DE-30 (DEE) YEAR 2012

NUST COLLEGE OF ELECTRICAL AND MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF OFDM - CDMA TRANSCEIVER ON SOFTWARE DEFINED RADIO

A PROJECT REPORT DE-30 (DEE)

Submitted by

NS MUHAMMAD HASSAN IRSHAD NS HAFIZ AHMAD DANYAL NS MUHAMMAD RAFAY NADEEM NS MUHAMMAD NADEEM
BACHELORS IN ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING YEAR 2012

PROJECT SUPERVISORS Dr. SHOAB A. KHAN Dr. SHAHZAD AMIN SHEIKH COLLEGE OF ELECTRICAL AND MECHANICAL ENGINEERING PESHAWAR ROAD, RAWALPINDI
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DECLARATION
We hereby declare that no portion of the work referred to in this project thesis has been submitted in support of an application for another degree or qualification of this of any other university or other institute of learning. If any act of plagiarism is found, we are fully responsible for every disciplinary action taken against us depending upon the seriousness of the proven offence, even the cancellation of our degree.

COPYRIGHT STATEMENT
Copyright in text of this thesis, rest with the student author. Copies (by any process) either in full, or of extracts, may be made only in accordance with instructions given by the author and lodged in the library of NUST College of E&ME. Details may be obtained by the librarian. This page must form part of any such copies made. Further copies (by any process) of copies made in accordance with such instructions may not be made without the permission (in writing) of the author. The ownership of any intellectual property rights which may be described in this thesis is vested in NUST College of E&ME, subject to any prior agreement to the contrary, and may not be made available for use by third parties without the written permission of the College of E&ME, which will prescribe the terms and conditions of any such agreement. Further information on the conditions under which disclosures and exploitations may take place is available from the library of NUST College of E&ME, Rawalpindi.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

By the Grace of Allah All Mighty, we have successfully completed our final year project work. We are eternally grateful to Almighty Allah for bestowing us with the strength, potential, the ability, the knowledge, the guidance and resolve to undertake and complete the project. We acknowledge the efforts and support of our parents and friends for their love, constant and incessant support along with the mental peace and strength which they gave us through their prayers, without which this project would not have been completed. We would like to acknowledge Dr. Shoab A. Khan for providing us with an opportunity to work on a highly challenging and interesting project and also to their technical acumen, precise suggestions, timely discussions and unwavering support and understanding during the many hours we dedicated to achieving this milestone in our lives and careers. Special thanks to our supervisor Dr. Shahzad Amin Sheikh for his continuous support and guidance throughout this course of work. H is valuable expe11ise, advice and encouragement made this work possible. Lastly We would also like to express our gratitude to all the faculty members specially Sir Hassan Ijaz, Sir Sajid Gul Khawaja , Sir Zeeshan and Madam Sidra Liaquat for their expertise and advice on various hardware and software related issues.

TABLE OF CONTENTS
Declaration and Copyright Certificate.............1 Acknowledgements..2 Table of Contents.....3 List of Figures..6 List of Abbreviations.......8 Abstract....................9 Error! Bookmark not defined.

LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1.1 Communication Systems..11 Figure 1.2 Digital Communication System12 Figure 2.1 Project layout14 Figure 2.2 Flow Diagram...15 Figure 3.1 Modules of SFFSDR platform..17 Figure 3.2 Block Diagram of SFF SDR Platform..19 Figure 4.1 OFDM Waveform Representation23 Figure 4.2 Basic OFDM System Model.25 Figure 4.3 Multiple Access Technologies..26 Figure 4.4 CDMA Representation.26 Figure 4.5 Figure of Merit..27 Figure 4.6 Chips and Symbols...27 Figure 4.7 Spread Spectrum...28 Figure 4.8 Data Stream Spreading.29 Figure 4.9 CDMA System Model..32 Figure 5.1 Transmitter Model32 Figure 5.2 Receiver Model.33 Figure 5.3 OFDM-CDMA System Model.34 Figure 6.1 Transmiter Block Diagram...35 Figure 6.2 Receiver Block Diagram..38 Figure 6.3 SUI Channels Summary40 Figure 6.4 Scatter Plot41 Figure 6.5 OFDM Time Domain41 Figure 6.6 CDMA Spectrum..42 Figure 6.7 Equalization..44 Figure 7.1 VPSS Overview48 Figure 7.2 VPBE48 Figure 7.3 VPBE49 Figure 7.4 Xilinx Simulations51 Figure 7.5 ChipScope Pro Results..52 Figure 8.1 Comparisons in AWGN Channel..53 Figure 8.2 Comparisons in Rayleigh Fading Channel...54 Figure 8.3 Comparisons in SUI 6 Channel.55 Figure 8.4 Hardware Utilizations and Trade-Offs..56 Figure 9.1 Use of Training Sequence for Estimation of Channel Coefficients..57 Figure 9.2 Rake Receiver...57

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

OFDM: Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing CDMA: Code Division Multiple Access DFT: Discrete Fourier Transform DSP: Digital Signal Processing DSSS: Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum DTFT: Discrete Time Fourier Transform FFT: Fast Fourier Transform FPGA: Field Programmable Gate Array FT: Fourier Transform HDL: Hardware Description Language IF: Intermediate Frequency LUT: Look-Up Table PN Sequence: Pseudo Noise Sequence RFD: Ready for Data SDR: Software Defined Radio SNR: Sound to Noise Ratio VHDL: VHSIC Hardware Description Language CCS: Code Composer Studio VPBE: Video Processing Back End VPFE: Video Processing Front End

SoC: System on Chip BER: Bit Error Rate IFFT: Inverse Fast Fourier Transform SFF: Small Form Factor UWB: Ultra Wide Band MLD: Maximum Likelihood Detection

ABSTRACT

Software defined radio (SDR) is an important element of wireless technology and fast becoming a hot topic in the telecommunication field. Determining the digital hardware composition of a software radio is a key design step in its creation. Hybrid GPP/DSP/FPGA architecture is a viable solution for software defined radio technology. Software-defined radio (SDR) is a radio communication technology in which the functionality is defined in the software instead of hardware. This allows for easy, efficient and low-cost upgrades as no hardware replacement is required. The software radio will use frequency hopping as the frequency translation scheme for robust and reliable communication. In Frequency hopping, the radio frequency of transmission continuously changes according to a pseudorandom pattern known only to the transmitter and receiver. This scheme makes the communication link more robust to the affects of jammers. Therefore frequency hopping offers a more secure mode of communication in comparison to conventional fixed frequency telecommunication links. The proposed transceiver design is implemented keeping in consideration the specifications of SDR platform. Therefore, most of the transceiver operations such as digital signal processing, amplification, equalization and filtering are software based. SDR implementation makes it easier to improve and redesign the components in software. The transceiver design is such as to allow all signal processing and data acquisition to take place at baseband frequencies after elimination of intermediate frequency (IF). This means there is less power consumption. The project investigates Orthogonal Frequency Division MultiplexingCode Division Multiple Access (OFDM-CDMA) modulation technique. OFDM-CDMA attempts to combine the advantages of OFDM and CDMA that are complete immunity to multipath fading and multi user capability respectively.

