Name NPM Class

: Nur Asfiya K. : 16213597 : 1EA22

PASSIVE VOICE

PASSIVE VOICE

Passive voice sentences the subject is subject to the action of the verb, or phrase that describes what happens to the subject of the sentence, while the active sentence is a sentence that states the subject of the sentence does what.

USE OF PASSIVE

Passive voice is used when the focus is on the action. It is not important or not known, however, who or what is performing the action. Example : My bike was stolen.

In the example above, the focus is on the fact that my bike was stolen. I do not know, however, who did it. Sometimes a statement in passive is more polite than active voice, as the following example shows : Example : A mistake was made. In this case, I focus on the fact that a mistake was made, but I do not blame anyone.

FORM OF PASSIVE

Subject + finite form of to be + past participle (3rd column of irregular verbs) Example: A letter was written. When rewriting active sentences in passive voice, note the following :

the object of the active sentence becomes the subject of the passive sentence the finite form of the verb is changed (to be + past participle)

the subject of the active sentence becomes the object of the passive sentence (or is dropped)

PASSIVE SENTENCES

1.

Simple Present Tense Formula Passive ( + ) : S + is/am/are + V3 + by + O ( - ) : S + is/am/are + not + V3 + by + O ( ? ) : Is/am/are + S + V3 + by + O + ? Examples Active ( + ) They borrow the ball. ( + ) She repairs this blue car. ( - ) They don't borrow the ball. ( - ) She does not repair this blue car. ( ? ) Do they borrow the ball? ( ? ) Does she repair this blue car? Passive ( + ) The ball is borrowed by them. ( + ) This blue car is repaired by her. ( - ) The ball is not borrowed by them. ( - ) This blue car is not repaired by her. ( ? ) Is the ball borrowed by them? ( ? ) Is the blue car repaired by her?

2.

Present Continuous Tense Formula Passive ( + ) : S + to be (is/am/are) + being + V3 + by + O ( - ) : S + to be (is/am/are) + not + being + V3 + by + O ( ? ) : To be (is/am/are) + S + being + V3 + by + O + ? Examples Active ( + ) She is bringing the book. ( + ) They are sending the letters. ( - ) She isnt bringing the book. ( - ) They are not sending the letters. Passive ( + ) The book is being brought by her. ( + ) The letters are being sent by them. ( - ) The book isnt being brought by her. ( - ) The letters are not being sent by them.

( ? ) Is she bringing the book? ( ? ) Are they sending the letters?

( ? ) Is the book being brought by her? ( ? ) Are the letters being sent by them?

3.

Present Perfect Tense Formula Passive ( + ) : S + have/has + been + V3 + by + O ( - ) : S + have/has + not + been + V3 + by + O ( ? ) : Have/has + S + been + V3 + by + O + ? Examples Active ( + ) They have sent the letters. ( + ) She has written the book. ( - ) They havent sent the letters. ( - ) She hasnt written the book. ( ? ) Have they sent the letters? ( ? ) Has she written the book? Passive ( + ) The letters have been sent by them. ( + ) The book has been written by her. ( - ) The letters havent been sent by them. ( - ) The book hasnt been written by her. ( ? ) Have the letters been sent by them? ( ? ) Has the book been written by her?

4.

Present Perfect Continuous Tense Formula Passive ( + ) : S + have/has + been + being + V3 + by + O ( - ) : S + have/has + not + been + being + V3 + by + O ( ? ) : Have/has + S + been + being + V3 + by + O + ? Examples Active ( + ) She has been reading the book. ( + ) I have been washing the car. ( - ) She hasn't been reading the book. Passive ( + ) The book has been being read by her. ( + ) The car has been being washed by me. ( - ) The book hasn't been being read by her.

( - ) They haven't been washing the car. ( - ) The car hasn't been being washed by them. ( ? ) Has she been reading the book? ( ? ) Has the book been being read by her?

( ? ) Have they been washing the car? ( ? ) Has the car been being washed by them?

5.

Simple Past Tense Formula Passive ( + ) : S + was/were + V3 + by + O ( - ) : S + was/were + not + V3 + by + O ( ? ) : Was/were + S + V3 + by + O + ? Examples Active ( + ) She brought the English book. ( + ) Nova wrote a letter. Passive ( + ) The English book was brought by her. ( + ) A letter was written by Nova.

( - ) She didnt bring the English book. ( - ) The English book wasnt brought by her. ( - ) Nova didnt write a letter. ( ? ) Did she bring the English book? ( ? ) Did Nova write a letter? ( - ) A letter wasnt written by Nova. ( ? ) Was the English book brought by her? ( ? ) Was a letter written by Nova?

6.

