03/04/2013

Contents
MobileAdhocNetworks (MANETs)
Introduction Characteristics Routing
ReactiveRoutingprotocols ProactiveRoutingprotocols

WirelessSensorNetworks (WSNs)

Introduction Characteristics Applications IEEE802.15.4 Architectures

WirelessMeshNetworks (WMNs)
Definition Characteristics Applications

ZigBee InternetofThings

MobileAdhocNetworks(MANETs): ConceptandTerminology
Concept
Networkscomposedofnodeswhichare
Wireless Mobile

Allnodescanbe
Source/destination Router

Adhoc
Forthis Improvisation
Nonetworkplanning Noinfrastructure

Redes espontaneas de las cuales pueden entrar y salir dispositivos. Hay movimiento de los dispositivos mobiles. Tipologia dinamica y variable.

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Mobile Ad-hoc Networks (MANETs): Origins

Militaryorigin
Firsthalfofthe70s FinancedbytheDefenseAdvancedResearchProjectsAgency(DARPA) Goal:tomakepossiblethecommunicationamongsoldiersandothermilitary units

Battlefieldconditions
Unitshavetobeabletocarrythecommunicationsdevices
Portabledevices

Unitsmovementcannotbeconstrained

Wirelessdevices

Communications infrastructure cannot be assumed

Self-forming and self-healing network

B C

Receiver not necessarily within the senders coverage range

Nodes are also routers

Cuando un dispositivo puede hacer de router.

MobileAdhocNetworks(MANETs): Inthelasttenyears(I)
Popularityofwireless,portabledevices
Laptops,smartphones,etc. E.g.802.11technology

Availabilityofcheap(andstandardized)wirelesshardware HugeinterestbytheresearchcommunityonMANETs Applications

Military(still...) Communicationbetweenvehicles
VehicularAdhocNetworks(VANETs)

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Mobile Ad-hoc Networks (MANETs): Limitations and Challenges

Wirelesslinks

Limitedbandwidth Errorpronelinks Tiende mucho a errores. Reducedprocessingandmemorycapacity Nodesmaynotbewallpowered Routechanges

Hardwarelimitationsofportabledevices

Variablenetworktopology

Sin infraestructura podemos tener una red con una cobertura amplia si tenemos bastantes nodos. No necesitamos routers ni switches. Peor la capcidad es limitada porque los terminales son nodos a la vez. La topologia cambia constantemente y por lo tanto las rutas tambien cambian. Las rutas se pueden romper al salir dispositivos. Calidad de servicio mala.

Mobile Ad-hoc Networks (MANETs): Routing (I)

AssumptionsfortraditionalInternetroutingprotocols
Wiredlinks Fixeddevices Lowdegreeofnetworkdynamics Bandwidthavailability Hostandrouteraredistinguished

TraditionalInternetroutingprotocols(e.g.RIP,OSPF)areNOT suitableforMANETsprotocols

Notdesignedfordynamic environments i t Messageoverhead

RIP

Bandwidthandenergyconsumption
OSPF AS1 AS2

OSPF AS3

Los protocolos ms usados en internet, del protocolo IP. Se utilizan dos. Estos protocolos para redes inalambricas no se puede utilizar, porque esta pensado para redes fijas, no se adapta para redes dinamicas. No se adapta a este entorno. Ademas no tienen en cuenta las limitaicones de ancho de banda y de recursos energeticos. Se han hehco otros que se adaptan a la mobilidad y caracteristicas de estos enclaces. Las transmisiones 3 y memorias han de ser minimas para reducir el consumo de energia.

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Mobile Ad-hoc Networks (MANETs): Routing (II)

NewroutingprotocolsweredevelopedforMANETs
Referenceworkstartedby ytheIETFMANETWorking gGroup p(WG) ( )inthelast 90s Themostpopularprotocolswerepublishedaround2003

Routingprotocolscanbeclassifiedinto:
Reactiveprotocols
Routesarefoundondemand se crean los enlaces cuando se pide. Si la comunicacion acaba, la ruta tambien.

Proactiveprotocols
Routesareperiodicallyupdated

Nostrategyisthebestinallscenariosandforall requirements!!
La ruta se mantiene. La informacion se envia ms raido porque los nodos saben por donde enviar. El problema es que para mantener la ruta hay que generar continuamente mensajes sin tener necesariamente que mantener la ruta.