CHAPTER 1 Background
Wireless communication has made a huge leap since its first commercial service in the late 1970s and early 1980s. In the UK, the 1G service was provided by Total Access Communications Systems (TACS) in 1985. TACS standard is based upon an earlier Bell Labs system which was developed in the late 1970s and has been deployed in North America under the name Advanced Mobile Phone System (AMPS).The expend icy is the biggest benefit which people get from wireless technology. To ensure reliable and secure transmission the development of wireless technology is still in progress. A lot of aggravations associated with cords and cables have been removed using wireless technology. The first move toward digital wireless communications in Europe began in the early 1980s when the Conference of European Post and Telecommunications (CEPT) initiated the work for a new digital cellular standard which would provide the capacity for an everincreasing demand on the European mobile networks. New generation is defined by the result of technology changes over a period of 10-15 years time frame. Broadband wireless communication systems have gained much reputation in recent years. The demand for the higher capacity cellular networks has increased. This demand for higher capacity network has led to the development of third generation (3G) telecommunication systems. Although, the 3G wireless technology has not yet been fully implemented, leading companies in the industry are already laying the networks for 4G technology. The problem with currently used technology (2G) is that its data rate is too low that it is not possible to use video conferencing etc. The first is 2.5G (GPRS) technology that allows data transfer at a better rate than GSM and recently 3G (WCUMNUMTS) technology has come into picture. 4G allows data transfer up to 100 Mbps and stands to be the future standard of Mobile Wireless Communication. The 4G technology will be able to support Interactive services like Video conferencing (with more than two sites simultaneously), digital video and
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audio broadcasting, Power line technology, AOSL, Wireless Local Area Networks (LAN) and Metropolitan Area Networks (MAN), digital radios and Ultra-Wide Band (UWB) communications.

1.1 Communication System

Communication is basically the transmission of information from one point to another through a succession of processes as described here: 1. Generation of a message signal i.e. the information e.g. voice, music, picture etc. 2. Description of this signal with a certain measure of precision, by a set of symbols: electrical, aural, or visual. 3. Modulation of these symbols that is the encoding. 4. Transmission through a medium of the encoded data. 5. Decoding and reproduction of original symbols. 6. Recreation of original message signal. The above mentioned process is common for any communication process but encoding techniques and the transmission medium may vary. Wireless communication is the transmission of data through air. However whatever the form of communication is used three basic elements are common to every communication system, namely, transmitter, channel and receiver. Figure 1 shows a basic model of a wireless communication.
Communication System

Message Signal

Transmitter

Reciever

User Information

Transmitted Signal

Received Signal

Channel

Figure 1.1 Communication System

1.2 DIGITAL COMMUNICATION

A digital communication system can be represented by a block diagram shown in Figure 2. The quality of the message signal is improved by source encoder. The resulting
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sequence of symbols is called source code word. The data stream is then processed by the channel encoder and the resulting data is called the channel code word. Finally the modulator represents each symbol of the channel code word by a related analog symbol. The sequence of the analog symbols is called waveform which is fit for transmission over the channel. At the receiver, the channel output is processed in the reverse order to that in the transmitter. Design of a digital communication system complex in theory but is easy to build. Moreover the system is robust in terms of temperature variations, life etc.

Figure 1.2 A Digital Communication System From this discussion it is apparent that the use of digital communications requires a considerable amount of electronic circuitry, but nowadays electronics are cheap, due to the multi-fold increase in the availability of VLSI circuits in the form of silicon chips. Several digital signal processors are available for the design and implementation of different communication system. However with the advancements in technology FPGAs are mostly used for the design of complex communication systems. One such platform for the design and implementation of digital communication system is the SDR (Software Defined Radio) platform. Now we describe some basics of SDR platform.

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CHAPTER 2 Introduction
2.1 Aim of the Project
The aim of this research work is to prove that proposed OFDM-CDMA modulation scheme for 4G technology provides a better performance as compared to other schemes and to develop an accurate algorithm for implementing OFDM-CDMA which combines the positive aspects of both basic OFDM and basic CDMA on Software Defined Radio using Walsh codes as PN sequence for spreading and IFFT to achieve orthogonal subcarriers in OFDM part.

2.2 Scope of the Project

Following are the challenging goals for the completion of project: To develop algorithms and designs for CDMA system using Walsh codes. To develop algorithms and designs for the OFDM system using IFFT. Integration of the whole system as Hybrid OFDM-CDMA system. Simulation of the whole system using MATLAB. Creating a fixed point code for generating random data and NRZ conversion in C language using Code Composer Studio Creating a VHDL code for the whole system using Xilinx. Communication between DSP processor DM6446 and Vertex 4 using VPSS module. Implementation on SFF Software Defined Radio.

2.3 Project Description

The project deals with the design and implementation of OFDM-CDMA Transceiver on SDR. The initial goal was to develop the algorithms individually of each basic modulation scheme as separate module. Basic OFDM and basic CDMA system was modeled and its algorithm was designed and simulated in MATLAB. Then OFDMCDMA system was modeled and its algorithm was designed and implemented in MATLAB keeping in view different possible methods of combining OFDM and CDMA.

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The next stage was to write a C and VHDL code of OFDM-CDMA transceiver for its Implementation on DSP and FPGA. The final stage was the implementation of transceiver on reconfigurable Lyrtech SFF SDR using a wired channel.

2.4 Project Layout

Figure 2.1 Project layout

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2.5 Flow Diagram of OFDM-CDMA System

Figure 2.2 Flow Diagram

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CHAPTER 3 Software Defined Radio

3.1 Importance of Software Defined Radio

With the proliferation of wireless standardsincluding wide area 3G, 2.5G, and local area 802.11 networksfuture wireless devices will need to support multiple air-interfaces and modulation formats. Software defined radio (SDR) technology enables such functionality in wireless devices by using a reconfigurable hardware platform across multiple standards. With FPGA and data converter technology continuously evolving, the SDR concept is increasingly becoming a reality.