Past Continuous Tense Formula Passive ( + ) : S + be (was/were) + being + V3 + by + O ( - ) : S + be (was/were) + not + being + V3 + by + O ( ? ) : Be (was/were) + S + being + V3 + by + O + ? Examples Aktif ( + ) She was writing the book. ( + ) They were sending the letters. ( - ) She was not writing the book. Passive ( + ) The book was being written by her. ( + ) The letters were being sent by them. ( - ) The book was not being written by her.

( - ) They were not sending the letters. ( - ) The letters were not being sent by them. ( ? ) Was she writing the book? ( ? ) Were they sending the letters? ( ? ) Was the book being written by her? ( ? ) Were the letters being sent by them?

7.

Past Perfect Tense Formula Passive ( + ) : S + had + been + V3 + by + O ( - ) : S + had + not + been + V3 + by + O ( ? ) : Had + S + been + V3 + by + O + ? Examples Active ( + ) They had sent the letters. ( + ) She had written the book. ( - ) They hadnt sent the letters. ( - ) She hadnt written the book. ( ? ) Had they sent the letters? ( ? ) Had she written the book? Passive ( + ) The letters had been sent by them. ( + ) The book had been written by her. ( - ) The letters hadnt been sent by them. ( - ) The book hadnt been written by her. ( ? ) Had the letters been sent by them? ( ? ) Had the book been written by her?

8.

Past Perfect Continuous Tense Formula Passive ( + ) : S + had + been + being + V3 + by + O ( - ) : S + had + not + been + being + V3 + by + O ( ? ) : Had + S + been + being + V3 + by + O + ? Examples Active ( + ) She had been washing the car. ( + ) He had been writing the letter. ( - ) She hadn't been washing the car. ( - ) He hadnt been writing the letter. ( ? ) Had she been washing the car? ( ? ) Had he been writing the letter? Passive ( + ) The car had been being washed by her. ( + ) The letter had been being written by him. ( - ) The car hadn't been being washed by her. ( - ) The letter hadnt been being written by him. ( ? ) Had the car been being washed by her? ( ? ) Had the letter been being written by him?

9.

Simple Future Tense Formula Passive ( + ) : S + will + be + V3 + by + O ( - ) : S + will + be + not + V3 + by + O ( ? ) : Will + S + be + V3 + by + O + ? Examples Active ( + ) Ika will buy the skirt. ( + ) Mei will drive a red car. ( - ) Ika wont buy the skirt. ( - ) Mei wont drive a red car. ( ? ) Will Ika buy the skirt? ( ? ) Will Mei drive a red car? Passive ( + ) The skirt will be bought by Ika. ( + ) A red car will be driven by Mei. ( - ) The skirt will be not bought by Ika. ( - ) A red car will be not driven by Mei. ( ? ) Will the skirt be bought by Ika? ( ? ) Will a red car be driven by Mei?

10. Future Continuous Tense Formula Passive ( + ) : S + will + be + being + V3 + by + O ( - ) : S + will + not + be + being + V3 + by + O ( ? ) : Will + S + be + being + V3 + by + O + ? Examples Active ( + ) She will be washing the car. ( + ) He will be writing the letter. ( - ) She won't be washing the car. ( - ) He wont be writing the letter. ( ? ) Will she be washing the car? ( ? ) Will he be writing the letter? Passive ( + ) The car will be being washed by her. ( + ) The letter will be being written by him. ( - ) The car won't be being washed by her. ( - ) The letter wont be being written by him. ( ? ) Will the car be being washed by her? ( ? ) Will the letter be being written by him?

11. Future Perfect Tense Formula Passive ( + ) : S + will + have + been + V3 + by + O ( - ) : S + will + not + have + been + V3 + by + O ( ? ) : Will + S + have + been + V3 + by + O + ? Examples Active ( + ) We will have washed the car. ( + ) They will have written the letter. ( - ) We won't have washed the car. Passive ( + ) The car will have been washed by us. ( + ) The letter will have been written by them. ( - ) The car won't have been washed by us.

( - ) They wont have written the letter. ( - ) The letter wont have been written by them. ( ? ) Will we have washed the car? ( ? ) Will the car have been washed by us?

( ? ) Will they have written the letter? ( ? ) Will the letter have been written by them?

12. Future Perfect Continuous Tense Formula Passive ( + ) : S + will + have + been + being + V3 + by + O ( - ) : S + will + not + have + been + being + V3 + by + O ( ? ) : Will + S + have + been + being + V3 + by + O + ? Examples Active ( + ) I will have been washing the car. Passive ( + ) The car will have been being washed by me.