Respuesta rapida y pocas limitaciones de energia: proactivo. Se mueven mucho, consumo critico, poco movimiento de informacion: reactivo.

Mobile Ad-hoc Networks (MANETs): Routing (III)

Reactiveroutingprotocols
Routesarefoundondemand Goal:resourcesareonlyconsumedwhennecessary Advantages
Ifnodatahavetobetransmitted,routingprotocolmessagesarenottransmitted

Drawbacks
Datalatencyisvariable

Examples
AdhocOndemandDistanceVector(AODV)routingprotocol
RFC3561(2003)

DynamicSourceRoutingprotocol(DSR)
RFC4728(2007)

DynamicMANETOndemand(DyMO)routingprotocol
Workinprogress

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Mobile Ad-hoc Networks (MANETs): Routing (IV)

Retardo constante: la ruta ya esta hecha.

Proactiveroutingprotocols
Routesareupdated p periodically p y Goal:availabilityofroutesatanymoment Advantages
Lowandconstantlatency

Drawbacks
Controlmessagesaretransmittedevenwhennodatahavetobetransmitted

Examples
OptimizedLinkStateRouting(OLSR)protocol
RFC3626(2003)

TopologyBroadcastbasedonReversePathForwarding(TBRPF)
RFC3864(2004)

OLSRv2
Workinprogress

MobileAdhocNetworks(MANETs):AODV(I)
Reactivo: crea la ruta al momento.

Hop-by-hop routing protocol

Each node has a routing table

Next hop in the route towards a destination

Each routing table entry specifies the next hop in the path towards a destination
nivel 3

Routediscovery

TheoriginatorbroadcastsRouteRequest(RREQ)messages Como no conoce la ruta, envie este mensaje a todos. RREQs include

Originator IP address Destination IP address

BROADCAST!

When a node receives a RREQ

The node creates (or updates) a route entry to the previous hop If the node does not know a route to the destination, the node broadcasts the RREQ Otherwise, the node transmits a Route Reply (RREP) message to its next hop in the route towards the originator (backward route)

Si sabemos donde esta el destinatario, se envia un RREP.

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MobileAdhocNetworks(MANETs):AODV(II)

Routediscovery(continued)

WhenanodereceivesaRREP

A route entry for the destination is created (forward route) The next hop of this route is the node from which the RREP was received If the node is not the originator, then it forwards the RREP to its next hop in the backward route

Example (I)

Node 1 wants to find a route to node 3

RREQOriginator:x.y.z.1 y RREQDestination:x.y.z.3 IPDest:255.255.255.255 RREQ

Nodo 1 envia un broadcast. el dos lo recibe.

MobileAdhocNetworks(MANETs):AODV(III)
EL nodo 2 mira si conoce el destino.

Example(II)
RREQ

RREQOriginator:x.y.z.1 RREQDestination:x.y.z.3 IPDest:255.255.255.255

2
DestNexthop x.y.z.1 x.y.z.1

RREQOriginator:x.y.z.1 RREQDestination:x.y.z.3 IPDest:255.255.255.255 RREQ

3
DestNexthop x.y.z.1 x.y.z.2

Broadcast, porque no sabe donde esta el destinatario. La ruta es la informacion que tienen los nodos. Una vez establecida la ruta, ya pone en concreto la direccion.

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MobileAdhocNetworks(MANETs):AODV(IV)

Example(III)
RREP

RREQOriginator:x.y.z.1 RREQDestination:x.y.z.3 IPDest:x.y.z.2 Ya no hace un broadcast, se lo envia al nodo intermedio.

RREP

2
DestNexthop x.y.z.1 x.y.z.3 x.y.z.2 x.y.z.3

3
Ya tiene la tabla de encaminamiento.

MobileAdhocNetworks(MANETs):AODV(V)

Example(IV)

RREQOriginator:x.y.z.1 RREQDestination:x.y.z.3 IPDest:x.y.z.1 RREP

1
DestNexthop x.y.z.2 x.y.z.3 x.y.z.2 x.y.z.2

Routecreated

si quiere enviar un mensaje al dos, se lo envia al dos directamente. si envia al tres, el destinatario es el tres pero el next hop es el dos,porque es por donde ha de pasar.