3.2 Introduction to Software Defined Radio

Software-defined radio (SDR) is a radio communication technology that is based on software defined wireless communication techniques instead of hardwired realizations. This can be explained as follows; waveforms are produced as sampled digital signals, converted from digital to analog signal via a wideband DAC and then possibly up converted from intermediate frequency (IF) to radio frequency (RF). The receiver, performs this process in reverse, it uses a wideband Analog to Digital Converter (ADC) that captures all of the channels of the software radio. The receiver then extracts, down converts and demodulates the channel waveform using software on a general purpose processor in our case GPP. In other words, frequency band, air interface protocol and functionality can be upgraded by updating or downloading new software. This saves the replacement of complete hardware and reduces the modification cost. SDR provides a competent and protected solution to the problem of building multi-mode, multi-band and multifunctional wireless communication devices. An SDR is capable of being re-

programmed or reconfigured to maneuver with different waveforms and modulation schemes through runtime loading of new waveforms and protocols. These waveforms and protocols can contain a number of different parts, including modulation techniques and other important performance parameters defined in software as part of the waveform itself. Efficient and effective SDR design requires a standard programmable hardware

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platform that allows designers to easily build efficient systems based on tough system requirements with high computational complexity.

3.3 SFF (Small Form Factor) Software Defined Radio

The traditional SDR concept introduces flexible terminal reconfiguration by replacing radios completely implemented in hardware by those that are reconfigurable or even reprogrammable in software to a large degree. This includes reconfiguration of antennas, the radio transceiver and the baseband. The TI Small Form Factor (SFF) Software Defined Radio (SDR) Development Platform provides the whole signal chain hardware from antenna to baseband as well as a software board support package that supports complete group of software development tools in one integrated development platform. With the kit, developers can easily design waveforms, create and test single or multiprotocol radios for applications in military, public safety, commercial etc. The SFF SDR development platform is designed to be used in the development of applications in the field of software-defined radio.

3.4 Structure of SFF SDR

The SFF SDR platform is composed of three boards, as illustrated below: 1. A digital processing module 2. A data conversion module 3. An RF module

Figure 3.1 Modules of SFFSDR platform

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Digital processing module

The digital processing module is equipped of a Virtex-4 FPGA and a DM6446 SoC to offer developers the necessary performance to implement custom IP and acceleration functions with varying requirements from one protocol to another on the same hardware.

Data conversion module

The data conversion module is equipped with dual-channel analog-to-digital and digitalto-analog converters

RF module
The RF module covers a variety of frequency ranges in transmission and reception, allowing it to support a wide range of applications. The RF module is composed of an RX section-a three-stage super heterodyne receiver with a final IF frequencies of 30 MHz and a selectable bandwidths of 5 or 20 MHz depending on the application. The TX section of the RF module is a 2-band (262-438 MHz, 523-876 MHz) quadrature mixer that uses a divided-by-2 pre-scalar for the lower-band frequencies.

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3.5 Hardware Flow of SFF SDR

The following block diagram represents the hardware layout of the three modules of the development platform.

Figure 3.2 Block Diagram of SFF SDR Platform

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CHAPTER 4 Research

4.1 Literature Review

The evolution of communication systems has brought a multifold increase in the efficiency of data transmission. Several techniques have been proposed in recent years that quantify the efficiency of these systems. Very few hardware modules exist that can be used with ease for testing and debugging of such complex to implement and efficient techniques. In this section we present some of the most common and efficient techniques presented in the past. We have used these modulation schemes in our work on SDR platform. We reviewed a number of techniques for different possible combining schemes of Basic OFDM and Basic CDMA systems to form hybrid OFDM-CDMA system with different characteristics. In [1] the performance of OFDM-CDMA system was compared with DSCDMA for fading channels. The analysis enables a performance comparison between the DS-CDMA system and the OFDM-CDMA system with respect to the demands of low complexity receivers which is important for the system design. The results show that OFDM-CDMA outperforms DS-CDMA in terms of spectral efficiency. Another interesting document on OFDM-CDMA [2] describes methods to tackle the issue of the high ratio of the peak power to the average power (PAPR) of the OFDM-CDMA signal, which is a special drawback of multi-carrier transmission and has prohibited its wider application. In this paper a new OFDM-CDMA system structure was discussed, which combines the Time Spreading Structure and Frequency Spreading Structure, called time-frequency spreading OFDM-CDMA. This system can achieve a much lower BER and PAPR compared to frequency spreading OFDM-CDMA. [3] Describes a novel approach of Spreading spectrum in OFDM systems which are suitable for UWB communication without the need for frequency hopping. The resultant waveform has the characteristics of a white noise, its power spectrum density is constant within the desired bandwidth and bandwidth can also be selected flexibly.

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[4] Gives some important insights about Code Spread OFDM (CS-OFDM) which combines the characteristics of OFDM and Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) to create a more robust modulation scheme which provides substantial performance improvements relative to standard OFDM. The performance of both OFDM and OFDMCDMA is evaluated with and without error control coding using the FEC techniques typically employed in OFDM standards. Another paper on OFDM-CDMA [5] presents that OFDM-CDMA can be used in a different manner where instead of many users sharing the same channel the data symbols can be treated as virtual "users" and spread across the frequency domain before OFDM modulation as opposed to OFDM where each data symbol modulates one of the available tones. This form of spreading, which we call Code-Spread OFDM (CS-OFDM), can effectively reduce the degradation caused by the frequency selective fading to provide improved performance in multipath fading channels.

In [6], experimental results of OFDM-CDMA system using Walsh-Hadamard Codes and MLD were discussed. The aim of the study was to analyze the performance of a convolutionally-coded CDMA system combined with OFDM in a frequency/time selective fading channel, taking into account the near-far problem. The combination allows one to perform a maximum-likelihood detection (MLD), to use the available spectrum in an efficient way, to exploit frequency diversity and time diversity (provided by channel coding), and to retain many advantages of a CDMA system with a simpler hardware realization. An example for a mobile communication system using convolutionally-coded CDMA/OFDM with Walsh-Hadamard code-spreading for the downlink (base-mobile) was studied. The performance of a MLD is examined by taking into account the near-far problem. It is shown that the MLD is very robust to the near-far problem. It is also shown that by using BPSK modulation, in a 1.28 MHz bandwidth, one can transmit 64 active users at rate of about 10.34kbit/sec.

[7] Proposes a performance analysis for OFDM-CDMA with joint frequency-time spreading. The average bit error probability of the proposed system using maximum-ratio combining (MRC) was derived for a frequency-selective fading channel and that of conventional MC-CDMA was also presented for comparison. Numerical analysis and simulation results indicated that the proposed system outperformed MC-CDMA system.
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In [8] various OFDM-CDMA schemes have been proposed which can be mainly categorized into two groups according to codes spreading direction. One is to spread the original data stream in the frequency domain; and the other is spread in the time domain, similar to a normal DS-CDMA scheme. Therefore, the frequency Rake receiver or time Rake receiver will be used, respectively. The former scheme, which is usually referred to as MC-CDMA, can obtain a good frequency Rake diversity effect through the despreading operation since the fading of each sub-carrier is different. Although the orthogonality will be degraded due to the frequency selective channel, a proper combining scheme can be selected to minimize such effect and improve the system performance. However, such scheme cant achieve the time diversity gain by itself. The latter scheme, which is usually called as MC-DS-CDMA, is a good scheme to introduce the OFDM technology into DS-CDMA systems, especially for the quasi synchronous mobile communication environment. However, the frequency diversity gain, which is the main advantage of using such technique, cant be achieved if good channel coding and interleaving in the frequency domain are not combined.

