186

ENHANCED POWER TRANSFER BY SIMULTANEOUS TRANSMISSION OF AC-DC: A NEW FACTS CONCEPT

Hafizur Rahman, B. H. Khan* University Polytechnic, 'Electrical E n g g . Department Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India Email: bpt03hr@amu.ac.in

Keywords: Power transmission capability, EHV ac-dc, PSCAD simulation.

Abstract:
Due to restrictions imposed on new transmission lines because of right-of-way cost, environmental and regulatory concerns. there is a need to enhance the Dower transfer capability of the existing lines without major' changes. This paper explores the feasibility of enhanced power transfer by simultaneous ac-dc transmission through the same line. A simple case of a three-phase source connected to a large power system through a single circuit (S.C.) ac transmission line is considered. PSCADiEMTDC software based results are included.

To demonstrate the feasibility of simultaneous transmission of ac-dc power through the same line, a simple case of a three -phase source connected to a large power system through a single circuit (S.C.) ac transmission line is considered. For the purpose of modelling and analysis, the simulation has been carried Out using 'Oftware package.

2 Simplified Analysis: 11-81

2.1 Equation for Steady State, AC:

The power transmitted for any size of conductor depends on its current carrying capacity and can be calculated from the following formula:

1 Introduction:
The power handling capability of ac transmission lines is limited by, thermal loading limit in case of short lines, voltage drop limit in case of medium lines and stabilitv limit in case of lbng lines. Due to stability constraints, EHV i c lines longer than 450 km can transfer power less than its surge impedance loading (SIL), while power transfer capability of it based on thermal limit is more than SIL. With voltage magnitudes fixed at both ends of a line, the active power transfer between two active sources is controlled by transmission angle (6) only. This practical operating 0 ' [I-31. At these transmission angle (6) is usually limited to 3 conditions. the line conductors c a m current much less than their safe current carrying capacity. For optimal use of lines, there is a need to load long EHV lines close to their thermal limits. One possible way to achieve this is by using FACTS components [1,7]. Another possibility to achieve the same goal is that the conductor is allowed to cany certain amount of dc current superimposed on ac current. This is a new concept reported recently [4]. The paper explores the feasibility of power transfer by simultaneous ac-dc transmission through the same line to get the advantages of parallel ac-de transmission and to load it close to its thermal limit.

v I cos 4 (1) Where V= Rated Voltage of line in KV I= line current in kA ner conductor cos 4 = Load power Factor Shown in Figure I is an ac line, modelled by an which is assumed to he equivalent II, c a w i n g a load
power in MW=

J7

s,

maximum allowable value under a given set of system parameter and performance criteria.

z
y

=
=

impedance.

Jm a +jp J a . , .y
P P
=

2, is characteristic

is propagation constant.

a = attenuation constant.

p = phase constant. Z , ,Y, = series impedance, shunt admittance line constant

per phase per Km, E,, E, = sending and receiving end voltage (complex),

I , s ,I r= sending and receiving end currents (complex)

and

I =length

of line.

0 2004 The Institution of Electrical Engineers.

Printed a n d published by t h e IEE, Michael F a r a d a y House, Six Hills Way, S t e v e n a g e , SGI 2AY

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The complex power drawn from the line at its receiving end is

S,=P,+JQ,
= EJ,'

a,y = Firing and extinction angles of rectifier and invertei respectively. R , ,RCi = Commutating resistances of rectifier and inverter
respectively. Similarly, Inverter equation may be expressed

(2)

_ -coshfl

=[

r . fir

Zc sinh fl I'lE,l2

(3)

V, = V,: COSY - R,,I, Voltage drop due to over lap is given by

A 'd
Vd" =~

(8)

At rated receiving end voltage (E, = 1) the surge impedance loading (SIL) is reciprocal of the surge impedance (SI). SI is equal to the characteristic impedance ( Z , ) for loss less line.

(9)
ove!lap angle

Where, 6= a +

p ,p

SI = Z~ = 1, SIL = SI
~

Juc ; Z , is purely resistive.

c

y=n-a-p
Vd, Power factor cos 4?'= 'do?