( + ) I will have been writing the book. ( + ) The book will have been being written by me. ( - ) I won't have been washing the car. ( - ) The car won't have been being washed by me. ( - ) I wont have been writing the book. ( - ) The book wont have been being written by me. ( ? ) Will I have been washing the car? ( ? ) Will the car have been being washed by me? ( ? ) Will I have been writing the book? ( ? ) Will the book have been being written by me?

13. Past Future Tense Formula Passive ( + ) : S + would + be + V3 + by + O ( - ) : S + would + not + be + V3 + by + O ( ? ) : Would + S + be + V3 + by + O + ? Examples Active ( + ) She would wash the car. ( + ) He would write the letter. ( - ) She wouldn't wash the car. ( - ) He wouldnt write the letter. ( ? ) Would she wash the car? ( ? ) Would he write the letter? Passive ( + ) The car would be washed by her. ( + ) The letter would be written by him. ( - ) The car wouldn't be washed by her. ( - ) The letter wouldnt be written by him. ( ? ) Would the car be washed by her? ( ? ) Would the letter be written by him?

14. Past Future Continuous Tense Formula Passive ( + ) : S + would + be + being + V3 + by + O ( - ) : S + would + not + be + being + V3 + by + O ( ? ) : Would + S + be + being + V3 + by + O + ? Examples Active ( + ) She would be washing the car. ( + ) He would be writing the letter. ( - ) She wouldn't be washing the car. ( - ) He wouldnt be writing the letter. ( ? ) Would she be washing the car? ( ? ) Would he be writing the letter? Passive ( + ) The car would be being washed by her. ( + ) The letter would be being written by him. ( - ) The car wouldn't be being washed by her. ( - ) The letter wouldnt be being written by him. ( ? ) Would the car be being washed by her? ( ? ) Would the letter be being written by him?

15. Past Future Perfect Tense Formula Passive ( + ) : S + would + have + been + V3 + by + O ( - ) : S + would + not + have + been + V3 + by + O ( ? ) : Would + S + have + been + V3 + by + O + ? Examples Active ( + ) She would have washed the car. ( + ) He would have written the letter. Passive ( + ) The car would have been washed by her. ( + ) The letter would have been written by him.

( - ) She wouldn't have washed the car. ( - ) The car wouldn't have been washed by her. ( - ) He wouldnt have written the letter. ( - ) The letter wouldnt have been written by him. ( ? ) Would she have washed the car? ( ? ) Would the car have been washed by her?

( ? ) Would he have written the letter? ( ? ) Would the letter have been written by him?

16. Past Future Perfect Continuous Tense Formula Passive ( + ) : S + would + have + been + being + V3 + by + O ( - ) : S + would + not + have + been + being + V3 + by + O ( ? ) : Would + S + have + been + being + V3 + by + O + ? Examples Active ( + ) She would have been washing the car. ( + ) He would have been writing the letter. ( - ) She wouldn't have been washing the car. ( - ) He wouldnt have been writing
the letter.

Passive ( + ) The car would have been being washed by her.

( + ) The letter would have been being written by him. ( - ) The car wouldn't have been being washed by her. ( - ) The letter wouldnt have been being written by
him.

( ? ) Would she have been washing the car? ( ? ) Would he have been writing the letter?

( ? ) Would the car have been being washed by her? ( ? ) Would the letter have been being written by him?

ANTICIPATORY IT IN PASSIVE SENTENCES

'anticipatory' 'it' is used in the passive voice and is followed by 'that-clause'. Such a sentence has a construction : It is believed/said/known/thought/written/hypothesized + that-clause

Examples It is said that he was buried alive. It is believed that he is a wizard. It is thought that this disease is not contagious. BE TO IN PASSIVE SENTENCES

'be to' (am / is / are + to) is used to express what we want in the future. Passive form of be to is be + to be + past participle. 'was / were + to be + past participle' is used to express something you want done in the past but not fulfilled.

Examples (1) be (am/is/are) + to + be + past participle a. The meeting is to be rescheduled. b. His work is to be finished on schedule.

(2) be (was/were) + to + be + past participle a. The work was to be finished yesterday. b. The goods were to be exported a week ago.

REFERENCES Robby Lou. 2009. Robby Lous TOEFL Preparation Guide English Grammar. Jakarta : Mobile English EPlus. http://rizki-utami.blogspot.com/2014/03/passive-voice.html http://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/grammar/passive.html http://grammar.ccc.commnet.edu/grammar/passive.html http://belajarbahasainggris-4me.blogspot.com/2013/11/passive-voice-dan-contohkalimatnya.html http://imamtayah.blogspot.com/ http://annur93.blogspot.com/2011/09/rumus-rumus-passive-voice-16-tenses_28.html