PRESENT SIMPLE Present simple to express habitual actions: We use the present simple to express repeated, habitual actions

in the present. We often use adverbs of frequency such as always, usually, regularly, frequently, often, sometimes, rarely, seldom, occasionally, never and adverb phrases, for example, every year, once in a blue moon, three times a day with this tense. - I go to the gym twice a week. - He lives in Nigeria. - George likes pudding. - When I go abroad I always take a travel guide. very !" minutes, someone dies as the result of an alcohol related collision. Present simple for general truths: This use of the present simple tense is similar to what is often explained with the phrase general truth. This term covers facts which are always true or events which always happen. - #he arth revolves around the $un. - %&oys don't cry.% Present simple for fixed events (timetables, itineraries, instructions - Timetables: !n timetables and itineraries we use the present simple to refer to an action which is planned and is not li"ely to change. #he last train to &udapest leaves at !(."). This is always true (as long as the timetable is valid and so it may even refer to future time. When does our train leave tomorrow* - Itineraries: +n day , we visit the pyramids. This sentence may occur in an itinerary# it has been planned and will probably not change. - Instructions: We also use the present simple tense in instructions (e.g. recipes, manuals . !n this case the actions are or should always be performed in the same way. -irst you roll out the pastry. I've pressed N# .. What do I do now* PRESENT CONTINUOUS: TO BE + VERB -IN Present continuous for actions happening at the time of spea"ing: The present continuous tense expresses that an action is in progress at the time of spea"ing. - %What are you doing*%, %I am reading a book.% Present continuous for developing states: The present continuous can express change and development in states in the present. - #hings are only getting worse. - /ore and more people are giving up smoking. Present continuous for annoying habits: The present continuous tense can express habits in the present which annoy the spea"er. 0lways, repeatedly, all the time or similar time expressions are used with this meaning. - $he is always teasing me. - 0dults are always asking little kids what they want to be. Present continuous for temporary present habits: The present continuous tense is used for temporary habits in the present, which may or may not actually be happening at the time of spea"ing. - I am staying in 1aris until the end of the month. - 2ucy is taking piano lessons these days. - 0t the moment I am living at my brother's. Present continuous for present habits: !n descriptions of daily routine, when the action begins before a specific point of time (, which is not necessarily the time of spea"ing and probably finishes after it, the present continuous tense is used. This point is expressed with a time expression or a simple present clause. - 0t si3 I'm walking the dog. - Whenever I get home, my dog is sleeping in the armchair. !f not a specific point but a specific period is implied, it can be expressed with a time expression or a clause in the present continuous. - I'm walking between " and ,. - While I'm walking the dog, my wife is cooking dinner. PRESENT PER!ECT: "#VE $ "#S + P#ST P#RTICIPLE Present perfect for past actions: is used for actions in the past if their exact times are not "nown or not important. The emphasis is on the fact that they happened before the time of spea"ing. I've been to 4hina.

$ote that in such a sentence we use the preposition to instead of in. %lso note that if we mention when this happened, we will have to use the past simple tense. !n this case, however, the preposition in is used. - I was in 4hina in /arch !(5(. We also use the past simple if we as" when something happened in the past. - %Have you ever been to 4hina*%, %6es, I have.% - %When did you go there*% Present perfect for recent events with a result in the present: The present perfect tense is used for recent actions that have a result in or an effect on the present: $omeone has opened the window. &ere we want to emphasise that the window is open. The sentence suggests that it is probably cold inside. 'ompare with this one: $omeone opened the window. This sentence simply states a fact. Whether the window is open or not is not important. The focus is on the action, not the result or the effect of that action. Present perfect with an incomplete period: The present perfect tense is used to express actions happening in an incomplete period of time. %n incomplete period is one which includes the present moment, that is, the time of spea"ing. (or example, the time expressions today, this week, this year, in my life etc. all refer to such a period. - I haven't smoked today. - I've lived here all my life. - Have you ever been to 4hina* (the implied incomplete period here is )your life) - /y brother has written several plays. (in his life, which is incomplete as he is still alive - I have never driven such a fast car. !f we mean a completed period, which does not contain the time of spea"ing, we use the past simple tense instead of the present perfect. - I lived in this house when I was a child. (! am not a child any more. - 7id you go to 4hina when you worked as a flight attendant* - $hakespeare wrote several plays. (in his life, which is completed as he is dead now - He worked in this caf8 between !()" and !(),. - I didn't smoke yesterday. $ote that some time expressions (e.g. this morning, recently, lately can refer to either a completed or an incomplete period depending on the context and whether the time of spea"ing is included or not in the given period. 'ompare these two sentences: - I have seen him this morning. - I saw him this morning. The first sentence suggests that it is still )this morning), so the time of spea"ing is before approximately * p.m. The second sentence is said later during the day. - He has put on a lot of weight recently. - He gained some weight recently. !n the first sentence recently means in the past few days+wee"s+months etc, which period includes the time of spea"ing, while in the second sentence it expresses some time ago, which refers to a point of time in the past. $ote that we do not always use the present perfect tense even if we mean an incomplete period of time. 'ompare these two sentences: - Have you been to 2ake &alaton this year* - 7id you go to 2ake &alaton this year* !n the first sentence we are merely curious if our friend has visited the place any time during this year (indefinite time, incomplete period so we use the present perfect tense. !n the second case, however, we "now that he goes to ,a"e -alaton every year, usually around the same time. What we as" is whether he went there this year (at that time as well. &ere we mean a definite time in an incomplete period so we use the past simple tense. Present perfect with superlative forms of ad.ectives: The present perfect tense is often used with superlative forms of ad.ectives to express emphasis. - #his is the first time I have been to 1rague. - #his is the worst film I have ever seen. Present perfect to express annoyance: $ormally the present perfect tense is not used with the question word when. !n the following sentence, however, this question word does not refer to a specific point in the past, but