[- ,

S, SIL

SI E ' ]'IEu12 Z, sinhyl

,

li"-cosfl

(4) DC power

Since the series resistance R of EHV transmission line is much smaller than their inductive reactance X, the attenuation constant (a) is very small and propagation constant (y) approaches the phase constant up). Equation (4) reduces to

P , , = V,I,
(12)

Pdi= VdiId Reactive powers required at stations are

e, =

Pd" tan4

The power transmitted for any size of conductor depends on its current carrying capacity. The receiving end current is;

2.3 Equations for Steady State Simultaneous AC-DC:

~~

I,

p, -JQ,
*

(6)

E,

Let

I , being therms ac current per conductor I , =total dc current injected

=-,

2.2 Converters - Steady state equations:

The direct current flowing - from rectifier to the inverter is VdD, cos a - VdOi cosy I, = (7)

I,,,,

I,

dc current injected per conductor

Then, the total nns current per conductor becomes unsymmetrical as

(15)

4,+ R, - R,i

The rectifier equation may be expressed as

IfI,h =conductor current carrying capacity at designed operating temperature,

V, = V,",
Where,

COS

a - A Vd

where, x is less than unity

E _ = RMS line-to-line voltage of converter transformer

primary voltage. T = Transformer hun ratio B = Number of bridges in series

188

hut,&

< f i ,to have two natural zero crossing in each

1,
. .

cycle of conductor current. The instantaneous conductor voltage with respect to ground becomes with superimpose DC voltageVd on ac voltage, the peak value, (17) E,,,= V, + E,, The instantaneous electric field polarity changes twice in each cycle if

generate 5Ih and 7Ih as the most significant lower order harmonics and inject them at respective ac buses. The heavily damped (low Q-factor) ac filters at each end on ac sides of converter transformers are connected to filter out these harmonics. At sending end, a fraction of ac power is converted to dc power from existing ac system by rectifier and injected into neutral terminal of ST tr@@rmer secondary through smoothing reactor. At far end RT transformer, dcLcurrent available out of neutral point is inverted to ac and fed to infinite bus. Ground is used as a return path for dc current.

fi

4 Simulation and Results:

Each insulator string has to he insulated forE,,, . It is suggested that I-String insulators may he modified to V-string insulators with few additional units of discs in each string [SI. V-strings, having less swing and with the addition of a few more insulator discs, may provide insulation for higher values of E,,, for the same cross-arm length. No structural modification of the tower is necessary. Since line-to-line voltage has no dc component, therefore, the conductor separation distance is decided only by rated ac voltage of line. Assuming The proposed scheme has been simulated in steady state mode. It can he observed from the Figure 3 that after dc current injection into the conductor, the superimposed ac-dc conductor current become unsymmetrical hut still has two

natural zero-crossings in each cycle for(1, /31,,<) Figure 4(a) and 4(h) show voltages between conductor to ground and conductor to conductor respectively. Curve 4(a) shows instantaneous value of conductor to line voltage having dc voltage component superimposed on ac voltage, which also has two natural zero crossing in each cycle for(V,/E,,,)<a. Injection of dc at neutral point offsets voltage at all the phases from ground by same amount. Therefore, phase to ground voltage is enhanced. However, the line-to-line voltage is not affected by dc injection. This fact is elaborated in Figure 4(h).

<a.

e= k EPh

V.

'

3 Description of the System Studied:

Figure 2 depicts the network under study in which an active source is connected to infinite bus via a single circuit, threephase, 220 KV, 50Hz. 500Km, ac transmission line. The scheme has been modelled in three- phase system using component modules from the PSCAD software main library. Transformers at sending (ST) and receiving ends (RT) are In Figure 2 two externally controlled three-phase ac sources assembled from three single phase, three windings, general (source-l and source-2) are edited as: transformer model, with their primary and secondary Source -2 to act as an infinite bus maintaining its voltage windings connected in delta and zig-zag fashion respectively. magnitude 220 kV and phase angle as zero while source-I The three phase transmission line is a Bergeron model with its phase angle ( 6 )is kept at 30'. The simulation results show parameters edited to suit 220 KV, S.C., 500 Km. The DC that: System consists of a monopole converter-inverter modelled as (a) Source-I feeds real power of 119.803 MW to an a single six- pulse bridge. The controls used in DC system are infinite bus with 3c transmission only, those of CIGRE Benchmark [9], modified to suit a six-pulse (h) With injection of dc current into conductor along bridge at reduced dc voltage. The rectifier is provided with a with ac, transmission line transfers a total of 202.466 constant current (CC) controller using Proportional Integral MW real power instead of 119.803 MW as indicated (PI) controller to generate firing angle a and an a - limit in Figure 6 . Figure I shows magnitude of the dc control. The inverter is provided with a constant extinction angle (CEA) control. Six pulse bridges at each end of the line

