while
5 Jorgensen et al. [5] noted a normal vertical migration, being shallower at night. Sightings data presented in this paper are from daytime periods, ranging from the surface to 446 m, indicating that white sharks occupy a broad depth range, and are more consistent with the observations of Jorgensen et al. [5]. The reverse diel pattern presented by Weng et al. [3] is unlikely to be representative for white sharks in Hawaii. The diel behaviors of white sharks are likely to be related to the behaviors of their prey, which may include midtrophic level fishes and squids as well as higher trophic level organisms that prey on them, such as marine mammals and large pelagic fishes. Jorgensen et al. [5] stated that the diel vertical migration of white sharks in Hawaii suggested foraging in the deep scattering layer (DSL) community. The Hawaiian slope environment is home to an assemblage of planktonic and micronektonic organisms that differ from the surrounding pelagic communities, termed the mesopelagic boundary community [26]. These organisms undertake a dramatic horizontal and vertical diel migration, moving from deep offshore daytime positions, to shallower nearshore nighttime positions [27]. Spinner dolphins closely follow the horizontal and vertical movements of these boundary community prey organisms [28]. The shallowest and most nearshore position of the boundary community, and associated spinner dolphins, is typically at midnight [29]. Both the Weng and Jorgensen papers provided figures detailing the transition from deep to shallow behavior occurring during crepuscular periods. These patterns are not consistent with a close association with the boundary community that exists near the Hawaiian Islands. The diel movements of the more distant pelagic DSL community are more strongly associated with light, thus making strong vertical movements during crepuscular periods [30]. As such, the patterns observed by Jorgensen et al. may represent white sharks that are further offshore. 3.6. Species Misidentification. In addition to the incidents and sightings listed in Table 1, we found eight other reports of white sharks in Hawaii from 1995 to 2012, but these reports did not contain information allowing species identification. Mako sharks are commonly mistaken for white sharks and there are numerous unverifiable reports of white sharks from Hawaii. A large shark videotaped near Kaena Point, Oahu was misidentified as a white shark by the news media [31] and erroneously re-reported as a white shark by many other news outlets. Our morphometric tests show that the individual was a mako shark, and other experts in shark biology who viewed the video and images agree that the individual was a mako (C. Meyer, G. Cailliet, and D. Ebert, personal communication). The base of the first dorsal fin is behind the trailing rear tip of the pectoral fin (not in line), a character of mako sharks. The ratio of distance tip to eye versus height at eye is approximately 0.6 for mako sharks and 0.8 for white sharks based on Compagno [11]. The Kaena shark had a ratio of 0.61.
4. Conclusions
Hawaiians utilized the teeth of white sharks before the time of European contact. Such individuals could have been migrants
6 from populations in North America, Asia, Australia/New Zealand, or hypothetically part of a resident population. We compiled sightings records during the past century, combined with analysis of published movement records. These data are consistent with recently published theories on North American white shark life history, with individuals occurring in Hawaii during the northern fall being female. The high variability in white shark behavior in the Archipelago indicates that they are unlikely to be focusing on a small number of prey species or foraging strategies. Since misidentification of putative white sharks is a common problem, we propose a simple method for distinguishing white sharks from closely related species in situations when traditional morphometric data are unavailable.

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[9]
[10]
[11]
[12] [13]
Acknowledgments
This paper benefited from conversations with Leighton Taylor. Data from the BOTCAM Project was provided by Jeff Drazen, with stereovideo calculations conducted by Virginia Moriwake. Photographs for species verification were provided by Rachel Orange, Chris Kelley, Walter Ikehara, Robert Moffitt, Jimmy Hall, Todd Buczyna, Jon Chakerain, and Dominick Gaballo. Dodie Lau provided administrative support.
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[1] L. Taylor, White sharks in Hawaii: historical and contemporary records, Memoirs of the Southern California Academy of Sciences, vol. 9, pp. 4148, 1985. [2] A. M. Boustany, S. F. Davis, P. Pyle, S. D. Anderson, B. J. Le Boeuf, and B. A. Block, Expanded niche for white sharks, Nature, vol. 415, no. 6867, pp. 3536, 2002. [3] K. C. Weng, A. M. Boustany, P. Pyle, S. D. Anderson, A. Brown, and B. A. Block, Migration and habitat of white sharks (Carcharodon carcharias) in the eastern Pacific Ocean, Marine Biology, vol. 152, no. 4, pp. 877894, 2007. [4] M. L. Domeier and N. Nasby-Lucas, Migration patterns of white sharks Carcharodon carcharias tagged at Guadalupe Island, Mexico, and identification of an eastern Pacific shared offshore foraging area, Marine Ecology Progress Series, vol. 370, pp. 221237, 2008. [5] S. J. Jorgensen, C. A. Reeb, T. K. Chapple et al., Philopatry and migration of Pacific white sharks, Proceedings of the Royal Society B, vol. 277, no. 1682, pp. 679688, 2010. [6] A. P. Klimley and S. D. Anderson, Residency patterns of white sharks at the South Farallon Islands, California, in Great White Sharks: the Biology of Carcharodon Carcharias, A. P. Klimley and D. G. Ainley, Eds., pp. 365373, Academic Press, San Diego, Calif, USA, 1996. [7] M. Domeier and N. Nasby-Lucas, Sex-specific migration patterns and sexual segregation of adult white sharks, Carcharodon carcharias, in the Northeastern Pacific, in Global Perspectives on the Biology and Life History of the Great White Shark, M. Domeier, Ed., pp. 133147, CRC Press, Boca Raton, Fla, USA, 2012. [8] M. L. Domeier, A new life-history hypothesis for white sharks (Carcharodon carcharias) in the Northeastern Pacific, in Global Perspectives on the Biology and Life History of the Great White
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Feeding requirements of white sharks may be higher than originally thought

SUBJECT AREAS:
ECOPHYSIOLOGY ANIMAL BEHAVIOUR ANIMAL PHYSIOLOGY FEEDING BEHAVIOUR
J. M. Semmens1, N. L. Payne2, C. Huveneers3,4, D. W. Sims5,6,7 & B. D. Bruce8