rather any point in an incomplete period of time: When have you ever done the dishes* This use implies annoyance or criticism. Present perfect with /01T: The present perfect tense is used for recently completed actions, usually with the word 9ust. - I've 9ust bought a processor. /y computer needed to be upgraded. - I have 9ust started a typing course. $ote that when the exact point of time is mentioned we use the past simple. - I bought this processor two weeks ago. /y computer needed to be upgraded. :ust now also requires the use of the past simple tense and means )a moment ago). - I spoke to him 9ust now. He says hi. Present perfect with (23 and 1!$'4: The prepositions for and since are often used present perfect tense. -or is used with an incomplete period of time, while since with a point of time. - I have lived here for two months. (period - I have lived here since :anuary. (point of time (or questions we use How long...* and $ince when...*; - %How long have you lived here*%, 5 %-or ten years% (or %$ince <))<.% - %$ince when have you lived here*%, 5 %=$ince> <))<% The point of time after since can also be expressed with a time clause, in which the past simple is used. - I have lived here since I was born. !T61 7 period 7 1!$'4: !f we want to emphasise the length of the period of time that has passed since a past event, an introductory it is used with the present perfect tense. - It has been years since I last met him. - How long has it been since you met him* !n everyday speech, however, it is more common to use the present simple instead of the present perfect: - It's years since I last met him. - How long is it since you met him* PRESENT PER!ECT CONTINUOUS: "#VE $ "#S + BEEN + VERB -IN Present perfect continuous for recent actions: We use the present perfect continuous tense for actions which started in the past and are still in progress in the present or have .ust finished. - I've been waiting for you for ages. - He has been living in that flat since last :anuary. The difference between present perfect and present perfect present perfect simple tense, which emphasises the result of perfect continuous tense focuses on the duration or the activity itself. - I have written two letters today. (result - I've been writing this letter all week. (duration or activity The same difference exists between these two sentences: - What have you done* - What have you been doing* The first one refers to one action that has a result in the present (a bro"en vase, a bleeding nose etc. . The second sentence could be rephrased as: How have you spent the past minutes?hours* %nother difference between these two tenses is that the present perfect simple might refer to a habitual action over an incomplete period of time: $he has always worked hard. ... while the present perfect continuous can be used for habitual, repeated actions over an incomplete period time: $he has been getting up at , for the last two weeks. $ote that if the present perfect simple is used for an action which started in the past and is still in progress in the present, a time expression is needed, while the present perfect continuous can be used with or without such an expression. - I've waited for you for an hour. continuous: !n contrast with the a completed action, the present with the

I've been waiting for you for an hour. I've been waiting for you.

Past simple for completed actions in the past: The past simple is used for actions which are completed at a definite point of time in the past. This point can be implied, or expressed with a time expression or a clause: - I bought a car yesterday. - $he was born in !((). - 4olumbus discovered 0merica. (i.e. in *89: - How did it happen* (i.e. when it happened - When I got home I went to bed straight away. 4xamples of time expressions referring to a definite time in the past: - a year ? two months ? a few weeks ? three - yesterday days, etc. ago - earlier today ? this week ? this month - at " o'clock - last week ? month ? year P#ST SIMPLE Past simple for past habits and states: The past simple is used to express habits and states that happened or existed during a period of time in the past. This period can be implied, or expressed with a time expression or a clause: - When I was a child I visited my grandma every weekend. (habit - When my brother was young he liked spinach. (state - Where did you go to primary school* (habit, where the implied period of time is when you went to primary school Past simple for actions over a period of time in the past: The past simple is used for actions that too" place over a complete period of time in the past. This period is expressed with a time expression# however, the exact time may or may not be mentioned. - 1terodactyls existed between !"") million and @) million yeas ago. - -rom !(5! to !(5A he worked for 4ocaB4ola. - 2ast week I stayed with my sister for a few days. (the exact time is not mentioned - :oe lived in &oston for ten years. (the exact time is not mentioned Past simple to express a point in the past: The past simple is used to refer to a point in the past at which another event was in progress, had been completed or had been going on for some time. !n this way, the past simple serves as a time mar"er in subordinate time clauses of complex sentences, where the main clause is in the past continuous, past perfect, or past perfect continuous tenses. - When I called her, she was studying. - &y the time I arrived home, they had already eaten everything in the house. - When I got to her house, she had been waiting for hours. The auxiliary ;!; for emphasis: !n past simple, the auxiliary did follow by the infinitive form of the main verb can be used in affirmative sentences to express emphasis. !n speech the auxiliary is stressed. - I did want to tell you, but I didn't know how. - He did arrive late. - $he did go to a school, but she is not nationally certified. P#ST CONTINUOUS: %#S $ %ERE + VERB-IN Past continuous for actions happening at a particular point in the past: The past continuous is used to refer to actions in progress at or around a particular point of time in the past. This point can be implied, or expressed with a time expression, or a clause with a verb in the past simple tense: - 0t ( o'clock I was sitting on the train. - 0 few minutes ago they were still dancing. - When I called her she was studying. - What were you doing when you heard the e3plosion* - $orry, can you repeat that* I wasn't listening. (i.e. when you said that Past continuous for actions happening over a period of time in the past: The past continuous is used to describe actions which continued over a period of time in the past. This period can be expressed with a time expression, or a clause with another verb in the past continuous tense. !n this case the two actions were happening simultaneously at the same time: - I was looking for you all day yesterday. - He was staying in .ome that summer.

Were you sleeping during the speech* #hey were playing cards en9oying themselves while I was cooking in the kitchen.

