Table of Content

Table of Content .....i Chapter I Introduction 1.1.Introduction to Poscolonial Theory .....2 Chapter II Discussion 2.1. Postcolonialism Theory ..4 2.2. Edward Said....5 2.3. Gayatri Spivak ....7 2.4. Sam Selvon ....8 2.5. Aime Cesaire ..8 2.6. Frantz Fanon ..9 2.7. Homi K. Bhabha ...10 Chapter III Conclusion 3.1. Conclusion ....12 References ...13

Chapter I Introduction
1.1.Introduction to Poscolonial Theory Literary criticism is a term that used for any discourse about literature. It is the study, evaluation, and interpretation of literature. Modern literary criticism, also known today as literary theory, can include book reviews as well as theoretical discussion. Even though most of literary criticism available today was produced in the 20th century, literary criticism has a long history. It was began in 4th century BC and continue to develop until now. Nowadays, many theories and approaches could be used in analyzing the literary text. For instance, each of the theory has the specific focus and limitation during the process of analyzing the text. One of the theories that usually use by the reader and the literary students to analyzing literary text is postcolonial theory.

Colonialism is a practice of domination, which involves the subjugation of a group people to another (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, 2006). It refers to the practice by which a powerful country controls other countries. It means of a military, economic, and cultural domination of one country to another country. Moreover, Colonialism aims to control and dominate the colonized country both mentally and physically.

Postcolonial refers to the era after the colonial era ended. Colonized people's life experienced very drastic and significant changes due to the occupation that lasted

for a very long time. Changes occur in all areas, ranging from economics, education, language, culture, and the literary world. Along with these changes, writers and critics emerged to examine the colonial era. Various literature works and critics on colonization issues published and attracted the attention of the literary world.

Postcolonialism theory is an interesting critical concept since its attempts that explains the development, conditions, and consequences of the experience of colonialism. Postcolonial criticism usually involves the analysis of literary texts produced in countries and cultures that have experienced being under the control of colonial powers in the past. It refers to the analysis of texts written about colonized places by writers who have experiences about the colonizing culture.

The purpose of this study is to present further explanation deals with the theory of Postcolonial Criticism. Furthermore, this paper presents some important terms and key ideas of postcolonial criticism, which usually arise in postcolonial text.

Chapter II Discussion
2.1. Introduction to Postcolonialism Theory Colonization is an era in which the occurrence of imperialism. The term imperialism means the action of a country to extend its control or the authority over other countries or maintenance of empires, either through direct territorial or through indirect methods of exerting control on the other countries. The term is also used to describe the action of a country to maintain its colonies and dominance over distant lands. So far, imperialism might be used to refer to an intellectual position, it would imply the belief that the acquisition and maintenance of empires is a positive good, . Postcolonialism is a critical concept characterized by attempts to explain the development, conditions, and consequences of the experience of imperialism. The imperialism raises many issues. It creates great suffer physically and psychologically, especially in the colonized people. Linda L. Revie (2003) qualifies four major subjects included in Postcolonialism criticism; Social and cultural change or erosion, misuse of power and exploitation, colonial abandonment and alienation, and use of English language. Guerin (2005, 303) said:

Postcolonialism refrers to a historical phase undergone by Third World countries after the decline of colonialism: for example, when countries in Asia, Africa, Latin America, and the Caribbean separated from the European empires and were left to rebuild themselves.

Based on the quotation above can be concluded that the result of this imperialism was the creation of a dividing wall between the West or European (colonizers) and East or occupied (colonized).
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2.2. Edward Said

The first important term that has to be noticed in the Postcolonial theory and approaches is Eurocentric. Said (in Guerin, 2005) exposes Eurocentric in postcolonial as the ideology which is take the Europe as the central or prime model of cultures. In this case, the colonizer manipulates the colonized mind set and implants that Europe is the best culture and should serve as a model for other cultures. All things must be in accordance with the values, norms, and habits of Europeans. Eurocentricesm separate countries and nation into four different terms. They are; First World includes Britain, Europe, and the United States. The second term is Second World includes White populations of Canada, Australia, New Zealand, and southern Africa; former Soviet bloc. The next one is Third World includes Developing nations such as India, Africa, Central and South America, and Southeast Asia, and the last one is Fourth World includes indigenous populations subjugated by white settlers and governed by the majority culture which surrounds them: Native Americans and aboriginal Australians.