1 Fisheries, Aquaculture and Coasts Centre, Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Hobart 7001, Australia, 2School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, New South Wales 2052, Australia, 3Threatened, Endangered, and Protected Species subprogram, SARDI Aquatic Sciences, South Australia 5024, Australia, 4School of Biological Sciences, Flinders University, South Australia 5042, Australia, 5Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, The Laboratory, Citadel Hill, Plymouth PL1 2PB, UK, 6Ocean and Earth Science, National Oceanography Centre Southampton, University of Southampton, Waterfront Campus, Southampton SO14 3ZH, UK, 7Centre for Biological Sciences, Building 85, University of Southampton, Highfield Campus, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK, 8Wealth from Oceans Flagship, CSIRO Marine & Atmospheric Research, Hobart 7001, Australia.
Received 7 September 2012 Accepted 12 February 2013 Published 18 March 2013
Correspondence and requests for materials should be addressed to J.M.S. (Jayson. semmens@utas.edu. au)
Quantifying the energy requirements of animals in nature is critical for understanding physiological, behavioural, and ecosystem ecology; however, for difficult-to-study species such as large sharks, prey intake rates are largely unknown. Here, we use metabolic rates derived from swimming speed estimates to suggest that feeding requirements of the worlds largest predatory fish, the white shark (Carcharodon carcharias), are several times higher than previously proposed. Further, our estimates of feeding frequency identify a clear benefit in seasonal selection of pinniped colonies - a white shark foraging strategy seen across much of their range.
nderstanding the energetic requirements of organisms in their natural environment is fundamental to ecosystem ecology, as the energetic benefits and costs associated with their activities will heavily influence life-history strategies and trophic relationships. Inherent difficulties in studying marine predatory behaviour in the wild have hindered our understanding of the energetic requirements and associated trophic relationships of apex predators. In the case of pelagic predatory sharks, approaches that provide energetic data are urgently needed, as many of these species are highly vulnerable to overexploitation1. White sharks Carcharodon carcharias (Lamnidae) are apex marine predators with a circumglobal distribution. Their longevity, late maturity and low fecundity renders them highly susceptible to overexploitation2. The population status of white sharks is poorly known over the species range due to a lack of robust abundance indicators, given it is protected throughout much of its range and only caught as a fisheries bycatch species or as part of shark control programs2. Additionally, despite their protected status, white sharks are still regularly incidentally caught in various fishing gear throughout their range3,4. Even at very low levels of anthropogenic mortality, modelled white shark populations have greatly increased doubling times5, and declines in relative catch rates have been reported in parts of their range, e.g. Refs. 3,6. There is however, conjecture surrounding the magnitude of some of these declines79 and some evidence for slight increases in relative catch rates in the last 10 20 years in parts of their range, e.g. Refs 3,4. Shifting from a predominantly piscivorous diet to one dominated by marine mammals at approximately 3.4 m in total length10, large white sharks are regular visitors to seal breeding colonies. For example, the Neptune Islands (South Australia) supports the largest seal colony in Australia, and white sharks are most abundant in the area during winter-spring when weaned New Zealand (NZ) fur seals Arctocephalus forsteri are present11. Energy requirements of large sharks are poorly documented. The only published study of white shark energetics in the wild estimated the field metabolic rate (MR) of a single individual from telemetered muscle temperature data as the individual moved from cold to warm water12. The authors used their MR estimates to suggest a 943 kg white shark could survive on 30 kg of marine mammal blubber for approximately 1.5 months; a widely cited figure that has perpetuated the assumption that large sharks only need to feed every few weeks to maintain net energy gain. Here, we combine estimates of swimming speeds [Fig. 1] and measurements of standard (resting for an obligate ram-ventilator) MR (SMR) in young-of-the-year (YOY) white sharks13, with swim-tunnel respirometry data from closely-related shortfin mako sharks Isurus oxyrinchus (Lamnidae)14 to estimate field routine metabolic
1
SCIENTIFIC REPORTS | 3 : 1471 | DOI: 10.1038/srep01471
www.nature.com/ scientificreports
Figure 1 | Movements, swimming speeds and metabolic rates of a white shark. (a) 3.5 h track from a 3.5 m male white shark at the Neptune Islands fur seal colony, Australia, determined by a radio-acoustic positioning system. Inset. a white shark Carcharodon carcharias at the Neptune Islands. (b) Swimming speeds (U, TLs21) were calculated from locations made at #5 s intervals in (a) and used to estimate routine metabolic rate (RMR) (MO2, gO2h21 as per the figure axis label) (see Materials and Methods for details).
rates (RMR), total daily energy expenditure (TDE), and feeding requirements of white sharks at a NZ fur seal colony at the Neptune Islands, South Australia.
Results Throughout the entire monitoring period, 9,969 swim speed estimates were obtained across all individuals. The distribution of
swimming speeds was strongly positively-skewed, so we calculated median swimming speeds as well as mean estimates. The grand mean swimming speed (n 5 12) was estimated as 2.91 6 0.16 m s21 (U, 0.81 TL s21), and the median as 2.25 6 0.14 m s21 (U, 0.62 TL s21) [Table 1]. From the mean swimming speed, we estimate the field RMR as 723 mg O2 kg21 h21 or a TDE of 28.2 MJ (daily ration of 1.5 1.9% wet body weight d21) for 428 kg sharks (the average from our
2
Table 1 | Summary of white shark metabolic rate (MR) estimates and the implications for prey intake requirements. Body mass for our study and that of Ref. 13 are given as mean 6 s.e.m. All other values for our study are means (grand mean 6 s.e.m.) and values in parentheses are medians (grand mean 6 s.e.m.). Ref. 13 estimated the range of swimming speeds from video recordings of the sharks swimming in a transport tank. Ref. 12 estimated the sharks swim speed by proxy; the tracking ships course was stated to approximate that of the fish, giving an over-the-ground speed of 3.2 km h21. Absolute MR and duration of energy balance from 30 kg of blubber was estimated for this study by scaling up to 943 kg using an exponent of 0.79. Ref. 12 used an energy value for blubber of 27.9 MJ kg21
Study Ref. 12 Ref. 13 This study No. individuals 1 4 12 Body mass (kg) 943 29 6 2 428 6 61 Swimming speed (m s21) 0.9 0.58 0.81 2.9 6 0.2 (2.3 6 0.1) Estimated mass-specific MR (mg O2 kg21 h21) 60.0 246.0 723.0 (566.5) Estimated absolute MR (g O2 h21) 56.6 55.1 161.8 (126.8) Duration (days) that shark is in energy balance from 30 kg blubber 44.1 11.6 (14.8)
study) to maintain energy balance [Fig. 1(b) shows absolute RMR and U for a 3.5 m (388 kg) shark]. This equates to the consumption of 0.3 weaned NZ fur seal pups (mean wt. 14.6 kg) d21, or 1.0 silver seabream (Chrysophrys auratus) (mean wt. 4.5 kg) d21. From the median swimming speed, we would estimate the field RMR as 567 mg O2 kg21 h21 or a TDE of 22.1 MJ (daily ration of 1.21.5% wet body weight d21). This equates to the consumption of 0.2 weaned NZ fur seal pups d21, or 0.8 silver seabream d21.
Discussion Our estimate of total daily energy expenditure (TDE) suggests white sharks feed far more frequently than previously estimated12 and does not support the proposal that white sharks could survive at energy balance on 30 kg of marine mammal blubber for 1.5 months (44.1 d). Indeed, the mass-specific MR estimated by Refs. 12 for a 943 kg white shark was more than 12-times lower than our estimate for smaller (428 6 61 kg, mean 6 s.e.m., n 5 12) sharks (60 versus 723 mg O2 kg21 h21). Given that absolute MR scales with body size with an exponent of ,0.8 for most fish including sharks15,16, it is unsurprising that our mass-specific MR estimate is higher than that of a much larger animal. However, if the measurements of SMR in ,30 kg sharks13 and our measurements of MR in 428 kg sharks are scaled upwards using a mass exponent of 0.79 (Ref. 13), there is strong agreement in absolute MR estimated by Refs. 12 and that measured by Refs. 13 (56.6 versus 55.1 g O2 h21 for 943 kg sharks), whereas our estimate of absolute MR (161.8 g O2 h21 for 943 kg sharks) is about three times higher. This suggests that, whereas we have estimated metabolic rate in actively swimming animals (RMR), Ref. 12 is likely to have estimated MR approximated by rest (SMR). Our estimated daily ration of 1.51.8% wbw d21 is highly comparable to the mean ration (estimated directly from the amount of food eaten) for captive YOY white sharks17 (1.2% wbw d21), after scaling for differences in body mass between the YOY and adult white sharks. Furthermore, our daily ration is comparable to that estimated for free-ranging mako sharks18 (2.32.8% wbw d21), after scaling for differences in body mass between the mako and white sharks. The new estimate of white shark RMR has implications for assessing the likely feeding frequency of this species. Using our estimate of RMR, 30 kg of blubber (27.9 MJ kg21) would provide a 943 kg (the weight of the shark examined by Ref. 12) white shark with sufficient energy for approximately 11.6 days, which is about four times less than that calculated by Ref. 12 [Table 1]. The winterspring water temperature at the Neptune Islands, where we recorded the swimming speeds of white sharks, is 15.35 6 0.86uC (mean 6 s.d.). This is very similar to that recorded by Refs. 12 (14.716.7uC) during their measurement of MR, and as such cannot in itself account for the high RMR estimated. However, our RMR estimate takes into account the high levels of activity needed for a white shark to patrol a seal colony (e.g. 2.9 6 0.2 m s21, grand mean 6 s.e.m, n 5 12; 0.81 TL s21), including burst speeds up to 10 m s21 [,2.85 TL s21 for a 3.5 m shark, Fig. 1(b)]. When a median value of swimming speed is used (2.25 6 0.14 m s21, grand mean 6 s.e.m, n 5 12; 0.62 TL s21), we get
a RMR estimate of 567 mg O2 kg21 h21 (absolute RMR 67.9 g O2 h21), which is comparable to previous estimates of RMR for the related shortfin mako shark14,19 (absolute RMR 41.244.2 g O2 h21, scaled upwards to the mean white shark weight for this study (428 kg) using a mass exponent of 0.79). However, after scaling up to 943 kg using an exponent of 0.79, our absolute RMR calculated from the median value of swimming speed (126.8 g O2 h21) is still more than two times that for Ref. 12 [Table 1]. Even at this median RMR value, TDE is equivalent to a daily ration of 1.21.4% wbw d21 and 30 kg of blubber providing a 943 kg white shark 14.8 days energy, which is about three times less than that calculated by Ref. 12 [Table 1]. Given their high metabolic rates, white sharks may target seal colonies to predate on seasonally abundant and more vulnerable weaned pups20, rather than adult seals or patchily-distributed fish. Silver seabream is a common teleost prey of Australian white sharks21, and while the energy density of both prey items are similar (9.4 MJ kg21 and 8.8 MJ Kg21 for weaned seal pups and silver seabream, respectively), the smaller mean size of silver seabream would necessitate at least one (1.0) successful predation event per day to maintain energy balance, compared to less than one (0.3) if targeting weaned seal pups. However, to contribute any energy toward growth and reproduction, they would need to eat more than one silver seabream per day, but would be in positive energy balance if predating on seal pups every third day. Patchily-distributed reef-associated prey such as C. auratus have been described as less-visitable for white sharks22 given the preys ability to disperse and shelter among complex habitat. Hence, there may be a distinct energetic advantage in targeting one prey item every few days in a predictable (revisitable) habitat such as a seal colony14, compared to pursuing and capturing more than one prey item every day in a less-visitable patch (i.e. silver seabream aggregation). During the summerautumn periods when the weaned pups are not present, white sharks are less common at the Neptune Islands, and during these periods sharks have been tracked moving away from the Neptune Islands to areas where large finfish aggregations (including species such as silver seabream) occur21. This movement is accompanied by a shift in search pattern from that approximating Brownian motion at the seal colony (predicted behaviour when prey is abundant) to movement well approximated by a vy flight, predicted when specialized random walk known as a Le foraging for sparsely-distributed prey in more open shelf and pelagic environments22. This indicates that feeding on finfish aggregations may be more efficient than foraging for adult seals that are less vulnerable to predation than juveniles20. Our study suggests that due to high metabolic rates, white sharks need to feed more regularly than has been previously assumed12,23,24. Given direct observations of feeding frequency are generally not possible for apex marine predators and that the majority of information available is inferred from behavioural information, fieldenergetic approaches such as that used in this study may help to answer key ecological questions for a broad suite of such taxa, the populations of which are currently under immense pressure from
3
human exploitation25. As an example, our approach could provide a tool for examining the ecological role of mesopredator release through removal of large sharks, such as white sharks. This is a very topical and contentious area of ecological research where further empirical evidence is needed26.
13. Ezcurra, J. M., Lowe, C. G., Mollet, H. F., Ferry, L. A. & OSullivan, J. B. in Global perspectives on the biology and life history of the white shark (ed M. L. Domeier) 1726 (CRC Press, 2012). 14. Graham, J. B., Dewar, H., Lai, N. C., Lowell, W. R. & Arce, S. M. Aspects of shark swimming performance determined using a large water tunnel. Journal of Experimental Biology 151, 175192 (1990). 15. Clarke, A. & Johnston, N. M. Scaling of metabolic rate with body mass and temperature in teleost fish. Journal of Animal Ecology 68, 893905 (1999). 16. Sims, D. W. Can threshold foraging responses of basking sharks be used to estimate their metabolic rate? Marine Ecology Progress Series 200, 289296 (2000). 17. Ezcurra, J. M., Lowe, C. G., Mollet, H. F., Ferry, L. A. & OSullivan, J. B. in Global perspectives on the biology and life history of the white shark (ed M. L. Domeier) 3 15 (CRC Press, 2012). 18. Stillwell, C. E. & Kohler, N. E. Food, feeding habits, and estimates of daily ration of the shortfin mako (Isurus oxyrinchus). Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 39, 407414 (1982). 19. Sepulveda, C. A., Graham, J. B. & Bernal, D. Aerobic metabolic rates of swimming juvenile mako sharks, Isurus oxyrinchus. Marine Biology 152, 10871094 (2007). 20. Laroche, R. K., Kock, A. A., Dill, L. M. & Oosthuizen, W. H. Running the gauntlet: a predator-prey game between sharks and two age classes of seals. Animal Behaviour 76, 19011917 (2008). 21. Bruce, B. D., Stevens, J. D. & Malcolm, H. Movements and swimming behaviour of white sharks (Carcharodon carcharias) in Australian waters. Marine Biology 150, 161172 (2006). 22. Sims, D. W., Humphries, N. E., Bradford, R. W. & Bruce, B. D. Levy flight and Brownian search patterns of a free-ranging predator reflect different prey field characteristics. Journal of Animal Ecology 81, 432442. 23. Klimley, A. P. et al. The hunting strategy of white sharks (Carcharodon carcharias) near a seal colony. Marine Biology 138, 617636 (2001). 24. Heithaus, M. R., Dill, L. M., Marshall, G. J. & Buhleier, B. M. Habitat use and foraging behavior of tiger sharks (Galeocerdo cuvier) in a seagrass ecosystem. Marine Biology 140, 237248 (2002). 25. Baum, J. K. & Worm, B. Cascading top-down effects of changing oceanic predator abundances. Journal of Animal Ecology 78, 699714 (2009). 26. Ferretti, F., Worm, B., Britten, G. L., Heithaus, M. R. & Lotze, H. K. Patterns and ecosystem consequences of shark declines in the ocean. Ecology Letters 13, 10551071 (2010). 27. Iosilevskii, G. & Weihs, D. Speed limits on swimming of fishes and cetaceans. Journal of the Royal Society Interface 5, 329338 (2008). 28. Sims, D. W. & Davies, S. J. Does specific dynamic action (SDA) regulate return of appetite in the lesser spotted dogfish, Scyliorhinus caniculcla? Journal of Fish Biology 45, 341348 (1994). 29. Arnould, J. P. Y., Boyd, I. L. & Speakman, J. R. Measuring the body composition of Antarctic fur seals (Arctocephalus gazella): Validation of hydrogen isotope dilution. Physiological Zoology 69, 93116 (1996). 30. Brett, J. R. & Groves, D. D. in Bioenergetics and Growth Fish physiology (eds W. S. Hoar, D. J. Randall & J. R. Brett) 279352 (Academic Press, Inc., 1979). 31. Fowler, A., McGarvey, R., Feenstra, J. & Jackson, W. Snapper (Pagrus auratus) Fishery. 190 (South Australian Research and Development Institute, Adelaide, 2007).
Methods
Twelve white sharks Carcharodon carcharias (estimated total length (TL) range: 2.8 4.5 m, mean 6 s.e.m.: 3.6 6 0.2; estimated wet body weight (wbw) range: 195 839 kg, mean 6 s.e.m.: 427.5 6 60.6 kg) were tagged externally with acoustic depth transmitters (model V16P-5H, Vemco, Halifax, Nova Scotia) at the Neptune Islands, Australia between December 2009 and September 2011. Tagging was carried out under South Australian (SA) Department of Environment, Water and Natural Resources permits M25738 and M25738-2, SA Department of Primary Industries and Resources exemption 9902364 and Flinders University Animal Ethics Committee approval E287. The three-dimensional positions (latitude, longitude and depth) of tagged sharks were triangulated for up to 19 d [for example see Fig. 1(a)] using a radio-acoustic positioning system (Vemco, Halifax, Nova Scotia. Model VRAP), which covered 0.052 km2. Swimming speed (m s21) was calculated using consecutive location estimates (#5 s apart). Above 10 m s21, cavitation limits swimming speeds27. As such only swimming speeds below 10 m s21 were used (,10,000 speeds representing 82% of data) to calculate a grand mean swimming speed (m s21) for the 12 sharks. This single value was then converted to U (TL s21) using the mean TL. To estimate field RMR we modified the relationship for oxygen consumption rate (MO2, mg O2 kg21 hr21) and swim speed (U, TL s21) determined directly for a shortfin mako shark Isurus oxyrinchus14. Log|MO2 ~0:58UzLog|246 1
where by the Log value in the intercept 246 in Eq (1) represents the standard (equivalent to resting in an obligate ram-ventilator) MR (SMR, mg O2 kg21 hr21) calculated during the transport of captive YOY white sharks13, the slope 0.58 Eq (1) represents that determined for a shortfin mako shark, and U in Eq (1) is the value calculated from our swim speed estimates (TL s21). Total daily energy expenditure (TDE, MJ) was calculated from field RMR using an oxycalorific coefficient of 13.55 kJ g21 O2 (Ref. 28). To determine the number of weaned NZ fur seal pups needed to be consumed at this TDE to maintain energy balance and the associated daily ration (% wbw d21; calculated as per Ref. 18) we used an energy content value (9.4 MJ kg21) based on that for closely-related Antarctic fur seal pups (Arctocephalus gazella)29, with a mean weaned NZ fur seal pup weight of 14.6 kg (Ref. 11) and an assimilation value of 73% (Ref. 30). This was also undertaken for a dominant teleost prey of white sharks throughout their Australian range21, the silver seabream Chrysophrys auratus (estimated mean weight 4.5 kg; 8.8 MJ kg21; Ref. 31). The number of days 30 kg of whale blubber (27.9 MJ kg21) as per Ref. 12 would maintain energy balance at our calculated TDE was also estimated, after scaling up to 943 kg (the weight of the single shark from the study by Ref. 12) using an exponent of 0.79 (Ref. 13). 1. Dulvy, N. K. et al. You can swim but you cant hide: the global status and conservation of oceanic pelagic sharks and rays. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems 18, 459482 (2008). 2. Bruce, B. D. in Sharks of the open ocean(eds E. Pikitch, E. A. Babcock, & M. D. Camhi) 6981 (Blackwell Publishing Ltd., 2008). 3. Reid, D. D., Robbins, W. D. & Peddemors, V. M. Decadal trends in shark catches and effort from the New South Wales, Australia, Shark Meshing Program 19502010. Marine and Freshwater Research 62, 676693 (2011). 4. Lowe, C. G. et al. in Global perspectives on the biology and life history of the white shark (ed M. L. Domeier) 169185 (CRC Press, 2012). 5. Ward-Paige, C. A., Keith, D. M., Worm, B. & Lotze, H. K. Recovery potential and conservation options for elasmobranchs. Journal of Fish Biology 80, 18441869 (2012). 6. Baum, J. K. et al. Collapse and conservation of shark populations in the Northwest Atlantic. Science 299, 389392 (2003). 7. Burgess, G. H. et al. Is the collapse of shark populations in the Northwest Atlantic Ocean and Gulf of Mexico real? Fisheries 30, 1926 (2005). 8. Baum, J. K., Kehler, D. & Myers, R. A. Robust estimates of decline for pelagic shark populations in the northwest Atlantic and Gulf of Mexico. Fisheries 30, 2729 (2005). 9. Burgess, G. H. et al. Reply to "Robust estimates of decline for pelagic shark populations in the Northwest Atlantic and Gulf of Mexico". Fisheries 30, 3031 (2005). 10. Estrada, J. A., Rice, A. N., Natanson, L. J. & Skomal, G. B. Use of isotopic analysis of vertebrae in reconstructing ontogenetic feeding ecology in white sharks. Ecology 87, 829834 (2006). 11. Goldsworthy, S. D. Maternal strategies of the New Zealand fur seal: evidence for interannual variability in provisioning and pup growth strategies. Australian Journal of Zoology 54, 3144 (2006). 12. Carey, F. G. et al. Temperature and activities of a white shark Carcharodon carcharias. Copeia, 254260 (1982).
Acknowledgements
The authors thank Andrew Fox and Rachel Robbins (Rodney Fox Shark Expeditions/Fox Shark Research Foundation) for significant logistical support, and Paul Rogers, Crystal Beckmann, and all volunteers for assistance with fieldwork. J.M. Ezcurra and J.B. OSullivan (Monterey Bay Aquarium) provided data on YOY metabolic rates and Hugh Pederson and Warwick Gillespie (Myriax Eonfusion) provided assistance with estimating shark positions. A. Fox (Rodney Fox Shark Expeditions) provided the shark photograph and J. Hulls (IMAS) produced the track in Figure 1 respectively. Funding was provided by the Winifred Violet Scott Charitable Trust, Neiser Foundation, Wildlife Conservation Fund, Nature Foundation of SA, and Solar Online.
Author contributions
J.M.S. conceived the study; C.H. tagged sharks and set up the tracking system with J.M.S.; J.M.S. and N.L.P. and C.H. proposed and performed the metabolic and spatial analyses, respectively; All authors co-wrote the manuscript.
Additional information
Competing financial interests: The authors declare no competing financial interests. License: This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/ How to cite this article: Semmens, J.M., Payne, N.L., Huveneers, C., Sims, D.W. & Bruce, B.D. Feeding requirements of white sharks may be higher than originally thought. Sci. Rep. 3, 1471; DOI:10.1038/srep01471 (2013).
From: Sent: To: Cc: Subject: Attachments:
Shester, Geoff <GShester@oceana.org> Thursday, December 19, 2013 12:11 AM Wildlife DIRECTOR; FGC Sonke Mastrup (smastrup@fgc.ca.gov); miyoko@biologicaldiversity.org supplemental information re: Dept/Commission consideration of white sharks under CESA NEPwhitesharks CESA 12 18 13.pdf; BRT_report_review_12-18-13oceana-cbd.pdf
Dear Director Bonham and President Sutton, Attached, please find materials (cover letter and detailed review document) to supplement our August 2012 petition to list the white shark (Carcharodon carcharias) as threatened or endangered under the California Endangered Species Act (CESA). These materials are intended to provide an update and detailed critique of the analysis performed by the National Marine Fisheries Services (NMFS) Biological Review Team (BRT) and address many of the key questions regarding the decision to list the species under CESA. We request that this information be incorporated into the Departments 12-month evaluation and recommendation to the Commission regarding whether to list white sharks under CESA, and the Commissions subsequent decision on the matter. Please let us know if you have any questions about these materials. We look forward to further constructive dialogue with you on the States management of this important apex predator in the California Current Large Marine Ecosystem. Sincerely, Geoff Shester and Miyoko Sakashita
Geoff Shester, Ph.D. | California Program Director _________________________________________
OCEANA | Protecting the World's Oceans

99 Pacific Street, Suite 155C | Monterey, CA 93940 T 831-643-9266 | F 831-643-9268 C 831-207-6981 | E gshester@oceana.org
Opposition Comments sent to the Department of Fish & Wildlife and the Fish & Game Commission
-----Original Message----From: James Abraham [mailto:e.james.abraham@gmail.com] Sent: Thursday, December 12, 2013 9:43 AM To: Wildlife DIRECTOR Subject: LA and Great Whites There have been too many Great White siting near populated beaches. http://www.sharkresearchcommittee.com/pacific_coast_shark_news.htm What are you doing to protect human beings? Have you experimented with the "death smell" chemicals researched by Eric Stroud at Shark Defense Inc? I personally will begin lobbying to remove protections. -James Abraham 310 729 9246
California Coalition of Diving Advocates