Past continuous for developing states: 0sed without a time expression the past continuous can express developing states: - It was getting darker and darker. - +ur hopes were fading. Past continuous for annoying past habits: With time expressions li"e always, constantly, continually, all the time, the past continuous can express frequently repeated past actions which annoy(ed the spea"er: - $he was always teasing me. - #hey were constantly arguing about money. - He was continually interrupting me. - I was getting into trouble all the time. - He was always calling me at night to ask me how I was. These sentences imply that the actions happened very often, but they are not meant literally. To express the literal meaning, the past simple is used: - He always called me at night to ask me how I was. (&e called me every night to as" me how ! was. Past continuous for temporary past habits: The past continuous is used to express repeated or habitual actions in the past which were temporary: - 0t that time she was seeing him twice a week. - I was getting up at " am to be able to get to work by ,. $otes: past simple and past continuous E&ents an' bac()roun' 'escri*tions in a stor+ : !n a story which is told in past time the events are expressed with past simple, whereas for bac"ground description past continuous is used. #en people were sitting around the table. It was raining outside. $uddenly the door opened and a woman entered the room. $he was wearing flared trousers. veryone stared at her but she didn't say anything. $he slowly went to the table and put an envelope on it. #hey were 9ust staring at her as she left the room. $otice the difference between these two sentences in the story: veryone stared at her... - #hey were 9ust staring at her... The first one expresses a momentary event, while the second one a continuous action, let6s say a state. &ere is another example for this contrast: - I went home at @. (completed action - 0t @ I was going home. (action in progress T,e Slee*in) Beaut+: The story of The 1leeping -eauty might help to understand the differences. !n the original story: ...while she was sleeping, the prince kissed her. This means that she was asleep when he "issed her (once . (irst, let6s put both clauses into the past continuous: ...while she was sleeping, the prince was kissing her. This means that during the time she was asleep he "ept "issing her (several times or for some time . $ow let6s see what happens if both clauses are in the past simple: - ...she fell asleep when the prince kissed her. +. ...she fell asleep and the prince kissed her. !n the first case first he "issed her and then she fell asleep, while in the second sentence it is .ust the opposite, she fell asleep and then he "issed her. The last version of the story is as follows: - ...she fell asleep while he was kissing her. P#ST PER!ECT: "#- + P#ST P#RTICIPLE Past perfect for actions completed before a point in the past: We use the past perfect tense to express that an event too" place before another event in the past, that is, it had been completed. This tense allows us to "eep trac" of the order of the events if this is not clear otherwise. $ote that contrary to a common misunderstanding, the past perfect does not express that something happened a very long time ago. What it expresses is not how long ago something happened but rather that something happened before another past action or a point of time. - :ulius 4aesar attacked &ritain in "A &4. (This was a long time ago, yet we use the past simple here.

When I got home, they had already eaten everything in the house. (<aybe this happened only yesterday, still the point is that the eating happened before my arrival. #hey ate everything in the house. I got home too late.

!t is important to remember that when you tell the events of a story in the order they occurred you do not need to use this tense. 4xpressions which are often used with the past perfect are by the time, no sooner, hardly, scarcely, barely, till, until, before. - &y the time I got home, they had eaten everything in the house. - I had no sooner got home than the telephone rang. - #he company had no sooner launched its new product than it went bankrupt. - I had hardly?barely?scarcely fallen asleep when there was an earthquake. - 2ittle dward had never seen a real cow until I showed him one last -riday. - He didn't leave until he had talked with the boss. - 0n internal investigation found no evidence that the data had been misused. !f we start the sentence with hardly, barely, scarcely or no sooner, we use inversion, that is, the word order changes: - No sooner had I got home than the telephone rang. - No sooner had the company launched its new product than it went bankrupt. - Hardly?&arely?$carcely had I fallen asleep when there was an earthquake. Past perfect with superlative forms of ad.ectives: The past perfect is used with superlative forms of ad.ectives to express emphasis. - It was the strangest music I had ever heard. - :ill was the most beautiful girl :ohn had ever met. The second sentence above implies that until that time /ohn had never met such a beautiful girl, but since then perhaps he has. !f, however, poor /ohn hasn6t met anybody li"e /ill since then, we use the present perfect: :ill was the most beautiful girl :ohn has ever met. P#ST PER!ECT CONTINUOUS: "#- + BEEN + VERB-IN Past perfect continuous for a continuous action in the past: The past perfect continuous is used to express that an action started before a point of time in the past and that (a it was still in progress or (b it had .ust stopped. This point can be defined with a time expression or a clause. This clause is in the past simple. - &y <))! George had been living in $cotland for ,) years. (action in progress# a time expression is used - When I got to her house she had been waiting for hours. (the action had .ust stopped# a clause is used - It had been snowing all night. Past perfect continuous for past habits: The past perfect continuous tense can express a repeated action, or habit, over a period of time before a point of time in the past. - I had been getting up at five o'clock all week, so on -riday I was completely e3hausted. The difference between past perfect and past perfect continuous: 'hec" the following contrast between the past perfect and the past perfect continuous. The former emphasises completion while the latter emphasises the activity or its duration. - &y , he had eaten all the food. (there was nothing left - He put down the fork he had been eating with and left the table. Present simple to express past: "ea'lines (Titulares : !n newspaper headlines, the present simple tense refers to a past event. - W0. 4.I/IN02 $401 $ -.+/ 4+C.#.++/ - D020 G .$D G & 0#$ /0N4H $# . CNI# 7 "istoric *resent: The present simple is used in narratives as historic present. - 1ummaries of historical events: !(A"; the war in urope comes to an end. - /o"es: $herlock Holmes and 7octor Watson go camping. In the morning, as they are lying in their sleeping bags, Holmes says, 'Watson, look up at the sky and tell me what you deduce.' $o Watson says, 'Well, the sky is salmon pink, so we're going to have a clear day. #he moon is 9ust setting, so it must be about " am. #here are no clouds, so it probably won't rain.' Holmes bursts out, 'Watson, you idiotE $omeone has stolen our tent.' - Plot summaries (real stories, boo"s, films etc. 3es=menes de la trama:

$o then I walk into this shop and I see this man with a gun in his hand. verybody's staring at him. I say... 0t the end of the story 2uke becomes a :edi and defeats 7arth Fader. I've reached page G<A. I wonder what happens now.

