Reservoir Fluids PETE 310

Lab 5: Reservoir Fluid Studies

Constant Composition Expansion, Differential Vaporization, and Separator Tests of a Live Oil Sample

Learning Objectives
SimulatethePVTtestsmentionedaboveusingthePVTSimulatorLab5.xlsavailablefromour websiteand:

1. UsePVTdatafromaCCEtesttodeterminebubblepointpressureandoilcompressibility
abovethebubblepoint.

2. InterpretPVTdataobtainedfromaDLtesttodetermineBoDandRsDanddiscussthe
effectsuponthesepropertiesbyusingdifferentpressuredecrements.

3. Understandtheimportanceofselectingoptimalseparator(s)pressureandtemperature
tomaximizeoilproduction.

4. UsecombinedCCE,DL,andseparatordatatoproducecorrectedformationvolume
factorsandsolutiongasoilratiosforreservoirengineeringcomputations

General Skills
1. KnowhowtooperateourexcelPVTsimulator 2. Calculaterelationshipsbetweenmoles,mass,andmolecularweight. 3. ConvertbetweenAPIgravitytospecificgravityand/oroildensity. 4. Workwithdifferentsystemsofunitsandconvertonesettoanother.

Background Material
LecturesReservoirFluidStudyReportandReservoirFluidStudyLabProcedurefromour classnotes(October19and21inSyllabus),andChapter10pages257to280fromMcCain ReservoirFluidsbook. FollowthislinkforadditionalinformationonPVTequipment

Lab # 5 Tutorial Example How to Process PVT Information from CCE, DL, and Separator Tests
ThefollowingexampleguidesyouonhowtouseandinterpretthedatafromaCCE,aDLtest andaseparatortest.ThereservoirtemperatureisT=220oFandtheinitialreservoirpressureis 2200psia. Arecordedpresentationwithhintsprovidesdetailsonhowtousetheexcelfile.Thistutorial presentsthedataobtainedandthecalculationswiththedata.

Fig. 1Compositional information allows users to enter the number of moles of each component.

Constant Composition Expansion (CCE) Results

Table1showstheCCEdatawithpressurestepsof100psia,heretheexperimentendsat1,600 psia. Theoutputtabledisplaystheliquidandvaporfraction,thecompressibilityfactor,andthe volumesofoilandgasateachpressurestage.Fromthistableyoucanfindthebubblepoint pressuregraphicallyornumericallyasindicatedinclass.
Table 1Constant Composition Expansion Results
Pressure 2200.0 2100.0 1995.5 1800.0 1600.0 fo 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 0.9502 0.9012 fg 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0498 0.0988 zo 1.0951 1.0466 0.9958 0.9335 0.8640 zg 0.0000 0.0000 0.8989 0.9013 0.9050 Vo, cm3 30.3196 30.3562 30.3952 30.0161 29.6407 Vg, cm3 0.0000 0.0000 0.0001 1.5177 3.4032

Lab#5 PETE 310

FromTable1wecanseethatthebubblepointpressureforthismixtureisbetween2100an 1800psia.Refiningthesearchprovidespb=1995psi,notethatatthispressurethevolumeof gasobtainedisverysmall.

Differential Liberation
ThisexperimentbeginsatthebubblepointpressuredeterminedfromtheCCE.Theoilsampleis subjecttoaseriesofexpansionsasindicatedinthelectures. Forthisexamplethepressurestepsare500psia,youcanandwillhavetodiscusstheeffectof thesizeofpressuredecrementsinthecomputedproperties.Onestageat14.7psiaand reservoirtemperatureandanotherstageat14.7psiaand60Fareautomaticallyaddedintothe experiment. Table2displaysthedifferentialliberationresultsforourexamplemixture.Thisoutputincludes thefractionofliquidandvapor,thecompressibilityfactor,andthevolumeofoilandgasatthe specifiedpressureandtemperature.Thisvolumeofgasisremovedfromthecellbeforethenext expansion.UsingdatafromthistableyoucancomputeRsd,Bod,andBgusingtheprocedure explainedinclass.
Table 2Differential Liberation results at T=220oF
Pressure, psi 1995.5 1500.0 1000.0 500.0 14.7 14.7 (at 60F) fo 1.0000 0.8774 0.8720 0.8634 0.7850 1.0000 fg 0.0000 0.1226 0.1280 0.1366 0.2150 0.0000 zo 0.9958 0.8268 0.6135 0.3449 0.0122 0.0154 zg 0.8989 0.9075 0.9249 0.9518 0.9946 0.0000 Vo, cm3 30.3952 29.4571 28.5852 27.7497 26.2210 25.3069 Vg, cm3 0.0001 4.5187 6.3285 12.1138 585.2771 0.0000