[9] Provides an optimal detection scheme when combining OFDM-CDMA with convolutional and turbo channel coding for the down-link. Especially in the down-link OFDM-CDMA enables low complex mobile receivers since OF DM can prevent intersymbol interference (ISI) and with that, the complexity of a RAKE receiver in a multipath channel. The various combinations between detection techniques and decoding schemes enable a comparison between achievable system performance and necessary system complexity

[10] Discusses the issue of Channel Estimation using Training sequence Design of OFDM-CDMA Broadband Wireless Access Networks with Diversity Techniques. An effect of diversity techniques on the performance of OFDM-CDMA based broadband wireless access networks was investigated and the maximum achievable diversity gain for a two-path Rayleigh fading environment is evaluated.

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4.2 Introduction to Basic OFDM

OFDM is a combination of modulation and multiplexing. In OFDM the question of multiplexing is applied to independent signals but these independent signals are a subset of the one main signal. In OFDM the signal itself is first split into independent channels, modulated by data and then re-multiplexed to create the OFDM carrier. The basic idea behind the Multicarrier Modulation (MCM) is very simple and follows from the need for high rates of data transmission and reception and inter-symbol interference free channel. OFDM is a special case of Frequency Division Multiplex (FDM). The independent subchannels can be multiplexed by frequency division multiplexing (FDM), called multicarrier transmission or it can be based on a code division multi-plex (COM), in this case it is called multi -code transmission. In OFDM, the carriers are arranged in a special way such that the frequency spectrum of the individual carriers overlap and the signals are still received without adjacent carrier interference. To achieve this, the sub-carriers are chosen to be mathematically orthogonal. The data rate on each of the sub-channel is much less than the total data rate, so the corresponding sub-channel bandwidth is much less than the total system bandwidth. The number of sub-carriers is chosen to ensure that each sub-channel has a bandwidth less than the coherence bandwidth of the channel, so the sub-channels experience relatively flat fading.

Figure 4.1 OFDM Waveform Representation

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4.3 Characteristics of Basic OFDM 4.3.1 Orthogonality

In OFDM, the sub-carrier frequencies are chosen so that the sub-carriers are

orthogonal to each other, meaning that crosstalk between the sub-channels is eliminated and inter-carrier guard bands are not required. This greatly simplifies the design of both the transmitter and the receiver unlike conventional FDM, a separate filter for each sub-channel is not required. The orthogonality also allows high spectral efficiency, near the Nyquist rate. Almost the whole available frequency band can be utilized. OFDM generally has a nearly 'white' spectrum, giving it benign electromagnetic interference properties with respect to other co-channel users.

4.3.2 Simplified Equalization

The effects of frequency-selective channel conditions, for example fading caused by multipath propagation , can be considered as constant (flat) over an OFDM sub-channel if the sub-channel is sufficiently narrow-banded, i .e. if the number of sub-channels is sufficiently large. This makes equalization far simpler at the receiver in OFDM in comparison to conventional singlee-carrier modulation.

The equalizer on l y has to multiply each sub-carrier by a constant value, or a rarely changed value. Some of the sub-carriers in some of the OFDM symbols may carry pilot signals for measurement of the channel conditions, i.e. the equalizer gain for each

sub-carrier. Pilot signals may also be used for synchronization . If differential modulation such as DPSK is applied to each sub-carrier, equalization can be

completely omitted , since these schemes are insensitive to slowly changing amplitude and phase distortion

4.3.3 Advantages of OFDM

Provides efficient use of Spectrum Avoids Cross Talk and Inter Symbol Interference
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Deals efficiently with multipath fading Combats the frequency selectivity of Channel

4.3.4 Disadvantages of OFDM

It has high frequency phase noise Multiple transmitters and receivers may face small carrier frequency offsets Has high Peak to Average power Ratio May have sampling clock offsets

4.4 System Model of Basic OFDM for Baseband

Figure 4.2 Basic OFDM System Model

4.5 Introduction to Basic CDMA

CDMA- Code Division Multiple Access CDMA is one of the several Multiple Access Techniques as:

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Figure 4.3 Multiple Access Technologies

4.6 Principles of CDMA

Here are some Basic Principles of CDMA in which: 1) Many Voice Channels use the same frequency band 2) Channels are separated by codes rather time slots 3) All Channels use same frequency at the same time 4) Signaling use a dedicated frequency band

Figure 4.4 CDMA Representation 5) CDMA interference comes from nearby users
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6) Each channel is a small voice in a roaring crowd but with a unique recoverable code 7) If we have Carrier / Interference ratio as a figure of merit then we have:

Figure 4.5 Figure of Merit

4.7 Brief Description of CDMA

A CDMA signal uses many chips to convey one bit of information in which each user has a unique chip pattern in effect a code channel. At the receiver side to recover a bit a large number of chips is integrated with the known user chip pattern while other users code pattern appear random and integrate toward low values and hence they do not disturb the decoding process.

Figure 4.6 Chips and Symbols

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4.8 Characteristics of CDMA 4.8.1 CDMA as A Spread Spectrum System

Traditional technologies usually squeeze signal into minimum bandwidth but CDMA signal uses a large bandwidth and provides increased capacity in terms of processing gain.

Figure 4.7 Spread Spectrum Sender combines data with a fast spreading sequence providing a fast data stream while user intercepts the stream and uses the same sequence to recover the original data

Figure 4.8 Data Stream Spreading

4.8.2 CDMA Spreading Sequences

There are three CDMA spreading sequences [11] as:

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4.8.3 Advantages and Disadvantages of CDMA Advantages

Increased Capacity, Enhanced Privacy and Security Reduced Interference to other Electronic Devices

Disadvantages
Wide bandwidth per User Required Precision Code Synchronization Needed

4.9 CDMA System Model in Baseband

We implemented following model of CDMA system for Baseband:

Figure 4.9 CDMA System Model

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CHAPTER 5 OFDM-CDMA
Orthogonal frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) and Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) systems have gained considerable attention due to their use in high speed wireless communication. Both OFDM and CDMA have distinguishing features, for example, the former is almost completely immune to multipath fading effects, and the later has multi-user capability. Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing-Code Division Multiple Access (OFDM-CDMA) attempts to combine these features, so that we can achieve higher data rates for multiple users simultaneously.

OFDM-CDMA is a multicarrier multi-user technique, based on a combination of OFDM and CDMA. There are several ways of making this combination.