Edward Said used the term Orient and Occident to describe the invaders and the occupied people. The term Orient refers to the colonized, and the term Occident refers to the colonizer. He insists the Orient is created by the Occident. The Orient is viewed with prejudice and racism. They are backward and unaware of their own history and culture. The West has created a culture, history, and future promise for them. They made such a discourse about the East. The Western believes that the East is strange, wild, uncivilized, and subservient.

Edward said explained that the Occident describes the Orient by using four terms. Firstly, the term Orient is regarded as timeless. The Orient has no any concept of history. Secondly, the Orient is considered as strange. It means that they are different, odd, and obviously contras to the Occident. Then, the Occident called the Orient as feminine means submissive, and the Occident itself is masculine means active and dominant. The last one is the Occident regarded the Orient as degenerate. It means the Orient is lazy, weak, bad work ethic, criminals, and immoral.

In the colonization process, the colonizers invasion focused on four major sections. The first sectionis the power political. The power political refers to the colonial or imperial establishment. Political power refers to the colonizers effort to establish the colonization and to maintain it. The second section is the power intellectual. The colonizer keep the colonized away of knowledge, education, or any modern science. The colonizer is the only people who may achieve higher level of education and knowledge. The third section is the power cultural. The colonizer a asserted a perception that their culture is canonical, valuable, and high flavor. The last section is the power moral. The colonizer is the one who responsible to decide what things are can do and things that cannot do, while the colonizer was just follows the rules of moral that have been made.

Those four dominant sections by Said lead to Barrys explanation about how the colonized responds to the colonization. Barry (2005: 196) asserts three kinds of colonized responds to the colonizers culture, they are adopt, adapt, and adept. The first one is adopt. It is the condition, the colonizer success to implant the new stereotype in colonized mind-set; the colonized accept the colonizer models without
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questions. Therefore, the colonized try to imitate all things related to the colonizer, the attitude, values and norm. The second one is adapt. It is the condition that the colonized get used to the colonizer models. The colonized begin to consider the positive and negative effect of the colonizer models. They just applied and take the colonizer culture that gives positive contribution to their life and leave all the West negative culture. The last one is adept. It means the colonized maintain their own culture and the colonized totally refused the west culture.

2.3. Gayatri Spivak

Edward Said is not the only one who gives big contributions to the development of Postcolonial theory. Similar to Saids opinion of Orient, Spivak uses different terminology to explain the Western way to identify the East. She used the term 'Subaltern' to describe the views of the West to the East. In general, subaltern means a sense refers to marginalized groups and the lower classes. Spivak use subaltern to described the East as uncivilized, dominated, and submissive. She added subaltern means everything that has limited or no access to the cultural imperialism. However, Spivak tend to examine the effects of male domination to female in Postcolonialism. She (in Guerin, 2005:305) said:

subaltern studies reveal how female subjects are silenced by the dialogue between the male-dominated West and the male-dominated East, offering little hope for subaltern womans voice to rise up amidst the global social institutions that oppress her.

Spivak insist that in the colonial-experienced countries, women are considered as submissive and easy to dominate. Ironically, the domination applied by both colonizer male and colonized male.

2.4. Sam Selvon

Other important figure in Postcolonialism is Sam Selvon who focused on the process of colonization. He used the term Diaspora and Internalizing and. Diaspora is an effort to bring a group of people from his homeland to a completely new place to them. This is caused by two things: first, because their homeland is controlled by the colonizer and they were considered no longer useful there. Second, because the colonizer require additional workers to build the other colonized territories. Based on the second point above, can be assumed that the diaspora can also lead to slavery where people are forced to work for the colonizer without a worthwhile benefit.

