1 MODULE - V- EHV TRANSMISSION Introduction In 1915, the tota in!ta ed ca"acit# in India $a!

1%5 M&' and (# 19)*, the inde"endence #ear, it $a! +,%% M'& No$ it ha! -ro$n o.er 1+5,%%% M'& A! /ar a! tran!0i!!ion .o ta-e i! concerned the /ir!t 1%% 1V ine $a! co00i!!ioned in Mahara!thra in 1911& The /ir!t 1,+ 1V ine in19,+ and /ir!t-++%1V ine in 192+& The /ir!t )%% 1V ine $a! co00i!!ioner in 19*3& A )%% 1V ine! u!e (und e conductor! o/ +,, or ) !u( conductor!& The ne4t hi-her Vo ta-e cho!en $a! *2553%% 1V& So0e o/ the ine! con!tructed $ith thi! .o ta-e are Ana"ara- Unnao and Tehri-Meerut in U&6, Moha7i!hen"ura in 6un8a( and Vid#acha - 9ina- Na-da in M&6& Hi-h .o ta-e D&:& tran!0i!!ion ine a !o ha! (een introduced in India& Vo ta-e !e ected i! 5%% 1V& Richand- Dadri and Vid#acha (ac7 to (ac7 !#!te0! are a read# co00i!!ioned& The Richand - Dadri ine tran!0it! 0ore than 1%%% 0$ o/ "o$er& Need /or EHV Tran!0i!!!ion Vo ta-e! a(o.e ,%% 1V i! ter0ed a! EHV and a(o.e *5% 1V are ter0ed a! u tra hi-h .o ta-e ;utt.<& Nece!!it# /or EHV tran!0i!!ion are the /o o$in-=;1< >or a -i.en a0ount o/ "o$er to (e tran!0itted /or a -i.en di!tance, the tran!0i!!ion e//icienc# increa!e! a! the tran!0i!!ion .o ta-e increa!e!& ;+< In EHV5 UHV ine!, the "er unit re!i!tance dro" reduce! and .o u0e o/ conductor 0ateria decrea!e!& ;,< 6o$er tran!0i!!ion ca"acit# o/ a ine i! "ro"ortiona to the !?uare o/ .o ta-e& Hence the tran!0i!!ion ca"acit# increa!e! tre0endou! # a! the .o ta-e i! increa!ed to the EHV5UHV ran-e& 9ut co!t o/ to$er! ter0ina e?ui"0ent! a !o increa!e!, (ut thi! increa!e in "ro"ortiona to the .o ta-e on #& A! a re!u t o.er a ca"ita co!t on tran!0i!!ion decrea!e! a! the .o ta-e i! increa!ed& ;)< Lar-e "o$er !tation! are econo0ica # 0ore .ia( e& EHV5UHV ine! $ere re?uired to tran!0it thi! ar-e ( oc7 o/ "o$er /ro0 the!e ar-e !tation!& ;5< The oad carr#in- ca"acit# o/ ine! are e4"re!!ed in ter0! o/ !ur-e i0"edance oad or natura oadin-& At thi! oadin- reacti.e VA con!u0ed (# the inducti.e "art o/ the ine i! e?ua to co"aciti.e VA in the ine& 6SIL @
V2 Zs

'here Z s @ Sur-e i0"edance @

L C

;SIL - Sur-e i0"edance oadin-< Hence Sur-e i0"edance oadin- increa!e! a! the !?uare o/ .o ta-e& 2 It i! not "o!!i( e to interconnect "o$er !#!te0! $ithout EHV Tran!0i!!ion ine! 6ro( e0! a!!ociated $ith EHV Tran!0i!!ion ;1< :orona and Radio inter/erence! - :orona i! ar-e # de"endin- on the !#!te0 .o ta-e and radio inter/erence! i! the con!e?uence o/ corona& Durin- (ad $eather corona o!! i! .er# u-h& To reduce corona !"acin- (et$een the conductor! or !iAe o/ the conductor! ha! to (e increa!ed or (und ed conductor! are to (e u!ed&