Separator Tests
Theobjectivesoftheseparatortestsaretooptimizetheamountofoilproducedatthesurface. Youwillconducttestswithoneandtwoseparators;yourgoalistofindthebestpressureand temperaturecombinations(foroneormultipleseparators)thatmaximizeliquidproduction.The stocktank,whichactsasanotherseparatoratstandardtemperatureandpressure,isincluded automaticallyinyourcomputation.

Lab#5 PETE 310

Thegoaloftheoneseparatortestistofindtheseparationpressureandtemperaturesuchthat thesolutiongasoilratioatthebubblepointisaminimum,theAPIgravityoftheoilatstocktank conditionsisamaximum,andtheformationvolumefactoratthebubblepoint(BoSb)isa minimum. One Separator Test Results Table3showsthePVTpropertiesfromtheexamplemixtureatitsbubblepoint(computed earlier)andataseparatorpressureandtemperatureof150psiaand100oF.Thestandardstate computationisaddedautomatically.
Table 3Single-Separator Test Results
p, psia 1995.5 150 14.7 T, F 220 100 60 fo 1.0000 0.6069 0.9328 fg 0.0000 0.3931 0.0672 zo 0.9958 0.1306 0.0145 zg 0.8989 0.9725 0.9944 Vo, cm3 30.3952 26.4932 25.9637 Vg, cm3 0.0001 127.8482 128.5327 o, lb/ft3 42.0204 45.8975 46.5212 o, lb/ft3 5.4995 0.4791 0.0631

ThecorrespondingPVTpropertiesfromtheseparatortestarecomputedasfollows

BoSb

bbl 30.3952 cm 3 = = 1.170 3 STO ............................................................................ (1) 25.9637 cm

Thevolumeofgasfromtheseparatoratstandardconditionsis

Vsc =

PS VS Tsc 150 psia 127.8482 cm 3 (60 + 460) R = = 1245.64cm 3 0.9725(100 + 460) R 14.7 psia Z S TS Psc

(2)

Thesolutiongasoilratiooftheseparatoristhen

R sSb =

SCF SCF 1245.64 cm 3 + 128.5327 cm 3 5.614 = 297.162 3 STO STO 25.9637cm

(3)

o(Tsc,psc)

=46.52lbm/ft3 API =

141.5 131.5 = 58.29 46.5212 62.4

(4)

Lab#5 PETE 310

Two Separators Theobjectivehereisthesameaswithoneseparator(obtainamaximumAPIgravityoil),but hereyouneedtooptimizethepressureandtemperatureoftwoseparators.Weusetheoutput fromoneoftheseteststoillustratethecalculationprocedure.

Table 4Two-Separator Test Results
p, psia 1995.5 500.0 100.0 14.7 T, F 220 100 80 60 fo 1.0000 0.7136 0.8465 0.9451 fg 0.0000 0.2864 0.1535 0.0549 zo 0.9958 0.3810 0.0903 0.0144 zg 0.8989 0.9219 0.9770 0.9935 vo, cm3 30.3952 27.2734 26.3862 26.0221 vg, cm3 0.0001 26.4860 51.7565 104.3192 o, lb/ft3 42.0204 45.2832 46.1277 46.5016 g, lb/ft3 5.4995 1.5931 0.3457 0.0677

InthisexamplewechoseSeparator1at500psiaand100oFandSeparator2at100psiaand 80oF. ThePVTpropertiesforthistestarethen:

BoSb =

30.3952 cm 3 bbl = 1.168 3 STO . 26.0221 cm ......................................................................... (5)

Thevolumeofgasreleasedfromeachseparatoratstandardconditionsis:

Vsc1

PS VS Tsc 500 psia 26.4860 cm 3 (60 + 460) R = = = 907.4cm 3 Z S TS Psc 0.9219(100 + 460 ) R 14.7 psia .................(6)

Vsc 2

PS VS Tsc 100 psia 51.7565 cm 3 (60 + 460) R = = = 347.02cm 3 Z S TS Psc 0.9770(80 + 460) R 14.7 psia ..............(7)

Thetotalsolutiongasoilratioisthesumofallvolumesofgasreleasedineachstagedivided theoilvolumeatstandardconditions

Lab#5 PETE 310

RsSb

907.4 cm 3 + 347.02 cm 3 + 104.3192 cm 3 scf scf = = 293.13 . .....(8) 5.614 3 STB STB 26.0221 cm

TheoildensityandAPIgravityare

o (Tsc , psc ) = 46.5016 lbm/ft 3

API = 141.5 131.5 = 58.37 46.5016 62.4

Inthiscase,wehavelowersolutiongasoilratio,lowerBoSb,andhigherAPIgravitythaninthe previouscase.Clearly,byaddingaseparationstagewewillhaveabetteroilqualityandlessgas production. Whathappensifwedonthaveaseparatorandjustproducedirectlytothetank?

Table 5Test Results With No Separator
p, psia 1995.5 14.7 T, F 220 60 fo 1.0000 0.5495 fg 0.0000 0.4505 zo 0.9958 0.0148 zg 0.8989 0.9958 vo, cm3 30.3952 25.7392 vg, cm3 0.0001 1421.4707 o, lb/ft3 42.0204 46.5814 g, lb/ft3 5.4995 0.0550

BoSb =

30.3952 cm 3 bbl = 1.18 .............................................................................. (9) 3 STB 25.7392 cm

RsSb =

1421.4707 cm 3 scf scf = 310 .......................................................(10) 5.614 3 STB STB 25.7392 cm

o (Tsc , psc ) = 46.5814 lbm/ft3

API = 141.5 131.5 = 58.05 ............................................................................... (11) 46.5814 62.4

Asexpected,wegotthehighestBoSbandthehighestsolutiongasoilratio.

Lab#5 PETE 310

Onceyouhavereadthistutorialyouarereadytobeginwiththelab.

Lab # 5 Reservoir Fluid Report: Constant Composition Expansion (CCE), Differential Liberation (DL) and Separator Tests of a Live Oil Sample
ConductaReservoirFluidAnalysisforPETE310OilWell(GreatOilField).Comparetheresults obtainedwiththereservoirfluidanalysisfromOilWell4fromyourtextbookanddiscussthe resultsobtained.Thereservoirtemperatureis235oFandtheinitialreservoirpressureis4500 psia.
Table AComposition of Reservoir Fluid Sample Super Aggie Well: PETE 310
Component Methane Ethane Propane n-Butane iso-Butane n-Pentane iso-pentane n-Hexanes C7+ + Mw C7 + SG C7 Composition mol%

38.12 10.75 6.84 4.89 1.96 1.27 2.93 1.96 31.28

236.00 0.87

Procedure Afterlisteningtherecordedtutorialstudyingthebackgroundmaterialandtheexample problemaccompanyingthislabdownloadthePVTSimulator.xlsfilefromourwebsiteandbegin thelab.

SelecttheDataworksheet Selectthecomponentsforthefluidsamplegiventoyou. Enterthenumberofmolesofeachcomponentinthemixtureandthemolecularweight fortheC7+fraction.

Lab#5 PETE 310

Constant Composition Expansion Tests (CCE)

Thistestwillbeusedtodeterminethebubblepointpressureandisothermaloilcompressibilities forallpressuresabovethebubblepointpressure.

SelecttheCCEworksheetandsetthetemperaturetothereservoirtemperature(235oF). Typethepressurestepsfortheexperiment.Startat5,000psiapressure.Endthe experimentat1,200psia. CopyyouroutputtableintoanExcelfileforanalysisinyourreport.

Differential Liberation Tests (DL)

Thistestwillbeusedtodeterminetheoilandgasformationvolumefactorsandsolutiongasoil ratios.