5.1 Variants of OFDM-CDMA

There are four variants of OFDM-CDMA [12] [13] which are known in the literature as: 1) MC-CDMA 2) MC-DS-CDMA 3) MT-CDMA 4) TFL-CDMA

5.1.1 MC-CDMA
An MC-CDMA transmits N chips simultaneously by assigning each chip to a separate carrier so that each input symbol is transmitted on N carriers. Signal spreading in this scheme is performed purely in the frequency domain. The receiver extracts the transmitted symbol by correlating the signal samples at the OFDM output with the code sequence used for signal de-spreading.

5.1.2 MC-DS-CDMA
In MC-DS-CDMA, signal spreading is performed in the time domain so that the first symbol of each user is transmitted on the first carrier: the second symbol is on the second carrier, and so on.

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5.1.3 MT-CDMA MT-CDMA scheme uses longer spreading codes in proportion to the number of subcarriers.

5.1.4 TFL-CDMA
In TFL-CDMA the signal is spread both in time and in frequency.

The variant which we choose is MC-DS-CDMA due to its better performance and advantages over other variances as described next.

5.2 Characteristics of OFDM-CDMA

As described earlier OFDM-CDMA combines good features of both OFDM and CDMA in which: OFDM resolves Frequency Selectivity in Multipath Fading Channels Provides Efficient use of Spectrum CDMA provides Frequency Diversity Codes Differentiate Users

5.3 Transceiver Model of MC-DS-CDMA

Transmitter and Receiver model of MC-DS-CDMA (OFDM-CDMA) [14] system are shown as:

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Figure 5.1 Transmitter Model

Figure 5.2 Receiver Model

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5.4 System Model of OFDM-CDMA for Baseband

The system model of OFDM-CDMA for baseband communication is:

Figure 5.3 OFDM-CDMA System Model

5.5 Advantages of OFDM-CDMA

1) OFDM-CDMA handles multiple users with good BER using standard receiver techniques 2) OFDM-CDMA system lowers the symbol rate in each subcarrier increasing the symbol durations which minimize the multipath fading effects of the channel. 3) In OFDM-CDMA, modulation and demodulation is achieved by using Inverse Fast Fourier Transform and Fast Fourier Transform (IFFT/ FFT) algorithms 4) Simple Receiver Structure which uses only the a. Knowledge of its own Walsh Code b. FFT c. Equalization 5) As Number of User increases OFDM-CDMA Outperforms other Downlink Techniques 6) OFDM-CDMA can be scaled relatively easily according to the requirements. 7) In OFDM-CDMA equalization can be under taken on carrier by carrier bases
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CHAPTER 6 Simulations
Any process of designing and implementation of any particular waveform starts by simulating it on software tools and obtaining the desired results. The basic aim of this chapter is to provide an overview of the OFDM-CDMA simulation. The simulations are carried out on Matlab R2009b. The aim of the simulation is to obtain the bit error rate plots and compare the performance with CDMA and OFDM alone. The step by step procedure to simulate the OFDM-CDMA is described below. The commands used in each step are also described

Transceiver Block Diagram

Figure 6.1 Transmiter Block Diagram

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Figure 6.2 Receiver Block Diagram

6.1 Random Data Generation

First step in simulations is to generate a random binary data. This data can be of any distribution. The data can also be generated by converting an audio file into bit-stream. This is the data that is to transmit. Matlab Command: data=Randi([0 1],1,datalength); %This command data of Gaussian distribution. %generates binary

6.2 Converting binary to bipolar NRZ waveform

The generated binary is converted into bipolar NRZ using a for loop or command. This is equivalent to converting the data into BPSK in baseband. This can be done by the following command Matlab Command:
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NRZ= 2*binary_data -1 ;

6.3 Generating Walsh Hadamard Codes

The walsh-hadamard codes are generated as PN-sequence .These PN-sequence are required for the spreading of the data. Walsh codes are orthogonal in nature and their cross correlation is equal to zero. Matlab Command: Orthogonal_codes=hadamard(code_length); %code_length is length of code required

6.4 Spreading
Spreading is done by multiplying a generated code with the original data. Each data bit is replaced by a chip code in this way a data is spreaded in the frequency domain. The amount of spreading depends on the spreading gain or length of chip sequence. Matlab Command: spread= data'*orthogonal_codes;

In this case the matrix multiplication takes place in such a way that every bit of data is replaced by the orthogonal code or its inverted value.

6.5 Serial to Parallel Conversion

The stream of bits coming after the CDMA is in serial form. It is converted to the parallel form before doing OFDM. This serial to parallel conversion can be done by the following command. Matlab Command: Spreaded_serial=reshape(spreaded_data,codelength,datalength);

In this way data is converted from serial to parallel and the number of rows is equal to length of code and we can vary it according to our own design.

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6.6 Taking IFFT

The IFFT is used to make orthogonal carriers required to create OFDM waveform. IFFT modulates the data in the same way as modulating the data bits with individual carrier frequencies.

Matlab Code: for i=1:length(totaldata) ofdmout(:,i)=ifft(totaldata(:,i),8); end The data coming is in the form of parallel and the data in a single column is taken as input to IFFT block. 8 point IFFT is calculated as it is considered that total number of sub carriers is 8.

6.7 Parallel to Serial Converter

The data output from the IFFT is parallel. Thus it is required to convert it in the serial form before transmitting. This can be done by using the following command. Matlab Command: Spread=reshape (spread, 1, data_length*code_length);

6.8 Channel
The simulations are carried out on SUI, AWGN and Rayleigh channel. The results obtained from the simulating through these channels are given in the results section of this chapter.

6.8.1 AWGN (Additive white Gaussian Noise)

This noise is a linear addition of white wideband noise with constant power spectral density.This noise can be added with the parameters of SNR and signal energy.

Matlab Command: Ofdm_out=awgn (ofdmout,snr,'measured');

6.8.2 Rayleigh Channel

Rayleigh channel models the effects of propagation on signal in a wireless environment.
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Matlab Command: Chan=raylrnd(1,1,3); for the three tap channel Ofdm_out=filter(chan,1,ofdmout);

6.8.3 SUI channel: (Stanford University Interim)

This channel is more close to the actual model of the environment .It includes the effects of delays, terrain type , relative motion of transmitter and receiver. Its effect on the signal is more as compared to the other models like Rayleigh and Rician fading.

Figure 6.3 SUI Channels Summary

6.9 Equalization
Equalization is done by inverse filtering .The coefficients are estimated by sending a training sequence and using the LMS algorithm.

6.10 Serial to parallel converter

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The data is converter from parallel to serial using a reshape command. Matlab Command: spread=reshape(spread8,1,datalength*codelength);

6.11 Fast Fourier Transform

The demodulation of the OFDM consists of FFT. This Is the inverse of the IFFT on the transmitter side. The arguments and length of FFT is kept the same as in the IFFT.

6.12 DE spreading
The data is de-spreaded by multiplying and adding it with the same sequence with which it was spreaded. Matlab Code: if(sum(demoddata(1,1+codelength*(i-1):codelength*i).*orthcodes(1,:))>0) dmoddataa(1,i)=1; else dmoddataa(1,i)=-1; end

6.13 Converting Bipolar NRZ to Binary

The despreaded data is in the NRZ form it is then converted to the binary form.