Conservation-Education-Science-Policy-Stewardship
November 19, 2012

California Fish and Game Commission P.O. Box 944209 Sacramento, CA 94244-2090
Re: Great White Sharks Dear President Jim Kellogg: As a member of the California Coalition of Diving Advocates, I urge you and your fellow commissioners to not consider the great white sharks as either threatened or endangered, or in some way believe there is a need to consider great white sharks as being listed under the endangered species act. Great white sharks along the California coast are, although may be, in some way a genetically isolated species of great white sharks, are not in any way being threatened or in danger. Currently California law and Federal law prohibit the pursuit and or take of great white sharks, and the current laws prohibiting take of GWS has been so in affect for over three decades. We have provided the best possible protection to these sharks. Furthermore, GWS are not an allowed species of fish to be considered for take by Mexican government laws and Canadian fishery laws as well and further protection is afforded by international law. Secondly, there is no science data concluding that the great white sharks along the California coast have declined, and in fact, it is highly more likely the populations of great white sharks have increased since over the last three decades due to the protection we have afforded them. Antidotal, in water users such as divers, surfers, kayakers and swimmers as of late have reported more frequent encounters with great white sharks more now than ever before. Sometimes these encounters with great white sharks along the California coast have resulted in death and or serious bodily injury leaving victims of great white sharks attack maimed for life. Based upon our coalitions research and the criterions needed to establish if an animal or plant is to be considered as endangered does not exist to any extent qualitative definable to be considered to meet the requirements established to list the great white shark as endangered. Consequently the California Coalition of Diving Advocates finds that there is no need to list the great white sharks along the California coast as an endangered species. Sincerely on behalf of the CCDA and the members, Mr. Bill Bernard California Coalition of Diving Advocates P.O. Box 241 Linden, CA 95236
From: Sent: To:
Cc: Subject:
"Goldman, Kenneth J (DFG)" <ken.goldman@alaska.gov> <ken.goldman@alaska.gov> Wednesday, January 09, 2013 4:28 PM FGC.FGC@fgc.ca.gov; marci.yaremco@wildlife.ca.gov; steve.ingram@wildlife.ca.gov; Dan.Yparraguirre@wildlife.ca.gov; Paul.Hamdorf@wildlife.ca.gov; Michelle.Horeczko@wildlife.ca.gov; Mandy.Lewis@wildlife.ca.gov consuelo@alaska.net RE: Consideration of important document not included in CESAPetitionEvaluation Re: White Shark
Dear Michelle, Thank you for your reply. I would be more than happy to provide further comment on the documents I sent or any other aspects of white shark biology, ecology, population status and/or behavior to assist in the final determination of status under CESA. While I did provide the write-up for the State of Alaska for the Federal ESA process, I am not providing comment here in my official capacity as an employee of the State of Alaska, but as a professional biologist and scientist, so I would greatly appreciate if further email contact be done through my home email (consuelo@alaska.net, which I have cc'd on this email), and I would also be happy to communicate by phone (my contact information is in the email signature below). I appreciate your attention to my original email and look forward to providing any assistance possible to the process. Cheers, Ken Kenneth J. Goldman, Ph.D. Alaska Department of Fish and Game Division of Commercial Fisheries Central Region Groundfish and Shellfish Research Biologist 3298 Douglas Place Homer, AK 99603 Phone: (907) 235-8191 Cell: (907) 399-1381 Fax: (907) 235-2448 Email: ken.goldman@alaska.gov
From: Michelle Horeczko [Michelle.Horeczko@wildlife.ca.gov] Sent: Wednesday, January 09, 2013 3:10 PM To: Goldman, Kenneth J (DFG); FGC; Dan Yparraguirre; Mandy Lewis; marci.yaremco@wildlife.ca.gov; Paul Hamdorf; steve.ingram@wildlife.ca.gov Subject: Re: Consideration of important document not included in CESA PetitionEvaluation Re: White Shark
Dr. Goldman, Thank you for your comment and attached documents regarding the Department's evaluation of the Petition to list white shark under CESA. As we move forward through our evaluation process, may we contact you for clarification or further questions regarding your comment? Regards,
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Michelle Horeczko o k z c e r o H e l l e h c i M t s i t n e i c S l a t n e m n o r i v n E r o i n e S t c e j o r P S M H / S P C n o i g e R e n i r a M W F D C C e t i u S . e v A n o s p m a L 5 6 6 4 0 2 7 0 9 , A C , s o t i m a l A s o L >>> "Goldman, Kenneth J (DFG)" <ken.goldman@alaska.gov> 1/9/2013 12:10 PM >>>
DearStateofCalifornia,DepartmentofFishandWildlifeOfficialsandcolleagues,
I have just completed my reading of your PDF document: The Evaluation of Petition to List the White Shark as a Threatened or Endangered Species. I would like to bring the following to your immediate attention and ask that the two attached documents be included in all further considerations and that they be passed on to the personnel that will be making the final determination. On page 32: "In its suggestions for future management measures, the Petition relies primarily on a 2003 paper by J. Baum et al. in the journal Science, "Collapse and Conservation of Shark Populations in the Northwest Atlantic", which describes the decline of several large shark species on the east coast and suggests possible action to prevent further decline." There are enormous problems with the data analysis in that paper and a rebuttal to that paper was published in 2005 along with another rebuttal of Baum et al. response. Unfortunately, the petitioners didn't cite the Burgess et al. (2005) rebuttal to this paper, which specifically addressed the problems with the white shark indices. Clearly, anyone examining all facts and data relevant to this process should be made aware of it for their full consideration of the listing. Thank you for your time and attention to this email request. Regards, Ken Goldman **This email represents a professional opinion only. It does not represent an opinion for the State of Alaska, nor the Alaska Department of Fish and Game.**
KennethJ.Goldman,Ph.D. AlaskaDepartmentofFishandGame DivisionofCommercialFisheries CentralRegionGroundfishandShellfishResearchBiologist 3298DouglasPlace Homer,AK99603 Phone:(907)2358191 Fax:(907)2352448 Email:ken.goldman@alaska.gov
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Is the collapse of shark populations in the Northwest Atlantic Ocean and Gulf of Mexico real?
ABSTRACT
Increasing fishing pressure on sharks stocks over recent decades has resulted in declines of many populations and led to increasing concerns for their conservation. The extent of these declines, however, has been highly variablethe result of the level of fishing, ocean conditions, and the life history of individual species. Two recent articles have described the collapse and possible extirpation of shark populations in the northwest Atlantic Ocean and Gulf of Mexico. Herein, we examine the results of these two papers commenting on the data sets used, comparing them to other available data sets, and critically evaluating the analyses and conclusions. We argue that these conclusions have been overstated because: (1) the analyses were based on a limited number of data sets, (2) the data sets themselves are inadequate to describe the status of all shark populations in the northwest Atlantic Ocean and Gulf of Mexico reported in these studies, (3) available data sets that could produce different conclusions were not utilized, (4) some factors were not taken into account that could have biased the results, (5) there were no alternate hypotheses presented evaluating other causes of the perceived decline, and (6) the authors did not consider any current stock assessments, which in several cases report the status of sharks to be considerably healthier than asserted.
Introduction
Sharks are generally regarded to exhibit slow growth, late maturity, and low reproductive output, making them particularly vulnerable to exploitation (Musick et al. 2000a). Although our knowledge of the demography and population dynamics of sharks has been slow to develop when compared to teleosts and other vertebrates, considerable progress has been made in recent years in the study of demographic rates and population modeling of sharks, which have provided a more accurate picture of the status of some populations (Corts 2004). For example, Smith et al. (1998) and Corts (2002a) reported on intrinsic rates of increase using two demographic modeling approaches for 26 and 38 species of sharks, respectively. Age- and sex-structured population dynamics models with probabilistic risk analysis under various harvesting strategies were developed to assess the status of school (Galeorhinus galeus) and whiskery (Furgaleus macki) sharks off southern Australia (Punt and Walker 1998; Simpfendorfer et al. 2000, respectively). Apostolaki et al. (2002) and Corts et al. (2002) applied fleet-disaggregated, fully explicit age- and sex-structured population dynamics models to the blacktip shark (Carcharhinus limbatus) in the northwestern Atlantic Ocean. These studies have illustrated that the productivity of sharks varies widely, declines in shark populations are not consistent for all species, and in some cases sharks can be sustainably harvested. In two recent papers, Baum et al. (2003) and Baum and Myers (2004) described the collapse of shark populations in the northwest Atlantic Ocean and Gulf of Mexico, respectively. Baum et al. (2003) concluded that scalloped hammerhead (Sphyrna lewini), white (Carcharodon carcharias), and thresher (Alopias spp.) sharks have declined by over 75%, and tiger sharks (Galeocerdo cuvier) and a coastal species group (Carcharhinus spp.) have declined by over 60% in the past 15 years in the northwest Atlantic Ocean. Further, Baum and Myers (2004) concluded that oceanic whitetip (Carcharhinus longimanus) and silky (Carcharhinus falciformis) sharks have declined by over 99%
October 2005 | www.fisheries.org | Fisheries
George H. Burgess Lawrence R. Beerkircher Gregor M. Cailliet John K. Carlson Enric Corts Kenneth J. Goldman R. Dean Grubbs John A. Musick Michael K. Musyl Colin A. Simpfendorfer
R. DEAN GRUBBS
Burgess is director of the Florida Program for Shark Research, Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville. Beerkircher is a research fishery biologist at the Southeast Fisheries Science Center, NOAA/National Marine Fisheries Service, Miami, FL. Cailliet is a program director at the Pacific Shark Research Center, Moss Landing Marine Laboratories, Moss Landing, CA. Carlson and Corts are research fishery biologists at the Southeast Fisheries Science Center, NOAA/National Marine Fisheries Service, Panama City, FL. Goldman is a fisheries research biologist at the Alaska Department of Fish and Game, Homer. Grubbs is a research faculty member at the Hawaii Institute of Marine Biology, University of Hawaii, Kaneohe. Musick is the Acuff professor of marine science at the Shark Research Program, Virginia Institute of Marine Science, Gloucester Point. Musyl is a senior researcher at the Joint Institute of Marine and Atmospheric Research, University of Hawaii, Honolulu. Simpfendorfer is a senior scientist at the Center for Shark Research, Mote Marine Laboratory, Sarasota FL. He can be reached at colins@mote.org.
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and 90%, respectively, in the Gulf of Mexico since the 1950s. These papers may have had a substantial influence in a number of recent conservation decisions regarding the listing of species under the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES) and the World Conservation Union (IUCN) Red List of Endangered Species. For example, the white shark was recently proposed and listed under Appendix II of CITES (CoP13 Doc. 32 Rev1) . One of the factors in the decision to list the white shark was the purported decline in abundance of over 75% in the northwest Atlantic Ocean reported by Baum et al. (2003). Moreover, in June 2004 the oceanic whitetip shark was proposed as Critically Endangered under the IUCN Red List of threatened species based primarily on the study of Baum and Myers (2004) in the Gulf of Mexico (R. Cavanagh, World Conservation Union, pers. comm.). We believe Baum et al. (2003) and Baum and Myers (2004) made inferences based on limited data sets that are inappropriate for estimating abundance of many shark species, thus making their conclusions overly pessimistic. These conclusions have alarmed the conservation and scientific community in general, and the public at large, on the status of shark populations. Herein, we identify several potential flaws and omissions in these studies which should have been taken into account in the analyses or discussed as alternate hypotheses.
Estimated population status can be dependent on the data source

In Baum et al. (2003), the analyses and conclusions were based on detailed examination of only one gear type (pelagic longline, which does not adequately sample coastal shark species) out of the more than 20 data sets available for coastal and pelagic sharks (Table 1). The Pelagic Logbook Data Set has advantages in that it has a wide geographic coverage, is a long time series, and has over 200,000 samples. However, sharks constitute bycatch in the pelagic longline fishery, and there are major caveats associated with utilization of the pelagic logbook data. The results for oceanic shark species such as the blue shark (Prionace glauca) or shortfin mako (Isurus oxyrinchus) may be more credible than those for coastal species, but the results should still be considered preliminary without the full benefit of data from multiple international sources and a complete stock assessment. One of the major caveats associated with this data set is the occurrence of under-reporting and over-reporting of some shark species, and misidentification of species by commercial fishers. VietnameseAmericans make up a substantial amount (up to 50%) of the pelagic longline fishing effort, particularly in the Gulf of Mexico. The potential among these fishers to misidentify and misuse generic words such as white shark is very high (S. Allen, fisheries observer with the Pelagic Observer Program, National Marine Fisheries Service, Southeast Fisheries Science Center, pers. comm.). For example,
Table 1. A summary of catch series available from previous shark stock assessments. DNR = Department of Natural Resources, NMFS = National Marine Fisheries Service, UF = University of Florida, VIMS = Virginia Institute of Marine Science. Years refers to the time period of the data set, beginning with the oldest. A year followed by a dash denotes an ongoing survey or program. Type refers to whether the index is from a commercial or recreational source, or is fishery independent from a scientific survey. Area indicates the area covered by the survey or fishery. NE = northeast, NW = northwest, SE = southeast, SW = southwest.
Data Set NMFS SE Bottom Trawl Survey NMFS NE Bottom Trawl Survey VIMS Longline Survey JAX (Florida Shark Club) Crooke Longline Point Salerno Japanese Longline Observer Program Marine Recreational Fisheries Statistics Survey (Early) South Carolina DNR Longline Survey (Early) Tampa Bay Hudson Large Pelagic Survey Pelagic Logbook Program Brannon NC# NMFS NE Longline (Early) Charterboat Logbook Program NMFS Pelagic Observer Program NMFS Gillnet Observer Program NMFS Panama City Longline Survey UF Commercial Shark Fishery Observer Program Marine Recreational Fisheries Statistics Survey (Late) South Carolina DNR Longline Survey (Late) NMFS SE Bottom Longline Survey Mote Marine Laboratory Gillnet Survey NMFS Panama City Gillnet Survey Bottom Longline Logbook Program NMFS NE Longline Recent Survey
Years 1972 1972 1974 1974, 1989, 1990 19751989 19761990 19781988 19811993 1983, 1994 19851990 19851991 1986 1986 19861991 19881989 1989, 1991 19891995 1992 19931995, 199819932000 1994 1994 1995 1995 1995 1996 1996 1996, 1998, 2001
Type Scientific Survey Scientific Survey Scientific Survey Recreational Commercial Recreational Commercial Recreational Scientific Survey Recreational Recreational Recreational Commercial Commercial Commercial Scientific Survey Recreational Commercial Commercial Scientific Survey Commercial Recreational Scientific Survey Scientific Survey Scientific Survey Scientific Survey Commercial Scientific Survey
Area Gulf of Mexico NW Atlantic Ocean Mid-NW Atlantic Ocean East Florida NW Florida East Florida NW Atlantic Ocean, Gulf of NW Atlantic Ocean, Gulf of South Carolina West Florida West Florida Mid-NW Atlantic Ocean NW Atlantic Ocean, Gulf of Alabama, North Carolina North Carolina NW Atlantic Ocean North Gulf of Mexico NW Atlantic Ocean, Gulf of NW Atlantic Ocean NE Gulf of Mexico NW Atlantic Ocean, Gulf of NW Atlantic Ocean, Gulf of South Carolina NW Atlantic Ocean, Gulf of East Gulf of Mexico NE Gulf of Mexico NW Atlantic Ocean, Gulf of NW Atlantic Ocean
Mexico Mexico
Mexico
Mexico
Mexico Mexico Mexico
Mexico
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Fisheries | www.fisheries.org | vol 30 no 10
Vietnamese-American fishers often call oceanic whitetip shark white sharks and they tend to translate the English literally, thus white shark may not mean Carcharodon carcharias to them. Rather, white shark means any shark that has large patches of white or is just lighter in color than sharks they more commonly see. In addition, shortfin makos are sometimes called blue sharks and any large, brown colored shark is generally a tiger shark. While Baum et al. (2003) recognized under-reporting, they should have cross-checked individual observations and trends in species composition over time from the Pelagic Logbook Data Set with the corresponding observations also available through the National Marine Fisheries Service Pelagic Observer Program, which samples the same fishery and randomly selects vessels for observer coverage throughout the year from the same universe of boats that is required to report catch in pelagic logbooks (Cramer et al. 1993). Baum et al. (2003) cited limited comparisons of the two data sets for two years, but provide no supporting documentation in their article or in the supporting material online. In addition, analyses of the observer data to check the reliability of the logbooks would be preferred for all available years as captains in the fleet change and incentives to provide accurate reports also change from year to year. Although coverage represents 35% of the total pelagic sets, Baum et al. (2003) should have been alerted by the fact that while 6,087 white sharks were reported in pelagic logbook data, onboard observers did not record a single white shark after 1992 (Beerkircher et al. 2004). In addition, most of the white shark records in the logbook data set were from the tropical Caribbean where the species is known to be rare (Compagno 1984). Conversely, there are no records from northern areas off Nova Scotia and Newfoundland where white sharks are regularly reported from the continental shelf (Compagno 1984). These facts suggest that many, if not most, records of white sharks in the pelagic logbook data set are based on misidentifications and thus this data set cannot provide information on population trends in the species. Lastly, although there was a declining pattern in the white shark analyzed by Baum et al. (2003) data, the confidence intervals overlapped among most years thus lessening the strength of their conclusion. Information within the pelagic logbook data also represents two different time series with a breakpoint around 19931994, signaling a change in management practices. The U.S. Atlantic Shark Management Plan (NMFS 1993), came into effect in 1993 and contained new reporting requirements (Karyl Brewster-Geisz, National Marine Fisheries Service, pers. comm.). Prior to 1993, fishers in the directed shark fishery, as well as other longline fishers who targeted tunas (Thunnus spp.) or swordfish (Xiphias gladius) and took sharks as bycatch, could report shark landings in the pelagic longline logbook. Subsequent to 1993, many fishers switched and began reporting shark catches in the
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directed shark fishery in a new logbook designed specifically for sharks, and they no longer used the pelagic longline logbook. Some fishers continued to use the pelagic longline logbook but those fishers were not targeting sharks. This change in reporting practices alone could have led to substantial reductions in the estimates of catch rates derived from the pelagic longline logbooks because fishers in the directed shark fishery are more likely to record shark catches than fishers who target swordfish or tunas and therefore consider sharks to be unwanted bycatch (Karyl Brewster-Geisz, pers. comm.). Many species of sharks, such as sandbar (Carcharhinus plumbeus) and blacktip are coastal and thus do not occur with a high frequency in the pelagic environment (Compagno 1984) and therefore in this data set. As acknowledged by Baum et al. (2003; supporting online material), coastal sharks were recorded in between <1% and 5.9% of the positive catches of sharks. Thus, the pelagic longline logbook data alone should not be expected to predict the status of coastal shark populations (e.g., sandbar or blacktip) because this data set does not fully sample those populations. Using indices of relative abundance from a single data series to report percentage declines for a variety of species and species aggregates to infer stock collapse is simplistic, and can be potentially misleading. The absolute numbers of sharks remaining may still be very large if total virgin biomass was very high and because the extent of depletion at the starting point of the time series is unknown. In contrast, recent stock assessments on coastal shark populations from the northwest Atlantic Ocean and Gulf of Mexico conducted by the National Marine Fisheries Service (Corts 2002b; Corts et al. 2002) utilized multiple catch-per-uniteffort (CPUE) time series (most of those cited in Table 1, including the pelagic logbook data) and catches (landings and discards) to predict population status. The reliability of each CPUE time series depends on the type (e.g., commercial, recreational, scientific), the generalized linear model and error structure assumed and applied to those data (e.g., Punt et al. 2000), and the relative weight assigned to each series. When incorporating these trends and others into an assessment, several weighting schemes (e.g., the inverse of the coefficient of variation) are considered. Further, all stock assessments for sharks are subjected to sensitivity analyses which examine the implications of considering different data sets, weighting schemes, and other aspects of the assessment. Different data sets can result in different trends of abundance. As an illustrative example, Figure 1 presents catch rate indices from commercial, recreational, and scientific surveys for the sandbar shark, a species not reported by Baum et al. (2003). Some of these series were previously standardized through a generalized linear model (GLM) approach by various authors (see Brown 2002; Brown and Cramer 2002; Corts 2002c for details). Although the length of the time series varies, we attempt here to illustrate data series that sample over the entire or large portions of the
R. DEAN GRUBBS
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Figure 1. Catch rates of sandbar sharks from several sources. Vertical bars represent 95% confidence intervals. PLL= National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) Pelagic Logbook data; LPS=Large Pelagic Survey; NMFS SE Longline= NMFS Southeast FisheryIndependent Longline Survey; VIMS Longline= Virginia Institute for Marine Science Fishery-Independent Longline Survey; NMFS Trawl= NMFS Northeast Bottom Trawl Survey; Recreational= Marine Recreational Fisheries Statistics Survey. Data sources are referenced in Table 2.
range of this species. We avoid reporting percentage changes in population abundance from relative time series (as was done in Baum et al. 2003), but a linear regression of each CPUE series (natural-logarithm transformed) on year shows that of the seven series illustrated, five had negative slopes, of which three were significant, and two had positive slopes, one of which was significant (Table 2). As earlier stated, we contend that no single series should be expected to predict the status of the population when more series are available from multiple sources.
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Disregarding factors that may affect catch rates

