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WALL SLAB

Wall-Slab

•Masonry brick structure

•Main and only structural element is BRICK wall
•Two types of wall used, load bearing wall and non load
bearing wall

SLAB > WALL > FOUNDATION > GROUND

 TRANSFORMATION OF LOAD
SLAB > WALL > FOUNDATION > GROUND

RECTANGULAR TYPE PLAN SQUARE TYPE PLAN

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TRANSFORMATION OF LOAD
ARCH

HB : Horizontal balance
LT : Line thrust
HT : Horizontal thrust
W : Weight of the masonry
T : Resultant of the thrust
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TRANSFORMATION OF LOAD
ARCH

TYPES OF ARCH
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TRANSFORMATION OF LOAD
ARCH
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TRANSFORMATION OF LOAD
DOME

CONSTRUCTION OF DOME
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Art Gallery In Tokyo

Mario Botta
WAFFLE, COVERING FOR LARGE SPAN

BASEMENT PLAN SECTION

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SLAB Cellular wall arrangement Double cross wall structure

 One Way Slab
 Two Way Slab
 Waffle

WALL
Cellular wall arrangement
 Double cross wall structure
 Simple cross wall structure
 Complex wall arrangement
Load bearing wall
Simple cross wall structure Complex wall arrangement Non load bearing wall
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STAIR, HEIGHT OF WALL

12” Plain Masonry Bearing Walls

Plain (unreinforced) masonry bearing walls
35’ must be at least 12” thick for the uppermost
4”
35’ of the wall

Increases 4” in thickness for each successive 35’

35’ downward from the top

Unreinforced grouted masonry may be 2”

less than noted above, but no less than 6”
thick
For buildings not more than 3 stories or 35’
in height, masonry walls may be 8” thick
One storey solid masonry walls not more
than 9’ high may be 6” thick.
LANDING SHIOULD BE SUPPORTED BY LOAD BEARING WALL
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ARCHITECT BASHIRUL HAQUE’S RESIDENCE

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CONSTRUCTION OF ARCHITECT BASHIRUL HAQUE’S RESIDENCE

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LOAD TRANSFORMATION

LOAD BEARING WALL

NON LOAD BEARING WALL GROUND FLOOR PLAN 1ST FLOOR PLAN
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POSITION OF WALLS ARE SAME

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POST LINTEL

Post lintel

•Frame structure
•Main load bearing element is beam & column

SLAB > BEAM > COLUMN > FOUNDATION > GROUND

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TRANSFORMATION OF LOAD
SLAB > BEAM > COLUMN > FOUNDATION > GROUND

RECTANGULAR TYPE PLAN SQUARE TYPE PLAN

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Clear span : The distance between the interfaces

SPAN of the supports of a span

Effective span : The center-to-center distance

between the supports of a span

• The depth of beam must be increase respectively with the clear span
increase of span
•24’ economical effective span
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•One way slab - L ≥ 2B L=length of slab

B=width of slab

•Two way slab

SOS Herman Miner school, Khulna

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PARTITION WALL

Best if placed on the column strip

Best if placed over the beam

• no structural function
• constructed to create work areas such as offices or conference rooms.
•Could be removed without affecting the structural integrity of the building.
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PUNCH

• Punch in slab can be possible easily.

• The slab of a full grid can be punched.
• The left over of a partial punch stays as cantilever of the next slab.
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PUNCH (in one way slab)

•More reinforcement crossing should be avoid

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L/4 L/2 L/4

PUNCH (in one way slab)

COLUMN STRIP
MIDDLE STRIP
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CANTILEVER

Rafiq Azam Scholastica school, jalal ahmed

• Economic cantilever can be taken up to 30% of the immediate span

• Even 100% cantilever can be possible in special cases
• Various types of punch can be made in cantilever to minimize load
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STAIR

•Tie up with starting & finishing slab through reinforced

•Sometimes support is provided at landing
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INVERTED BEAM
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ADVANTAGES AND DIS ADVANTAGES

ADVATAGES
• Maximum column to column opening can be provided easily
• Roof can be provided flat, pitch or any other shape
• Punch in slab can be provided easily
• Aesthetic framework can be done

DISADVANTAGES
• Post makes problem in punching if of opening
•Ribbon window cannot be possible
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COMMUNITY-BASED MULTIPURPOSE CYCLONE SHELTER, BASHIRUL HAQUE

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CYCLONE SHELTER OF_Bashirul haque

•Fully frame structure
•Main load bearing element s are beam & column

Ground floor plan

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TRANSFORMATION OF LOAD
SLAB > BEAM > COLUMN > FOUNDATION > GROUND

•Span is 22’- 7” which is economical

Slab > beam > column > foundation > ground

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TRANSFORMATION OF LOAD
SLAB > BEAM > COLUMN > FOUNDATION > GROUND

•Used share wall to support stair

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ONE WAY SLAB

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Punch is created with respect to the grid

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POST SLAB
• supported directly on the post
• load transferred from