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MobileAdhocNetworks(MANETs):AODV(VI)

Route entry lifetime

Initalized to ACTIVE_ROUTE_TIMEOUT (3 seconds by default) Updated if the route is used After ACTIVE ACTIVE_ROUTE_TIMEOUT ROUTE TIMEOUT of inactivity inactivity, the route is invalidated (and it is finally deleted) RREQsincludeaTTLfieldinordertolimittheroutediscoveryscope

Expandingringsearch

ReceivingmultipleRREQs

IfaRREQthatbelongstothe sameroutediscoveryis received,theRREQisdiscarded AllRREQsofthesameroute discoveryhavethesameID

Originator

Destination

TTL, cada vez que se da un salto, ese TTL se descuenta y cuando llegue a 0, se elemina el mensaje, Para evitar que un mensaje se quede en el sistema.

MobileAdhocNetworks(MANETs):AODV(VII)

Route maintenance

If the originator loses connectivity with its next hop

Route discovery starts again The route is invalidated A Route Error (RERR) message is sent to affected precursor nodes to inform about the unreachable destinations through the broken link The node invalidates any route that used the RERR sender to reach a destination included in the RERR The RERR is propagated to precursor nodes The same process is repeated until the RERR reaches the originator node

If an intermediate node loses connectivity with the next hop

When a node receives a RERR

Mucha movilidad, peor servicio.

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MobileAdhocNetworks(MANETs):AODV(VIII)

Localconnectivitymaintenance

Thegoalistodetectthelossofconnectivitywithaneighbor Linklayermechanisms

Examples Alinklayertransmissionfailure(i.e.anACKisnotreceived afteradataframe transmission) Nivel dos, de reconocimiento a cada trama que transmito. Deteccion muy PassiveACK rapida. Veryquickdetection(e.g.30ms) Implementationrequirescommunicationwithlayertwodriver(limitedapproach!!) PeriodicaltransmissionofHELLOmessages(bydefault,every1second) IfALLOWED ALLOWED_HELLO_LOSS HELLO LOSS(b (byd default, f l equal lto2)consecutive i messagesarenot receivedbyaneighbor,thelinkisbroken Averagelinkfailuredetectiondelayis1.5s(Why?) Easyimplementationandindependentofthelayertwodriver Envia trama de error a la fuente.

Upperlayermechanisms

Nivel 3, el mas utilizado, para mantener la ruta, ven si se mantiene el enlace enviando los HELLO,cada segundo.

Contents
MobileAdhocNetworks (MANETs)
Introduction Characteristics Routing
ReactiveRoutingprotocols ProactiveRoutingprotocols

WirelessSensorNetworks (WSNs)

Introduction Characteristics Applications IEEE802.15.4 Architectures

WirelessMeshNetworks (WMNs)
Definition Characteristics Applications

ZigBee InternetofThings

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WirelessMeshNetworks(WMNs)
Crear una red con muy poca infraestructura pero ms fija.

Concept

Networks composed of wireless nodes All nodes can be hosts and routers Two types of nodes

Mesh routers Mesh clients Main purpose: routing May have multiple wireless interfaces May implement gateway functions de nivel 2.

Mesh routers

Mesh clients

Main purpose: receiving/generating data Typically, only one wireless interface No gateway functionality

Utilizo pasos intermedios con nodos.

WirelessMeshNetworks(WMNs)

Types of WMNs

Son redes no espontaneas, fijas.

InfrastructurebasedWMN

HybridWMN

ClientbasedWMN

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WirelessMeshNetworks(WMNs): WMNsVs.MANETs

WMNs may not be improvised networks

redes mesh

WMNs may account with infrastructure

Wireless backbone of mesh routers Nodes location Frequency planning

planificacion de soporte.

Wireless backbone planning

MANETs can be seen as a subset of WMNs

In the most strict sense, MANETs:

Are purely spontaneous, improvised networks Do not account with infrastructure All nodes have the same features

Comunicion entre los diferentes vehiculos.

WirelessMeshNetworks(WMNs) Technologies used in WMNs

IEEE 802.11-based radio (very common) Routing

MANET routing gp protocols Specialized, proprietary protocols

Applications

MITRoofnet

Internet access (except for client-based WMNs) And MANET applications (whenever suitable)

Freifunk (Berlin)

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Contents
MobileAdhocNetworks (MANETs)
Introduction Characteristics Routing
ReactiveRoutingprotocols ProactiveRoutingprotocols

WirelessSensorNetworks (WSNs)

Introduction Characteristics Applications IEEE802.15.4 Architectures

WirelessMeshNetworks (WMNs)
Definition Characteristics Applications

ZigBee InternetofThings

Sensores conectados entre si por redes de sensores. Aqui si que hay una normativa, solo para sensores, que no tienen alimentacion, con poca duracion de bateria.