Baum et al. (2003) relied solely on self-reported data from commercial pelagic longliners. Baum and Myers (2004) compared data collected from a fishery-independent survey in the 1950s with on-board observer data collected on pelagic longline fishing vessels targeting tuna in the 1990s. Although both studies used a variant of
the generalized linear model approach (see review in Maunder and Punt 2004) in an attempt to correct for factors unrelated to abundance such as gear changes, time of year, and area, they did not account for other factors such as regime shifts related to oceanographic conditions (i.e., Klyashtorin 2001), fishing behavior due to tuna and swordfish market conditions, or regulations which may strongly affect shark bycatch patterns (Hilborn and Walters 1992). As pointed out earlier, pelagic longline fisheries are multi-specific and sharks are rarely targeted. The development of modern pelagic gear and the deployment strategies of fishermen are driven not only by a desire to increase target catches, but also to decrease bycatch, particularly bycatch like sharks that tend to damage the longline gear. Moreover, fishers will compensate for declines in abundance of target species or changes in market through technological improvements, increased knowledge, and rapid shifts into other fishing areas. As pointed out by Hilborn and Walters (1992) and Walters (2004), catch rates can also initially decline much more rapidly than stock abundance due to the behavior of the stock, changes in the size/age of the target species, and by assuming that fishing behavior is similar over all areas and strata sampled. In particular, the change from wire to monofilament leaders in the Japanese longline fishery in the Gulf of Mexico likely influenced catch rates more than Baum and Myers (2004) acknowledged. Fishers switched from steel leaders in the 1950s to monofilament leaders in the 1980s primarily to increase catch rates of target species (e.g., tuna) and reduce the catch of large sharks through bite-offs of the monofilament leader. Beverly et al. (2003) state that Using monofilament leaders (not steel) directly onto the hook will allow sharks to bite off the hooks and escape. A biteoff rate for monofilament leaders (6.7 bite-offs per 100
hooks) 5 times higher than for steel leaders (1.4 bite-offs per 100 hooks) has also been noted (Grubbs, personal observation). Despite this information, leader type was not included as a factor in the Baum and Myers (2004) GLM model, but instead they referenced Berkeley and Campos (1988) and Branstetter and Musick (1993) as support for no or little effect of change in leader type on catch rates, when in fact these studies were not conclusive or actually showed the opposite. Berkeley and Campos (1988) used only 21% steel leaders in 13 of 111 sets and stated that the restricted extent of the study area, limited numbers of sets, and low catch rates typical of pelagic longlining limited statistical precision and restricted their ability to confidently generalize from the results of their study. They also reported many bite-offs with monofilament leaders suggesting that larger sharks may escape. Differential catchability as a result of leader strength was also recently postulated by Beerkircher et al. (2003) for silky sharks caught on monofilament pelagic longline gear. Branstetter and Musick (1993) also found that in the offshore sampling stratum (>100 m), shark catch was higher on steel leaders than on monofilament, and when the data were pooled into offshore species (shortfin makos, and silky, blue, bigeye thresher Alopias superciliosus, and bignose sharks Carcharhinus altimus) across depth strata, more sharks were caught on steel gear than on monofilament gear by a factor of 2:1. These studies do not provide much evidence of catches being as high or higher with monofilament than with steel leaders for offshore shark species in general, and oceanic whitetip and silky sharks in particular. In fact, they suggest just the opposite. Thus the change from steel gangions used in the 1950s to monofilament gangions used in the 1990s could explain a significant part of the decline reported by Baum and Myers (2004).
Table 2. Slope of the logarithm of abundance indices for sandbar shark by year. NMFS = National Marine Fisheries Service, VIMS = Virginia Institute of Marine Science. Years refers to the time period of the data set, beginning with the oldest. Slopes significantly different from zero are indicated by an asterisk (alpha = 0.05). Type refers to whether the index is from a commercial or recreational source, or is fishery independent from a scientific survey. Area indicates the area covered by the survey or fishery.NW = northwest. GLM standardization indicates whether the index was standardized through a generalized linear model procedure. The details for each survey and GLM procedure can be found in the source.
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Data Set NMFS NE Bottom Trawl Survey VIMS Longline Survey Marine Recreational Fisheries Statistics Survey (Early) Marine Recreational Fisheries Statistics Survey (Late) Large Pelagic Survey Pelagic Logbook Program NMFS Bottom Longline Survey
Years 19722000 19742000 19811993 19942000 19862001 19942001 19952000
GLM Source Standardized -0.101 NW Atlantic Ocean Yes Corts 2002c -0.115* Mid-NW Atlantic Ocean No Musick et al. 1993; Musick and Conrath 2002 -0.147* NW Atlantic Ocean, No Corts et al. 2002 Gulf of Mexico 0.05 NW Atlantic Ocean, No Corts et al. 2002 Gulf of Mexico -0.135* Mid-NW Atlantic Ocean Yes Brown 2002 0.110* NW Atlantic Ocean, Yes Brown and Cramer 2002 Gulf of Mexico -0.089 NW Atlantic Ocean, Yes Grace and Henwood 1998; Gulf of Mexico NMFS 2002
Slope
Area
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Baum and Myers (2004) also dismissed hook size and type as influential factors in their analysis. Hook type and size changed dramatically from a 9/0 J-hook in the 1950s to several types of hooks ranging from circle hooks to J-hooks in sizes 7/0, 8/0, 15/0, and 16/0 in the 1990s. Unfortunately, few controlled experimental studies are available on how variation in hook type in pelagic longline fisheries affects catches of large pelagic species, particularly sharks. Grubbs (unpublished data) performed 9/0 J-hook and 14/0 circle hook comparisons in waters around Chesapeake Bay, Virginia. Based on about 7,000 hooks, catch rates of juvenile sharks were much higher with circle hooks (18.1 to 7.1 sharks per 100 hooks) than with J-hooks. However, for sharks over 100 cm TL (which are primarily caught in the pelagic fishery), the catch rate was 38% higher for J-hooks (3.7 to 2.6 sharks per 100 hooks for sets including at least one shark >100cm). Some preliminary conclusions of experiments (n = 687 sets) conducted in 2001-2002 to reduce sea turtle interactions in pelagic longlines fishing in the Northeast Distant Zone (NED) of the United States suggest that even relatively subtle gear changes can have statistically significant changes in both target catch (swordfish and bigeye tuna Thunnus obesus) and bycatch (blue shark and species of sea turtles; Watson et al. 2003). For example, 18/0 circle hooks caught 33% fewer swordfish by weight than a 9/0 J hook. Although Baum and Myers (2004) considered hook depth in their analysis using estimates from Myers and Ward (unpublished work at http: //fish.dal.ca), they did not account for the habitat utilization patterns of the oceanic whitetip and silky shark, two species that showed huge declines in abundance. Most GLM models are designed to statistically remove the spatial and temporal variations in the data set, but generally do not take into account the preferred habitat of the species modeled. However, Hinton and Nakano (1996) applied a habitat-standardized model to blue marlin (Maikara nigricans) to incorporate known habitat utilization information into the standardization procedure. Further, Goodyear (2003) created a simulation of longline catch-effort data for blue marlin, varying depth distribution of sets, the propensity of blue marlin to bite moving baits, and the assumed habitat preference of blue marlin, to test the robustness of the habitat model. He concluded that habitat standardizations proved accurate but only when the assumptions regarding habitat choice were correct. Recent data from oceanic whitetip (n = 6, 774 days in aggregate) and silky sharks (n = 4, 409 days in aggregate) equipped with pop-off satellite tags (PSAT) deployed offshore around the Hawaiian Islands indicate that both oceanic whitetip and silky sharks inhabit shallow waters less than 100 meters deep (Musyl, unpublished data). Thus, the shift in average gear depth from 72 m in the 1950s to 110 m in the 1990s in the Baum and Myers (2004) data sets could have significantly impacted the catch rate of oceanic whitetip sharks and silky sharks. For example, the oceanic whitetip sharks tracked in Hawaii spent
approximately 40% of their time deeper than the minimum and 20% of their time deeper than the average hook depths in the 1950s data set, respectively. In contrast, oceanic whitetip sharks only spent 2% and 13% of their time deeper than the minimum and average hook depths in the 1990s data set, respectively. Similarly, the silky sharks in Hawaii spent 68% of their time below the minimum and 81% below the average hook depths in the 1950s data set, but only 31% below the minimum and 55% below the average hook depths in the 1990s data set. In light of the information on different gangion material, hook type, and fishing time and depth and their effect on shark CPUE, the declines reported by Baum and Myers (2004) are based on a potentially flawed analysis and are probably exaggerated.
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Inconsistent conclusions based on small sample size