+ ;+< Line !u""ort! EHV ine to$er ha! to $ith !tand hea.# 0echanica oadin- due to (und ed conductor!& Lar-e air and -round c earance ha! to (e "ro.ided& Hence the co!t on to$er! $e increa!e and it $i (e a""ro4i0ate # ,%B to 5%B o/ the tota co!t o/ the ine& ;,< Erection di//icu tie! - It i! nece!!ar# to e.o .e and e0" o# ne$ erection and conductor hand in- techni?ue!& ;)< In!u ation Re?uire0ent! = - The in!u ation e.e ha! to (e increa!ed to $ith !tand i-htnin- !ur-e! and !$itchin- !ur-e!& Li-htnin- !ur-e! are ta7en care o/ 0o!t # (# the earth $ire!& ;5< 6o$er !tation and !u( !tation E?ui"0ent =- The "o$er !tation and !u( !tation e?ui"0ent! ha.e to hand e the hi-h .o ta-e and hi-h /au t current& Modern tran!/or0er! and circuit (rea7er! are ca"a( e o/ hand in- the!e hi-h .a ue!& 9ut the co!t increa!e!& Li0itation! o/ EHV, A&:& 6o$er Tran!0i!!ion 1 Natura oadin:on!ider a ine $ith ne- i-i( e &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&re!i!tance and reactance Land ca"acitance :, "er unit en-th Load current i! I a0"ere!& To 7ee" the !endin- end .o ta-e and recei.in- end .o ta-e !a0e, a--in- .o ta0(ere! !hou d (e e?ua to the eadin- .o ta0"erer!& ie ;I 4 L< I @ .
V or I 2 $L @ V 2 wc Xc

V = I

L = ZS C

oh0 Z S i! ca ed the !ur-e i0"edance o/ the ine& Z S (eha.e! i7e a

"ure re!i!tance& 6o$er tran!0itted "er "ha!e i!

VxV V 2 = and thi! i! ca ed the !ur-e i0"edance oadin- or natura oadin- o/ the ZS ZS

V4I@

ine& 9ut nor0a # ine i! not o"erated at it! natura oadin-& 'hi e tran!0ittin- "o$er at a a--in- "o$er /actor there $i (r .o ta-e dro", (ut at eadin- "& /& there $e (e .o ta-e ri!e& Vo ta-e 1&V& Sur-e I0"edance CS oh0 Natura oadin- M' :urrent a0" A 1,+ ,5% 5% ++% ++% ,+% 15% ,35 ,3% +95 )9% *)% 5%% +*2 9%% 1%%%

The natura oadin- do not i0"o!e an# re!triction on the di!tance o/ tran!0i!!ion ine& 9ut it re!trict! the a0ount o/ "o$er that can (e tran!0itted /or a "articu ar .o ta-e or it /i4 u" an .o ta-e /or a certain a0ount o/ "o$er&

, ;ii< Sta(i it# con!ideration!=- I/ re!i!tance and !hunt ea7a-e o/ a tran!0i!!ion ine ;Rand -< i! ne- ected the "o$er that can (e tran!0itted $ithin !ta(i it# i0it i! 6@
VS Vr !in X
VS

@ Sendin- end Vo ta-e

Vr @ Recei.in- and .o ta-e

D @ Serie! reactance in oh05" an @ Load an- e - an- e (et$een V! and Vr 'hen VS =Vr = V 6@
V 2 Sin X

( Kv ) 2 sin /or , "ha!e $here

X

1V @ ine to ine .o ta-e& I/ @ 9% 0 0a4i0u0 "o$er can (e tran!0itted& 9ut i! not a o$ed to .ar# 0ore than +%% to ,%%& Other $i!e, the 0achine! $i oo!e !#nchroni!0 under tran!ient condition!& :on!ider a ca!e, $hen 4@ %&,)*5 oh0 "er 70&
= 30 0 S @ en-th in 70 o/ ine& 'e ha.e