!n such narratives we use the present simple for events and the present continuous for descriptions. 014; T2 and W20,; for past habits #..irmati&e .orms: Csed to and would are both used for past habits. There is, however, a difference between the two. Would describes repeated actions, but not states, while used to can refer to both repeated actions and states. - +n $undays my parents would always take me to dance school. - I used to hate dancing in those days. 'ompare these two sentences: - -rom time to time he would get up and glance critically over his work and look at his models. - I would like to go home. The second sentence cannot refer to past time as the verb like expresses a state, not an action. Therefore it cannot express a past habit but only a present state. (or the very same reason the following sentence is incorrect: While at school he would be the smartest kid in the class. !nstead of would you need to use used to: While at school he used to be the smartest kid in the class. Ne)ati&e an' interro)ati&e .orms: %s used in the structure used to is a main verb in the past simple tense, the interrogative and negative forms are: - 7id he use to be the smartest kid* - While at school he didn't use to be the smartest kid in the class. !UTURE SIMPLE: %ILL /%ON0T1 + IN!INITIVE (uture simple for intentions (offer, promise, decision : The future simple can be used for future plans that have .ust been decided# that is, they are unpremeditated. - 4ome on, #im, I'll help you carry those bags. (seeing that your friend is struggling with his luggage - I will always love you. - #his won't hurt. - Waiter; %0re you ready to order, $ir*% Guest; %I think I will have a bloody steak.% Waiter; %With some fHHHing potatoes, I guess.% (uture simple for predictions: We use the future simple tense to express a sub.ective prediction, which is a hypothesis based on opinion or intuition. Whether or not the event will happen or not is not certain. >ery often this "ind of prediction is introduced by I think?I don't think. - I don't think he'll come. - I predict that the 4ongress will pass an antiBpiracy law soon. (uture simple in complex sentences: The future simple tense is used in complex sentences (referring to future time which contain clauses of condition, time or purpose. - If you have finished, then we'll go. - When you finish, we'll go. - I'm taking this book with myself, so that I'll have something to read on the train. !UTURE CONTINUOUS: %ILL + BE + VERB -IN (uture continuous for actions happening at a particular point in the future: The future continuous tense can express that an event will be in progress at a certain moment in the future. This moment needs to be mentioned or implied. !f it is mentioned, a time expression or a time clause can be used. - When you arrive, I'll be waiting for you outside the station. - % very breath you take, I'll be watching you% - %0t seven* I'll be bathing the baby then.% - #his time ne3t year she will be bathing in the sea. (uture continuous for actions happening over a period of time in the future : The future continuous tense can express an event which will be in progress during a certain period of time in the future. This period can be expressed with a time expression or with a clause. !f we use a clause, it will be in the present continuous.

I will be working the whole weekend, so I can't go to the /ayfair. While you're studying, I'll be watching #F.

(uture continuous for fixed arrangements: We can use the future continuous tense for fixed arrangements and plans in the same way as we use the present continuous, although in this case these may be less definite and formal. - #he band will be performing live sometime in +ctober. - We will be arriving in $Ieged soon. !UTURE PER!ECT: %ILL + "#VE + P#ST P#RTICIPLE (uture perfect for actions completed before a point in the future: The future perfect tense expresses that an event will be completed before a point in the future. This event may happen at any time up to that point. !t is normally used with time expressions and clauses beginning with by. - &y the time we get home, the film will have started. - &y " he'll have reached his destination. - &y this time ne3t year I will have lived here for !) years. (This could mean that in a year6s time ! will still be living there or will have .ust moved. $otes: future perfect: The following sentences are not in future perfect, although they contain the same form. They express assumption about a past event. - 6ou won't have heard the news that she's been accepted. =J I don't suppose you have heard the news.> - Ingrid 9oined our team last summer so many of you will have met her already. !UTURE PER!ECT CONTINUOUS: %ILL + "#VE + BEEN + VERB-IN (uture perfect continuous for future actions: The future perfect continuous tense is used for events which will have been in progress at a definite point of time in the future. !t relates to the future perfect tense in the same way as the present perfect continuous relates to the present perfect, or the past perfect continuous to the past perfect (duration and result+completion . $ote that although this tense is grammatically possible, it is rarely used by spea"ers of 4nglish. - &y tomorrow it will have been raining for a fortnight. - &efore the famine is declared, many people in the area will have been living with chronic malnutrition for some time. ?2!$? T2 for intentions: Going to can be used for future plans that, at the moment of spea"ing, have already been decided. I am going to read this book. =#hat's why I have borrowed it.> ?2!$? T2, for predictions: Going to is used to predict future events which are very near. This use is impersonal, i.e. independent of the spea"er6s opinion. There is usually a sign of the future event in the present. - I am going to faint. (!t is hot and ! am already feeling sic". - 2ook at the cloudsK it's going to rain. - $he is going to fall asleep. Present simple to express future: We can use the present simple for future events which we cannot control. - Her mother retires in < years. - 4hristmas ve is on a #uesday this year. - Ne3t week he has his operation, then he goes on holiday. - #he last plane to Durich leaves at <).<). Present continuous to express future: The present continuous tense can express fixed social or travel arrangements and plans for the future. $ote that you need to use a time expression or some reference to future# otherwise the sentence would refer to present time. - %What are you doing tonight*% %I'm visiting my grandmother.' - I'm travelling to &ratislava in two weeks' time. - /y sister is leaving tomorrow. 2ther structures expressing future BE #BOUT TO + in.initi&e (@ star a punto deA : We can use this structure for actions happening in the immediate future: - Hurry upE #he ceremony is about to beginE - #hey are about to kiss each other. - &e about to is often used with 9ust: - #hey are 9ust about to leave.