The strength of the conclusions drawn in Baum and Myers (2004) is disproportionate to the sample size on which they based them. A total of 170 longline sets in the 1950s was compared with 275 sets made in the 1990s. Of those 275 sets observed from 1995 to 1999, 196 sharks (62 unidentified) were recorded. At those low sample sizes, misidentification problems could have occurred that would only amplify the magnitude of the decreases or increases in each species population status. For example, misidentification is common even among trained scientists, especially for blacktip vs. spinner (Carcharhinus brevipinna) shark (Branstetter 1982), and for ridgeback species like silky and dusky (Carcharhinus obscurus) sharks (Grace 2001). Dusky sharks often are also misidentified as sandbar sharks (Huish and Benedict 1977). This could account for the increase from 0 to 16 sandbar sharks reported in Baum and Myers (2004). Baum and Myers (2004) were also inconsistent in the reasoning that led to their conclusions. While they concluded that oceanic whitetip and silky sharks have declined by >90%, they did not suggest population increases in species when catch rates had increased. The authors attempted to rationalize that catches of new shark species, such as sandbar shark increasing from 0 to 16 sharks, were an artifact of the increased sample size or depth of sets (e.g., sandbar sharks), although it is also possible that their niche distribution may have expanded offshore to occupy niches left by pelagic sharks that have declined. (Baum and Myers 2004:142). Had they followed the same logic they applied for explaining declines, an increase of sandbar sharks from 0 to 16 would indicate a huge increase in that species abundance. Further, Baum and Myers (2004) reported a decline in blacktip sharks based on only 6 animals in the 1950s decreasing to zero during 19951999. Using several stock assessment methods, Corts et al. (2002) estimated that the recent biomass of blacktip sharks in the U.S. Atlantic Ocean and Gulf of Mexico was likely to have been reduced by less than
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a third with respect to virgin levels and no overfishing was occurring.
Discussion
While we certainly acknowledge that there have been declines in the populations of some species of sharks (Musick et al. 2000a, 2000b; Corts et al. 2002), we disagree with the magnitude of the changes reported by Baum et al. (2003) and Baum and Myers (2004) and contend that some of their results were based on inadequate data sources and incomplete analyses. For example, in 2002 it was estimated (Corts et al. 2002) that the status of the large coastal shark complex (i.e., blacktip, sandbar, and hammerhead sharks among others) had improved since the last assessment conducted in 1998 (NMFS 1998). Examination of some of the results of the surplus production models from Corts et al. (2002) indicates relative CPUE declined by about 58% from 1974 to 2001, 39% from 1986 to 2001, and 19% from 1992 to 2001. In contrast, Baum et al. (2003) reported that abundance of their coastal species group had declined by 61% from 1992 to 2000. For sandbar shark, which they did not examine, resource status has also improved since 1998 and the resource may be near maximum sustainable yield with some overfishing still occurring (Corts et al. 2002). For pelagic sharks, Baum et al. (2003) estimated a 60% decline in abundance of blue sharks and a moderate decline in shortfin makos. Simpfendorfer et al. (2002) also found an 80% decline in male blue shark abundance from the northwest Atlantic Ocean from 1977 to 1994, but no significant change in abundance for female sharks. However, Campana et al. (2004) noted that it was difficult to reconcile a net decline of only 9.6% during 19862000 for the Atlantic Canada area with the very different overall trend for blue sharks reported in Baum et al. (2003), considering that Atlantic Canada was the area with the greatest number of sharks. Further, the International Committee for the Conservation of Atlantic Tunas (ICCAT) Sub-Committee on Bycatches recently conducted a stock assessment of these two species, and preliminary results for blue sharks indicate that current biomass in both the North and South Atlantic Ocean appears to be above the biomass that can support maximum sustainable yield (Anonymous 2005). Current shortfin mako biomass may be below that producing maxi-
mum sustainable yield in the North Atlantic and above maximum sustainable yield in the South Atlantic, but resultsespecially for this species were highly conditional on the assumptions made and data available (Anonymous 2005). In addition, the small coastal shark group (i.e., Atlantic sharpnose shark (Rhizoprionodon terraenovae), bonnethead (Sphyrna tiburo), blacknose shark (Carcharhinus acronotus), and finetooth shark (Carcharhinus isodon) not examined by Baum et al. (2003), was recently assessed using several stock assessment models and generally found to be healthy (Corts 2002b; Simpfendorfer and Burgess 2002). In summary, we believe that many of the conclusions of Baum et al. (2003) and Baum and Myers (2004) and subsequent conclusions drawn by the conservation community are exaggerated based on analysis of limited data sets that do not capture the complete picture of all shark populations documented. The authors did not reference any of the stock assessments conducted for sharks in the northwest Atlantic Ocean and Gulf of Mexico (e.g., Corts 2002b; Corts et al. 2002; Simpfendorfer and Burgess 2002), which in several cases reported the status of shark populations to be well above those stated by Baum et al. (2003) and Baum and Myers (2004). By stating that many populations have collapsed and are at risk of large-scale extirpation (Baum and Myers 2004:390) these authors have misled the public and scientific community concerning the impacts of longline fisheries and the status of shark populations in the Northwest Atlantic and the Gulf of Mexico. We agree with Baum and Myers (2004) and Baum et al. (2003) that populations of some species of sharks in the northwestern Atlantic and Gulf of Mexico have declined, but we disagree with the magnitude of decline they estimated and with their dire prediction of imminent extinction of some species.
Acknowledgments
We thank Sandy Allen (NOAA Southeast Fisheries Science Center) for information on shark misidentification in the Vietnamese-American longline fishery. Karyl Brewster-Geisz (National Marine Fisheries Service, Sustainable Fisheries Division) provided information regarding changes to management plans and fisher logbook requirements. Opinions expressed herein are of the authors only and do not imply endorsement by any agency associated with the authors.
References
Anonymous. 2005. Report of the 2004 intersessional meeting of the ICCAT subcommittee on bycatches: shark stock assessment. SCRS/2004/014. Collective Volume of Scientific Papers 58(3):799-890. Apostolaki, P., M. K. McAllister, E. A. Babcock, and R. Bonfil. 2002. Use of a generalized stage-based, age-, and sexstructured model for shark stock assessment. International Commission for the Conservation of Atlantic Tunas Collective Volume of Scientific Papers 54:1182-1198. Baum, J. K., R. A. Myers, D. G. Kehler, B. Worm, S. J. Harley, and P. A. Doherty. 2003. Collapse and conservation of shark populations in the northwest Atlantic. Science 299:389-392. Baum, J. K., and R. A. Myers. 2004. Shifting baselines and the decline of pelagic sharks in the Gulf of Mexico. Ecology Letters 7:135-145. Beerkircher, L. R., C. J. Brown, D. L. Abercrombie, and D. W. Lee. 2004. SEFSC pelagic observer program data summary for 1992-2002. NOAA Technical Memorandum NMFS-SEFSC-522. Beerkircher, L., M. Shivji, and E. Corts. 2003. A Monte Carlo demographic analysis of silky shark (Carcharhinus falciformis):
25
Baum et al. (2005) challenge our assertion that their analyses of data sets used in their two papers (Baum et al. 2003; Baum and Myers 2004) are inadequate and do not capture the complete picture of all shark populations documented. They further hypothesize that their estimates are "robust" and their measured decline in shark abundance is therefore real, when in fact for many species, particularly pelagic sharks, their status is subject to further scientific analysis. The appropriate use of data sets and their subsequent analysis is an important issue. We agree that the pelagic logbook data set is one suitable data source because of its large sample size, wide geographic range, and long temporal coverage. Our main disagreement with the use of these data was their application to coastal sharks (e.g., white shark George H. Burgess Carcharodon carcharias, blacktip Lawrence R. Beerkircher shark Carcharhinus limbatus, sandGregor M. Cailliet bar shark Carcharhinus plumbeus, and hammerhead sharks Sphyrna John K. Carlson spp., etc.; Burgess et al. 2005). Even Enric Corts so, despite claims that alternate data Kenneth J. Goldman sources (U.S. observers on Japanese boats, U.S. observers on U.S. boats, R. Dean Grubbs Canadian observers on Japanese John A. Musick boats, Canadian observers on Michael K. Musyl Canadian boats) were evaluated by Colin A. Simpfendorfer Baum et al. (2003) and deemed not
reply
Reply to "Robust estimates of decline for pelagic shark populations in the Northwest Atlantic and Gulf of Mexico"
"suitable" and that the pelagic logbook data set was the best to describe populations of pelagic sharks, we contend that other data series for pelagic sharks are just as valid and some show opposite trends in abundance. For example, Nakano and Clarke (2004) found no change in abundance for blue sharks (Prionace glauca) from 19712003 using logbook data from the Japanese longline fishery. Even with multiple catch rate series (including the U.S. pelagic logbook), information on catch and bycatch, and the application of three stock assessment models (analyses much more robust than those conducted by Baum et al. 2003), the International Commission for the Conservation of Atlantic Tunas Subcommittee on Bycatches stated that stock assessments on blue sharks and shortfin mako sharks (Isurus oxyrinchus) should be considered preliminary because results were highly conditional on the assumptions made and data sources available (Anonymous 2005). Their recommendations were to increase monitoring and research investments for sharks and to acquire more and better data before definitive conclusions could be made on their status. Despite providing some limited evidence to the contrary in Baum et al. (2005), we are still unconvinced that all factors were taken into account in the analysis by Baum and Myers (2004). We still feel that species identification,
Continued from 29 Cooke, S. J., and C. D. Suski. 2004. Are circle hooks an effective tool for conserving marine and freshwater recreational catch-and-release fisheries? Aquatic Conservation 14:299-326. Corts, E., L. Brooks, and G. Scott. 2002. Stock assessment of large coastal sharks in the U.S. Atlantic and Gulf of Mexico. NOAA NMFS Southeast Fisheries Science Center Sustainable Fisheries Division Contribution SFD-2/03-177. Hilborn, R., and C. J. Walters. 1992. Quantitative fisheries stock assessment: choice, dynamics and uncertainty. Chapman and Hall, New York, NY. Lande, R., S. Engen, and B. E. Saether. 2003. Stochastic population models in ecology and conservation. Oxford University Press, Oxford, United Kingdom. Musick, J. A. and C. L. Conrath. 2002. A delineation of shark nursery grounds in Chesapeake Bay and an assessment of abundance of shark stocks (20012003). National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Marine Fisheries Service, Southeast Fisheries Science Center, 2002 Shark Evaluation Workshop Document SB-02-28. Musick, J. A., G. Burgess, G. Cailliet, M. Camhi, and S. Fordham. 2000. Management of sharks 30
authors
and their relatives (Elasmobranchii). Fisheries 25(3):9-13. Musick, J. A. 1999. Ecology and conservation of long-lived marine animals. Pages 1-10 in J. A. Musick, ed. Life in the slow lane: ecology and conservation of long-lived marine animals. American Fisheries Society Symposium 23, Bethesda, Maryland. Musick, J. A., S. Branstetter, and J. A. Colvocoresses. 1993. Trends in shark abundance from 1974 to 1991 for the Chesapeake Bight region of the U.S. mid-Atlantic Coast. In S. Branstetter, ed. Conservation biology of elasmobranchs. NOAA Technical Report 115. Myers, R. A., and B. Worm. 2005. Extinction, survival, or recovery of large predatory fishes. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, B 360:13-20. Nakano, H. and S. Clarke. 2005. Standardized CPUE for blue sharks caught by the Japanese longline fishery in the Atlantic Ocean, 1971-2003. International Commission for the Conservation of Atlantic Tunas Collective Volume of Scientific Papers 58(3): 1127-1134. Russell, S. J. 1993. Shark bycatch in the northern Gulf of Mexico tuna longline fishery, 1988-1991, with observations on the nearshore directed shark fishery. In S. Branstetter, ed. Conservation
biology of elasmobranchs. NOAA Technical Report 115. Schnute, J. T., and R. Hilborn. 1993. Analysis of contradictory data sources in fish stock assessment. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 50: 1916-1923. Shepherd, T. D., and R. A. Myers. 2005. Direct and indirect fishery effects on small coastal elasmobranchs in the northern Gulf of Mexico. Ecology Letters DOI 8(10): 10951104. Ward, P., and R. A. Myers. In press. Do habitat models accurately predict the depth distribution of pelagic fishes? Fisheries Oceanography. Available at: fish.dal.ca _____. 2005. A method for inferring the depth distribution of catchability for pelagic fishes and correcting for variations in the depth of pelagic longline fishing gear. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 62:1130-1142. Ward, P., R. A. Myers, and W. Blanchard. 2004. Fish lost at sea: the effect of soak time on pelagic longline catches. Fishery Bulletin 102:179-195. Watson, J. W., S. P. Epperly, A. K. Shah, and D. G. Foster. 2005. Fishing methods to reduce sea turtle mortality associated with pelagic longlines. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 62: 965-981.
hook type (e.g., "J" hooks in the 1950s are not the same as "J" hooks in the 1990s), the switch in gear to monofilament, and the change in depth from shallow sets in the 1950s to deeper sets in the 1990s influenced their results more than Baum and colleagues acknowledged. Unfortunately, space prevents us from readdressing many of these factors in detail. We concur with Baum et al. (2005) that one of the critical areas that could have affected catchability of pelagic species, particularly those that are epipelagic (e.g., oceanic whitetip shark Carcharhinus longimanus), was the shift in the depth range of the longline gear. Baum and Myers (2004) applied a depth correction method (Ward and Myers 2005) to account for the change in fishing and feel this is more appropriate than any habitat-based standardization. The gear assumptions in Ward and Myers (2005) postulate a sag o rate on longlines of 72 while Bigelow et al. (in press) examined sag rates in over 600 time-depthrecorded commercial longline sets and empirically o determined a sag rate of 54 for shallow swordo fish sets and 64 for tuna sets. Incorrect depth assumptions will of course influence the depth correction method and any subsequent habitatbased standardization model. Further, the appropriateness of applying a correction factor developed in the tropical Pacific Ocean to other ocean basins is also questionable. Catchability at depth indices for species estimated by Ward and Myers (2005) may not be similar in vastly different oceanographic regions, such as applied to the Gulf of Mexico (Baum and Myers 2004). As Burgess et al. (2005) point out, habitat standardizations prove accurate only when the assumptions regarding habitat choice and fishing gear behavior are correct. Although we do agree that there have been declines in some shark species and a precautionary approach should be adopted, the status of shark populations cannot be based exclusively on examination of abundance trends, especially from limited databases. Our concerns over choices of data sets, their analyses, and conclusions drawn from those abundance trends are not limited to sharks (Walters 2003; Hampton et al. 2005). The status of shark populations must be based on stock assessments which rely on a range of data in addition to catch rates, including catch and bycatch, size and age composition, tagging, and biological data.
References
Anonymous. 2005. Report of the 2004 inter-sessional meeting of the ICCAT subcommittee on bycatches: shark stock assessment. SCRS/2004/014. Collective Volume of Scientific Papers 58(3):799-890. Baum, J. K., R. A. Kehler, and R. A. Myers. 2005. Robust estimates of decline for pelagic shark populations in the northwest Atlantic and Gulf of Mexico. Fisheries 30(10):27-30. Baum, J. K., R. A.,Myers, D. G. Kehler, B. Worm, S. J. Harley, and P. A. Doherty. 2003. Collapse and conservation of shark populations in the northwest Atlantic. Science 299:389-392. Baum, J. K., and R. A. Myers. 2004. Shifting baselines and the decline of pelagic sharks in the Gulf of Mexico. Ecology Letters 7:135-145. Bigelow, K. A., M. K. Musyl, F. Poisson, and P. Kleiber. In press. Pelagic longline gear depth and shoaling: how deep is deep? Fisheries Research. Burgess, G. H., L. R. Beerkircher, G. M. Cailliet, J. K. Carlson, E. Cortes, K. J. Goldman, R. D. Grubbs, J. A. Musick, M. K. Musyl, and C. A. Simpfendorfer. 2005. Is the collapse of shark populations in the northwest Atlantic Ocean and Gulf of Mexico real? Fisheries 30(10):20-26. Hampton, J., J. R. Sibert, P. Kleiber, M. N. Maunder, and S. J. Harley. 2005. Decline of Pacific tuna populations exaggerated? Nature 434: E1E2. Nakano, H., and S. Clarke. 2004. Standardized CPUE for blue sharks caught by the Japanese longline fishery in the Atlantic Ocean, 19712003. International Commission for the Conservation of Atlantic Tunas Collective Volume of Scientific Papers 119. Walters, C. 2004. Folly and fantasy in the analysis of spatial catch rate data. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Science 60:1433-1436. Ward, P., and R. A. Myers. 2005. Inferring the depth distribution of catchability for pelagic fishes and correcting for variations in the depth of longline fishing gear. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 62: 1130-1142.
Acknowledgments
We thank Keith Bigelow for comments on depth assumptions of longline gear. Opinions expressed herein are of the authors only and do not imply endorsement by any agency associated with the authors.
October 2005 | www.fisheries.org | Fisheries 31
From: Sent: To: Subject: Attachments:
"HASEY, RAYMOND A GS-11 USAF AMC 60 CES/CEAN" <raymond.hasey@us.af.mil> Tuesday, January 29, 2013 12:56 PM FGC.FGC@fgc.ca.gov RE: White Shark Listing Petition ATT55479
RaymondA.Hasey 1882WoodleafDrive YubaCity,CA95993 29January2013 CaliforniaFishandGameCommission P.O.Box944209 Sacramento,CA942442090 SUMMARYOFRECOMMENDATIONS IrecommendthatthepetitionforCESAlistingbedeclined. IamwritinginregardtotheCenterforBiologicalDiversity'spetitiontolistthewhitesharkundertheCalifornia EndangeredSpeciesAct(CESA)because(1)neitherthepetitionnorthestaffreviewassertthatlistingisnecessaryto decreasetheprobabilityforextinctionnordothey(2)discussifthislistingwillincreasetheriskfortheextinctionofthe sharkbyshiftingfishingtowatersthatarenotregulatedbyCalifornia,ariskthatIcommunicatedtostaffon10October 2010. Asscientistfamiliarwiththewhitesharkscientificliterature(Ihavepublishedtwominorscientificpapersonthis species),TheCenterforBiologicalDiversity'spetitiondoesnotmeetthecriteriaforCESAlistingbecauseitdoesnot providetheCommissionwiththeevidencethatCESAlistingwillbenefitthespecies.ACESAlistingmightactually representathreattospeciesrecovery.CFGC20501doesnotpermitalistingwhenitisunknowniftheeffectofalisting mayincreasetheprobabilityforawhitesharkextinction.IdonotknowifCESAlistingwillincreaseordecreasethe probabilityforextinctionandsoIstronglyrecommendthattheCommissionnotactuntilittheCommissionreasonably canknowifthedecisiontolistthisspecieswilladverselyaffecttheprobabilityforwhitesharkrecovery. LegalSufficiencyforCESAListing CenterforBiologicalDiversity'spetition . DoesCFGC2050permitlistingifitisunknowniftheeffectoflistingmaybetoincreasetheprobabilityfor extinction? ListingthissharkundertheCESAmayormaynotbenefitthespeciesandlistinghasthepotentialtoevenincreasethe riskforextinction.Iamunabletorecommendfororagainstthelistingpetitionbecausetheinformationwithinthe petitionisinadequatetodetermineiflistingwouldincreaseordecreasetheprobabilityforextinction. . AcompletelyunaddressedcumulativeeffectissueisifaCESAlistingwillresultintheshiftingofimportant fisheriesfromwaterssubjecttostatejurisdictiontowatersnotsosubject? Economicallyimportantfisherieswilllikelycatchasmanyfishasbeforethelistingbuttheymayshiftthefishingtoareas outsideofCalifornia.
