This document is the property of Nerdy Notes (www.nerdy-notes.com).

Permission is granted to view this document only to authorized users; under no circumstances
are you allowed to distribute, store or transmit this document without the express, written consent of Nerdy Notes, Inc.
nerdy-notes.com
uploaded by user pancholi






Class: ANP 300
Lecture/Exam: Exam 3
School: SBU
Semester: Spring 2012
Professor: Baab




























This document is the property of Nerdy Notes (www.nerdy-notes.com). Permission is granted to view this document only to authorized users; under no circumstances
are you allowed to distribute, store or transmit this document without the express, written consent of Nerdy Notes, Inc.
Cardio
Plasma is the liquid ground substance of blood.
Platelets are fragments of megakaryocytes
o They do coagulation of blood
o Platelets stick together and form a plug in the
damaged vessel.
o Fibrogen, a protein, forms a fibrin clot to seal the
hole.
Diapedesis WBCs squeeze through capillaries
Hemopoiesis production of blood
cells.
o Lymphoid stem cells give rise to
leukocytes
o Myeloid stem cells give rise to
everything, including some
leukocytes
Pericardium sack that surrounds the
heart
o Fibrous pericardium attaches to
the diaphragm and blood vessels.
o Serous pericardium Reflects at the vessels
Parietal pericardium sticks to fibrous
pericardium
Visceral pericardium sticks to the heart
The parietal reflects and becomes visceral, etc.
Pericardial cavity- in between visceral and
parietal layers.
Cuspid Valves between Atria & Ventricles
o Bicuspid Left atrium/ventricle
o Tricuspid right atrium/ventricle
o Powered by papillary muscles
Contraction keeps the valves closed.
o Muscles are attached to the chordae tendinae
Semilunar Valves
o Passive there is no muscle
o Blood backwash fills the cusps. Pressure has to
overcome the closed cusps to open the valves.
Right Atrium
o Fossa Ovalis (Foramen ovale)
o Pectinate muscles.
o Coronary sinus opens here.
Ventricles have trabeculae carnae muscles
Electrical signal set up
o SA Node sends signal to AV node & Atria
o AV node delays it
This document is the property of Nerdy Notes (www.nerdy-notes.com). Permission is granted to view this document only to authorized users; under no circumstances
are you allowed to distribute, store or transmit this document without the express, written consent of Nerdy Notes, Inc.
o Sends it down the atrioventricular bundle
o The bundle branches into left/right which branch off
into the purkinje fibers.
[Know arteries & veins of the heart)
Innervation
o Parasympathetic Vagus Nerve
o Sympathetic trunk
o Visceral sensation follows sympathetic