BE -UE TO + in.initi&e : We can use this structure for actions happening at determined or "nown times in the future: - #he film is due to start in < minutes. - Half of our employees are due to retire in five years. BE ON T"E E- E $ POINT $ VER E O! somet,in) : We can use these structures for actions happening in the next moment: #he orcs are on the verge of breaking through the castle gateE BE TO + in.initi&e: This structure is used for formal, official arrangements. - 0ll students are to take the 0cademic nglish 3am at the end of the first year. - %4lone e3pert is to clone human embryos%. - %#he 1rime /inister is to visit 1akistan ne3t month%. (uture time clauses: !n time clauses that refer to future time (for example clauses with after, as soon as, until, when, while etc. we use present tenses. - Will you wait for me until I get back* (refers to a point of time in the future - 6ou can play in the garden when you have finished your homework . (emphasises the completion of an event - I'll be doing some embroidery while you are working on your new song. (expresses duration SUB2UNCTIVE: IT3S TIME (Ya es hora de que + sub untivo! It"s time se refiere a algo que $2 ha ocurrido todavBa, pero que deberBa hacerse cuanto antes. 4sta expresiCn que denota cierta im*aciencia, puede ir seguida de tres estructuras: %. It3s time 7 infinitive 4it, to - It's time to go to work. =6a es hora de que vayamos a traba9ar.> - It's time to start playing. =6a es hora de que empecemos a 9ugar.> - ItLs time to go now. -. It3s time 7 .or 7 ob5ect (noun + pronoun 7 infinitive 4it, to - It's time for him to go to work. =6a es hora de que se vaya a traba9ar.> - It's time for the teams to start playing. =6a es hora de que los equipos empiecen a 9ugar.> - ItLs time for us to go now. '. It3s time 7 sub5ect 7 *ast 'on pasado, a menudo se utiliDa: @ It"s about timeA o @It"s high timeA para expresar reproche o crBtica. - Isn't it time the teams started playing* - It's time we went to work. - Isn't it about time the teams started playing* - It's about time we went to work. - Isn't it high time the teams started playing* - It's high time we went to work. =MNo es hora ya de que los equipos empiecen a 9ugar*> =6a es hora de que vayamos a traba9ar.> It"s about time he arrived. (me que.o por que no ha llegado todavBa It"s high time we left. (E>Fmonos yaG t's =high> time you left. 6ou will miss the bus.

This sentence refers to present time and it implies that perhaps it is already too late. We can use this structure in the past tense too# however, the unreal tense in the second clause will not change. It was time I left. 'ompare with this structure It's time =for me> to go. This sentence implies that the spea"er is still in time. CON-ITION#L #N- UNRE#L TENSES 0nreal tenses: The unreal (or hypothetical tenses have the form of the past simple or the past perfect but they refer to present or past time, respectively. They are used in subordinate clauses which hypothesise an imaginary present or an impossible past situation. - I wish you were here. (an imaginary present situation, because you are not here - If I had gone to bed earlier, I wouldnLt have overslept. (an impossible past situation, because ! didnHt go to bed earlier This applies to the subordinate clauses in the second and third conditionals, wish?if only, as if?as though, itLs =high> time, would rather?would sooner etc. sentences.

Iero condicional: The Dero conditional does not imply a real condition, but rather it expresses that something is or was always true. &ere the lin"ing word if means when. $ote that in the other conditional sentences we cannot replace if with when. Iero conditional with past reference: I.-clause 4it, *ast sim*le or continuous6 main clause 4it, *ast sim*le or continuous - If we werenLt in the mood, we didnLt talk to each other for hours. - $he walked the streets without an umbrella if it was raining. - If she was sad, she 9ust stared into the distance without saying a word. Iero conditional with present reference: I.-clause 4it, *resent sim*le or continuous6 main clause 4it, *resent sim*le or continuous - If I stay up until G in the morning, I am totally e3hausted the ne3t day. - If he is cursing, it means that he is very angry. (irst conditional: The first conditional describes a real situation with reference to the future. !f the condition is fulfilled, the action in the main clause is li"ely to happen: I.-clause 4it, *resent tense /an+16 main clause 4it, .uture sim*le or continuous - $he won't be happy if you tell her the news. - If I break my leg on the ski run, I wonLt be giving a party tonight. The use of present tenses in the if5clause of the first conditional is similar to that in future time clauses. (irst conditional and ?2!$? T2: Going to can be used in either clause of the first conditional and can express prediction or intention. - If you keep acting in such a selfish way, you are going to lose all your friends. (prediction - If you are going to hurt me, I'll leave. (intention (irst conditional and imperatives: We can use imperatives in either clause of the first conditional. - If you've finished, go home. - -inish quickly, and I will let you go home. 0sually it is the main clause of first conditional sentences in which we can use imperatives. 1ometimes, however, (see the second sentence the if5clause can be replaced with an imperative. (irst conditional and present continuous: %s the present continuous for future expresses fixed arrangements, it would be strange to add conditions to such events. %s the condition itself, however, we can use it without a problem. - If you are looking for 2ucy, youLll find her in the bathroom. (referring to a present action - If you are staying for the weekend, weLll go and see the new :ames &ond film again. (referring to a future arrangement (irst conditional and present perfect: !f one event depends on the completion of another, we can use the present perfect tense in the if5clause: If youLve finished, =then> weLll go. The difference between the Dero and the first conditional: The difference between the Dero and the first conditional is that while the Dero conditional expresses a general present or past situation, the first conditional refers to a specific future event. If you drink too much, you have a hangover the ne3t day. &ere you is a general sub.ect expressing one, anybody or people and the sentence expresses a general truth. - If you drink too much, you will have a hangover tomorrow. !n this second sentence you is the second person singular pronoun and the sentence expresses a warning. 1econd conditional: The second conditional usually describes an unreal situation with reference to the present. We imagine a hypothetical situation, which is in contrast with the real situation in the present: I.-clause 4it, *ast sim*le or continuous6 main clause 4it, would + infinitive /sim*le or continuous1 $ote that here it is only the form of the past simple or continuous that we use. 3emember the phrase If I were youN, where were is obviously not the past form of be in the first person singular. Were in this case is the past sub.unctive form of be. %lthough this is what prescriptive grammar dictates, for many native spea"ers of 4nglish, nowadays, it is becoming common to use was instead of were in the first and third person singular. $ote that were sounds more formal. - If I had some cigarettes, I would give you one. - I would be surprised if she weren't?wasn't still sitting there.