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"Otherspeciesoffish,wildlife,andplantsareindangeroforthreatenedwithextinctionbecausetheirhabitatsare threatenedwithdestruction,adversemodification,orseverecurtailment,orbecauseofoverexploitation,disease, predation,orotherfactors."CFGC2050(b) "Aspeciesshallbelistedasthreatenedorendangeredif"itscontinuedexistenceisinseriousdangeroristhreatenedby anyoneoranycombinationofthefollowingfactors:(1)Presentorthreatenedmodificationordestructionofitshabitat; (2)Overexploitation;(3)Predation;(4)Competition;(5)Disease;or(6)Othernaturaloccurrencesorhumanrelated activities."Cal.CodeRegs.670.1(i)(1)(A)". TheDepartment'sreportdetermineswhetherthepetition,alongwithotherrelevantinformationpossessedorreceived bytheagency,containssufficientinformationindicatingthatlisting"maybewarranted."Fish&GameCode2073.5. StaffReviewperFish&GameCode2073.5ThestaffreviewdidnotmeettherequirementsofFishandGameCode Section2073.5andSection670.1ofTitle14oftheCaliforniaCodeofRegulationsbecausethestaffreviewdoesnot determineifthelistingwouldincreaseordecreasetheprobabilityforspeciesextinction.Itstatesincorrectly:"Overall, thePetitionpresentsadequateinformationthatthreatsexist,anditisreasonabletofurtherinferthatthesethreats couldposeimmediateandsignificantimpactstothepopulation.Itcorrectlystates:"However,furtheranalysisis neededtoevaluatebothdegreeandimmediacyofthesethreats." TheStaffReportincorrectlyasserts:"PursuanttoSection2073.5oftheFishandGameCode,theDepartmenthas evaluatedthepetitiononitsfaceandinrelationtootherrelevantinformationtheDepartmentpossessesorreceived." TheDepartmentreceivedmyletter10October2012thatassertsthatthelistingmayreducetheprobabilityfor extinctionbuttheseconcernsarenotaddressed. PRIMARYTHREATFISHING Thepetitioncorrectsstates:"TheprimarythreattotheNortheasternPacificpopulationofwhitesharksiscommercial fishing.U.S.andMexicanfishingvesselsincidentallycatchandkillwhitesharksinunsustainablyhighnumbers." . WillCESAlistinghaveanybeneficialeffectinreducinginadvertenttakeandwhatistheestimatedreduction? ThepetitionersdidnotmeettheirlegalresponsibilityunderCal.CodeRegs.670.1(i)(1)(A)"tosupporttheirpetition foraCESAlisting. WILLCESALISTINGINCREASEORDECREASETHEPROBABILITYFOREXTINCTION? TheEffectofaCESAListingonFishingPressureCaliforniacannotregulatemostofthehabitatbutonlyregulatesa narrowthreemilewideportion.CommerciallyvaluablefishwillstillbetakeninMexicanandUSwatersandmerely shiftingtheharvesttolocationswherethereisahigherprobabilityforatakeofjuvenilewhitesharksislikelytoincrease theprobabilityforextinction.IhavenoknowledgeifaCESAlistingwillinthiswaymaketheextinctionofthewhiteshark morelikelybutthisisanimportantquestionthatshouldbeaddressed. . ThekeyissuenotaddressedbythepetitionisifaCESAlistingwillshiftthetaketowatersoftheNorthPacific whereCaliforniaiswithoutjurisdiction? Suchashiftmayincreaseratherthandecreasetheriskforextinction.Theprobabilityforthisisnotaddressedsothe petitionmaynotbelegallysufficienttosupporttherequestedlisting.Untilthepetitionercanestablishthattheeffectof aCESAlistingwouldnotbereasonablyexpectedtoincreasetheprobabilityforspeciesextinctiontheCommissionmay nothavethelegalauthoritytotakealistingaction.Becausethepetitiondoesnotaddressthisrisktothespeciesit shouldberejecteduntilitisrevised. FishingPressureAdultWhiteSharks
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WouldaCESAlistingbetterprotectadultwhitesharks?ThepetitiondoesnotmakeavalidscientificcasethatCESA listingwoulddecreasetheprobabilityforspeciesextinctionbyreducingthetakeofadultwhitesharks.Thepetitioners didnotmeettheirresponsibilityunderCal.CodeRegs.670.1(i)(1)(A)"tosupporttheirpetitionforaCESAlisting. . HowmanyadultwhitesharkswillnotbetakenifthespecieshasaCESAlisting? . DoestheCommissionhaveotheroptionsbesidestheCESAtoreduceadultsattheveryfewlocationswherethey arecommonlyfound? FishingPressureJuvenileWhiteSharks . WouldaCESAlistingbetterprotectjuvenilewhitesharks? ThepetitiondoesnotmakeavalidscientificcasethatCESAlistingwoulddecreasetheprobabilityforspeciesextinction byreducingthetakeofjuvenilewhitesharks. Thepetitionsuggests(bymycasualinterpretation)thatthetakeofperhapstenjuvenilesharksoccursannually.Willa CESAlistingincreaseorreducethistake?WouldaCESAlistingincreaseordecreasethetakeofthesejuvenilewhite sharks?Thepetitiondoesnotaddressthiskeyissue.ThepetitiondoesnotmakeavalidscientificcasethatCESAlisting woulddecreasetheprobabilityforspeciesextinction.Itdoesmakeavalidscientificcasethatthecontinuedtakeof approximatelytenjuvenilesharksannuallyisathreattospeciesrecovery. . HowmanyjuvenilewhitesharkswillnotbetakenifthespecieshasaCESAlisting? . HowmanyofthesetenjuvenilesharksarewithinhabitatwheretheCESAhaslegaljurisdiction? IconcurwiththepetitionersthatthetakeoftenjuvenilesannuallyincreasestheprobabilityforextinctionandIdoubt thattherewillbeanyscientificdisagreementonthiskeypoint.Therelikelywillalsobeaconsensusthatperhapshalfor moreofthesetenjuvenilesarecommonlyusinghabitatthatisbeyondthejurisdictionoftheCommissiontoregulate. . DoestheCommissionhaveotheroptionsbesidestheCESAtoreducejuveniles? What(ifany)newconservationmeasurescanbeimposedwithoutthislisting?Thereshouldbenoscientificdebatethat juvenilewhitesharksrequireprotectioninafewkeylocationsandthattheCommissionshouldacttodothisifyou determinethatthiswillnotshiftthefisherytowatersnotregulatedbyCalifornia. OtherThreatstoWhiteSharkRecovery CDFGStaffReview TheCDFGStaffReviewdoesnotprovidethescientificsupportnecessarytosupportthepetition.Itdoeshoweveran excellentsummaryofthethreatsandotherscientificissues.Thestaffreviewdoesnotadequatelydocumentifthe proposedaction,aCESAlisting,willincreaseordecreasetheprobabilityforextinction.ItdoesnotassertthataCESA listingisnecessaryforspeciesrecovery. Thisreviewstates"ThreatstoHabitat:ThePetitioncitesscientificinformationregardingthethreatstowhiteshark habitatoffthecoastofCalifornia,althoughthesethreatsmayormaynotbeimminent.Thehabitatthreatslistedinthe PetitionincludedocumentedpollutantdischargeintothewatersoftheSCB,reductioninpreyspeciessuchaspinnipeds andfishesthroughexploitation,andtheacidificationoftheoceanduetoabsorptionofcarbondioxidefromthe atmosphere." Italsocorrectlystates:"Inconclusion,habitatdegradationthroughpollutantdischarge,overexploitationofpreyspecies, andoceanacidificationmayposeareasonablethreattohabitatnecessaryforthesurvivalofwhitesharks.Although thesethreatsexist,thedegreeandimmediacyofthreatsisuncertain,andfurtherstudyisneededtoassessthelevelof risk." Contamination
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Thepetitioncorrectlystates:"Inadditiontothethreatofcaptureinfishing,otherthreatsfacewhitesharks.Newdata showsthatjuvenileNortheasternPacificwhitesharksareamongthemostheavilycontaminatedwithmercury,PCBs, andDDTofallsharkspeciestestedtodate." Thepetitioncorrectlystates:"NewdatashowsthatjuvenileNortheasternPacificwhitesharksareamongthemost heavilycontaminatedwithmercury,PCBs,andDDTofallsharkspeciestestedtodate.Mercurylevelsinjuvenilewhite sharksgreatlyexceedlevelsinallotherspeciesofsharkstestedintheregionandaresixtimeshigherthanestablished thresholdsknowntocausephysiologicalandreproductiveharminothermarinefish.Moreover,thecumulativeimpacts ofmultiplestressors,includingcontamination,bycatch,coastaldevelopment,pollution,oceanacidification,andclimate change,putNortheasternPacificwhitesharksatgreatriskofextinction." ThepetitiondoesnotdescribehowaCESAlistingwouldreducethistreatandsoitmaynotbelegallysufficientto supportlisting. . HowwillCESAlistingmanagethethreatofmercury,PCBs,andDDTcontaminationforthisspecies? Coastaldevelopment ThepetitiondoesnotdescribehowaCESAlistingwouldreducethisthreatandsoitmaynotbelegallysufficientto supportlisting. . HowwillCESAlistingmanagethethreatofcoastaldevelopmentforthisspecies? Pollution ThepetitiondoesnotdescribehowaCESAlistingwouldreducethisthreatandsoitmaynotbelegallysufficientto supportlisting.Thestaffreviewcorrectlystates:"Theeffectsoftheseincreasedlevelsofpollutantsonwhitesharksis unknownatthistime,howeveritisreasonabletoconcludethatpollutantdischargemayhaveadeleteriouseffecton whitesharksandtheirprey." . HowwillCESAlistingmanagethethreatofmercury,PCBs,andDDTcontaminationforthisspecies? Oceanacidification ThepetitiondoesnotdescribehowaCESAlistingwouldreducethisthreatandsoitmaynotbelegallysufficientto supportlisting.Thestaffreviewcorrectlystates:"Whilestudiesdocumentthenegativeeffectsoceanacidificationmay haveonsomemarinespecies,furtherstudyisneededtoevaluatehowthisphenomenonhasaffectedandwillaffect whitesharksandtheNEPecosystemasawhole.Atthistime,thedegreeandimmediacyofthisthreatisuncertain." . HowwillCESAlistingmanagethethreatofoceanacidificationforthisspecies? Climatechange ThepetitiondoesnotdescribehowaCESAlistingwouldreducethisthreatandsoitmaynotbelegallysufficientto supportlisting. . HowwillCESAlistingmanagethethreatofclimatechangeforthisspecies? ACTIONSRECOMMENDEDFORTHECALIFORNIAFISHANDGAMECOMMISSION Recommendation#1 ThepetitiondoesnotadequatelysupportclaimsthataCESAlistingwillprovideabenefittothespeciesperCFGC2050 anditshouldberejected.ThepetitionpresumesabeneficialeffectbutdoesnotdescribehowCESAlistingwouldbenefit thisspecies.ThepetitionmaynotmeettherequirementsoftheCDFCodeforthisdeficiency.Irecommenddenial. Recommendation#2 IrecommendthatthepetitionerbeaskedtoprovideevidencethatCESAlistingwouldnotleadtoanincreasedtakeand probabilityforextinctionbyshiftingfisheriestowatersnotregulated.
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Recommendation#3 IrecommendthatanymeasuresotherthanCESAlistingbeassessedandutilizedtopreventorreducetake. Recommendation#4 MycommentsweresubmittedinOctober2012andwererejectedbecauseofthepdfformatthattheyweresubmitted in.IrecommendthattheCommissionacceptpdfformattedcomments. Sincerely, RaymondA.Hasey OriginalMessage From:FGC[mailto:FGC@fgc.ca.gov] Sent:Tuesday,January29,20137:18AM To:HASEY,RAYMONDAGS11USAFAMC60CES/CEAN Subject:Re:WhiteSharkListingPetition Pleaseprovideyourcommentswithinthetextofyouremail.
JustinSchlaefli EmailtoCommissiondatedJanuary21,2013 PetitioninoppositiontoacceptingthepetitiontolisttheGWSas"threatened" RyanSweeney EmailtoCommissiondatedJanuary21,2013 PetitioninoppositiontoacceptingthepetitiontolisttheGWSas"threatened" NicholasDuMong EmailtoCommissiondatedJanuary21,2013 PetitioninoppositiontoacceptingthepetitiontolisttheGWSas"threatened" KenHunrichs EmailtoCommissiondatedJanuary21,2013 PetitioninoppositiontoacceptingthepetitiontolisttheGWSas"threatened" JeffreyMiller EmailtoCommissiondatedJanuary21,2013 PetitioninoppositiontoacceptingthepetitiontolisttheGWSas"threatened" BrandiEaster EmailtoCommissiondatedJanuary21,2013 PetitioninoppositiontoacceptingthepetitiontolisttheGWSas"threatened" PatrickGude EmailtoCommissiondatedJanuary21,2013 PetitioninoppositiontoacceptingthepetitiontolisttheGWSas"threatened" GeorgeStaehling EmailtoCommissiondatedJanuary21,2013 PetitioninoppositiontoacceptingthepetitiontolisttheGWSas"threatened" JohnWeymouth EmailtoCommissiondatedJanuary21,2013 PetitioninoppositiontoacceptingthepetitiontolisttheGWSas"threatened" JoshFisher EmailtoCommissiondatedJanuary21,2013 PetitioninoppositiontoacceptingthepetitiontolisttheGWSas"threatened" TonyHuerta EmailtoCommissiondatedJanuary21,2013 PetitioninoppositiontoacceptingthepetitiontolisttheGWSas"threatened"
LonnieNelson EmailtoCommissiondatedJanuary21,2013 PetitioninoppositiontoacceptingthepetitiontolisttheGWSas"threatened" JonFalcone EmailtoCommissiondatedJanuary21,2013 PetitioninoppositiontoacceptingthepetitiontolisttheGWSas"threatened" DavidPierce EmailtoCommissiondatedJanuary21,2013 PetitioninoppositiontoacceptingthepetitiontolisttheGWSas"threatened" JohnLeek EmailtoCommissiondatedJanuary21,2013 PetitioninoppositiontoacceptingthepetitiontolisttheGWSas"threatened" RyanLawler EmailtoCommissiondatedJanuary21,2013 PetitioninoppositiontoacceptingthepetitiontolisttheGWSas"threatened" KyleLauren EmailtoCommissiondatedJanuary21,2013 PetitioninoppositiontoacceptingthepetitiontolisttheGWSas"threatened" AndrewTreweek EmailtoCommissiondatedJanuary21,2013 PetitioninoppositiontoacceptingthepetitiontolisttheGWSas"threatened" DavidPrice EmailtoCommissiondatedJanuary21,2013 PetitioninoppositiontoacceptingthepetitiontolisttheGWSas"threatened" JayMoneypenny EmailtoCommissiondatedJanuary21,2013 PetitioninoppositiontoacceptingthepetitiontolisttheGWSas"threatened" AlexanderStover EmailtoCommissiondatedJanuary21,2013 PetitioninoppositiontoacceptingthepetitiontolisttheGWSas"threatened" KenButler EmailtoCommissiondatedJanuary21,2013 PetitioninoppositiontoacceptingthepetitiontolisttheGWSas"threatened"
KerriGriffith EmailtoCommissiondatedJanuary21,2013 PetitioninoppositiontoacceptingthepetitiontolisttheGWSas"threatened" RaymondMcfarlane EmailtoCommissiondatedJanuary22,2013 PetitioninoppositiontoacceptingthepetitiontolisttheGWSas"threatened" NickSchilling EmailtoCommissiondatedJanuary22,2013 PetitioninoppositiontoacceptingthepetitiontolisttheGWSas"threatened" GianniBattaglia EmailtoCommissiondatedJanuary22,2013 PetitioninoppositiontoacceptingthepetitiontolisttheGWSas"threatened" ToddFarquhar EmailtoCommissiondatedJanuary22,2013 PetitioninoppositiontoacceptingthepetitiontolisttheGWSas"threatened" DanielKennedy EmailtoCommissiondatedJanuary22,2013 PetitioninoppositiontoacceptingthepetitiontolisttheGWSas"threatened" ByronQuinonez EmailtoCommissiondatedJanuary22,2013 PetitioninoppositiontoacceptingthepetitiontolisttheGWSas"threatened" LoganMcLeod EmailtoCommissiondatedJanuary22,2013 PetitioninoppositiontoacceptingthepetitiontolisttheGWSas"threatened" HaraldDett EmailtoCommissiondatedJanuary22,2013 PetitioninoppositiontoacceptingthepetitiontolisttheGWSas"threatened" AaronThacker EmailtoCommissiondatedJanuary22,2013 PetitioninoppositiontoacceptingthepetitiontolisttheGWSas"threatened" CheshireMcIntosh EmailtoCommissiondatedJanuary22,2013 PetitioninoppositiontoacceptingthepetitiontolisttheGWSas"threatened"
TonyGozzarino EmailtoCommissiondatedJanuary22,2013 PetitioninoppositiontoacceptingthepetitiontolisttheGWSas"threatened" RichardShields EmailtoCommissiondatedJanuary22,2013 PetitioninoppositiontoacceptingthepetitiontolisttheGWSas"threatened" JonathanHanks EmailtoCommissiondatedJanuary22,2013 PetitioninoppositiontoacceptingthepetitiontolisttheGWSas"threatened" AlanGordon EmailtoCommissiondatedJanuary22,2013 PetitioninoppositiontoacceptingthepetitiontolisttheGWSas"threatened" BrentPorter EmailtoCommissiondatedJanuary22,2013 PetitioninoppositiontoacceptingthepetitiontolisttheGWSas"threatened" CodyAnnett EmailtoCommissiondatedJanuary22,2013 PetitioninoppositiontoacceptingthepetitiontolisttheGWSas"threatened" MilesFoellmer EmailtoCommissiondatedJanuary22,2013 PetitioninoppositiontoacceptingthepetitiontolisttheGWSas"threatened" DickHurts EmailtoCommissiondatedJanuary22,2013 PetitioninoppositiontoacceptingthepetitiontolisttheGWSas"threatened" BrettBerry EmailtoCommissiondatedJanuary22,2013 PetitioninoppositiontoacceptingthepetitiontolisttheGWSas"threatened" JeremyBordofsky EmailtoCommissiondatedJanuary22,2013 PetitioninoppositiontoacceptingthepetitiontolisttheGWSas"threatened" AlSilebi EmailtoCommissiondatedJanuary22,2013
PetitioninoppositiontoacceptingthepetitiontolisttheGWSas"threatened" JamiePadgett EmailtoCommissiondatedJanuary22,2013 PetitioninoppositiontoacceptingthepetitiontolisttheGWSas"threatened" JoeShuster EmailtoCommissiondatedJanuary22,2013 PetitioninoppositiontoacceptingthepetitiontolisttheGWSas"threatened" AsiIfrah EmailtoCommissiondatedJanuary22,2013 PetitioninoppositiontoacceptingthepetitiontolisttheGWSas"threatened" SethHartgrave EmailtoCommissiondatedJanuary22,2013 PetitioninoppositiontoacceptingthepetitiontolisttheGWSas"threatened" BobWard EmailtoCommissiondatedJanuary22,2013 PetitioninoppositiontoacceptingthepetitiontolisttheGWSas"threatened" DustinDager EmailtoCommissiondatedJanuary22,2013 PetitioninoppositiontoacceptingthepetitiontolisttheGWSas"threatened" JeffForster EmailtoCommissiondatedJanuary22,2013 PetitioninoppositiontoacceptingthepetitiontolisttheGWSas"threatened" ShenMeinhold EmailtoCommissiondatedJanuary22,2013 PetitioninoppositiontoacceptingthepetitiontolisttheGWSas"threatened" BryanJessop EmailtoCommissiondatedJanuary22,2013 PetitioninoppositiontoacceptingthepetitiontolisttheGWSas"threatened" DanielHeckman EmailtoCommissiondatedJanuary22,2013 PetitioninoppositiontoacceptingthepetitiontolisttheGWSas"threatened"
AricCurtis EmailtoCommissiondatedJanuary22,2013 PetitioninoppositiontoacceptingthepetitiontolisttheGWSas"threatened" EliasHernandez EmailtoCommissiondatedJanuary22,2013 PetitioninoppositiontoacceptingthepetitiontolisttheGWSas"threatened" NathanRosser EmailtoCommissiondatedJanuary23,2013 PetitioninoppositiontoacceptingthepetitiontolisttheGWSas"threatened" AntonioYang EmailtoCommissiondatedJanuary23,2013 PetitioninoppositiontoacceptingthepetitiontolisttheGWSas"threatened" BakirSilajdzic EmailtoCommissiondatedJanuary23,2013 PetitioninoppositiontoacceptingthepetitiontolisttheGWSas"threatened" josephfarlo EmailtoCommissiondatedJanuary23,2013 PetitioninoppositiontoacceptingthepetitiontolisttheGWSas"threatened" SeanSheehey EmailtoCommissiondatedJanuary23,2013 PetitioninoppositiontoacceptingthepetitiontolisttheGWSas"threatened" JimRussell EmailtoCommissiondatedJanuary25,2013 PetitioninoppositiontoacceptingthepetitiontolisttheGWSas"threatened" AdamCoca EmailtoCommissiondatedJanuary25,2013 PetitioninoppositiontoacceptingthepetitiontolisttheGWSas"threatened" NathanKahrs EmailtoCommissiondatedJanuary25,2013 PetitioninoppositiontoacceptingthepetitiontolisttheGWSas"threatened" KirkGraebe EmailtoCommissiondatedJanuary25,2013 PetitioninoppositiontoacceptingthepetitiontolisttheGWSas"threatened"
MitchellMasuda EmailtoCommissiondatedJanuary25,2013 PetitioninoppositiontoacceptingthepetitiontolisttheGWSas"threatened" TimothyBabione EmailtoCommissiondatedJanuary25,2013 PetitioninoppositiontoacceptingthepetitiontolisttheGWSas"threatened" JohnHavemann EmailtoCommissiondatedJanuary25,2013 PetitioninoppositiontoacceptingthepetitiontolisttheGWSas"threatened" ChristianLund EmailtoCommissiondatedJanuary25,2013 PetitioninoppositiontoacceptingthepetitiontolisttheGWSas"threatened" RobertWinn EmailtoCommissiondatedJanuary25,2013 PetitioninoppositiontoacceptingthepetitiontolisttheGWSas"threatened" BrentPass EmailtoCommissiondatedJanuary25,2013 PetitioninoppositiontoacceptingthepetitiontolisttheGWSas"threatened" DomenicBelli EmailtoCommissiondatedJanuary26,2013 PetitioninoppositiontoacceptingthepetitiontolisttheGWSas"threatened" WilliamChambers EmailtoCommissiondatedJanuary28,2013 PetitioninoppositiontoacceptingthepetitiontolisttheGWSas"threatened" AaronCoon EmailtoCommissiondatedJanuary29,2013 PetitioninoppositiontoacceptingthepetitiontolisttheGWSas"threatened" ChrisDelgado EmailtoCommissiondatedJanuary30,2013 PetitioninoppositiontoacceptingthepetitiontolisttheGWSas"threatened" MattRoderick EmailtoCommissiondatedJanuary30,2013 PetitioninoppositiontoacceptingthepetitiontolisttheGWSas"threatened"
MichaelStewart EmailtoCommissiondatedJanuary30,2013 PetitioninoppositiontoacceptingthepetitiontolisttheGWSas"threatened" JoeScriven EmailtoCommissiondatedJanuary31,2013 PetitioninoppositiontoacceptingthepetitiontolisttheGWSas"threatened" Asyouareaware,Oceana,CenterforBiologicalDiversity,andSharkStewardsjointly submittedapetitiontotheFishandGameCommissiontolisttheNorthEasternPacific populationofWhiteShark(Carcharodoncarcharias)asthreatenedorendangered pursuanttotheCaliforniaEndangeredSpeciesAct(CESA),FishandGameCodeSection 2050,etseq.Westronglyopposeanyactiontoacceptorconsidersuchapetition. Additionally,westronglyopposeanysuchlistingforthefollowingreasons:Init's January2013reporttotheFishandGameCommission,staffreportedthat"the Departmentnotesthattheremaybesomeindirectevidenceforanincreasing population"ofGreatWhiteSharks.TheDepartmentalsonoted,"furtheranalysisis neededtoevaluatebothdegreeandimmediacyofthesethreats".Likewise,the Departmentnoted,"existingregulationsaffordthisspeciesprotectionfromfishery exploitation.InCalifornia,takeandpossessionofwhitesharkisexpresslyprohibitedby lawforthosewhoengageinsportandcommercialfishingactivities".Therefore,itis clearthatthereisnotsufficientscientificevidencetoacceptapetitiontolisttheWhite Sharkas"threatened"or"endangered".AccordingtotheDepartment'sownevaluation, "Despiterecentadvances,therearestilllargegapsinourunderstandingofthebasiclife historyofwhitesharkssuchasage,growthandreproductivebiology.Obtainingthis knowledgemaybeslowduetothesmallpopulationandrestrictionsimposedby importantprotectionsaffordedtothespeciesinrecentdecades."Duetothelackof scientificinformationasdiscussedintheDepartment'sreport,theuncertaintimeframe ofobtainingthisinformation,thehighlevelofprotectionalreadyaffordedtheGreat WhiteSharkbyCalifornialawandtheanecdotalevidencethatthepopulationofGreat WhiteSharksisindeedincreasing,itisirresponsibletoacceptapetitiontolistthewhite sharkatthistime.Thescientificevidencesimplydoesnotsupportsuchanaction. Therefore,westronglyopposetheacceptanceofthepetitionsubmittedtothe CommissiontolisttheNorthEasternPacificpopulationofWhiteSharkas"threatened" or"endangered".Likewise,basedontheevidenceofthecurrentscientificresearch,we stronglyopposeanylistingoftheWhiteSharkundertheCESAatthistime.
ChristopherLowe EmailtoCommissiondatedJanuary24,2013 petitiontolistwhitesharksasthreatenedorendangeredAttachments(2pages) DearMr.Mastrup, Iwouldliketosubmitthesewrittencommentsinregardstotheupcomingvoteon whethertoconsiderapetitiontolistwhitesharksasathreatenedorendangered species.IhopethattheseprofessionalopinionswillbeofvalueintheCommission makingitsdecision. Thankyouforyourconsideration. Respectfully, ChrisLowe ChristopherG.Lowe,Ph.D. Professor Dept.ofBiologicalSciences CaliforniaStateUniversityLongBeach 1250BellflowerBlvd. LongBeach,CA90840 officeph5629854918 http://www.csulb.edu/web/labs/sharklab CharlesWinkler EmailtoCommissiondatedFebruary4,2013 OppositiontowhitesharkcandidacyAttachments(2pages) DearFishandGameCommission: Pleasekindlyacceptandreviewtheattachedletterforyourconsiderationonthewhite sharkcandidacy. CharlesWinkler 3109205905 JohnKolski EmailtoCommissiondatedFebruary6,2013 YOUSHOULDTHINKABOUTTHIS IAMJOHNJOHNKOLSKIARETIREDSANTACLARACOUNTYFISHANDGAME COMMISSIONERANDCHAIRMEN.TODAYYOUAREGOINGTODECIDEDONTHESTATUS OFTHEGREATWHITESHARK.IFYOUMAKEITAENDANGEREDFISH,YOUWILLMAKE THESAMEMISTAKEYOUMADESOMANYTIMESBEFOREANDHAVEAOVER POPULATIONOFTHEFISHJUSTLIKEYOUDIDWITHTHEDEER,THEOTTERSANDTHESO MANYOTHERANIMALSYOUTHOUGHTYOUWEREHELPING,BUTINFACTYOUONLY KILLEDTHEM.
Christopher Lowe, Ph.D.

