AC Geometry/Trig.

Alan Grothues Semester 2

Chapter 7: Ratios and Proportions

Ratio Comparison between two numbers Proportion Equal ratios Ex. 1/2 = 2/4

1 2

4 8

Means Extremes

Can change means or extremes and still have true statement Reciprocal Property If 1/2 = 2/4 then 2/1 = 4/2

Finding Ratio Values !n a pol"gon# "ou can use a $ormula to $ind the measure o$ each angle i$ the ratios o$ the angles are %nown&

Ax + Bx + Cx + = Sum o all interior angles

Letter represents the part o$ the ratio x represents value each must be multiplied b" to reach true value Similar Pol!gons 'ol"gons are similar i$$ their corresponding sides are proportional and their corresponding angles are congruent (hen identi$"ing similar pol"gons# ma%e sure to write out which ones are similar and the proportions that go along with that A " )* B , 8 C # + 4 F ./C 0 1E2

AB/"# = BC/#F = AC/"F

(hen solving for sides of similar triangles# pair up equal ratios with the un%nown variable and solve

A$A$ Similarit! Postulate If two angles of one triangle are congruent to two angles of another triangle, then triangles are congruent Bot% triangles are similar

&S$A$S Similarit! Postulate If two sides of a triangle are proportional to corresponding sides of another triangle and the included angles of the triangles are congruent, then triangles are similar S$S$S$ Similarit! Postulate If three sides of a triangle are proportional to corresponding sides of another triangle, then the triangles are congruent Side'Splitter (%eorem If a line parallel to one side of a triangle intersects the other two sides, then it divides those sides proportionally

B A/C = B/"

"

3ther combinations wor%# also

(riangle Angle'Bise)tor (%eorem If a ray bisects an angle of a triangle, then it divides the opposite side into segments proportional to the other sides Parallel *ine Segment Similarit! Corollar! If three parallel lines intersect two transversals, then they divide the transversals proportionally 4i%e the 5ide 5plitter 6heorem

Chapter 8: Right Triangles and Trigonometry

+eometri) ,ean Equal means or extremes Ex. )78 9 874

!n a right triangle with all three altitudes# all three triangles are similar (ith all o$ these similarities# we are able to see two things&

If you have a right triangle, then the altitude to the hypotenuse is a geometric mean between the two parts of the hypotenuse Part o -!pot$ -!pot$ Altitude to -!pot$
=

Altitude to

Part o -!pot$

If you have a right triangle, then a leg of the triangle is a geometric mean between the whole hypotenuse and the part closest to the leg .%ole -!pot$ *eg o Rig%t (riangle *eg o Rig%t (riangle Part o -!pot$ Closest to *eg

P!t%agorean (%eorem If a triangle is a right triangle, then the sum of the squares of the legs is equal to the square of the hypotenuse

a2 + /2 = )2
Can be used to $ind an" missing part o$ a right triangle +8 : )88 9 ;8 8+ : )44 9 ;8 + ; ),< 9 ;8 ; 9 ))8

40o'40o Rig%t (riangles In a 45o 45o right triangle, the hypotenuse is equal to one of the legs times !2 %!p = leg52 12o'32o Rig%t (riangles In a "#o $#o right triangle, the smaller leg is half the hypotenuse and the longer leg is equal to the smaller leg times !" -!p = 2a / = a51 ) = a52

(rigonometr! 4ntrodu)tion !n an" right triangle# there is alwa"s , characteristics o$ each side that can be expressed& Sine Cosine (angent Cose)ant Se)ant Cotangent 3pposite ="potenuse .d>acent ="potenuse 3pposite .d>acent ="potenuse 3pposite ="potenuse .d>acent .d>acent 3pposite .lso can be remembered b" 53=C.=63.