In the colonization context, internalizing means the process of implanting to the colonized mind that the intension of colonization is create a better life for the colonized as well as to the colonizer (Sam Selvon, 2006). It means that the West try to make such ideology about the standard of West is the best for life. In the process of colonialism, the colonizers also trying to maintain the colonized thought that the colonizer is better than they are. The colonizers implants this idea in every aspects of life from the colonized, such as political, educational, belief, moral, intellectual, economical and cultural.

2.5.Aime Cesaire

Similar to Saids Orient and Spivaks Subaltern, Cesaire describe the colonized by using the term submissive and permissive which both of them created by the colonizer. Submissive refers the colonized. It means means colonized only group of people that cannot do anything and can be constructeded easily. Based on
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Eurocentrism theory, which states that the west as a model, colonizer believes that the colonized will accept everything that was brought by the colonizer. The colonizers saw the colonized as an animal, without rules, culture and humanity. In contrary, permissive refers to the colonizer. It means the colonizer is the only one who can make rules and control the colonizer life; they are the only decision maker. The colonizer puts themselves in the position as the leader in the colonization territory.

As Salvon works, Aime Cesaire also examined the process of imperialism. He focused to the colonizer way to dominate the colonized. Aime Cesaire in his theory used the term that calls Hypocracy (Oxford Journal, 2010). The imperialism implants its models through the religious approach. The domination achieved throught the Christian missionary movement. Colonization through religious activities tend to be more effective than by physical. Through religious, the process of hegemony and brain washing are easier to do because for most people religion is considered as something sacred, tend to teach a good thing. The colonizer gain the sympathy the colonized easily of by using the missionary way. However, associating religious for the purpose of occupation caused the distortion of religious doctrine itself. The concept of hypocracy itself attempts to see anomalies and irregularities in the missionary.

2.6.Frantz Fanon

The notion of imperialism, Eurocentric, and the gap between West and East are rejected by the Postcolonialism. Frantz Fanon (in Barry, 2002: 193) uses the term cultural resistance in his book The Wretched of the Earth to describe the rejection of Western domination to the East. He argued that the first step to gain their dignity and

maintain their identity is to reclaim their own past. The advanced life in the West cannot be separated from the role of the East. Trace back to the West imperialism history, can be seen that the East is the people who worked hard to build and construct the Western world and gave a new color on Western culture such as music, art, and various traditions. The other step is to erode the colonizer ideology.

In addition, Fanon also uses Foucault's idea Knowledge Is Power (Lodge, 2000: 173) as the effort of colonized to gain their dignity and maintain their identity. Education and knowledge is one thing that became crucial gap between east and west for such a long period. By advancing education, improving quality of knowledge, the colonized can voice their equality with the colonizer.

2.7. Homi K. Bhabha

Homi K. Bhabha is another expert in the Postcolonial theory who examines the effect of colonialism to the colonized people. The first term of Bhabha is mimicry. Mimicry means the colonized try to emulate and apply the culture, language, customs, and lifestyle of the colonizer. However, they cannot totally imitate the colonizer. After all, their original culture, language, customs, and lifestyles remain clearly visible.The second term is hybridity (Guerin, 2005:304-305).

Hybridity means the blending of two different cultures and create a new culture. In this case, the colonizer do not represents their original culture nor the colonizer culture. They created new culture that quiet different to the colonizer and the colonizer culture. Language is one of the most noticeable examples of this hibrydity. Talib (2002: 1005) said that some multilingual colonial-experienced countries regard English as neutral language that can be used as channel of
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nationalistic anti-colonialism. However, they cannot use English fluently; their English is still influenced by their mother tongue language. As the result, their create new language called creole and pidgin.