Director CSULB Shark Lab Department of Biological Sciences, 1250 Bellflower Blvd., Long Beach CA 90840 office (562) 985-4918, fax (562) 985-8878, chris.lowe@csulb.edu January 24, 2012 Comments for consideration on the petition to list white shark as threatened or endangered species: I am a Professor of Marine Biology and the Director of the CSULB Shark Lab at California State University Long Beach and have been conducting State and Federally permitted white shark research in California since 2002. In addition, as a professional and published shark scientist who has studied a variety of shark species around the world, including white sharks in California, I would like to take this opportunity to express my personal professional opinion in regards to the petition request and the science behind it. For the most part, I agree with much of the CDFWs assessment of the population status of white sharks; however, it is my professional opinion, based on the best available scientific data that the petition to list northeast Pacific white sharks as threatened or endangered is not warranted at this time. In fact, I would argue that white sharks represent an excellent example of one of Californias greatest conservation success stories. Here are my reasons as to why: 1. Previously published population estimates for the northeastern Pacific white sharks are clearly underestimates for many of the reasons pointed out in the CDFW evaluation and there is a growing concern among many shark scientists as to the accuracy of these data. In addition, there is published evidence indicating that the northeastern Pacific white shark population has been growing over the last 10 years based on increased recruitment of young sharks in southern California and Mexico and climbing sea otter mortality due to shark bites. The likely reasons for this population increase can be attributed to: state and federal protection for white sharks significantly reducing juvenile mortality significant reductions in gillnet fishing effort since the mid 1990s significantly reducing juvenile mortality recovery of many coastal marine fish species and marine mammals as the result of vastly improved fisheries management (white shark prey base) improved water quality overall public concern for marine resources. It is important to note that while the arguments posed for listing are precautionary, many or all of the cited risks have already been addressed by State or Federal policies or regulations for over 15 years now (e.g., Federal Clean Water Act, Magnuson-Stevens Act, Highly Migratory Species Management Plan, Marine Mammal Protection Act, CA white shark protection legislation, CA nearshore gillnet ban, etc) and have been documented as reasons for successful recovery of numerous marine habitats and populations. 2. While there is evidence of high contaminant loads found in young white sharks, there is no evidence of any physiological impact or population-level impact. In fact, despite the high levels and known deleterious effects of these same contaminants on marine mammals they have not been shown to have
had dramatic effect on pinniped populations, which have been growing at a phenomenal 6% per year over the last 15 years. Since the disposal of these contaminants has been banned for over 40 years now and environmental levels are decreasing, current contaminant loads are likely bearing even a lesser effect on marine populations that those exposed over 20 years ago. 3. While fishery interactions still occur, recent evidence suggests that the post-release survivorship of incidentally caught and released sharks is extremely high (> 95%) (Lyons et al. in prep). Furthermore, new data indicates that the potential for interaction with gillnets is much less than estimated when we examine the movement patterns of tagged and released sharks in proximity to existing fishing activities. The documented high post-release survivorship of sharks previously caught in gillnets suggests that the impact of gillnet fisheries on white shark survivorship are relatively low and can be further reduced with modifications in fishing practices such as shorter net soak times. Although concern for adequate protection of apex predators, which naturally have relatively low population sizes is prudent, it is my professional opinion that white sharks should not be considered for listing as threatened or endangered at this time. Time and resources spent evaluating the need for listing of white sharks will reduce critical resources and effort that should be allocated to populations in greater risk. Placing species that truly do not require this level of protection only dilutes the value of this protected status listing. In addition, since I am either collaborating with or knowledgeable of all other ongoing research on white sharks in the Pacific, I can say that there will unlikely be any new findings coming out in the next year that will shed more light on this situation than already currently exists. Finally, it is important to note that the review process itself will also potentially impede our ability to gather new information needed to address data gaps due to increase permitting requirements and research restrictions. Respectfully submitted,
Christopher G. Lowe, Ph.D.
Jim Martin West Coast Regional Director The Recreational Fishing Alliance P.O. Box 2420 Fort Bragg, CA 95437
Tuesday, February 5, 2013
Jim Kellogg, President California Fish and Game Commission 1416 Ninth Street Sacramento CA 95814-2090 RE: White Shark Listing - OPPOSE Dear President Kellogg and Commissioners, We are opposed to the listing of white sharks in California. A picture is worth a thousand words:
Sincerely,
Jim Martin West Coast Regional Director The Recreational Fishing Alliance
RichardTerra,MorroBayCommercialFisherman'sOrganization EmailtotheCommissiondatedMarch5,2013 WhiteShark IhatetoseetheCommissionandtheDept.swayedbywhatCommissionerRogers statedthetruththesecertaingroupsneedacausetogetpublicdonationsso(Crisis Inventors).theycankeepgettingpaidattheexspenseofsomeoneelseloosingtheirjob. ThisWhiteSharkendangermentisaabsolutejoke.Therewerealmost900gillnetters 15yearsagonowbyF&Wstatsit's87permitsandmostofthesearenotactive.theonly reasonmorehavebeencaughtisbecausetherearemoreofthem.TheCaliforniaSea lionandElephantSealpopulationsareaboveanyhistoricalpopulationsrecordsdueto theMarineMammalProtectionAct.Morefoodequatestomoreproliferationofthe speciesthatpredatesthem.ThelastWhiteSharkattackinourareawasaniceyoung manwhohadafamilytheyearbeforewasaniceyoungmanthatwasoutboogie boarding,hisfuturewascutshort.UsuallywhenthereisanAttackthescientistreport onthenewsit'sbecausetherearemorepeopleinthewater.Thelastattackitwas finallyputoutonourlocalchannelitwasbecausetherewasmorefoodfortheWhite Sharkandtherearemoreofthem.Therearemoresightingsandattacksthanthereever hasbeen.ItalkedtorecreationalfishermenthatwenttoGuadalupeIslandtofishtuna, theysaidthatwhentheydroppedtheanchoritwaslikethedinnerbellwasbeingrung andthat95%ofthefishwereeatenofftheirhooksbytheWhiteSharksthere,andsaid theywouldnevergoagain!thiswasnotthecase15yearsago.(AsktheCaptainsat Helgren'ssportfishngthatruntheGuadalupetrips).Inmypersonalopinionthemarine biologistsshouldputtoworkspadingandneuteringthepinopedpopulations,Wedon't letourdogsandcatsrunwildwithoutofcontrolpopulations.Whyshouldourocean thatIloveandrespectbetreatedanydifferently.Finingofsharksofcourseisbadifthe meatisnottobeusedforforconsumption.PleasedonotlisttheWhiteSharkbecause youwillbefiningfishermenanddiscardingwhatisleftinthesamerespectWedonot targetthem!!localWhiteSeabassandlocalHalibutwillnotbeonthemenuIdon't thinkyouwouldratherhavefarmedTalapiahorfarmedSalmonatthesameprice. BobEdgren EmailtoCommissiondatedMarch5,2013 Fw:regreatwhitesharksFOLLOWUP TheideaofGreatWhitesbeingreducedinnumbersontheCaliforniacoastand swimmingtowardsanendangeredlist...isthemostabsurd,stupid,idioticconceptIhave headsincetheecoheadssavedthethreeleggedmouseandthetaupespotted salamander.IamathirdgenerationCalifornian,62yearsold.Irememberinthe50'sa sharkattackinSFbaythatleftamandead.Sincethattime,Ihadneverheardofanother attack.Inmiddleschool6466,Ibecameveryinterestedinsharks,andcomposeda
comprehensivereportonsharks.Ofcourse,theGreatWhitewasfascinating.Igave muchthoughttobecomingashark"expert",becausetheinformationthenwasso scarcetocomeby...prettymuchlimitedtoNationalGeographic.Myambitionwasto seeoneinthewild.ImademydadtakelongfishingtripsoutofSantaCruzseveral times...noneeverseenTheworldwidefatalrecordedattacksatthattimebysharksI believewereunder800.Whathappenedbetweenthenandnowissomethingelse.It tookawhileafterjawsforchanges.Beitmorepeopleinthewater,moreseals, whatever,suddenlyweareseeinggreatwhiteseverywhere,andclosedbeachesand unfortunatelyattacks.IlistenedtosomeoftheseBSexperts.Mostcan'tevenagreeon data.Wouldyouliketotalkwiththerealexperts?ComewithmeandIwilltakeyouto BodegaBay,SanFrancisco,SantaCruzandMontereyBaywhereyoucanasksomeold saltfishermenasimplequestion.'Haveyounoticedanyincreaseinthenumberofgreat whitescomparedto35yearsago?"Simplequestion,andthey'vebeenaroundalot longerthanthe"experts".CallJackO'Neill,ofO'NeillSurf..askhim,"Haveyouseenany increaseingreatwhitesharkactivitysince1060/"Simplequestionyeah?Indeedyou mayrememberthe1971movieBlueWaterWhiteDeath.Madebyanunderwater photographergoingthroughamidlifecrisis.Sofunnytheyhadahardtimefundingany atfirst.(thiswasprejaws)HereistheNewYorkTimesreviewstartingoffwiththe title...BlueWaterWhiteDeath(1971)Screen:DramaticPursuitofElusiveKillerShark ByVINCENTCANBYPublished:May12,1971 http://movies.nytimes.com/movie/review?res=9B02E7D81639E43BBC4A52DFB366838 A669EDE IthinkIreadwheretheexpertssaythereare350orsogreatwhitesonthecoast.Iam notsurehowtheyfiguredthemigratory.Ifthatisthecase,havehalftaggedwith transmitterstonotonlystudytheirpatternsBUTTOPROTECTPEOPLE! Iwouldthinkitwouldbethegovernmentsmainobjectivetoprotectpeople.Thegreat whiteispartofourecosystem.Butitisalsoadangerouskiller.Shouldweputthe rattlesnakeontheESL?OrthePortugueseManofWar?Howaboutbubonicplaqueor rabies..thesearepartofourecosystem!Wherearethegreenheadstoprotectthese? Herearesomelinksbysomeother"experts"questioningthisecogrouppushingfor greatwhitesharks.http://www.grindtv.com/surf/blog/51221/scientists+tag+2000 pound+great+white+shark+near+florida+surf+spot/ http://curiosity.discovery.com/question/numbersgreatwhitesharkincreasing http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/outposts/2009/03/greatwhitesha.html
Ibelieveanyactiontakentoprotectthegreatwhiteisabsurd.Howeverifsuchacourse istaken,Ithinktheseecoheadsshouldtagtheir350greatwhites...connectthesignals tolocalswimareas,thatwouldtriggerasiren.SimilartoAustralia.Ibelieveanything shortofputtingpeopleinharmswaywithoutsomeprotectionismalfaesanceandopen tosomemajorlawsuits. BobEdgren EmailtoCommissiondatedMarch6,2013 Fw:ThousandsofsharksspottedGreatWhitesnotendangered No...notGreatWhites...butsomethingtheshark"experts"werecaughtbsurprise MikeHunt EmailtoCommissiondatedJanuary30,2013 PetitioninoppositiontoacceptingthepetitiontolisttheGWSasthreatened" MarieHunrichs EmailtoCommissiondatedFebruary7,2013 PetitioninoppositiontoacceptingthepetitiontolisttheGWSasthreatened" JohnZyphur EmailtoCommissiondatedFebruary8,2013 PetitioninoppositiontoacceptingthepetitiontolisttheGWSasthreatened" JustinKey EmailtoCommissiondatedFebruary11,2013 PetitioninoppositiontoacceptingthepetitiontolisttheGWSasthreatened" DaveCaban EmailtoCommissiondatedMarch6,2013 PetitioninoppositiontoacceptingthepetitiontolisttheGWSasthreatened" JackMillard EmailtoCommissiondatedMarch6,2013 PetitioninoppositiontoacceptingthepetitiontolisttheGWSasthreatened" KyleGreenwood EmailtoCommissiondatedMarch8,2013 PetitioninoppositiontoacceptingthepetitiontolisttheGWSasthreatened" BrianBenson EmailtoCommissiondatedMarch9,2013 PetitioninoppositiontoacceptingthepetitiontolisttheGWSasthreatened"
PaulaBitetti EmailtoCommissiondatedMarch9,2013 PetitioninoppositiontoacceptingthepetitiontolisttheGWSasthreatened" BrendenWhalen EmailtoCommissiondatedApril4,2013 PetitioninoppositiontoacceptingthepetitiontolisttheGWSasthreatened" Asyouareaware,Oceana,CenterforBiologicalDiversity,andSharkStewardsjointly submittedapetitiontotheFishandGameCommissiontolisttheNorthEasternPacific populationofWhiteShark(Carcharodoncarcharias)asthreatenedorendangered pursuanttotheCaliforniaEndangeredSpeciesAct(CESA),FishandGameCodeSection 2050,etseq.Westronglyopposeanyactiontoacceptorconsidersuchapetition. Additionally,westronglyopposeanysuchlistingforthefollowingreasons: Init'sJanuary2013reporttotheFishandGameCommission,staffreportedthat"the Departmentnotesthattheremaybesomeindirectevidenceforanincreasing population"ofGreatWhiteSharks.TheDepartmentalsonoted,"furtheranalysisis neededtoevaluatebothdegreeandimmediacyofthesethreats".Likewise,the Departmentnoted,"existingregulationsaffordthisspeciesprotectionfromfishery exploitation.InCalifornia,takeandpossessionofwhitesharkisexpresslyprohibitedby lawforthosewhoengageinsportandcommercialfishingactivities".Therefore,itis clearthatthereisnotsufficientscientificevidencetoacceptapetitiontolisttheWhite Sharkas"threatened"or"endangered".AccordingtotheDepartment'sownevaluation, "Despiterecentadvances,therearestilllargegapsinourunderstandingofthebasiclife historyofwhitesharkssuchasage,growthandreproductivebiology.Obtainingthis knowledgemaybeslowduetothesmallpopulationandrestrictionsimposedby importantprotectionsaffordedtothespeciesinrecentdecades."Duetothelackof scientificinformationasdiscussedintheDepartment'sreport,theuncertaintimeframe ofobtainingthisinformation,thehighlevelofprotectionalreadyaffordedtheGreat WhiteSharkbyCalifornialawandtheanecdotalevidencethatthepopulationofGreat WhiteSharksisindeedincreasing,itisirresponsibletoacceptapetitiontolistthewhite sharkatthistime.Thescientificevidencesimplydoesnotsupportsuchanaction. Therefore,westronglyopposetheacceptanceofthepetitionsubmittedtothe CommissiontolisttheNorthEasternPacificpopulationofWhiteSharkas"threatened" or"endangered".Likewise,basedontheevidenceofthecurrentscientificresearch,we stronglyopposeanylistingoftheWhiteSharkundertheCESAatthistime.
Neutral/Informative Comments sent to the Commission Kelly Zhou, TakePart Email to Commission dated February 6, 2013 Great white sharks - PRESS REQUEST My name is Kelly and I'm a writer for TakePart.com, an editorial website oriented toward cause-related issues. I'm writing a story regarding the possibility that great white sharks will be listed as an endangered species in California and would like to speak to someone from the Commission. If you could call or email me back today, I would really appreciate it (my deadline is tonight). My cell is 650-833-9751. Adrianna Shea, O'Neill Sea Odyssey Email to Commission dated February 14, 2013 Need some comments/background on Great white shark decision I write a column on ocean matters every other week for the Santa Cruz Sentinel and for Media News paper online. Do you have a press release or briefing on the decision to study endangered species status for Great whites? Thank you! Divya Abhat, The Wildlife Professional (magazine) Email to Commission dated February 15, 2013 News Brief on Great White Sharks I'm the Managing Editor of The Wildlife Society's member magazine, The Wildlife Professional. I've written a news brief on the recent vote to list great white sharks and would appreciate it if you could check it for accuracy. The news brief well appear in the upcoming issue of the magazine. I'm on deadline and look forward to hearing from you as soon as possible. CaliforniaThe California Fish and Game Commission has voted to consider listing the great white shark (Carcharodon carcharias) under the Endangered Species Act. The decision came as a result of a petition filed by three environmental groupsOceania, Sea Stewards, and the Center for Biological Diversitythat called for protection of the species. Although the 4-0 vote in Sacramento resulted in an immediate state protection, the department will conduct a yearlong inventory to determine if the species warrants protection before making a final decision in 2014. Although targeting and selling great white sharks is banned, there are no limits on the number of incidental catches. Recent studies show that approximately 350 great whites remain in the waters off Marin County Coast and Baja Mexico. Source: California Fish and Game Commission
Steve Rebuck Email to Commission dated January 31, 2013 Baby Great White Attachments (1 page) For your information: Baby Great White caught off municipal pier at Morro Bay. Steve Rebuck San Luis Obispo