6o find the side of any right triangle# >ust set up an equation using this $ormula ?example using sine@&

Sin6degree o angle7 = sine ratio o triangle = a)tual sine ratio88

88 ound in )%art or )al)ulator88

x 36o 5

#x

sin13 = 9/x = 2$0:9

9 = 2$0:9x

x = 12

6o find the measure of an angle in any right triangle# >ust set up an equation using this $ormula ?example using sine@&

sin'16sin;x7 = sin'1 6sine ratio o triangle7

3 5 xo 4

#x

sin'16sin;x7 = sin'1 61/07

x = sin'1 61/07

x = 19o

4mportant (rig Ratios sin cos tan A8 7 8 A8 7 8 )

40o

12o sin cos tan

B
A- 7 8 A- 7 -

32o sin cos tan A- 7 8

B
A-

Angle o #le<ation <s$ "epression

1epression

Elevation .ngle o$ Elevation will alwa"s be the same as the angle o$ depression

*a= o Cosines Csed when "ou have SAS ?to $ind the missing side then the rest o$ the angles@ or SSS ?to $ind an angle then the rest o$ the angles in the triangle@

)2 = a2 + /2 '26a76/7)osC
*a= o Sines Csed when "ou have AAS ?to $ind a missing side and then the rest o$ the triangle@ or SSA ?to $ind the missing angle then the rest o$ the triangle@

sinA a
Angles o Rotation

= sinB /

= sinC )

3n a coordinate graph# angles are measured $rom two ra"s& Initial Ray the beginning ra" that starts at -&** and is alwa"s on the x axis Terminal Ray the ending ra" o$ "our angle# goes wherever needed !$ ra"s have the same terminal ra"s# the" are said to be conterminal 6his means that a certain angle can be named in more than one wa" Positive ?initial ra" to terminal ra" in counter cloc%wise@ Negative ?initial ra" to terminal ra" in cloc%wise@ >360 ?initial ra" to terminal ra" in countercloc%wise with multiple loops around Dadd -,* $or each rotationE @ !360 ?initial ra" to terminal ra" in cloc%wise with multiple loops around Dsubtract -,* $or each rotationE @

)8+o 8-+o

(rig Fun)tions in +rap%s (hen dealing with graphs# "ou can $ind the trig $unctions o$ a point on a graph renaming the same parts o$ trig $unctions with names corresponding to the point location opposite 9 x ad>acent 9 ! h"potenuse 9 r 6o $ind the trig values o$ a given angle# "ou can alwa"s $ind it b" $inding the reference angle F the angle $ormed $rom the terminal ra" to the closest x axis 6rig ratios o$ the re$erence angle are alwa"s going to be the same as the original angle measurement

r = 5x2 + !2

Ge$erence angle

+*o

)-*o

>uadrant (rig Values !n each quadrant o$ a graph# the ?sine# cosine# or tangent@ ratio ma" be positive or negative. 6o tell# use this tric% to tell i$ the" are positive&

44 S

4 A All Students (a%e Calculus

444 (

4V C

Chapter 9: Cir les

Cir)le .ll points that are equidistant $rom a central point and coplanar

Radius 6he distance $rom the center to a point on the circle . segment whose endpoints are the center and a point on the circle

C%ord . segment whose endpoints are on the circle

"iameter

. chord that contains the center

*ine (!pes "ecant Line line that goes through two points on a circle

Tangent Line line that goes through one point on a circle 'oint is called point of tangency

Congruent Cir)les Circles with equal radii Con)entri) Cir)les Circles with the same center 4ns)ri/ed <s$ Cir)ums)ri/ed Inscri#ed contained inside another shape $ircumscri#ed containing another shape

Perpendi)ular (angen)! (%eorem If a line is tangent to a circle, then the line is perpendicular to the radius that contains the point of tangency

Perpendi)ular "iameter (%eorem % diameter that is perpendicular to a chord bisects the chord and its arc

(angent Corollar! &angents to a circle from a point are congruent AB = AC . /

C Ar)s 6he degree o$ the angle associated with the arc is the measure o$ that arc %inor &rc an" arc smaller than )8*o %a'or &rc an" arc larger than )8*o "emicircle an arc whose measure is )8*o Ar) (%eorems and Postulates Ar) Addition Postulate &he measure of the arc formed by two ad'acent arcs is the sum of the measures of these two arcs Congruent Ar) (%eorem In the same circle or in congruent circles( 1) *ongruent arcs have congruent chords 2) *ongruent chords have congruent arcs ?C%ord'Center (%eorem In the same circle or in congruent circles( 1) *hords equally distant from the center are congruent 2) *ongruent chords are equally distant from the center