Arteries act a pressure reservoir while veins act as a
volume reservoir.
Arteries have more smooth muscle and no valves.
Types of Capillaries -
o Continuous least permeable only small molecules
like O2 can get in.
o Fenestrated larger openings kidneys, intestines,
o Sinusoid (discontinuous) Has huge openings, and is
the most permeable. In liver, spleen, bone marrow.
Blood pressure 120/80 in arteries, nothing in veins
o Driving pressure = flow rate * peripheral resistance.
o Arterial Pressure = Cardiac Output * peripheral
resistance
Cardiac output = stroke volume * rate
This document is the property of Nerdy Notes (www.nerdy-notes.com). Permission is granted to view this document only to authorized users; under no circumstances
are you allowed to distribute, store or transmit this document without the express, written consent of Nerdy Notes, Inc.
Glossopharyngeal nerve does visceral sensation to carotid
body and carotid sinus (stretch receptors)
3 portal systems
o Hypothalamic hypophyseal
o Hepatic (intestines to liver)
o Nephronic (kidneys)
See Fetal Circulation PDF
Prenatal postnatal structures
Pretnatal Postnatal
Ductus arteriosus Ligamentum arteriosum
Foramen ovale Fossa Ovalis
Ductus venosus Ligamentum venosum
Umbilical veins Ligamentum teres
Umbilical arteries Medial umbilical ligaments
Lymph System
Functions
o Return interstitial fluid back to blood
o Transport products of fat digestion
o Filter foreign substances and dead cells
o Make up part of immune system
Components -
o Lymph extra interstitial fluid RBCS or platelets
Dissolved lipids, and lymphocytes & macrophages.
o Lymph Vessels 4 levels
Capillary
Larger diameter and more permeable.
Blind ended.
Called Lacteals in small intestine.
Lympathic
Thinner walls and more valves than veins.
Passes through the nodes.
Drains everything except cornea & CNS
Superficial structures follows veins
Deep structures (Except lungs) follows
arteries
Lungs
o Paratracheal, tracheobronchial,
bronchopulmonary.
Lympathic trunks (paired)
Jugular, subclavian, bronchomediastinal,
intestinal, lumbar
Lymph duct
Thoracic duct most of the blood
Right lymphatic duct
This document is the property of Nerdy Notes (www.nerdy-notes.com). Permission is granted to view this document only to authorized users; under no circumstances
are you allowed to distribute, store or transmit this document without the express, written consent of Nerdy Notes, Inc.
o Has only right jugular and right
subclavian trunks .
Both empty into the brachiocephalic veins.
o Lymph Organs
Nodes
Spleen
Thymus
o Lymphatic Tissue
Tonsils
Pharyngeal, palatine, and lingual.
Pharyngeal is nasopharynx, while other 2 are
oropharynx.
Peyers Patches
On walls of ileum in small intestine.
Respiratory
You have 3 conchae and 3 meatuses (channels through
conchae)
o Inferior nasal conchaeis its own bone. Other 2 come
from ethmoid.
Sinuses frontal, ethmoid, sphenoid and maxillary.
o Sphenoid sinus empties into sphenoehtmoid recess
o Some ethmoid empties into superior meatus
o Rest of ethmoid, frontal, and maxillary empty into
middle meatus
o Nasolacrimal duct empties into inferior meatus
Pharynx
o Nasopharynx choanea (opening to nasal cavity) & soft
palate.
o Oropharynx Fauces (opening), & hyoid
o Layngopharynx cricoid cartilage is end of it.
Has superior, middle, and inferior constrictors.
Vagus innervations.
Larynx
o Arytenoid cartilage where vocal cords attach
o Vestibular fold & vocal fold
o Rima glottides opening b/w vocal folds
o All laryngeal muscles are innervated by recurrent
laryngeal nerve from vagus
Except cricothyroid external laryngeal nerve.
o Posterior cricoarytenoid abducts while all of the
others adduct the cricoarytenoid joint.
Right lung has 3 lobes. Bronchus is straighter and shorter.
Left lung has linguala and cardiac notch.
Lungs have plural sac consisting of serous membrane
This document is the property of Nerdy Notes (www.nerdy-notes.com). Permission is granted to view this document only to authorized users; under no circumstances
are you allowed to distribute, store or transmit this document without the express, written consent of Nerdy Notes, Inc.
o Its reflected, and has both visceral and parietal
layers
o Full of serous fluid
Each lung segment gets its own tertiary bronchus, and
branch of both pulmonary artery and vein.
Inspiration is active, exhalation is passive.
Symphatic nerves do bronchodilation
Vagus does bronchoconstriction
Medulla & pons control breathing. Phrenic nerve (C3-5)
control the diaphragm.
Chemoreceptors from carotid bodies (CN 9), aortic bodies
(CN X) and the central chemoreceptors affect breathing.