6.14 BER Plots The transmitted and received data is compared to make a BER plot. The BER is equal to
the total number of errors in transmission divided by the total number of transmitted bits. The BER is calculated for different values of SNR .The decibel plot is used to make the plot. Matlab command semilogy(0:SNR_total,BER)

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6.15 Constellation Diagram

Constellation diagram is a representation of the signal that has been digitally modulated. Since we have used a BPSK so the there are two message points in our case at 1 and -1. Matlab Command: scatterplot(az)

Figure 6.4 Scatter Plot

6.16 Results Obtained in OFDM-CDMA Simulations

In this section we have demonstrated the results of OFDM, CDMA and Equalization.

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6.16.1 OFDM Time Domain:

Figure 6.5 OFDM Time Domain

6.16.2 CDMA Spectrum:

Figure 6.6 CDMA Spectrum

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6.16.3 Equalization:

Figure 6.7 Equalization

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CHAPTER 7
Hardware Implementation 7.1 Hardware Specifications
OFDM-CDMA transceiver after successful simulation in MATLAB was implemented on Lyrtech SFF SDR platform. As mentioned before it has three main modules but main module used in this project is Digital Processing Module in which there is a: 1) Virtex-4 XC4SX35 FPGA from Xilinx 2) TMS320DM6446 DMP SoC

7.2 Implementation Specifications

Implantation specifications used for implementing OFDM-CDMA system model on SFF SDR are: Number of Users = 4 Number of Subcarriers = 16 Spreading Gain = 4 Transmission Frequency = 37.5 MHz

7.3 DSP Implementation

A fixed point code in C language using Code Composer Studio v3.3 was written to generate random binary data as FPGA on SFF DR cannot take inputs efficiently. This code also has the capability to receive the processed signal data back from FPGA for plotting in CCS or Matlab.

7.4 Interface using VPSS

After this VPFE and VPBE channels of VPSS module on SDR platform were used to provide an interface between FPGA and DSP.

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7.4.1 Introduction to VPSS

The video processing subsystem (VPSS) is a DM6446 16-bit, synchronous video data transfer port. The VPSS is composed of the video processing front end (VPFE) and the video processing back end (VPBE). The VPFE is used as an input interface to the DSP and the VPBE as an output interface from the DSP. The YPSS was adapted to be used on the digital processing module of the SFF SDR evaluation module/development platform as an interface to transfer data other than video between the DSP and the FPGA. The vertical and horizontal synchronization signals (Vsync and Hsync signals, respectively) are used as the main synchronization signals.

In the FPGA of the digital processing module, a VPSS data port module was implemented to interface with the DSP VPSS. To emulate video signals, Vsync and Hsync signals are generated by the VPFE of the FPGA interface. The FPGA VPBE uses the Ysync and Hsync signals generated by the DSP to synchronize the incoming data transfer. The block diagram of the VPSS connection between the FPGA and the DSP is illustrated below.

Figure 7.1 VPSS Overview

The data bus in the FPGA of the digital processing module is 32 bits and the VPSS module of the DM6446 DSP bus is 16 bits. The VPBE and the VPFE were implemented

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using a 1024 x 32- bit clock domain crossing and bus width conversion FIFO, as well as the logic necessary for synchronization and control.

Data on the VPSS is formatted in a video frame buffer structure. Each frame is separated by a Ysync(VD) pulse. A frame contains one or many lines separated by Hsync(HD) pulse. The following figure illustrates a frame containing two Jines of four data words. Each frame can hold up to eight data words. Each frame also contains a blank line not containing data

7.4.2 Interface at DSP Side

There are quite a few API's given for transfer of data between the FPGA and DSP. But some of them require that we define the protocol for data transfer by ourselves that would be a humongous task to do and quite useless to. Instead there are a few API's in which the protocol for data transfer is already defined.

They are described below: Int32 VPBE_Jni't (Uint32 aNblinePerFrame, Uint32 aNbDWordPerline, struct _INTERNAL_BUFFER_HEADER *AllocatedBuffer[20], Uint8 NbBuffer)

This function configures the VPBE channel to communicate with the FPGA. Parameters: aNbLinePerFrame Line per frame (within the VSYNC period). Valid range is (1- 2). aNbDWordPerLine Number of 32-bit data words per line (within the HSYNC period).

The transmitted length is always NbDWordPerLine + 1 {to account for header). Valid range is (8- 512) AllocatedBuffer User supplied buffer. Not supported must be NULL.

NbBuffer Number of frame buffer to create. Using many Frame buffer allow the driver to accept many transfer request that will be automatically sequenced and processed by the driver

Returns:
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1: Initialization was succesfull, 0: Initialization failed. Note:

lnt32 VPBE_SendBuffer {Uint32 *Buffer, Uint32 BufferLength) This function sends data to the VPBE.The data is splitted to fit into frame buffer. The frame size and line size depends on the parameters used to configure the VPBE.

Parameters: Buffer pointer to the user buffer containing data to send. BufferLength Length of user data to send ( 32 bits words unit) Returns: 0: the request was successfully processed. Note: The function returns when all the data has been transferred.

lnt32 VPFE_GetBuffer {Uint32 Bufferln, lnt32 BufferLength) This function gets data from the VPFE. The number of 32 bits read by the function is defined by the function parameter Bufferlength. The function will not return until there is Bufferlength data in the buffer pointed by Bufferln.

Parameters: Bufferln Pointer to the user buffer where to store data. Bufferlength Length of data to read from the VPFE. Returns: 0: the request was successfully processed.

Note: The function returns only when all data has been copied into the user buffer.

Uint32 VPFE_Init (Uint32 aNblinePerFrame, Uint32 aNbDWordPerline, struct S_INTERNAL_BUFFER_HEADER AllocatedBuffer[20L Uint8 NbBuffer)

This function configures the VPFE channel to communicate with the FPGA .

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Parameters: aNblinePerFrame Line per frame (within the VSYNC period). Valid range is (1-2) . aNbDWordPe.rline Number of 32-bit data words per line (within the HSYNC period).

The transmitted length is always NbDWordPerline + 1 ( to account for header). Valid range is (8- 512) AllocatedBuffer User supplied buffer. not supported must be NULL. NbBuffer Number of frame buffer to create. Using many Frame buffer allow the driver to accept many transfer request that will be automatically sequenced and processed by the driver.

Returns: 1: Initialization was succesfull, 0: Initialization failed. Note: See user's manual on how to optimize the VPFE configuration.