10

!n some cases, the second conditional can express a theoretically possible but unli"ely situation. This can refer to future time. - If the #hird World War broke out, it would mean the end of humankind. 1ome sentences may loo" li"e a second conditional but in fact are not: - If he was hungry, he would always run to the nearest takeBaway. This is actually a Dero conditional, where would in the main clause expresses a past habit and if means when or whenever. Third conditional: The third conditional describes an unreal situation with reference to the past. We hypothesise a past situation which did not happen and cannot happen any more. !t is also called the impossible condition: I.clause 4it, *ast *er.ect sim*le or continuous6 main clause 4it, would + perfect infinitive /sim*le or continuous1 - If he had been more careful, he wouldn't have been killed in the accident. <ixed conditional: general condition with an unreal result in the past: !n this type of mixed conditional the if5 clause is in the second, while the main clause is in the third conditional. - If /r 7ouglas had a moustache, /s Deta :ones would probably not have married him. - If I were smarter, I would have been able to answer. 'ompare: - If I were smarter, I would have been able to answer. (! am dumb (mixed conditional - If I had been smarter, I would have been able to answer. (!t wasn6t my day (third conditional <ixed conditional: past condition with a result in the present: !n this type of mixed conditional the if5clause is in the third, while the main clause is in the second conditional. - If you had smoked less, you wouldn't be sick now. - If /r 7ouglas had had a moustache, Deta :ones wouldn't be his wife now. - If we had followed the sign, we wouldnLt be lost now. <odals in the !(5clause of first conditional sentences: !n the if5clause of the first conditional we can use should (to express that the condition is less li"ely , can(permission or ability , will or would (willingness, insistence and refusal , must (obligation or may(permission . - If you can speak nglish, you may apply for this position. - If you must cry, cry. - If you should see Oate, could you ask her about my 47* Politeness: Will and would in the if5clause can express willingness. - If you will?would wait here =, ILll see if the boss is in>. (request - If youLd 9ust fill in this form. (polite request, e.g. in a hotel !n these two cases inversion is possible: - Will you wait here =, I'll see if the boss is in>* - Would you fill in this form* 1ince in these cases the result is obvious or not important, the main clause is often omitted. Insistence$4illin)ness or re.usal$un4illin)ness: - If he will walk around in a #Bshirt at this time of the year, he will surely catch a cold. =J If he insists on walking...> - If she wonLt greet me, I wonLt greet her either. =J If she refuses to greet me...> $ote that in these two sentences the auxiliaries will and wonLt in the if5clause are always stressed in speech and cannot be contracted with the sub.ect: - If heLll walk around in a #Bshirt in the winter, no wonder he catches colds. <odals in the main clause of first conditional sentences: !nstead of will here we can use may + might (certainty + uncertainty , may (permission , can (permission or ability or must+should (obligation . - Jou may leave the room if youLve finished the test. - If he doesnLt arrive in a few minutes, we must leave without him. - If you ever go to 4hicago, you should take a boat trip on the river.

11

<odals in the !(5clause of second conditional sentences: The auxiliary could is used here to express permission or ability. I'd go to the beach with you if I could swim. <odals in the main clause of second conditional sentences: !nstead of would here we can use could (permission or ability , might (certainty+uncertainty or should (obligation . - If you were taller, you could play for the 2akers. - If you werenLt under !5, I should punish you. <odals in the !(5clause of third conditional sentences: To express ability or possibility could 7 perfect infinitive is used in the !(5clause of third conditional sentences. - If he could have got to the airport on time, he would not have missed the flight. <odals in the main clause of third conditional sentences: !nstead of would here it is possible to use could (ability or possibility , should (obligation or might (possibility . - George could have won the race if his shoelace hadnLt come undone. Lin(in) 4or's use' instea' o. I! 4>4$ !(: ven if emphasises that something will happen whatever the condition is. !t is possible in all types of conditionals. I will wear my red shirt even if you donLt like the idea. 2$,J !(: +nly if can be used to connect the main clause and the if5clause to express a more restrictive condition. 0cetaminophen is dangerous to kids only if dosage is too high. !t is possible in all types of conditionals. $ote that if the sentence starts with the condition, the main clauses inverted. - +nly if you really like /oIart is it worth coming tonight. - +nly if %only if% is at the beginning of the sentence will we use inversion in the main clause. - +nly if you en9oy walking on the ocean floor should you come to our summer camp. P32>!;4;, P32>!;!$?, %1 ,2$? %1: 1rovided?providing and as long as can replace if in conditional sentences. These are usually used in the first conditional, and sound a bit formal. - 6ou can stay here as long as you keep quiet. - 1rovided?1roviding =that> the bills are paid, tenants will not be evicted. 10PP214 + 10PP21!$?: The meaning of these connectors is similar to that of provided or if. They are used in informal or everyday language.$uppose?supposing you won the lottery, what would you do* 0$,411: /y leg's broken. I can't stand up unless you help me. Cnless means if not, therefore negation is not possible after it: I can't stand up unless you don't help me. ,ess li"ely conditions in first conditional: !n first conditional, happen to and should is used to express unli"elihood. - If you happen to see Oate, could you ask her about my 47* - If you should see Oate, could you ask her about my 47* - If you should happen to see Oate, could you ask her about my 47* The last one is the least li"ely. ,ess li"ely conditions in second conditional: !n second conditional, the past sub.unctive form of be to is used to express that a condition is less li"ely. - If you were to be a mythical creature, which one would you be* - If he were to ask you to marry him, what would you say* The first sentence expresses an unli"ely present situation, while the second one refers to an uncertain future. ,ess li"ely conditions in third conditional: $hould and were to can also be used in the if5clause of third conditional sentences. To express that the sentence refers to past, however, a perfect infinitive is used after them. $ote that this usage (li"e the situation it expresses is not very common. - If we should not have received your application, we would have informed you. - If I were not to have heard what he was like, his behaviour would've shocked me. !nversion in conditional sentences: If 7 sub.ect 7 auxiliary can be replaced in formal 4nglish, or for dramatic effect, by the inversion of the auxiliary and the sub.ect, with the if omitted. - Will you sit down* =J If you will sit downN> - $hould you need anything... =J If you should need anything...> - Were I in his shoes... =J If I were in his shoes...>