The slab

The post

Ground footing
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TRANSFORMATION OF LOAD
SLAB > COLUMN > FOUNDATION > GROUND

BOTH LIVE LOAD & DEAD LOAD DISTRIBUTION OF LOAD

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CLASSIFICATION OF POST SLAB

FLAT SLAB WITH DROP FLAT SLAB WITH CAPITAL FLAT SLAB WITH CAPITAL & DROP FLAT PLATE POST SLAB

•FLAT PLATE
•FLAT SLAB : WITH CAPITAL , WITH DROP, WITH CAPITAL & DROP
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PUNCHING SHARE

• REACTION FORCE
Cause :
•EXCCED LOAD BEARING CAPACITY OF SLAB
• DISPLACEMENT OF CENTERIOD
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•MINIMUM THICKNESS OF DROP PANELS IS 1.25 TIMES OF

SLAB THICKNESS

DROP

CAPITAL
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•effective span: horizontal distance between center points of two vertical support.

•clear span: horizontal distance between internal faces of two vertical support.

•flat slab construction is economical for live load of 100 psf or more and for spans up to about 30 ft.
• for spans longer than about 30 ft, beams girders are desirable because of improved stiffness.
•short span capability 15’-25’ or upto 35’ if pottensioned.

clear span
•min. depth of drop panel = span/85 of 12”

effective span •min. depth of slab = span/36 of 12” or 4” (6” to 12” typically)

•min. width of drop panel = 0.4 of span

•min. depth of slab = span/33 or, 5” (5” to 14” typ)

[without drop panel]
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IRREGULAR PATTERN

ORIENTATION OF STRUCTURAL SYSTEM

SQUARE GRID

ECIL OFFICE COMPLEX (CHARLES CORREA) COTTBUS UNIVERSITY LI8BRARY, ( HERZOG & DE MEURON )
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CANTILEVER

•CANTILEVER MUST BE PROVIDED

•GENERALLY CAN BE 50% OF THE SPAN

10 % OF SPAN 30 % OF SPAN
ECIL OFFICE COMPLEX (CHARLES CORREA) INSTITUTE OF FINE ARTS (M. ISLAM)
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PUNCH OF THE SLAB

•IN THE AREA COMMON TO THE SLAB MIDDLE STRIPS.

•IN THE AREA COMMON TO TWO COLUMN STRIPS, NOT MORE THAN ONE-
EIGHTH THE WIDTH OF THE STRIP IN EITHER SPAN SHOULD BE INTERRUPTED BY
OPENINGS.

•IN THE AREA COMMON TO ONE COLUMN STRIP AND ONE MIDDLE STRIP, NOT
MORE THAN ONE –FOURTH OF THE RE-INFORCEMENT IN EITHER STRIP SHOULD
BE INTERRUPTED BY THE OPENING.
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POSITION OF THE WALL

•Wall can be built freely as desired in different floors.

•It is recommended to built walls on the column strips
avoid the middle strips from first floor.
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OPENING
•Continuous opening can be used
•Ribbon window can be used

COTTBUS UNIVERSITY LIBRARY M R F HEADQUARTER

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STAIR
•Cantilever
•Simply supported stair
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ADVANTAGE & LIMITATION

ADVANTAGE
•the total height can be reduced due to absense of beam.
•different plans can be possible in different floor by builting frequent walls as desired.
•any types of plan like curve plan can be possible.
•strong solid-void relationship can be achived because of the scope of continuous opening.
•continuous opening can be used to ensure light and ventilation.
•columns help vehicular circulation in the case basement of ground floor parking.
•it is economical for high-rise buildings.

LIMITATION
•large dead load is undesireable when diffcult foundation conditions are
encountered.
•small depth to span ratios can cause the appearance off excessive deflection of
slabs.
•the relatively short span capability.
•cost of the construction increases if capital and drop panels are to be ommited.
•thus the system is less economical for the low-rise structure.
•each slab should have cantilever.
•not show adequate stability against lateral forces such as wind, earth quack. then
its in shear walls to get stable.
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EXPRESSION

•EXPRESS COMPOSITION OF STRONG VERTICAL LINES AND HORIZONTAL PLANE.

•GIVES A FLOATING EFFECT.

•FREE FLOWING SPACE CAN BE ACHIEVED.

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FINE ARTS INSTITUTE (JAINUL GALLERY), DHAKA - MAZHARUL ISLAM

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Ground floor plan First floor plan

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•Effective span : 14’6”

•Clear height : 12’
•Slab thickness: 10”
•Column dia : 1’4”
•Cantilever : 4’
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OPENING
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EXPRESSION

•Floating effect
•Incorporating with the
nature
•Composition of vertical line & horizontal
plane
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Reference……

Reinforced concrete, S.K. Mallick

A Visual Dictionary of Architecture, Francis D.K. Ching
Building construction illustrated, Francis D.K. Ching
Structural design guide to the aci building code
Structural concept & system for Architects, Victor E. Souma
www.archnet.org
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