7.4.3 VPBE
The first step in sending data is to receive a free frame buffer from the driver. This is achieved by calling the following function: C Command: Int32 VPBE_GetFreeFrameBuffer (struct S_FRAME_BUFFER

*FrameBuf) The second step in sending data is to place data in the frame buffer. Use the line buffers address and length information to perform this step. The final step in sending data is to send the data by returning the frame buffer to the driver. C Command: Int32 VPBE_SendFrameBuffer (struct S_FRAME_BUFFER *FrameBuf); The functions can be used asynchronously. For example, if the driver is configured with ten buffers, it is possible to call VPBE_GetFreeFrameBuffer ten times before calling VPBE_SendFrameBuffer.

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Figure 7.2 VPBE

7.4.4 VPFE
The first step in receiving data from the VPFE is to call the following function: C Command: Int32 VPFE_GetFrameBuffer (struct S_FRAME_BUFFER *FrameBuf); The second step in receiving data is to read the data from the frame buffer. Use the line buffers address and length information to perform this step. The final step in receiving data is to return the frame buffer to the driver with the following function: C Command: Int32 VPFE_ReleaseFrameBuffer (Uint32 HandleId); As with the VPBE, the function can be used asynchronously.

Figure 7.3 VPBE

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7.5 FPGA Implementation

VHDL/Verilog code is written using Xilinx simulation and implementation tool to acquire data from DSP and its conversion into NRZ line coding. After this a detailed code of VHDL is written in Custom logic module of complete OFDM-CDMA transceiver for its implementation on Vertex 4 FPGA. Four different data clocks were used for four different users. Walsh code was randomly created in VHDL for each user separately. Built-In cores were used for IFFT and FFT parts of OFDM. Similarly a Built-In core of multiplication was used for multiplying data signal with Walsh codes for CDMA part to successfully handle the high data rates of CDMA scheme.

7.6 Xilinx Simulation of Transceiver

A successful simulation of OFDM-CDMA transceiver in Xilinx is shown in the following figure which clearly shows that transmitted data at the transmitter is successfully recovered at the receiver end

Figure 7.4 Xilinx Simulations

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7.7 ChipScope Pro Tool

ChipScope Pro tool inserts logic analyzer, system analyzer, and virtual I/O low-profile software cores directly into design, allowing viewing any internal signal or node, including embedded hard or soft processors. Signals are captured in the system at the speed of operation and brought out through the programming interface, freeing up pins for your design. Captured signals are then displayed and analyzed using the ChipScope Pro Analyzer tool.

The ChipScope Pro Serial I/O Toolkit provides a fast, easy, and interactive setup and debug of serial I/O channels in high-speed FPGA designs. The ChipScope Pro Serial I/O Toolkit allows to take bit-error ratio (BER) measurements on multiple channels and adjust high-speed serial transceiver parameters in real-time while your serial I/O channels interact with the rest of the system.

7.7.1 Key Features of ChipScope Pro Tool

Some of the key features of ChipScope Pro tool are: 1) ChipScope core insertion and generation integrated into Project Navigator and PlanAhead tool flows 2) Add debug probes directly in HDL (VHDL and Verilog) or constraint files 3) Analyze any internal FPGA signal, including embedded processor system buses 4) Inserts low-profile, configurable software cores either during design capture or after synthesis 5) Analyzer trigger and capture enhancements makes taking repetitive measurements easy to do 6) Change probe points without re-implementing the design 7) Fast and easy interactive setup and debug of FPGA serial I/O channels 8) Measure bit-error ratios (BER) on multiple channels simultaneously 9) Adjust high-speed serial transceiver parameters in real-time while serial I/O channels are interacting with the rest of the system 10) Requires only JTAG port access to your board, no extra pins needed for dedicated high-speed serial debug or setup

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7.8 Analysis of Implementation Results using ChipScope Pro

ChipScope Pro was used to analyze the results of implementation on SDR platform and a successful comparison of Simulation and Implementation results was achieved as shown in following figure:

Figure 7.5 ChipScope Pro Results

As it is clear from the above figure that this figure is very much like that of simulation results as shown in Simulation part.

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CHAPTER 8
Analysis and Results 8.1 Comparison on the Basis of BER
To analyze the results obtained both in simulations and hardware implementation a lot of varying types of comparisons were performed as shown:

8.1.1 Comparison of OFDM-CDMA with OFDM and CDMA in AWGN Channel With the SNR varying from 0 to 15 in AWGN channel the results of the comparison between OFDM-CDMA, OFDM and CDMA are shown in the following figure:

Figure 8.1 Comparisons in AWGN Channel

In the above figure blue line representing OFDM-CDMA clearly shows that it outperforms individually OFDM and CDMA in terms of BER in the same conditions.

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8.1.2 Comparison of OFDM-CDMA with OFDM and CDMA in Rayleigh Fading Channel With the SNR varying from 0 to 15 in Rayleigh Fading channel the results of the comparison between OFDM-CDMA, OFDM and CDMA are shown in the following figure:

Figure 8.2 Comparisons in Rayleigh Fading Channel

Here again it is clear in the above figure that blue line representing OFDM-CDMA clearly shows that it outperforms individually OFDM and CDMA in terms of BER in the same conditions.

8.1.3 Comparison of OFDM-CDMA with OFDM and CDMA in SUI 6 Channel

With the SNR varying from 0 to 15 in SUI 6 channel the results of the comparison between OFDM-CDMA, OFDM and CDMA are shown in the following figure:

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Figure 8.3 Comparisons in SUI 6 Channel

SUI 6 channel provides the same parameters as in the real time environment as discussed earlier but it is clear from the results shown above that OFDM-CDMA still outperform individual OFDM and CDMA.

8.2 Comparison on the Basis of Hardware Utilization

As it is clear that OFDM-CDMA shows a much better performance in different type of noisy channels but just like every case here in this case there is also a tradeoff between hardware utilization of OFDM-CDMA transceiver and its performance as shown below:

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Figure 8.4 Hardware Utilizations and Trade-Offs The bargraph above shows that although BER provided by OFDM-CDMA is much better but it uses almost 3 to 4 times greater number of hardware resources and its tranceiver is much complicated as compared to individual OFDM and CDMA.

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CHAPTER 9 Discussions/Problems Encountered and Solutions

9.1 Equalization
One of the main problems faced during simulations and implementation was the decision of Equalization which was tackled by the method of Inverse filtering with the use of channel estimation through training sequence.

9.1.1 Channel Estimation and Training Sequence

First of all a training sequence was sent to estimate the channel coefficients. After getting the knowledge of channel coefficients 512 points FFT of these coefficients was taken. After this Inverse of the coefficients was found inverse filtering in frequency domain was implemented. The received data was multiplied with this inverse filter of the channel and resulted data was transformed back to the time domain.

Figure 9.1 Use of Training Sequence for Estimation of Channel Coefficients After this process of Equalization through channel estimation the normal process of receiver part begins.

