2004 SUMATRA-ANDAMAN EARTHQUAKES

OTHER NAMES: 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami South Asian Tsunami Boxing Day Tsunami Christmas Tsunami

I.) PROPERTIES

1. MAGNITUDE Mw = 8.8 (Initial Magnitude, several minutes after the Main Event) Mw = 9.0 (February 2005, Scientific Data) Mw = 9.1 (USGS Data) Mw = 9.2 (Dr. HirooKanamori Data) Mw = 9.1 to 9.3 (2006, Scientific Data) Mw = 9.15 (Official Data)

2. INTENSITY

Indonesia

IX VIII IV III

at Banda Aceh at Meulaboh at Medan and Sampali at Bukittinggi, Parapat and Payakumbuh Felt at Jakarta

India

VII IV III

at Port Blair, Andaman Islands at Madras at Bengaluru and Vishakhapatnam Felt at Bangalore, Bhubaneshwar, Calcutta and Kochi

Malaysia

V IV

at Gelugor Estate at Sungai Ara at AlorSetar, George Town, Kampong TanjongBunga, Kuala Lumpur and Kulim at Hat Yai at Bangkok at Chiang Mai and Phuket at Mandalay at Rangoon on Singapore at Dhaka Felt at Chittagong

III

Thailand

V IV III

Myanmar

IV III

Singapore Bangladesh

II III

Sri Lanka Maldives

II IV

at Kandy and in other parts of Sri Lanka at Male (nearly 2500 km from the epicenter) Felt by people in a high rise building at Hagatna (more than 5400 km from the epicenter)

Guam

3. OTHER FACTS Size of the fault that produce the Earthquake Length = 1200-1300 km parallel to Sunda Trench Width = 100 km perpendicular to Earthquake Source Majority of Slip is concentrated at 400 km of rupture Maximum Displacement on the rupture surface between the plates = 20m Maximum Displacement of the sea bottom above the Earthquake Source = 10m Angle of Subduction = 10O East North East Energy Released: = 20 x 1017 joules = 475,000 kilotons of TNT = 23,000 Nagasaki bombs Duration: Rupture duration = 3 to 4 minutes Duration (depends on Earth properties of several affected Areas) Effects on the rotation of Earth Change in Length of Day = -2.676 microseconds Polar motion excitation X: -0.670 milliarcseconds Y: 0.475 milliarcseconds

II.) LOCATION: Epicenter Location: 3.316O N, 95.854O E (160 km west of Sumatra) Hypocentre (Focus): 160 km (100 mi.) (from Main Earthquake) Location Uncertainty: +/- 5.6 km (3.5mi.), Depth = Fixed Depth: 30 km (18.6 mi.) set by location program Region: Off the west coast of northern Sumatra Distances relative certain Places 250 km SSE of Banda Aceh, Sumatra, Indonesia 300 km W of Medan, Sumatra, Indonesia 1260 km SSW of Bangkok, Thailand 1590 km NW of Jakarta, Java, Indonesia

Location 1. Map Showing the places relative to the Epicenter (B), shown in light circles are Aceh, and Medan both are severely Affected. Location of USM, Kabacan, Cotabato is shown in (A). The Thick Circles are Bangkok and Jakarta.

Location 2. Map showing the Location of the Epicenter.

III.) EVENTS: Time & Dates

A. Time of The Great Earthquake Sunday, December 26, 2004 at 00:58:53 UTC Sunday, December 26, 2004 at 07:58:53 AM at Epicenter Time in the Philippines: Sunday, December 26, 2004 at 08:58:53 AM B. Events Number of Events before the Great Disaster (January 1, 2004 to December 25, 2004) = approximately 260 events Depth Ranges 40km approximately 46 events < 40 km to 30 km ~ 15 events < 30 km to 20 km ~ 37 events < 20 km to 0 km ~ 162 Seismic quiescence (November 27,2004 to December 25, 2004) Last event (Magnitude 5.3, depth = 41km/Location = 1.97N, 97.89E/ November 27, 2004) Less than Magnitude 5 = approximately 241 events Between Magnitude 5 to Magnitude 6 = approximately 18 events Greater than Magnitude 6 = 1 event (Magnitude 6.2, depth 21 km)

C. AFTERSHOCKS 1. TOTAL (December 26, 2004 to February 07, 2005) ~ 1065 events 2. Magnitude Range: Magnitude 3.8 to Magnitude 7.4 3. Frequency of Strong Earthquake (6.0 and up): ~ 13 Events (Magnitude 7.1 occur after 3 hours of the Main Event) LIST OF NUMBER OF EVENTS AND THEIR DATES

DATE December 26, 2004 December 27, 2004 December 28, 2004 December 29, 2004 December 30, 2004 December 31, 2004 January 01, 2005 January 02, 2005 January 03, 2005 January 04, 2005 January 05, 2005 January 06, 2005 January 07, 2005

Number of Events 193 207 35 49 30 40 25 23 8 14 5 15 20

January 08, 2005 January 09, 2005 January 10, 2005 January 11-15, 2005 January 16-20, 2005 January 21-25, 2005 January 26-27, 2005 January 28-30, 2005 February 01-07, 2005

19 52 10 52 60 25 58 93 32

IV.) TECTONIC SUMMARY Reason: Thrust Faulting on the Interface of Indian Plate (India-Australian Plate) and Burma Plate (Part of Eurasia plate).

