MCEN 6228 Multiphase Flow

Surface Tension & Secondary Breakup

Surface Tension
Liquid is held together by van der Vaals force
gas surface liquid

MCEN 6228 Multiphase Flow

distorted surface

Surface Tension
! Definition
! force F per unit length, exerted parallel to the liquid surface

MCEN 6228 Multiphase Flow

! Where is the pressure higher: inside a liquid drop, or inside a soap bubble (or are they equal)?

Surface Tension
! Pressure inside a liquid drop

MCEN 6228 Multiphase Flow

! Pressure inside a liquid film bubble

Surface Tension

MCEN 6228 Multiphase Flow

Surface Tension
! Characteristic numbers
! Weber number

MCEN 6228 Multiphase Flow

! Ohnesorge number

Drop Breakup: Regimes

MCEN 6228 Multiphase Flow

Drop Breakup: Regimes

MCEN 6228 Multiphase Flow

Drop Breakup: Regimes

MCEN 6228 Multiphase Flow

We = 20: bag breakup

We = 272: sheet stripping

We = 952: chaotic breakup

Drop Breakup: Regimes

MCEN 6228 Multiphase Flow

We = 5000: chaotic breakup (Joseph et al. 98)

Drop Breakup: TAB Model

! Treat drop as a mass-spring-damper system

MCEN 6228 Multiphase Flow

! external force

! spring

Drop Breakup: TAB Model

! damper

MCEN 6228 Multiphase Flow

! breakup criterion

with

! consider only fundamental mode (n=2)

Drop Breakup: TAB Model

MCEN 6228 Multiphase Flow

Solution

Drop Breakup: TAB Model

! Need to determine
! shock tube experiments

MCEN 6228 Multiphase Flow

Drop Breakup: TAB Model

! oscillation of an inviscid spherical drop, mode n (Lamb 45)

MCEN 6228 Multiphase Flow

! ! damped oscillation of viscous spherical drop, mode n (Lamb 45)

Drop Breakup: TAB Model

MCEN 6228 Multiphase Flow

! postulate breakup occurs if oscillation amplitude is half the drop radius ! !

! (for initially non-oscillating sphere)

Drop Breakup: TAB Model

! Timescales
! large We ! stripping mode

MCEN 6228 Multiphase Flow

! low We ! bag mode

Drop Breakup: TAB Model

! What child drops are produced?
! energy conservation

MCEN 6228 Multiphase Flow

Drop Breakup: TAB Model

! from experiments

MCEN 6228 Multiphase Flow

! large We ! stripping mode: ! low We ! bag mode: ! replace parent drop by drops with radius randomly sampled from "2-PDF with R32

Drop Breakup: WAVE model

! linear stability analysis of a round liquid jet

MCEN 6228 Multiphase Flow

Mayer 93

WAVE Model: Jet Breakup

! growth rate vs wave length, parameter: gas density

MCEN 6228 Multiphase Flow

Mayer 93

WAVE Model: Jet Breakup

MCEN 6228 Multiphase Flow

! growth rate vs wave length, parameter: surface tension

Mayer 93

WAVE model: Jet Breakup

MCEN 6228 Multiphase Flow

optimal wavelength # and growth rate $ (Reitz 87)

1: liquid, 2: gas

WAVE model: Jet Breakup

MCEN 6228 Multiphase Flow

optimal wavelength # and growth rate $ (Reitz 87)

Drop Breakup: WAVE Model

! Treat drop breakup as liquid jet breakup

MCEN 6228 Multiphase Flow

! low We ! bag mode TAB:

! large We ! stripping mode TAB:

Drop Breakup: WAVE model

! What child drops are produced?
! at tbu add drop of size

MCEN 6228 Multiphase Flow

! Difference between TAB and WAVE

Drop Breakup: DDB model

! Extension of TAB model to non-linear effects ! Consider center of mass of half-drop ! Deformation due to extensional flow ! Equate work done by pressure and viscous dissipation to internal energy

MCEN 6228 Multiphase Flow

with

! breakup when

Drop Breakup: Alternatives

MCEN 6228 Multiphase Flow

! Rayleigh-Taylor breakup model (Bellman & Pennington 54) ! high relative velocity: catastrophic breakup regime

(Reitz) (Hwang & Reitz 95)

! wave length ! Stochastic model (Apte et al. 03)

MCEN 6228 Multiphase Flow

Collision & Coalescence

Particle/Wall Interaction
! Assumptions (hard sphere model)
! particles are spheres ! particle deformation is neglected ! walls are smooth ! Coulombs friction law ! once particle stops sliding, no further sliding