,ain (!pes o Angles in Cir)les $entral &ngle angle whose vertex is the center Inscri#ed &ngle angle whose vertex is on the circle Interior "ecant &ngle angle whose vertex is inside the circle (xterior "ecant &ngle angle whose vertex is outside the circle

4ns)ri/ed Angle (%eorems and Postulates 4ns)ri/ed Ar) (%eorem &he measure of an inscribed angle is equal to half the measure of its intercepted arc b a

m;/ = @ 6a7

Congruent 4ns)ri/ed Angle Corollar! If two inscribed angles intercept the same arc, then the angles are congruent 4ns)ri/ed >uadrilateral Corollar! If a quadrilateral is inscribed in a circle, then its opposite angles are supplementary (angent 4ns)ri/ed Angle (%eorem &he measure of an angle formed by a chord and a tangent is equal to half the measure of the intercepted arc

4nterior Se)ant Angle (%eorem &he measure of an angle formed by two chords that intersect inside a circle +interior secant) is equal to half the sum of the measures of the intercepted arcs +average)

b c a

m;/ = @ 6a+)7
#xterior Se)ant Angle (%eorem &he measure of an angle formed by two chords that intersect outside a circle +e,terior secant) is equal to half the difference of the larger arc and smaller arc

m;a = @ 6)'/7

C%ord *engt% (%eorems 4nterse)ting C%ord (%eorem -hen two chords intersect inside a circle, the product of the segments of one chord equals the product of the segments of another chord

a c

b d

a6d7 = /6)7

#xterior Se)ant C%ord (%eorem -hen two secant segments are drawn to a circle from an e,ternal point, the product of one secant segment and its e,ternal segment equals the product of the other secant segment and its e,ternal segment

/ a c d

6a+/7a = 6)+d7)

Se)ant'(angent C%ord (%eorem -hen a secant segment and a tangent segment are drawn to a circle form an e,ternal point, the product of a secant segment and its e,ternal segment is equal to the square of the tangent segment

a b c

6a+/7/ = )2 Chapter !!: Area

Area Postulates &rea ")uare Postulate &he area of a square is the square of the length of a side $ongruent *igure Postulate !$ two $igures are congruent# then the" have equal areas Base A -eig%t +ase length o$ an" side o$ a parallelogram# the longest side o$ a triangle# or the two parallel sides o$ a trapeHoid ,eight length o$ perpendicular segment $rom base to opposite side

Parallelogram Area (%eorem

&he area of a parallelogram equals the product of its base and height

% /
(riangle Area (%eorem

A=/?%

&he area of a parallelogram equals the half of the product of the base and height

% /

A = @ 6/ ? %7

R%om/us Area (%eorem &he area of a rhombus equals half of the product of the two diagonals

d1 d2

A = @ 6d1 ? d27

(rapeBoid Area (%eorem &he area of a trape.oid equals the average of the bases times the height

/1 % /2 A = @ 6/1 + /276%7

Regular Pol!gon Area (%eorem &he area of a regular polygon equals the number of sides times the radius +distance from center to verte,) times the sin+1/#/n) times cos+1/#/n)

A = n ? r2 6sin1:2/n76)os1:2/n7

&he area of a regular polygon is equal to half of the product of the apothem +perpendicular segment from center to side) and the perimeter

s a
Cir)le (%eorems $ircle &rea Theorem &he area of a circle is pi times the radius squared

A = @ 6a ? p7

A = C r2

$ircumference Theorem &he circumference of a circle is the diameter times pi

C = dC

Length of &rc Theorem &he length of an arc is the quotient of the measure of the arc by "$# times two times pi times the radius x

leng%tARC = 6mARC/132762Cr7

&rea of "ector Theorem &he area of a sector is the quotient of the measure of the arc by "$# times pi times the radius squared

x Area Ratios o Similar Pol!gons

Ase)tor = 6mARC/13276Cr27

!$ pol"gons are similar# then all corresponding parts# lengths# etc are proportional /ut# the areas are di$$erent&