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9.2 Rake Receiver

Rake Receiver is also another alternative of Equalization. By the use of rake receiver the equalization can be eliminated at all from the receiver part. But for a large number of subcarriers used in OFDM its usage increases the complexity of receiver so it was not used in this design. However, in a fading environment, the receiver may take advantage from the higher transmission bandwidth of CDMA. A simple structure of Rake receiver is given as:

Figure 9.2 Rake Receiver

9.3 Interface b/w DSP and FPGA

Another problem faced was the communication b/w FPGA and DSP which was mainly hurdled by different clock speeds of FPGA and DSP. FPGA mounted on SFF SDR operates on 37.5 MHz while DSP operates on clock speed of 27 Mhz. This difference b/w their clock speeds presented a real issue in their communication which was solved with the usage of VPSS port.

9.4 VPSS Port Complications

Although the issue of communication between FPGA and DSP was solved with the help of VPSS port but understanding of VPSS port, its structure and commands used to operate this port was itself a big problem which was successfully tackled

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9.5 Debugging during Process on FPGA and ChipScope

Another main issue was the debugging during process on FPGA to check for errors which was not possible other than to see the final results which was a time consuming process. So to tackle this issue of on chip debugging during process ChipScope was used which is a side product of Xilinx. But to use ChipScope for correct debugging was itself a real issue which was solved successfully.

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CHAPTER 10 CONCLUSION

SDR platforms came into existence with their first generation around 20042006. Technology has progressed since then and there have been significant improvements in signal processing performance, connectivity, and in the quality of RF components such as mixers and data converters. Now it has become possible to implement most narrowband communication schemes (e.g., GSM) though not without significant effort and expertise. Our work has contributed as a module to this extensive work underway on SDR. We have successfully developed OFDM-CDMA prototype module in simulation and have implemented it reasonable results on SDR; which can now be used for academic and industrial research programs. In recent years technology has moved towards 3G and 4G wireless communication systems particularly in our country and this research prototype of 4G could be a reasonable contribution in near future due to successful comparison which we have gained between simulation and implementation results, because OFDM-CDMA outperforms other downlink techniques currently being used as shown by the BER plots and as the number of users increase its performance increases too. SDR platforms were previously challenged by increasing bandwidths, reducing minimum signal strengths, and reducing maximum allowable error vector magnitudes. But now application specific SDR platforms are being constructed with a combination of available technologies.

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CHAPTER 11 APPLICATIONS

3G and 4G wireless systems are being driven by the desire to support innovative broadband multimedia services. Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing Code Division Multiple Access (OFDM-CDMA) schemes can meet such demand, so they are broadly considered as effective methods for future wireless multimedia communications. Since variant OFDM-CDMA schemes will coexist for a long time, reconfigurable multimode transceivers (SDRs), which are compatible with OFDM-CDMA schemes, are indispensable for base station and mobile station. Some of the applications are listed below. Platform for 4G Communication Downlink (base to mobile) Communication High Data Rate UWB Systems such as WPAN

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CHAPTER 12 Recommendations for Future Work

Following are some recommendations for future work: 1) This OFDM-CDMA system can be implemented on SDR for wireless channel using RF module 2) This OFDM-CDMA system prototype can also be implemented for Broadband communication using suitable scheme such as BPSK or QPSK 3) Other implementations of IFFT can be used to increase the speed of the system 4) Hardware should be easily available and technical support must also be available for students 5) Latest version of Software and Hardware should be bought 6) Technical help of Software is really necessary for any student working on SDR 7) Error correction codes like turbo codes can be used to improve the performance for increased SNR 8) Other Equalization schemes rather than Training Sequence and Inverse filters can be used 9) Rake Receiver can be used instead of Equalization to check for better performance 10) Methods to reduce ICI should be used for future projects 11) Synchronization schemes should be adopted for OFDM to develop a system for real time environment applications 12) Walsh Codes for CDMA can be assigned to users in a random manner to improve security 13) Reconfigurable transceivers using OFDM-CDMA can be developed for SDR 14) MIMO-OFDM-CDMA Systems can be developed using SDR-SDR Implementation

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REFERENCES
1. OFDM-CDMA versus DS-CDMA: Performance Evaluation for Fading Channels Stefan Kaiser, German Aerospace Research Establishment (DLR), Institute for Communications Technology 2. A New System Structure to Reduce PAPR in the OFDM-CDMA Chen Ying, Ren Lixiang, Long Teng, Beijing Institute of Technology 3. A Novel Approach of Spreading Spectrum in OFDM Systems, Pingzhou Tu Xiaojing Huang, Eryk Dutkiewicz, University of Wollongong, Australia 4. PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF CODE-SPREAD OFDM (OFDM-CDMA) WITH ERROR CONTROL CODING Muthanna AI-Mahmoud, MichaelD Zoltowski, Purdue University IN 47907-2035 5. I. Perez-Alvarez, I. Raos andetaI, "Interactive Digital Voiceover HF" in 9th International Conference on HF Radio Systems and

Techniques,vol.493,June2003,pp.31-36. 6. K.Fazel,"Performance of CDMA-OFDM for Mobile Communication Systems" in International Conference on Universal Personal Communications, vol.2, October1993, pp.975-979. 7. Performance Analysis for OFDM-CDMA with Joint Frequency-Time Spreading, IEEE Transactions on Broadcasting, VOL. 51, NO. 1, MARCH 2005 8. An overview of multi-carrier CDMA, R. Prasad and S. Hara, IEEE 4th Int. Symposium Spread Spectrum Techniques and Applications, Mainz, Sep. 2225, 1996, pp. 107114 9. Stefan Kaiser and Lutz Papke, Optimal Detection when Combining OFDMCDMA with Convolutional and Turbo Channel Coding. German Aerospace Research Establishment (DLR), Institute for Communications Technology 10. Young-Hwan You, Won-Gi Jeon, Jong-Ho Paik, Dae-Ki Hong, and Hyoung-Kyu Song Training Sequence Design and Channel Estimation of OFDM-CDMA Broadband Wireless Access Networks With Diversity Techniques IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON BROADCASTING, VOL. 49, NO. 4, DECEMBER 2003 11. "INTRODUCTION TO CDMA WIRELESS COMMUNICATIONS By Mosa Ali Abu-Rgheff

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12. H. Matsutani, M. Nakagawa, Multi-Carrier DS-CDMA Using Frequency Spread Coding IEICE Trans. Fundamentals, vol.E82-A, no.12, pp.2634-2642, Dec 1999. 13. S. Abeta, H. Atarashi, M. Sawahashi, F. Adachi, Performance of Coherent Multi-Carrier/DS-CDMA and MC-CDMA for Broadband Packet Wireless Access, ICICE Trans. Comm., vol.E84-B, no.3, pp.406-414, March 2002. 14. Kit Ming Tommy Chee Hybrid OFDM-CDMA: A Comparison of MC/DSCDMA, MC-CDMA and OFCDM Dept. of Electrical & Electronic, Adelaide University, SA 5005, Australia

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