Digestive System

Oral Cavity
o Plaotglossol arch is in front of the palatopharyngeal
arch, with palatine tonsil in between the 2.
Muscles of mastication
o Temporalis, masseter, medial pterygoid, lateral
pterygoid
o Innervation by V3
Buccinator, orbicularis oris VII
Glossus muscles CN XII
Palato muscles CN X
Dentition
o 2 incisors, 1 canine, 2 premolars,
3 molars.
Salivary glands- submandibular gland &
sublingual gland & parotid gland
o Submandibular and parotid glands have ducts.
Sublingual doesnt really have a duct.
Layers of GI Tract tube
o Serosa epithelial and connective tissue membrane
o Muscularis muscle. Circular muscle is deep.
Longitudinal is superficial.
o Submucosa connective tissue w/ vessels and nerves.
o Mucosa epithelial layer. Thin layer of smooth
muscle.
Peritoneum serous membrane lining the abdominal organs
o Has visceral & parietal layers
Mesentary double fold of peritoneu connecting organs to
body wall
o Contains nerves and blood vessels
o Organ to wall mesenteries
This document is the property of Nerdy Notes (www.nerdy-notes.com). Permission is granted to view this document only to authorized users; under no circumstances
are you allowed to distribute, store or transmit this document without the express, written consent of Nerdy Notes, Inc.
Falciform ligament liver to antererior wall
THE Mesentary post. Wall to small intestine
Transverse & sigmoid mesocolon post wall to
colons
o Organ to organ mesenteries
Greater omentum
Lesser omentum
Esophagus
o Begins from laryngopharynx and goes to stomach
o Goes through diaphragm at T10
o Has adventitia instead of serosa
o Muscularis layer has skeletal muscles for top 1/3 and
smooth for the rest.
o Somatic control is done by vagus.
Blood supply
o Foregut celiac artery
o Midgut superior mesenteric artery
o Hindgut inferior mesenteric artery
Foregut liver, gallbladder, esophagus, pancreas, stomach,
duodenum, spleen.
[Know arteries and all]
Stomach cardia, fundus, body, greater/lesser curvature,
and pylorus.
o Gastric glands in mucosa secrete gastric juice
o Contains a deeper layer of muscle called oblique
fibers
Duodenum part of small intestine, but part of foregut
o Major duodenal papilla where the juices from organs
flow in.
Pancreas deep to the stomach. Exocrine & endocrine.
Liver know the 4 lobes.
o Porta hepatis where the hepatic artery, portal vein,
and common bile duct enter/exit
o Hepatic artery oxygenated blood into the liver
o Portal vein blood that has to be cleaned up from gut
o Common bile duct sends out bile through here.
o Each lobule in the lung has empties into the central
vein
Gallbladder stores bile that the liver makes.
This document is the property of Nerdy Notes (www.nerdy-notes.com). Permission is granted to view this document only to authorized users; under no circumstances
are you allowed to distribute, store or transmit this document without the express, written consent of Nerdy Notes, Inc.
GI tract veins
empty into
portal vein,
which goes to
liver.
Midgut organs
ascending,
transverse
colon, jejenum &
ileum.
Duodenum and
jejenum have
plicae
circularis
they create tons
of surface area
for absorption
Illeum has
peyers patches lymph tissue
Colon has hepatic flexure & splenic flexure
Ascending and descending colon are retroperitoneal,
transverse, and sigmoid arent retro
Hindgut descending & sigmoid colon. Rectum as well.
o Dont get parasympathetics from vagus. Get from pelvic
splenhic nerves instead.
o External anal sphincter gets somatic from pudenal
nerve.

Urinary System

Kidney coverings superficial to deep
o Pararenal fat
o Renal fascia
o Perirenal fat
o Renal capsule
Flow of urine in kidney
o Cortex pyramid renal papilla minor calix
major calix renal pelvis ureter bladder
urethra porcelain goddess.
Renal arteries (From aorta) & renal veins enter through the
renal hilum.
[understand nephron flow]
Innervation of kidney renal plexus
o T10-T12 sympathetics
Vasoconstriction for less filtration
This document is the property of Nerdy Notes (www.nerdy-notes.com). Permission is granted to view this document only to authorized users; under no circumstances
are you allowed to distribute, store or transmit this document without the express, written consent of Nerdy Notes, Inc.
o Parasympathetic from vagus
Ureter is like GI tract, but has adventia, and the muscles
are switched circular is superficial, and longitudinal is
deep.
o Ureter innervated by sympathetic from T11-L2, and
parasympathetics from vagus for top part, and pelvic
splanchnic for bottom part.
Bladder has 4 layers, just like GI tract. Detrusor muscle
is in the muscularis layer.
o Has internal urethral sphincter (Smooth muscle ) aand
o External urethral sphincter (skeletal muscle)
Urethra
o Females
Conducts only urine. 3-5 cm lone
o Males
3 parts prostatic(3-4cm), membranous (1cm), and
spongy (15 cm)
Carries sperm and crap too.
Piss reflex
o Distention (bladder is full) goes through pelvic
splanchnic nerves
o Pelvic splanhnics relax internal sphincter, and
contract the detrusor muscle
o Sympathetics get inhibited, and the internal sphincter
is allowed to relax
o Somatic motor (pudental nerve) is inhibited so that
the external sphincter relaxes.
o You piss!
Reproductive