WirelessSensorNetworks(WSNs)
Wirelesssensornode
Atleasthasonesensor
Sensor:devicethatconvertsthemeasurementofaphysicalpropertyand/or quantityintoasignal(e.g.electricalsignal)

Processingandwirelessnetworkingcapabilities Mayhaveactuators
Actuator:devicethatcancarryoutanactioninresponsetoacertainstimulus

Verybroaddefinition...

Inthe h contextof fWSNs,anode d exhibits h b also l significant f hardwareconstraints

8 and16bitmicroprocessors Limitedmemory
Upto10kB ofRAM Around100kB ofFlashmemory

No suponen la instalacion de infraestructura.

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WirelessSensorNetworks(WSNs)
Wirelesssensornodeexamples

Mica2dot

TelosB

WNGsown design

Smartdust

Wirelesssensornodesgenerallyhavealimitedenergysource
Batteryoperated Energy E h harvesting ti
Limitedapproach

Solarpanel

WirelessSensorNetworks(WSNs)
AWSNmayaccountwithaverylargenumberofnodes Topologies
Tree:Sinkorientedcommunication Mesh:Anytoanycommunication

Sinknode

Treetopology

Meshtopology

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WirelessSensorNetworks(WSNs):Applications
Homeautomation
Lightcontrol Remotecontrol Smartenergy Remotecare Securityandsafety

WirelessSensorNetworks(WSNs):Applications
Urbanautomation
Wateringcontrol Garbagecontaineroccupancy
GarbageContainer

Environmentalmonitoring
Pollutionmonitoring Meteorologicalinformation

Structuralmonitoring
E.g.Goldengatebridge
46hopWSN GoldenGateBridge

Agricultureautomation Industrialautomation ...Andthelistdoesnotfinish here!!

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WirelessSensorNetworks(WSNs): IEEE802.15.4 PHYandMACspecificationforLowRateWirelessPersonal AreaNetworks(LRWPANs)

IEEE802.15.42003 IEEE802.15.42006

Amendments:
IEEE802.15.4a(2007)
Precisionlocation,ultrawideband(UWB)

IEEE802.15.4c(2009),IEEE802.15.4d(2009)
PHYforChineseandJapanesemarkets

IEEE802.15.4e(workinprogress)
MACamendmentstoIEEE802.15.42006

IEEE802.15.4f(workinprogress)
RFIDapplications

IEEE802.15.4g(workinprogress)
Smartutilitynetworks

Currently,IEEE802.15.4isthemostpopularradiotechnology forWSNs
Openstandard

WirelessSensorNetworks(WSNs): IEEE802.15.4PHY IEEE802.15.42003

Frequencyband Numberof channels Spreading technique Modulation Symbolrateper channel(kbaud) Bitrateper channel(kbps)

868MHz 915MHz 2.4GHz

1 10 16

BinaryDSSS BinaryDSSS 16arrayDSSS

BPSK BPSK OQPSK

20 40 62.5

20 40 250

IEEE802.15.42006
Frequencyband Numberof channels Spreading technique Modulation Symbolrate perchannel (kbaud) Bitrateper channel(kbps)

868MHz 915MHz 868MHz 915MHz

1 10 1 10

20bitPSSS 5bitPSSS 16array DSSS 16array DSSS

ASK ASK OQPSK OQPSK

12.5 50 25 62.5

250 250 100 250

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WirelessSensorNetworks(WSNs): IEEE802.15.4MAC Devicetypes

FullFunctionDevice(FFD)
Candoallthetasksspecifiedinthestandard

pueden hacer tambien de routers.

ReducedFunctionDevice(RFD)
CanonlycommunicatewithFFDs Suitableforverylimiteddevices

Deviceroles
PANcoordinator
FFD

Coordinator
FFD

Device
RFD,FFD

Networkconfigurations
Beaconenabled
dan permiso de transmitir en momentos determinados. Acoordinatortransmitsbeacons BeaconsareusedforsynchronizationandPANidentification

Nonbeaconenabled

WirelessSensorNetworks(WSNs): IEEE802.15.4MAC Networktopologies

PANcoordinator PANcoordinator

Startopology RFD FFD

Peertopeertopology

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WirelessSensorNetworks(WSNs): IEEE802.15.4MAC Beaconenablednetworks:superframe structure

ContentionAccessPeriod(CAP)
SlottedCSMA/CA

OptionalContentionFreePeriod(CFP)
GuaranteedTimeSlots(GTS)

Nonbeaconenablednetworks
Unslotted CSMA/CA
Eliminar colisiones con slots.