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Were I to tell youN =J If I were to tell youN> 4ould you tell me where the station is* =J If you could tell me where the station isN> Would you come in, please* =J If you would come in, please.> Had I known... =J If I had known...> Had it not been for your foolishness... =J If it hadnLt been for your foolishness...>

$otes: !(5sentences and conditionals I! IT %ERE NOT !OR$I! IT "#-N3T BEEN !OR6 BUT !OR: These expressions have the meaning of @withoutA. They are used in the second and third conditionals, informal language and must be followed by a noun form. - If it werenLt for me, you wouldnLt know what to do now. =J Without me, N ?Were it not for me...? If I weren't so smart, N> - If it hadnLt been for your foolishness, we wouldnLt have been caught. =J Had it not been for your foolishness, ...?If you hadn't been such a fool, N> - &ut for your help, I would have been in big trouble. =J If you hadnLt helped me, N> I! SO$I! NOT: If so?if not can refer to a sentence implied but not stated. - #here is a possibility that he will be late. If so, weLll start without him. =J If he is late, N> - #here is a possibility that he will be late. If not, we will start together. =J If he is not late, N> I! an' a'5ecti&es: !n expressions li"e if it is necessary or if it is possible we can omit the verb be. - If necessary, call :ake at home. - If interested, apply no later than <! 7ecember. =J If you are interested, N> IN C#SE an' I!: In case is followed by a present or past tense or modal auxiliaries. In case gives a reason for the action in the main clause, while if defines a condition. - He always took his umbrella in case it rained. - I'll buy some flowers in case she learns?should learn the truth. %IS"6 I! ONL7 Past wishes: W!1&+!( 2$,J 7 10-/4'T 7 P%1T P43(4'T - If only I hadnLt gone to that partyE J I wish I hadnLt gone to that partyE =J I regret going?having gone to that party.> $ote the similarity between the subordinate clause of the third conditional and the one mentioned above. %ctually, if you complete the sentence above, you will get a third conditional sentence. - If only I hadnLt gone to that party, I wouldnLt have met him againE Present wishes: W!1&+!( 2$,J 7 10-/4'T 7 P%1T T4$14 - If only I could talk to herE J I wish I could talk to herE $ote the similarity between the subordinate clause of the second conditional and the one mentioned above. %ctually, if you complete the sentences above, you will get a second conditional sentence. - If only I could talk to her, I would e3plain everything to herE W!1& 7 W20,;: We use this structure when there is a chance that something may happen or somebody (but not the person who wishes may change their (perhaps annoying habit or behaviour. - I wish it would stop snowing. - I wish you wouldnLt keep coming to class late. - :ean wishes I would give up smoking. #S I!6 #S T"OU " 'lauses that start with as if?as though express unreality, improbability or doubt if they are followed by an unreal tense (a past sub.unctive or a past perfect sub.unctive . 2therwise, they express that the statement is true. The past sub.unctive is used if we tal" about an unreal situation in the present. &owever, if the situation is true, we use a real tense expressing present time: - He looks as though he knew the answer. (&e gives the impression that he "nows the answer, but he doesn6t "now, probably doesn6t "now or we don6t "now whether he "nows or not. - He looks as if he knows the answer. (&e "nows the answer. !f we put the verb preceding as if?as though into the past tense, the present simple knows changes into past simple, following the sequence of tenses, whereas the past sub.unctive knew stays the same. Therefore both

13

sentences will read as follows He looked as if he knew the answer. 'onsequently, the meaning of this sentence (whether he "new the answer or not can only be deduced from the context. The past perfect sub.unctive is used if we refer to an unreal past situation. !f the situation is true, we use a real tense expressing past time: - He seems as if he hadn"t slept for days. (&e seems not to have slept for days, but he has, he probably has or we don6t "now if he has or not. - He seems as though he hasn't slept for days. (&e hasn6t slept for days. !n the past tense we get: He seemed as if he hadn't slept for days. %OUL- R#T"ER in a sim*le sentence 4it, one sub5ect Would rather can be used in simple sentences, that is, in sentences with one clause. !n such cases the use is similar to that of auxiliaries. *. Would rather, simple sentence, past reference %oul' rat,er$sooner + Per.ect in.initi&e This structure can express preferences in the past. - Would you rather have had pork than veal* - ILd rather not have called the police. !f we delete the word rather, we get the main clause of a third conditional sentence. - Would you have had pork =if you could have chosen to>* - I wouldn't have called the police =if I'd been in your place>. :. Would rather, simple sentence, present reference %oul' rat,er$sooner + In.initi&e This structure can express preferences in the present. - I would rather not go to the opera tonight. =J I donLt want to go to the opera.> $ote that HI would not rather go... is not possible in this case. - Where would you rather sleep* - Would you rather go by tram than on foot* - I'd rather be writing my thesis now. !f we delete the word rather, we get the main clause of a second conditional sentence. - Where would you sleep =if you could choose>* %OUL- R#T"ER in a com*le8 sentence 4it, t4o sub5ects Would rather, can be used in complex sentences, that is, in sentences with two clauses. !n such cases the use is similar to that of the second and third conditionals. *. W20,; 3%T&43, complex sentence, past reference 10-/4'T * 7 W20,; 3%T&43+122$43 7 ',%014 (10-/4'T : 7 P%1T P43(4'T ILd rather we had never met. =J If only we had never met.> What would you rather I had written* =J What do you wish I had written*>