6@

( kv ) 2 sin = ( kv )
x

0.34755

x 0.5 = 1.43

( kv ) 2 MW
S

I/ the ine in to o"erate at natura oad then 6SIL @

( KV ) 2
ZS
2

E?uatin- the t$o

2

1.43( kv ) ( kv ) = S ZS

or S@ 1&), C S 70&

Thi! 0ean! that the en-th o/ the ine that can o"erate at natura oadin- $ithout oo!in- !ta(i it# i! 1&), Z S ;>or the a!!u0ed .a ue o/ 4, >or an# other .a ue o/ D the!e i! another /i4ed .a ue o/ S<& Thi! i0"o!e! a i0it o/ on the en-th o/ tran!0i!!ion ine in an A&:& !#!te0& In EHV ine e4ceedin- +%% 70 addtitiona e?ui"0ent i7e !erie! ca"acitance and !taun reactance i! to (e in!ta ed& ,&:urrent carr#in- ca"acit# o/ conductor! In an o.erhead !#!te0 0a4i0u0 "o$er tran!0itted i! ne.er de"endant on ther0a condition& 9ut due to other con!ideration a! e4" ained in + and , a(o.e& Hence the current carr#in- ca"acit# i! not /u # uti iAed& ) >errant! e//ect I/ the ine i! oaded $ith a eadin-, reactance .o t a0"erer!, there $i (e a ri!e o/ .o ta-e at recei.in- end& The ri!e i! o/ the order o/ 1&5B /or 12% 10, 1,B /or 5%%70 and 1%%B /or 92% 70& There i! a !o ri!e o/ .o ta-e at the !andin- end $hen the oad i! thro$n o// !udden #& Thi! 0a# a-ra.ate the "ro( e0& U!ua # !hunt reactor! are u!ed at the oad end to contro the .o ta-e ri!e due to >erranti e//ect&

) 5 Econo0ica and 9io o-ica a!"ect! Recent re!earche!, !ho$ that EHV and UHV ine! -enerate e ectro!tatic and e ectro 0a-netic /ie d& The!e /ie d can induce current and .o ta-e in ani0a ! hu0an (ein-! and (ird!& 9ut ho$e.er the!e e//ect! are 0ini0u0 and $ithin to era( e i0it! tran!0i!!ion ine! a !o "roduce noice in the audi( e e.e & 9ut it i! not !eriou! u" to 5%% 1V& Reacti.e co0"en!ation o/ EHV !#!te0 To in8ect reacti.e "o$er and to contro the oad end .o ta-e !hunt co0"en!ation $ith ca"aciti.e VAR i! u!ed& To encounter /erranti e//ect !hunt reactor co0"en!ation i! 0ade& Serie! ca"acitor co0"en!ation 0ade in order to enhance "o$er tran!/er ca"acit# o/ tran!0i!!ion ine!& :o00on # u!ed co0"en!ator! ;a< Static !hunt ca"acitor 9an7! - The!e are in!ta ed at !uita( e "oint! in the (u! and !$itched on a! "er re?uire0ent to 0aintain (u! .o ta-e $ithin i0it!& Shunt reactor! = The!e are u!ed to contro e4ce!! .o ta-e due to /erranti e//ect& ;c< S#nchronu! conden!or! or S#nchronou! "ha!e 0odi/ire! S#nchronou! conden!er! are S#nchronou! 0otor! run /or "o$er /actor i0"ro.e0ent& 'hen o.er e4cited it de i.er! ca"aciti.e current and on under e4citation it de i.er! reaction! current& Hence (oth a--in- and eadin- VAR i! "o!!i( e& ;d< Static VAR co0"en!ator!=- Thi! !er.e! the !a0e "ur"o!e o/ !#nchronou! conden!er!& 9ut there i! no rotar# "art& It i! (a!ica # a contro a( e !hunt reactor in "ara e $ith !tatic ca"acitor!& ;e< Serie! co0"en!ation=- It i! an i0"ortant 0ethod in i0"ro.in- the "er/or0ance o/ EHV ine!& It increa!e! the "o$er hand in- ca"acit# and reduce! .o ta-e! re-u ation& 6o$er tran!/er ca"acit# 6 @
V S Vr Sin X

I! the oad an- e or tor?ue an- e

;an- e (et$een VS and Vr< I/ a !erie! co0"en!ator in in!ta ed in the ha.in- X C a! the ca"acitie! reactance the net reactance in ; X L X C < and "o$er tran!/er ca"acit# o/ !uch a ine i! -i.en (#
V S Vr Sin ( XL XC )
XL Xc XL I X 2 X 1 whereK = c 1 k XL

1 6 =

P1 XL = = P ( XL Xc )