WirelessSensorNetworks(WSNs): IEEE802.15.4MAC Errorcontrol

Reliablemode
ACKsandMAClayerretransmissions

Unreliablemode
ACKsarenotused

InterFrameSpace(IFS)
LongIFS(LIFS) ShortIFS(SIFS)

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WirelessSensorNetworks(WSNs): IEEE802.15.4MAC Performance Throughputinanonbeaconnetwork

2.4GHzchannel(i.e.250kbps) Idealconditions(i.e.BER=0) Twodevices

WirelessSensorNetworks(WSNs): ZigBeearchitecture SpecificationdevelopedbytheZigBeeAlliance

Firstversionin2004

PHYandMACdefinedbyIEEE802.15.4 Network kl layer

Routing

Applicationlayer
Commands
DefinedbyZigBeeAlliance

DefinedbyIEEE802.15.4

Slo limita los niveles basicos, los dos primeros. A partir de aqui hace propuestas. (ZigBee).

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WirelessSensorNetworks(WSNs): ConnectingWSNstotheInternet
ConnectingWSNstotheInternet
Remotemanagementofsensornodes Remoteaccessto
Collecteddata Actuators

ThenumberofWSN solutionshasexploded!

Each one requires a different Protocol Translation Gateway

Protocoltransalationgateways
Consistencyproblemsbetweenthetwosidesofthegateway Difficulttomanage
Se ha de utilizar Ip, conveniente IP v6.

WirelessSensorNetworks(WSNs): UseofIPinWSNs(I) Solution:wirelesssensornodesrunningtheInternetprotocol

UseofIProutersinsteadofProtocolTranslationGateways

AdvantagesoftheInternetProtocol
Openandfreelyavailable
Favorsinteroperability

Universalprotocol
Supportedbyalmostanytypeofdevice Supportsalmostanytypeofapplication

Testedatahugescale

AdvantagesoftheInternetProtocolversion6
Largeaddressspace
128bitaddresses

Toolsforunattendedoperation
Statelessaddressautoconfiguration NeighborDiscovery

TheindustryisconvergingtowardsIP!!

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WirelessSensorNetworks(WSNs): UseofIPinWSNs(II)
Feasibility

Source:A.Dunkels,J.P.Vasseur,IPforSmartObjects,Whitepaper#1,2008

uIP (ContikiOS)

Nanostack (TinyOS)

uIPv6 (ContikiOS)

lightweightIP

Sistemas operativos que incluyen IP en los dispositivos. requierimientos de memoria.

WirelessSensorNetworks(WSNs): TheInternetofThings Manywirelesssensornodeswillberelatedwithdailylife objects

E.g.Remotecontrol,light,utilitymeter,heating,etc.

TheInternetofThings

Newparadigmonthe Internet

Machinetomachine communication Usertouser Usertomachine

Internet

Formerly

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WirelessSensorNetworks(WSNs): ProtocolarchitecturefortheInternetofThings
IETFCoREWG
Applicationlayer functionalityfor constraineddevices(e.g. wirelesssensornodes) CoAP

CoAP UDP IPv6 RPL

IETFROLLWG
Routingfunctionalityfor sensornodes RPL

IETF6LoWPANWG
TransmissionofIPv6 packetsontopofIEEE 802.15.4networks 6LoWPANadaptationlayer

6LoWPAN IEEE802.15.4MAC IEEE802.15.4PHY

WG=WorkingGroup

WirelessSensorNetworks(WSNs):6LoWPAN
IPv6overLowPowerWirelessPersonalAreaNetworks(6LoWPAN) Dataunitsizes
IPv6requiressupportforpacketsofatleast1260bytes ThemaximumIEEE802.15.4framesizeis127bytes IPv6packet
40bytes (IPv6header)

802.15.4frame

81bytes (worstcasepayload)

Tramas muy cortas, direciones de 128 bits. Por lo tanto se ha de fragmentar y comprimir la cabecera.

FragmentationandIPv6headercompressionareneeded
Fragmentationandoldheadercompressionarealreadyspecified:RFC4944 (2007) Newheadercompressionisinprogress

Also,optimizationofIPv6NeighborDiscovery
Inprogress

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