:. W20,; 3%T&43, complex sentence, present reference 10-/4'T * 7 W20,; 3%T&43+122$43 7 ',%014 (10-/4'T : 7 0$34%, T4$14 I would rather you didnLt smoke in my office. =J I donLt want you to smoke in my office.> #im would sooner I returned his camera. =J #im would like me to return his camera.> Where would you rather I slept* =J Where would you prefer me to sleep*> Would you rather my sister dated your brother* =J Would you be happy if my sister dated your brother*>

PRE!ER6 %OUL- PRE!ER: 1refer expresses preference (when you li"e something or someone more than another person or thing . The following structures are used with this verb. *. %OUL- PRE!ER TO + in.initi&e - ILd prefer to stay at home instead. =J ILd rather stay at home.>

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ILd prefer to have gone by tram. =J ILd rather have gone by tram. ? ILd be happier if I had gone by tram.>

$ote the difference between the sentence above and this one: I would have preferred to go by tram. =J I would have liked to go by tram. ? I would have been happier if I had gone by tram. :. %OUL- PRE!ER somebo'+ $ somet,in) + TO + in.initi&e - I would prefer you to be on time. =J I want you to be on time.> K. %OUL- PRE!ER IT + I!-clause - I would prefer it if it stopped snowing. (This is a second conditional sentence. %"#T /9 t,e t,in)/s1 t,at $ 4,ic,1 The use of what instead of which or that in relative clauses is a common mista"e. -e careful, what is not a relative pronoun, since it does not refer to a preceding noun. What means the thing=s> that?which. When in doubt, replace what with the thing that?which, and see if the sentence is still grammatically correct. (ill in the gap in the following sentence: #he film N I saw last night was average. %s the sentence... #he film the thing which I saw last night was average. ...is not correct, you can6t use what in the gap: #he film what I saw last night was average. The correct sentence, therefore, is: #he film which?that?B I saw last night was average. $ow fill the gap in this sentence: I don't like N you said. %s the sentence... I don't like the thing which?that you said. ...is correct, is possible to use what: I don't like what you said. $ote that here what does not refer to a preceding noun, therefore it is not a relative pronoun. 1o the clause what you said is not a relative clause either. %"#TEVER6 %"OEVER6 %"IC"EVER6 %"EREVER6 %"ENEVER whatever J anything that whoever J anyone who whichever J any N which wherever J at any place whenever J at any time

1ince these expressions do not refer to preceding nouns, they are not relative pronouns. - Whoever leaves last should turn off the lights. - 7o whatever you want to doK itLs none of my business. - 4hoose whichever pencil you like. - %Wherever I may roam is my home.% - He's always in a hurry whenever we meet.

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TENSE Present sim*le (7 (5 (L (7 (5

Present continuous PRESENT Present *er.ect

R#MM#R 1ub.ect 7 verb 1ub.ect 7 do not 7 verb ;o 7 sub.ect 7 verbL 1ub.ect 7 be 7 verb 5ing 1ub.ect 7 be not 7 verb 5ing

Present *er.ect continuous

Past sim*le

Past continuous P#ST Past *er.ect

Past *er.ect continuous !UTURE !uture sim*le Be )oin) to !uture continuous

!uture *er.ect !uture *er.ect continuous

(L >erb to be 7 1ub.ect 7 verb 5ingL (7 1ub.ect 7 have+has 7 past participle (5 1ub.ect 7 have+has not 7 past participle (L &ave+ has 7 sub.ect 7 past participleL (7 1ub.ect 7 have+has 7 been 7 verb 5ing (5 1ub.ect 7 have+has not 7 been 7 verb 5ing (L &ave+has 7 sub.ect 7 been 7 verb 5ingL (7 1ub.ect 7 verb 7 5ed (5 1ub.ect 7 did not + didnHt 7 verb (L ;id 7 su.eto 7 raBD del verbo (7 1ub.ect 7 was+were 7 verb 5ing (5 1ub.ect 7 was+were not 7 verb 5ing (L Was+were 7 sub.ect 7 verb 5ingL (7 1ub.ect 7 had 7 past participle (5 1ub.ect 7 had not 7 past participle (L &ad 7 sub.ect 7 past participleL (7 1ub.ect 7 had been 7 verb 5ing (5 1ub.ect 7 had not been 7 verb 5ing (L &ad 7 sub.ect 7 been 7 verb 5ingL (7 1ub.ect 7 will 7 verb (5 1ub.ect 7 will not (wonHt 7 verb (L Will 7 sub.ect 7 verbL 1ub.ect 7 be going to 7 verb (7 1ub.ect 7 will be 7 verb 5ing (5 1ub.ect 7 will not+wonHt be 7 verb 5ing (L Will 7 sub.ect 7 be 7 verb 5ingL (7 1ub.ect 7 will have 7 past participle (5 1ub.ect 7 will not have 7 past participle (L Will 7 sub.ect 7 have 7 past participleL (7 1ub.ect 7 will have been 7 verb 5ing (5 1ub.ect 7 will not have been 7 verb 5ing

E:#MPLE I work ? He works I do not =donLt> work ? He does not =doesnLt> work. 7o they work* ? 7oes he work* I am working ? $he is working ? #hey are working. I am not working ? $he is not working ? #hey are not working. 0m I working* ? Is she working* ? 0re they working* #hey have sung. #hey havenLt sung. Have they sung* I have been working ? He has been working. We havenLt been working ? $he hasnLt been working. Have they been working* ? Has he been working* #hey talked. He didnLt talk. 7id you talk* He was walking ? We were walking $he wasnLt walking ? #hey werenLt walking. Was I walking* ? Were you walking* I had finished my homework by !! p.m. He hadnLt finished his homework by !! p.m. Had you finished your homework by !! p.m.* He had been waiting for an hour whenN He hadnLt been waiting for an hour whenN Had he been waiting for an hour whenN* He will arrive soon. $he wonLt arrive soon. Will they arrive soon* #hey are going to leave the house very soon. He will be driving. #hey wonLt be coming. Will you be playing* He will have talked. He wonLt have talked. Will he have talked* He will have been talking. He wonLt have been talking.

(L Will 7 sub.ect 7 have been 7 verb 5ingL

Will he have been talking*