The major impact of Bhabhas theory (mimicry and hybridity) and Barrys theory (adopt, adapt, adept) are related to Freuds theory of floating identity and double identity (Barry, 2002:196-197). Generally, those are experienced by the colonized. Floating identity means a condition where a person or group of people does not represent any specific culture. They failed to become like the colonizer because the colonizer refused and did not acknowledge their existence, but they also cannot completely eliminate the existing west culture in themselves or back to the original culture. Meanwhile, double identity refers to the condition that people represent both colonizer and colonized culture.

Postcolonialism theory becomes an interesting and used widely due to the impact of colonization itself is never ends, even until now. Furthermore, since it is part of cultural studies, Postcolonial theory then can be associated, developed and reviewed with other theories such as Feminism, Psychoanalysis, New Historicism, Ecocriticism, Marxist and Capitalist.

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Chapter III Conclusion

3.1. Conclusion Each of the experts has their own specific focus during their analyzing through the Postcolonial theory. Actually all those argument and opinion are related and supporting each other. The connection is about the definitions, the process, the respond, and the effects of colonization itself. Postcolonial criticism analyze the literary texts produced in countries and cultures that have experiences of imperialism or colonization. The readers have to notice all the aspect that has already explains above are the crucial characteristic that. Eurocentric, internalization, diaspora, colonizers, colonized, subaltern, hybridity, mimicry, hybridity, hypocracy, adopt, adapt and adept, and cultural resistant are the common theme found in the Postcolonial text. Those terms are the most important aspects that must be analyzing in the Postcolonial criticism.

Actually, many critics gave a great contribution to Postcolonial theory. However, figures discussed in the previous chapter are considered as most influential figures who introduced most important key terms to Poscolonial theory. Postcolonial theory, as part of cultural study, then can be associated, developed and reviewed with other theories such as Feminism, Psychoanalysis, New Historicism, Ecocriticism, Marxist and Capitalist.

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References
Barry, Peter. 2002. Beginning Theory An introduction to literary and cultural theory: second edition. Manchester University Press, Manchester and New York. Bedford St. Martins. 2010. Critical approaches. Retrieved on December 3rd, 2010. http://bcs.bedfordstmartins.com/virtualit/poetry/critical_define/crit_post.html. Boeree , Dr. C. George. 2006. Personalities Theory. SIGMUND FREUD 1856 1939. Retrieved on January 2nd, 2010. http://webspace.ship.edu/cgboer/freud.html Cesaire, Aime. 2009. BAOAB SOUTH AFRICAN JOURNAL OF NEW WRITING. Retrieved on December 3rd, 2010. http://www.baobabjournal.co.za/search/node/Aime+Cesaire Guerin, Wilfred L. 2005. A Hand Book Of Critical Approaches To Literature: Fifth Edition. Oxford University Press, New York. Lodge, David and Nigel Wood. 2000. MODERN Criticism and Theory. Longman, Singapore. Oxfor Journal. 2010. Beyond Postcolonial Csaire: Reading Cahier d'un retour au pays natal Historically1. Retrieved on November 27th, 2010. http://fmls.oxfordjournals.org/content/44/3/258.full Revie, Linda L. 2003. The Niagara Companion: Explorers, Artists and Writers at the Falls, from Discovery through the Twentieth Century. Wilfrid Laurier University Press. pp. 95. http://books.google.com/books?id=X8J3zgXVq_MC&dq=%22anti+conquest+ narrative%22. Selvon , Sam. 2006. Black Diaspora Artists in Britain: Three 'Moments' in Post-war History, History Workshop Journal - Issue 61, Spring. Retrieved on December 3rd, 2010. http://muse.jhu.edu/login?uri=/journals/history_workshop_journal/v061/61.1h all.html Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. 2006. Colonialism. Retrived on November 27th, 2010. http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/colonialism/ Talib, Ismail S. 2002. The Language of Postcolonial Literatures an Introduction. Routledge, New York.
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