Pelvic floor/pelvic diaphragm Muscles
o Levitator Ani
Puborectalis
Kinds rectum to prevent crapping your pants
Pubococcygeus
Illiococcygeus
o Coccygeus
Perinium is crap below
the pelvic floor
Urogenital triange is
deep and superficial
Deep deep transverse
perineus, and external
urethral sphincter
This document is the property of Nerdy Notes (www.nerdy-notes.com). Permission is granted to view this document only to authorized users; under no circumstances
are you allowed to distribute, store or transmit this document without the express, written consent of Nerdy Notes, Inc.
Superficial bulbospongeous, ischocavernosus, superficial
trasverse perineus
Developmental homologues
Female Male
Labia majora Scrotum
Labia Minora Spongy Urethra
Glans/crus of clitoris Glans/crus of penis
Bulb of Vestibule Bulb of penis
Vestibule Membraneous urethra
Vestibular glands Bulbourethral glands
Ovaries Testes
External vagina
o Under bulbospingeous, you have the corpus spongeous
o Under the ischiocavernous, you have the corpus
cavernosum
o Both meet up at the clitoris
External penis
o Glans is tip
o Corpus cavernosum make up the sides, with corpus
spongiosum in between it.
o Bulb is at the bottom
Internal female stuffs
o Ovary is connected to uterus via ovarian ligament
o Uterus is connected to labia majora via round ligament
o Both ovarian and round ligaments are from the
gubernaculum
o Layers of uterus
Endometrium (most inner)
Myometrium (smooth muscle)
Perimetrium outside layer where peritoneum
sticks to the uterus.
o The peritoneum makes 2 sacs around the uterus
Rectouterine pouch and vesicouterine pouch
o Other ligaments
Uterosacral ligament, broad ligament, and
suspensory ligament of the ovary
Broad ligament is double fold of peritoneum
o Vascularization
Ovaries get ovarian artery from aorta via
suspensory ligament
Right ovarian vein goes to the IVC
Left ovarian vein goes to renal vein
Uterine artery and veins come from iliac artery
and veins via the broad ligament.
o Innervation
This document is the property of Nerdy Notes (www.nerdy-notes.com). Permission is granted to view this document only to authorized users; under no circumstances
are you allowed to distribute, store or transmit this document without the express, written consent of Nerdy Notes, Inc.
Sympathetics + vagus nerve for parasympathetic.
For Ovary and fallopian tubes.
Sympathetics + pelvic splanchnics for
parasympathetics
Visceral pain goes through sympathetics, but
distention goes
through
parasympathetic
Inferior of
vagina is
somatic.
Internal Male anatomy
o ductus deferens +
seminal vesicle duct
= ejaculatory duct
o Sperm pathway
Seminiferous
tubules rete
testis
efferent ducts
epididymis
ductus
deferens
ejaculatory
duct urethra
o Seminal vesicles and prostate both contribute to
semen.
o Bulbourethral glands secrete mucin into penis
o Erection is parasympathetic
o Ejaculation is sympathetic
o Layers of Scrotum
What is was before the
balls dropped
Scrotum
Skin Skin
Subcutaneous tissue Dartos muscle & fascia
Aponeurosis of ext.
oblique muscle
External spermatic fascia
Internal oblique muscle Cremasteric muscle
Internal oblique fascia Cremasteric fascia
Transversalis fascia Internal spermatic fascia
Peritoneum Tunica vaginalis
Hernias
o Direct viscera push through the wall of canal
through the superficial inguinal ring
o Indirect viscera push through patent processus
vaginalis.
This document is the property of Nerdy Notes (www.nerdy-notes.com). Permission is granted to view this document only to authorized users; under no circumstances
are you allowed to distribute, store or transmit this document without the express, written consent of Nerdy Notes, Inc.
Lab Manual Notes
Lab 9 Thorax

Boobies
o Alveoli lobules lobe lactiferous sinuses
lactiferous ducts ducts
o Areola around the nipple.
o Adipose tissue & Suspensory ligaments
Ribs
o 1-7 are real
o 8-10 are fake
o 11-12 are floating
Costoscapular muscles
o Pectoralis minor medial pectoral nerve
o Serratus anterior long thoracic nerve
o Transversus thoracis sternum to ribs. Innervated
by intercostal nerves. Internal thoracic artery
passed behind.
o External/internal/innermost intercostal muscles
Diaphragm vena caval foramen (T8), esophageal hiatus
(T10), Aortic hiatus (T12)
Lung divisions
o Bronchus
Primary 1 per lung
Secondary (lobar) 1 per lobe
Tertiary (segmented) 10 per lung
o Bronchiole
Bronchiole
Terminal bronchiole
o Alveoli
Alveolar duct
Alveolar sac
Alveolus
Right lung 3 lobes superior, middle, inferior
o Horizontal fissure & Oblique Fissure
Left lung 2 lobes superior & Inferior
o Oblique fissure only
o Lingula + cardiac notch.
Heart vessels
o Arteries
Left coronary artery
Circumflex
Anterior interventricular
Right coronary artery
This document is the property of Nerdy Notes (www.nerdy-notes.com). Permission is granted to view this document only to authorized users; under no circumstances
are you allowed to distribute, store or transmit this document without the express, written consent of Nerdy Notes, Inc.
Marginal
Posterior interventricular
o Veins
Great/middle/small cardiac veins combine to
make a coronary sinus, which drains into right
atrium.