Figure 5 shows the waveforms of currents and fluxes of sending end transformer. In this transformer, the dc current ( I , ) is injected at the secondary winding neutral point, where it splits equally among three phases. Through each phase the injected dc current ( I , 13 ) superimposed on ac enters into line conductors (Figure 5b). Figure 5(c) indicates the magnetizing current waveform of each phase. It has been observed that the ,waveforms of the magnetizing currents remain the same with and without dc current injection. The transformer flux waveforms shown in Figure 5(d) indicate that the transformer core does not saturate due to injection of dc current into transformer secondary.

189

voltage and current injected into ac transmission for this power transfer. The effective conductor current

References:
I . Kundur P., Power System Stability and Control, McGraw Hill, New York; 1994. 2. Hadi Saadat, Power System Analysis, Mc Graw Hill, 1999. 3. Dunlop R D, Gutman R. and Marchenco R.P. Analytical Development of Loadahility Characteristics for EHV and UHV Transmission Lines, IEEE Transaction on PAS, vol.PAS-98.N0.2, 1979, pp: 606-617.
4. Basu KP, and Khan BH, Simultaneous ac-dc Power

( I =)-/I

should not exceed the current carrying capacity of the conductor.

5 Conclusions:
It has been concluded from simulation results that: (i) the transformers do not saturate due to superimposed dc component on ac because of zig- zag connection on the secondary side. (ii) the addition of dc does not adversely interfere with normal functioning of ac system; rather it improves over all performance. The ac power transfer and load angle ( 6) remains the same while total power transfer is enhanced. (iii) as the conductor currents have two natural zero crossings, no special dc Circuit Breaker is required. (iv) the higher creepage distance requirement for insulator discs as required in case of HVDC lines are not required in this case because electric field produced by conductor to ground voltage reverses its polarity twice in a cycle. (v) long EHV transmission lines can be loaded close to its thermal limits keeping sufficient margin against transient instability by simultaneous ac-dc transmission.

Transmission, IE (India) Joumal2001.p~: 32-35

EL, Vo1.82, lune

5. Dennis Woodford, HVDC Transmission, Manitoba HVDC Research Centre Inc. Manitoba, Canada, 1998. 6. Padiyar K.R., HVDC Power Transmission System, Wiley Eastern, New Delhi, 1993.

7. Arrillaga I. and Watson N.R. Computer Modelling of Electrical Power Systems, John Wiley & Sons. Ltd.
England 2003. 8.Clerici A., Paris L. and Danfors P. HVDC conversion of HVAC Line to Provide Substantial Power Upgrading, IEEE transactions on Power Delivery, vo1.1,1991 pp:324333.
9. Szechtman M., Wees T. and Thio C.V. First Benchmark Model for HVDC Control Studies, Electra.No. 135, April 1991.

Acknowledgements:
The authors wish to acknowledge the financial assistance received from All India Council of Technical Education (AICTE), New Delhi, India for this work.

IO. To K.W.V and David A.K. Multivariable adaptive

control of AC-DC systems, IEE Proc.-Gener. Transm. Distrih. Vo1.141,No.6, November 1994.

Figure 1

I Single 6 Pulse Monopole

Figure 2.Scheme under study

Hybrid AGDC Current
Cond Current(kA)

to.
~

to.2
-0.2

-0.6t
4 5
4.6

I
Time (sec)
4,J

4.8

4.9

Figure 3. Simultaneous ac- dc conductor current Conductor Voltages(KV)

(a) Conductor Line to Ground voltaee

210
46

1 0 +311627/
47
48 49

(b) cond Line to Line voltaee

Figure 4. Conductor voltages

191

S End Transformer quantities (a) Primary Windg(kA)

(b) Secondary Windg (kA)

(c) Magnetising Current(kA)

Time (sec)

Figure 5 . Transformer currents and flux waveforms

3 : +146.975

I
'8'5
114

Time (sec)

2 1 3

312

411

Figure 6.Power transfer

Figure 7. dc voltage and current

. .

..&

.,., ,.