MCEN 6228 Multiphase Flow

! Split interaction into

! compression phase (1) ! recovery phase (2)

Particle/Wall Interaction
! Solution

MCEN 6228 Multiphase Flow

! use impulse equations (3 translational velocities + 3 angular velocities) ! use boundary conditions + friction law (coefficient f) ! introduce coefficient of restitution e
recovery phase impulse

compression phase impulse

! sliding may stop in compression, recovery phase, or not at all

Particle/Wall Interaction
! Two cases:

MCEN 6228 Multiphase Flow

Particle/Wall Interaction
! Problem
! large particles will not stay in suspension (e < 1)

MCEN 6228 Multiphase Flow

! Solution
! consider non-spherical particles ! consider roughness of the wall

Particle/Wall Interaction
! Non-spherical particles
! r x % introduces wall normal velocity ! particles characterized by r(&)

MCEN 6228 Multiphase Flow

sphere

non-sphere

! on impact choose randomly & ! r ! perform analysis as before

Particle/Wall Interaction
! Rough wall
! model rough wall as series of inclined planes

MCEN 6228 Multiphase Flow

! transform velocities to plane coordinate system & use equations as before

Particle/Wall Interaction
! Example

MCEN 6228 Multiphase Flow

! near spherical particle in horizontal channel (Shen et al. 89) ! D = 1.1mm, e = 0.93, f = 0.28

Drop/Wall Interaction

MCEN 6228 Multiphase Flow

! Interaction of a drop with a hot wall: Experiment

elastic rebound

vapor film prevents wetting

spreading, splashing

(Wachters & Westerling 66)

Drop/Wall Interaction
! Watkins & Wang model (90)

MCEN 6228 Multiphase Flow

! use critical Weber number from Wachters & Westerling

&

Drop/Wall Interaction
! Park model (94)
! use fitted data from Wachters & Westerling for We

MCEN 6228 Multiphase Flow

We

We(0)

Drop/Wall Interaction
! Park model (94)
! use fitted data from Wachters & Westerling for We

MCEN 6228 Multiphase Flow

exp.:

= D(0) = vn(0) at t = " t* with 1 < " < 1.548

exp.:

Drop/Wall Interaction
! Park model (94)

MCEN 6228 Multiphase Flow

! mass spreading tangentially & rebounding from wall ! aims to mimic splash

(Yarin & Weiss 95)

(Rieber & Frohn 99)

Drop/Wall Interaction
! Numerous other models
! Grover et al. 2001 ! ORourke & Amsden 2000 ! Naber & Reitz 1988 ! etc.

MCEN 6228 Multiphase Flow

! Mostly using
! energy conservation, distribution arguments ! correlations from experiments or DNS like numerical simulations

! Advanced description requires wall film model

Drop/Wall Interaction

MCEN 6228 Multiphase Flow

! 5mm glycerin-water drop impacting ethanol layer

Drop/Drop Interaction
! Can often be neglected in engine sprays ! Dominant for rain formation
! terminal velocity is function of D ! drops collide & merge

MCEN 6228 Multiphase Flow

! For coalescence drops must be closer than 100A ! Statistically hard to model, since joined PDFs of two drops must be known

Drop/Drop Interaction
! Regime diagram
U/2 U/2

MCEN 6228 Multiphase Flow

"

(Qian & Law 97)

hydrocarbon droplets

Drop/Drop Interaction

MCEN 6228 Multiphase Flow

coalescence

bouncing

(Qian & Law 97)

Drop/Drop Interaction

MCEN 6228 Multiphase Flow

coalescence

coalescence

(Qian & Law 97)

Drop/Drop Interaction

MCEN 6228 Multiphase Flow

near head-on separation

near head-on separation

(Qian & Law 97)

Drop/Drop Interaction

MCEN 6228 Multiphase Flow

near head-on separation

near head-on separation

(Qian & Law 97)

Drop/Drop Interaction

MCEN 6228 Multiphase Flow

coalescence

off-center separation

(Qian & Law 97)

Drop/Drop Interaction

MCEN 6228 Multiphase Flow

off-center separation

off-center separation

(Qian & Law 97)

Drop/Drop Interaction
! Modeling

MCEN 6228 Multiphase Flow

! approximate regime diagram ! on collision detection, determine B and We ! collision result from approximated regime diagram

! Statistical modeling is very challenging since joined PDFs of two drops are needed ! Phase interface tracked DNS is challenging, since van der Waals forces must be considered for correct time of coalescence

Drop/Pool Interaction
! Dancing drops

MCEN 6228 Multiphase Flow