Rimaz Rameez

Student ID: 9244766

1st Year Laboratory Report

NAME: Rimaz Rameez GROUP NUMBER: B16 EXPERIMENT NUMBER: 1 Tank Efflux DATE OF EXPERIMENT: 10/03/2014 DATE OF REPORT SUBMISSION: 17/03/2014

MARK/20 (for demonstrator use):

Rimaz Rameez

Student ID: 9244766

Experiment 1 Tank Efflux Introduction

Learning outcomes
The student should be able to perform and write up an experiment into aspects of the way liquid is discharged from a tank under constant and variable head conditions.

Theory
The average discharge velocity of the water from the exit orifice under constant head conditions can be determine by [3]: Where Q = volumetric flow rate (m3s-1) A = cross sectional area of exit orifice (m2) And the volumetric flow rate Q is obtain by [3]:

From Bernoullis equation, the velocity of water in tank discharge u is given by [3]: where g is the acceleration due to gravity and h is the height of water above the exit pipe. Also, velocity u can be calculate by [3]:

Then, the discharge coefficient, CD can be obtain by the ratio of average discharge velocity and velocity of water discharge [3]:

Based on the equations above, it can be seen that rate of change of height of water level shows the velocity of the water is travelling out the tank. By plotting a graph of height against time, we can calculate the velocity of discharged, which is the gradient of the curve. With the velocity we can also calculate the volumetric rate of discharge with the surface area. This is for the variable head conditions.

Rimaz Rameez

Student ID: 9244766

Relevance
Understanding fluid flow is a key part of process engineering. When designing many processes understanding the effect of the depth of a fluid and how differential heads affect its flow rate is key. Many tanks within the process industry use gravity rather than pumps as these save energy costs, however they should see the effects of the height of the fluid on the flow rate. Having a constant flow rate so that the rate of reaction stays at a rate that is efficient and that mixing stays uniform. [1][2]

Experimental work
System used
Water in a tank and pump.

Equipment and procedure

The procedure of this experiment was followed as described in the First Year Practical Work Handbook page 9-10. Constant head condition:

1. The experiment was started by ensuring the pump was switched on to pump in water in the tank to ensure the head of the water tank is at a constant height. 2. The stop clock was started immediately when the water was flowing into the measuring cylinder and stopped when it reached 1000 ml. 3. The experiment was repeated 3 times to get the average time taken to collect 1000 ml of water in the measuring cylinder.
Variable head condition:

1. The pump is turned off; this stops the tank from being refilled so the tank is allowed to drain. 2. The timer is then started once the water level reaches 40cm. 3 3. The time taken for every water level to drop by 1cm was recorded and stopped when the water in the tank reached a depth of 10cm. 4. The experiment was repeated 2 times to obtain the average time taken for the tank to drain, cm by cm.

Rimaz Rameez

Student ID: 9244766

Tank Timer

Measuring cylinder Recycle tank Pump

Hazards
As with all first year labs labcoats and safety goggles were worn to ensure that damage is minimal if any accidents occur. The experiment uses water so the floor should be made sure that it is dry and that there are no leaks; a wet floor can lead to accidents. Hands must be dry when using electrical equipment. Water should be made sure to be away from any sockets.

Results
Observed data
Constant head conditions Time taken for water to reach 1000 ml (s) Attempt 1 85.0
Table 1: Time taken to fill up 1000ml

Attempt 2 84.0

Attempt 3 85.0

Rimaz Rameez

Student ID: 9244766

Variable head conditions

Water level (cm) 40 39 38 37 36 35 34 33 32 31 30 29 28 27 26 25 Time (s) Test 1 Test 2 0 0 17 17 34 34 50 50 63 66 79 84 95 97 111 114 130 131 142 148 165 165 182 184 200 201 219 221 239 239 256 259 Water level (cm) 24 23 22 21 20 19 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 Time (s) Test 1 Test 2 277 278 298 299 318 318 339 340 361 362 382 383 404 407 428 430 455 454 475 478 500 503 528 528 557 556 583 585 612 614

Table 2: Times taken for water level to drop

Derived results and calculations

Constant head condition The average time taken to fill up 1000 ml of water in measuring cylinder is 84.67 s The average time taken to fill 1000 ml of water in measuring cylinder is by:

The height of the head in the water tank is:

The volumetric flow rate, Q = 1.181 x 10-5 m3 s-1

Rimaz Rameez

Student ID: 9244766

Volumetric rate of discharge, Q = Volume of water discharged (m3) Time = = 1.181x 10-5 m3 s-1 The average discharge velocity, =

Area of the exit orifice, Ao =

= 3.142 x (0.0025/2)2 = 4.909 x 10-6 m2 Hence, the average discharge velocity, is:

The velocity of discharge, u =

Velocity of discharge,

The discharge coefficient, CD = 0.798

Variable head conditions

The average time taken for water level to drop 0.01m is calculated by this method:

For example at height at 0.2 m:

Rimaz Rameez

Student ID: 9244766

Height average Height average (m) time (s) (m) time (s) 0.40 0.0 0.24 277.5 0.39 17.0 0.23 298.5 0.38 34.0 0.22 318.0 0.37 50.0 0.21 339.5 0.36 64.5 0.20 361.5 0.35 81.5 0.19 382.5 0.34 96.0 0.18 405.5 0.33 112.5 0.17 429.0 0.32 130.5 0.16 454.5 0.31 145.0 0.15 476.5 0.30 165.0 0.14 501.5 0.29 183.0 0.13 528.0 0.28 200.5 0.12 556.5 0.27 220.0 0.11 584.0 0.26 239.0 0.10 613.0 0.25 257.5
Table 3: Average times taken for water level to drop

From here we can plot a graph of the height vs average time taken to reach that level:

Water level vs time

0.45 0.40 0.35 water level (m) 0.30 0.25 0.20 0.15 0.10 0.05 0.00 0.0 100.0 200.0 300.0 time (s) 400.0 500.0 600.0 700.0 y = 3E-07x2 - 0.0007x + 0.4008

Rimaz Rameez

Student ID: 9244766

The gradient of the graph can tell us how the exit velocity is affected by the water depth. The gradient of the graph can be calculated by dividing the difference of the height with the difference of time taken at two points. Since the line of best fit does not follow a linear relationship, there will be 3 gradients to be calculated to obtain the average gradient. Tangent, T Tangent,

Tangent,

Tangent,

Average gradient, Taverage

The approximate height of of water h(t) as functions of time is from a linear equation which is y = mx + b, where m is the average gradient and b is the y-intercept. m= Any two points can be taken from the graph, y = 0.25 m , x = 257.5 s Therefore, y = mx + b 0.25 = ( b = 0.38 m Therefore our approximate height as a function of time is h(t) = + 0.38 )(257.5) + c

Velocity of discharge, u =
= = = 2.426 m s-1

[3]

Rimaz Rameez

Student ID: 9244766

To find the time it will take to empty the tank ignoring friction and viscosity effects is done by deriving the following formula: Q(t) = velocity area

The volumetric flow rate for the Tank, QT(t) : [3] QT(t)= u AT

= AT Area of tank, = = = 0.0174 m2

The volumetric flow rate for the Exit Orifice, QO(t) : QO(t) = u A0

= Area of exit tank, = = = 4.909 x 10-6 m2

A0

As the flowrate within the tank and exiting the orifice are the same [4]: QT(t) AT = = QO(t) A0

Separation of variables; dh AT =

dt

A0

dt

dh

Integrate on both sides with limits;

= - ) = =

t
( )

2(

[4]

By substituting final and initial height value, h1 and h2 ,

Rimaz Rameez

Student ID: 9244766

= 505.883 s

Therefore, the time taken for water level to drop from 40 cm to 10 cm is t 506 s

Discussion
Constant head conditions
The velocity of discharge, which is has a larger value than the average discharge velocity, which is . This is because fluid friction and viscosity were not taken into consideration at the exit orifice when obtaining the u value, it is only theoritical and is often not accurate in practice. And for the average velocity of discharge, is smaller due to the fluid friction and viscosity are taken into consideration so gives us a more realistic. The value of discharge coefficient, CD is 0.798, which is 20% lower than if the fluid friction and viscosity were negligible, this means that they have significant impact on exit velocity.

Variable head conditions

From the graph we have obtained two equations for h(t). The first equation is the linear equation which was calculated earlier which is h1(t) = + 0.38. This is only an approximation of the function as from the graph we see that it follows the shape of a quadratic function. From the mapping function in excel it finds that the relationship is h(t) = . This shows that it is a quadratic shape graph and this relationship is more precise than the approximated linear function. From the graph, it is seen clearly that when the height decreases, the time taken for the water level to decrease the same amount decreases, this is because there is less pressure acting downwards on the exit orifice. From the calculations above, it is seen that the calculated value for time taken for water level to drop is lower than the time taken obtained from the variable head experiment, which had an average of 613 s. This is due to the presence of fluid friction between the water and the wall of the exit orifice, furthermore as the water level drops the potential energy is converted to kinetic energy, this is proportional to the mass of the water so volumetric flowrate decreases as the water level drops.

Errors
List of errors from the apparatus: Measuring cylinder Stopwatch = 1s = 0.5 cm3

Other sources of error: The water level in the tank wasnt steady and the miniscus was very large so this made it quite hard to read so conducting the experiment away from disturbances would be ideal.

Rimaz Rameez

Student ID: 9244766

Bubbles are present in the tank and the measuring cylinder so this could cause an inaccurate reading of the volume or height. Parallax error may occur during the experiment so a stool would be needed to make sure that reading occurs perpendicular to the height of the water. Nomenclature Symbols Density g h Q u a A t r CD Acceleration due to gravity Height Volumetric rate of discharge Velocity Acceleration Area Time Radius Discharge coefficient Tangent b AT A0 uL y-intercept Area of tank Area of exit orifice Speed of water level that falls Meaning Units kg m-3 m s-2 m m3 s-1 m s-1 m s-2 m2 s m (no unit) m s-1 m m2 m2 m s-1

References
1. http://www.lmnoeng.com/TankDischarge.htm last accessed: 15/03/14 2. http://utkstair.org/clausius/docs/che310/pdf/efflux.pdf last accessed: 16/03/2014 3. First year Practical Workbook (2013-2014). Experiment 11 School of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Sciences. P 9-10 4. Grant Campbell Transport Phenomena Fluid flow Available on My Manchester