Chapter 10 Abdomen

Rectus abdominis rectus sheath - linea alba
External oblique internal oblique transversus abdominus
Post wall quadratus lumborum, psoas major/minor
Large intestines have bands called taeniae coli which cause
bulges called haustra.
Arteries
o Celiac artery
Left gastic artery
Splenic artery
Left gastroepiploic
Hepatic artery
Gastroduodenal artery
o Right gastroepiploic
o Right gastic artery
o Cystic artery
o Superior mesenteric artery
Jejunal & illeal branches
Middle & right colic artery
Illeocolic artery
o Inferior mesenteric artery
Left colic artery
Sigmoid branches
Superior rectal artery
Veins
o The branchs are drain the same
o Inferior mesenteric vein joins splenic, which will
then join superior mesenteric,
This creates the hepatic portal vein
Kidneys
o Each kidney gets a renal artery & renal vein
o Adrenal gland gets superior suprarenal artery (from
inferior phrenic artery), middle suprarenal arter
(From aorta) and inferior suprarenal artery (from
renal artery)
o On the left, the suprarenal vein joins with renal vein
first
This document is the property of Nerdy Notes (www.nerdy-notes.com). Permission is granted to view this document only to authorized users; under no circumstances
are you allowed to distribute, store or transmit this document without the express, written consent of Nerdy Notes, Inc.
o On the right, the suprarenal vein goes direct to the
IVC.
Gonadal blood
o Arteries come off of the abdominal aorta
o Left vein goes into left renal vein
o Right vein goes to the IVC directly.

Chapter 11 The Pelvis

Pelvis pubis, ischium and illium
o Auricular surface - greater sciatic notch ischial
spine lesser sciatic notch ischial tuberosity
o Anterior/posterior sacroiliac ligament
o Sacrospinous ligament
o Sacrotuverous ligament
o Sex differences
Subpubic angle females have it wider
Ischiopubic ramus men is convex, female is
concave
Body of pubic men have it tall and narrow.
Greator sciatic notch more pronounced in
females
Auricular surface bigger on males
Anococcygeal raphe part of that middle tendon from rectum
to sacrum
Perineal body tendom from urogenital hiatus to rectum
Ischiorectal fossa space filled with fat around anal
sphincter
Pouches
o Rectovesical in males
o Uterovesical & rectouterine in females
Fornix fold of vagina past the cervix
Ovary
o Tunica albuginea is the outside.
o Under that is the germinal epithelium
o Stroma is what ovaries are filled with
o After a mature follicle releases a cell, it becomes a
corpus luteum.
o After that, the corpus luteum becomes the corpus
albicans
o Mesovarian messentary that connects ovary to tubes
Blood supply
o Arteries
You have ovarian/testical.
Superior rectal from the inferior mesenteric.
This document is the property of Nerdy Notes (www.nerdy-notes.com). Permission is granted to view this document only to authorized users; under no circumstances
are you allowed to distribute, store or transmit this document without the express, written consent of Nerdy Notes, Inc.
External iliac artery gives off inferior
epigastric artery.. which gives off a branch to
the cremaster muscle
Internal Iliac artery branches into post & ant
Posterior branches into lateral sacral artery
Anterior branches into a bunch of things
Umbilical artery, which also gives off
superior vesical artery
Middle rectal artery
Either inferior vesical artery (men) or
uterine artery (women)
Internal pudendal artery
o Inferior rectal artery
o Perineal artery
o Artery of clit/penis

o Veins Follow same exact thing as the arteries

Nerves
o You have lumbar & sacral plexuses at play.
o Ventral rami of S2-S4 make the pudendal nerve, which
provides inferior rectal nerve to anal sphincter.
The pudendal than breaks into perineal nerve or
dorsal nerve of clit/penis
o Sympathetic trunks run down through the abdomen via
paravertebral ganglia untill they merge in front of
coccyx at the superior hypogastric plexus.
o The nerves from the superior hypogastric plexus then
travel down to where it forms with the inferior
hypogastric plexus with the parasympathetic pelvic
splahnic nerves.