A1/ A2 = 6Corresponding Part1/Corresponding Part272

Pro/a/ilit! 6he ratio o$ the target over the whole

Pro/a/ilit! = Atarget / A=%ole

Chapter !2: Area " #olume o$ Regular %& Shapes

Sur a)e Area Lateral "urface &rea ?*$S$A@ area o$ the sides o$ the three dimensional shape ?not bases@ Total "urface &rea ?($S$A@ area o$ all o$ the sides o$ a three dimensional shape ?including bases@ 2ormula is alwa"s *$S$A + A/ases

Volume 6hree dimensional area o$ a shape ?measured in unit-@

Prism

6hree dimensional shape with congruent# parallel pol"gons $or bases +ases congruent# parallel pol"gons ,eight altitude $rom one base to the other 6wo t"pes o$ prisms& Right Prism all sides o$ prism are perpendicular -#li)ue Prism sides are not perpendicular

L.".&. of Prism Theorem &he lateral surface area of a prism equals the perimeter of the base times the height

*$S$Aprism = 6P/ase76%7
/olume of Prism Theorem &he volume of a prism equals the area of the base times the height

Vprism = 6B76%7
P!ramid 6hree dimensional shape with a regular pol"gon base that $orms lateral $aces ?triangles@ that meet at a vertex +ase regular pol"gon $rom which the lateral $aces use each side as a base Lateral face triangles going $rom the base o$ the p"ramid to the vertex /ertex point that is perpendicular with the center o$ the base and in which all lateral $aces meet ,eight altitude $rom the center o$ the base to the vertex ?perpendicular@ "lant ,eight ?l@ the height o$ a lateral $ace o$ the p"ramid

L.".&. of Pyramid Theorem &he lateral surface area of a pyramid equals half of the product of the perimeter times the slant height

*$S$Ap!ramid = @ 6pl7
/olume of Pyramid Theorem &he volume of a pyramid equals one third of the area of the base times the height

Vp!ramid = 1/1 6B76%7

C!linder 6hree dimensional shape with congruent# parallel# circle bases

L.".& of $ylinder Theorem &he lateral surface area of a cylinder equals the product of the circumference of the base times the height

*$S$A)!linder = 6C76%7

/olume of $ylinder Theorem &he volume of a cylinder equals the area of the base times the height

V)!linder = 6B76%7
Cone 6hree dimensional shape with a circular base whose lateral $aces meet at a vertex "lant ,eight ?l@ height $rom point on the circle to the vertex /ertex point that is perpendicular with the center o$ the base and in which all lateral $aces meet

L.".& of $one Theorem &he lateral surface area of a cone equals the radius of the base times the slant height times pi

*$S$A)one = Crl
/olume of $one Theorem &he volume of a cone equals one third of the area of the base times the height

V)one = 1/1 6B76%7

Sp%ere 6hree dimensional circle

L.".& of "phere &he lateral surface area of a sphere equals four times pi times the radius squared

*$S$Asp%ere = 4Cr2
/olume of "phere &he volume of a sphere equals four thirds the product of pi times the radius cubed

Vsp%ere = 4/1Cr1

Chapter !%: Coordinate Geometry

"istan)e Formula 1eals with the distance between two points on a coordinate graph 6hree di$$erent $ormulas that amount to the same distance $ormula Pythagorean Theorem

a2 + /2 = )2
()uation of a $ircle

r2 = 6x'a72 + 6!'/72
0istance *ormula

d = 56!2'!172 + 6x2'x172

,idpoint Formula 6o $ind the midpoint between two given points# $ind the average o$ the x coordinates to receive "our midpoint x# and the average o$ the " coordinates to get "ou midpoint " coordinates

, = 6 Dx1+x2E/2 F D!1+!2E/2 7
Slope 6o $ind the slope o$ a line# use the change in " coordinates over the change in x coordinates

slope 6m7=

G H

#Iuation o a *ine 6he equation o$ a line gives "ou the abilit" to determine an" point that is on that line !t can be set up in a $ew di$$erent $ormats& "tandard *orm& , 0 y = b "lope!Intercept *orm& m+,) 0 b = y 6o ma%e sure "ou set it up correctl" ever" time# use the I2in%e 2ormJ

G H

!J/ xJa

Parallel and Perpendi)ular *ines Parallel Lines parallel lines have congruent slopes Perpendicular Lines perpendicular lines have opposite reciprocal slopes