CDFW White Shark ESA Status Review

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STATE OF CALIFORNIA NATURAL RESOURCES AGENCY DEPARTMENT OF FISH AND WILDLIFE

REPORT TO THE FISH AND GAME COMMISSION

STATUS REVIEW OF WHITE SHARK (Carcharodon carcharias) in CALIFORNIA

Status Review of White Shark in California

Status Review of White Shark in California

Status Review of White Shark in California

Status Review of White Shark in California

Status Review of White Shark in California

USGS-WERC VMS YOY

Status Review of White Shark in California

Status Review of White Shark in California

Status Review of White Shark in California

Status Review of White Shark in California

Status Review of White Shark in California

Status Review of White Shark in California

Status Review of White Shark in California

Status Review of White Shark in California

Status Review of White Shark in California

Galvn-Magaa et al. 2010, Jorgensen et al. 2010, Domeier 2012.

Status Review of White Shark in California

Status Review of White Shark in California

Status Review of White Shark in California

Status Review of White Shark in California

Status Review of White Shark in California

Status Review of White Shark in California

Status Review of White Shark in California

Status Review of White Shark in California

Status Review of White Shark in California

Status Review of White Shark in California

Status Review of White Shark in California

Status Review of White Shark in California

Status Review of White Shark in California

Status Review of White Shark in California

Status Review of White Shark in California

Status Review of White Shark in California

Status Review of White Shark in California

Status Review of White Shark in California

Status Review of White Shark in California

Status Review of White Shark in California

Status Review of White Shark in California

Status Review of White Shark in California

Status Review of White Shark in California

Status Review of White Shark in California

Status Review of White Shark in California

Status Review of White Shark in California

Status Review of White Shark in California

Status Review of White Shark in California

Status Review of White Shark in California

Table 3. State regulatory history for white shark.

Section FGC 5517 FGC 8599 a, b, c

FGC 8599.3 CCR Title 14 28.06

Status Review of White Shark in California

Statute FGC 8623 c, d

FGC 8724 FGC 8610.2 d(1), d(2), d(3)

CCR Title 14 104.1

Status Review of White Shark in California

Statute FGC 8573a FGC 8575 a, b, c, d, e, f

FGC 8573 b(1), b(2), b(3), b(4),

Status Review of White Shark in California

Statute FGC 8576.5 FGC 8576 a, b PFMC

Status Review of White Shark in California

Status Review of White Shark in California

Status Review of White Shark in California

Status Review of White Shark in California