SelecttheDLworksheetandsetthetemperaturetothereservoirtemperature(235oF). StarttheexperimentatthebubblepointpressureyouestimatedfromtheCCE experiment.Selectpressurestepsof~400psia.Endtheexperimentat100psia.The softwarewillautomaticallyaddastageat14.7psiaandreservoirtemperatureand anotherat14.7psiaandstandardtemperature. CopytheoutputintoanExcelfileforanalysis. RepeattheDLexperiment,butnowchoosepressuredecrementsof100psia. CopytheoutputtablestoanExcelfileforfutureanalysis.

Separator Tests
Theobjectiveoftheseparatortestsistofindaseparator(s)pressureandtemperaturesuchthat theamountofstocktankliquidismaximized.Youwilltestthesystemwithasingleseparator andnextwithtwoseparators.Besuretodevelopconclusionstoaddresstherelativeadvantages /anddisadvantagesofeach.

One-Separator Test

SelecttheSeparatorTestworksheetandstartthetestatthebubblepointpressurethat youestimatedfromtheCCEexperimentandreservoirtemperature. Enterthedesiredpressureandtemperatureoftheseparator.Anextrastageatstandard conditionsisaddedautomatically. CopytheoutputtableintoanExcelfileforfutureanalysis.

Thesearchforthebestcombinationofseparatorpressureandtemperatureshouldbedone systematically.Youmayfinditconvenienttotestpressuresatincrementsof100psiaorsoand
Lab#5 PETE 310

temperatureatincrementsof30to50oF.Pleasedocumentthestrategyfollowedtosearchfor thebestpressureandtemperature. Evaluatethepressureeffectforafixedseparatortemperatureandthetemperatureeffectfora fixedseparatorpressure.Discusstheobservationsyoumake. YouwillhavetoprovideplotssimilartoFig.10.5fromMcCain.1(similar,youdonotneedto workwiththreedifferentaxes,twoyaxisatatimeisfine).

Two Separators

SelecttheSeparatorTestworksheet. StartthetestatthebubblepointpressurethatyouestimatedfromtheCCEexperiment andreservoirtemperature. Enterthepressureandtemperatureofeachseparatoryouwanttouse.Anextrastage atstandardconditionswillbeaddedautomatically. CopytheoutputtableintoanExcelfileforfutureanalysis.

Constraints

Separator1pressureshouldbehigherthanSeparator2pressure. Separator1temperatureshouldbehigherthanorequaltoSeparator2temperature, andbothshouldbehigherthanorequaltothestandardtemperature(notlower).

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Required Reporting
AllrequiredPVTpropertieswillbeproperlydocumentedeitheringraphicalandtabularformor inbothwhenspecificallyrequested.Makesuretodocumentallobservations,problems, followedmethodology,etc.

FromtheCCEexperimentplot(Vt/Vb)versuspressureandverifythatthebubblepoint pressureisobtainedfromtheintersectionoftwolines. Evaluatetheoilcompressibilityforallpressuresabovethebubblepointdeterminedin thepreviousstep. Evaluatetheoilandgasformationvolumefactorsandthesolutiongasoilratioversus pressureforthetwoDLexperimentsyouverunusingdifferentpressuredecrements (100and400psia).Discussthedifferences(ifany)oftheseresults,includingthe advantagesanddisadvantagesofeachprocedure.Rememberthatthevolumeofgas reportedintheDLworksheetisatthepressureandtemperaturespecified,notat standardconditions PlotoilAPIgravity,solutiongasoilratioandformationvolumefactoratthe bubblepointfromtheseparatortestforalltherunsyoumadewithoneseparator.Label yourgraphsproperly. PlotoilAPIgravity,solutiongasoilratioandformationvolumefactoratthe bubblepointfromtheseparatortestforalltherunsyoumadewithtwoseparators. Labelyourgraphsproperly. Combinetheresultsobtainedfromyourbestcaseseparatorscenariowithyourresults fromthebestDLrun(p=100or400psia)andprovideatableofadjustedreservoir engineeringpropertiesBoandRsversuspressurefromallthesecombinedtests.Usethe adjustedreservoirpropertiesindicatedintheclassnotes. CalculateandplotBtDversuspressurefrom

BtD = BoD + (RsDb R sD )B g ................................................................................

Lab#5 PETE 310