5 1@
XC XL

in 7no$n a! de-ree o/ !erie! co0"en!ation&

XC

O(.iou! # Dc

E 4L o"ti0u0

co0"en!ation in o(tained $ith X = %&) to %&*& 'hen !erie! co0"en!ation i! a"" ied L "o$er an- e! i! reduced& Lo$er .a ue! o/ oad an- e increa!e! the !#!te0 !ta(i it#& >&A&:&T&S - > e4i( e A&:& Tran!0i!!ion !#!te0 i! a ne$ techno o-# (# $hich ca"acit# o/ tran!0i!!ion ine! can (e enhanced& The e!!entia in-redient! in >A:TS i! the ra"id and "reci!e !$itchin- in and out o/ ca"acitor (an7!& Thi! i! 0ade "o!!i( e (# the u!e o/ !o id !tate !$itche! !uch a! th#ri!tor!& Thi! can in/ uence the i0"edance o/ a ine and "o$er can (e routed $ithin a !#!te0 and i! (et$een !#!te0& H&V&D&:& Tran!0i!!ion Due to the i0itation en i!ted a(o.e /or EHV, A&:& S#!te0 recent trend i! to -o /or H&V&D&: tran!0i!!ion $hen the ine! en-th! are 0ore& 9ut D&:& in tired /or tran!0i!!ion on #& Feneration !u( tran!0i!!ion and di!tri(ution i! A&:& on #& Thi! i! 0ain # (ecau!e !te""in- u" and !te""in- do$n u!in- tran!/or0er i! "o!!i( e $ith A&:& on #& At (oth end! con.ertin- e?ui"0ent! are u!ed& At one and con.ertin- e?ui"0ent $or7 a! a recti/ier and other end it $or7! a! an in.erter& 6o$er can (e tran!0itted in (oth the direction& :o0"ari!on o/ H&V&D: and H&V&A: !#!te0 D&:& ;Ad.anta-e!< 1 + Line con!truction chea"er i! !i0" e and Line con!truction co0" e4 More conductor! re?uired& A&:&

6o$er tran!0itted "er conductor i! 0ore hence e!!er nu0(er o/ conductor i! re?uired& :har-in- current! i! tota # a(!ent& Hence no di!tance i0it :urrent i! uni/or0 # di!tri(uted -

:har-in- current increa!e! $ith en-th o/ ine, $hich i0"o!e! a i0it on di!tance Due to !7in e//ect concentrated to "eri/er# current i!

) 5

Reacti.e "o$er co0"en!ation i! not re?uired& Line o"eration at unit# "&/ char-in- current! are a(!ent& Line dro" i! "ure # re!i!ti.e& :orona o!! in "ro"ortiona to ;/G+5<& Hence /or D&:& corona o!! in e!!& S$itchin- !ur-e! are e!! -

Lon- di!tance tran!0i!!ion i! "o!!i( e on # i/ reacti.e co0"en!ation i! done&

2 *

:orona o!! i! 0ore S$itchin- !ur-e! are 0ore

Sta(i it# "ro( e0! do not ari!e !ince it i! in a!#nchronou! o"eration o/ the -enerator! :ontri(ution o/ D&:& Line to !hort circuit current i! e!!& 6o$er contro i! /a!t and accurate !ince there i! e!! inertia due to the a(!ence o/ rotatin- "art! Un i0ited "o$er can (e tran!0itted Di!ad.anta-e! The con.erter! re?uired at (oth end! are .er# e4"en!i.e& Hence D&: ine! are econo0ica # .ia( e on # o/ the di!tance o/ the ine i! 0ore& The con.erter! a(!or( reacti.e "o$er $hich 0u!t (e !u"" ied oca #& Since D&:& ( oc7! the tran!0i!!ion o/ reacti.e VA& the recei.in- end 0u!t (e ca"a( e o/ !u"" #in- the $ho e o/ reacti.e co0"onent o/ "o$er re?uired (# oad& Suita( e /or "oint to "oint tran!0i!!ion on #

2 Due to !ta(i it# "ro( e0 di!tance i! i0ited& In A: !#!te0 !hort current i! 0ore 6o$er contro i! ! o$

9 1%

11 1+

In.e!t0ent in ter0ina e?ui"0ent i! e!!&

1,

No !uch "ro( e0

1)

Suita( e /or inter connected !#!te0