Figure 1 .Showing the Reason for Sumatra-Andaman 2004 Earthquake

Figure 2.The Sumatran Subduction Zone, the area where the Indian/Australian plate and the Eurasian plate overlap.The darker the blue, the more shallow the water. Movement: India-Australia plate = NNE with respect to interior of Eurasia plate Eurasia plate = 60 mm/year Zone of Aftershocks: ~1300 km long

V.) TSUNAMI PROPERTIES DISTANCE WAVE TRAVELLED INLAND ~ Up to 2 km (1.24 mi.) SIGNS: a. East of Earthquake Rupture: NEGATIVE WAVE Recession of Ocean Waves The following are taken from a Video taken from A tourist Spot in Indonesia:

Figure 3. Two tourist still not retreating even the Ocean Waves disappear hundreds of meter back to the ocean, Lack of Knowledge about the signs of Tsunami contribute to the increase number of Deathtolls

Figure 4. The Ocean waves disappeared

Figure 5.Tourist getting an exposed shellfish. The small boats are seen to be in the land, but before the recession of ocean waves, these boats are floating in the ocean

b. West of Earthquake rupture POSITIVE WAVES no recession of Ocean waves prior to the Tsunami Disaster ARRIVAL OF TSUNAMI AFTER THE MAIN EVENT: Northern Sumatra 30 minutes Thailand 1.5 hours to 2 hours Sri Lanka 2 to 3 hours

Figure6.Tsunami travel time in hours

WAVE HEIGHTS Sumatra 10 to 15 meters Sri Lanka 5 to 10 meters India 5 to 6 meters Andaman Islands 5 meters Thailand 3 to 5 meters Kenya 2 to 3 meters The Following are Pictures from Boen_Sumatra:

Figure 7. The Red Arrows indicate the water level when the tsunami hit the nearby town of Banda Aceh

Figure 8. The devasted Effects of the Tsunami on Banda Aceh

Figure 9. Inundation Height in Meulaboh and the Tsunami Run - Up Height in LhokNga

VI.) DAMAGES, DISASTER AND HUMANITARIAN CRISIS STATISTICS Total Estimated Damage cost: 10 Billion USD (Damage Cost greatly varies) Number of people affected: Up to 5 million people lost homes, or access to food and water Number of children affected : Around a third of the dead are children, and 1.5 million have been wounded, displaced or lost families Number of people left without the means to make a living: One million Number of World Heritage Sites destroyed or damaged: Five, including: The Old Town of Galle in Sri Lanka, The Tropical Rainforest of Sumatra in Indonesia The Sun Temples of Konarak in India Estimated cost of tsunami early warning technology in Indian Ocean: $20 million Estimated cost of aid and reconstruction following tsunami: $7.5 billion Total international aid promised to Tsunami-ravaged nations: $7 billion

VII.) CASUALTIES AND DAMAGES TOTAL DEATHS: 283,100 Displaced: 1,126,900 STATISTICS FOR SEVERELY AFFECTED AREAS: 1. Aceh and Sumatera Utara Provinces, Indonesia Deaths: 108,100 Missing: 127,700 missing or presumed dead Displaced: 426,800 Small-scale Fishing Fleet destroyed: 70% 2. Sri Lanka Deaths: 30,900 Missing: 5,400 missing or presumed dead Displaced: 552,600 Small-scale Fishing Fleet destroyed: 66% Number of Fishing Harbor damaged: 10 out of 12 3. Andhra Pradesh, Kerala, Pondicherry, Andaman & Nicobar islands, India Deaths: 10,700 Missing: 5,600 missing or presumed dead Displaced: 112,500 4. West coast of Thailand Deaths: 5,300 Injured: 8,400 Missing: 3,100 missing or presumed dead Tamil Nadu And

VIII.) OTHER FACTS 1) The December 26, 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami was caused by an earthquake that is thought to have had the energy of 23,000 Hiroshima-type atomic bombs. 2) The epicenter of the 9.0 magnitude quake was under the Indian Ocean near the west coast of the Indonesian island of Sumatra. 3) The violent movement of sections of the Earths crusts known as tectonic plates displaced an enormous amount of water, sending powerful shock waves in every direction. 4) The tectonic plates in this area had been pushing against each other, building pressure for thousands of years they continue to do so and will likely cause underwater earthquakes and tsunamis in the future. 5) The shifting of the earths plates in the Indian Ocean on Dec. 26, 2004 caused a rupture more than 600 miles long, displacing the seafloor above the rupture by perhaps 10 yards horizontally and several yards vertically. As a result, trillions of tons of rock were moved along hundreds of miles and caused the planet to shudder with the largest magnitude earthquake in 40 years. 6) Within hours of the earthquake, killer waves radiating from the epicenter slammed into the coastline of 11 Indian Ocean countries, damaging countries from east Africa to Thailand. 7) A tsunami is a series of waves, and the first wave may not be the most dangerous. A tsunami wave train may come as surges five minutes to an hour apart. The cycle may be marked by the repeated retreat and advance of the ocean. 8) Despite a lag of up to several hours between the earthquake and the impact of the tsunami, nearly all of the victims were taken completely by surprise because there were no tsunami warning systems in the Indian Ocean to detect tsunamis or to warn the general populace living around the ocean. 9) The Indian Ocean tsunami traveled as far as 3,000 miles to Africa and still arrived with sufficient force to kill people and destroy property.

10) Many people in Indonesian reported that they saw animals fleeing for high ground minutes before the tsunami arrived very few animal bodies were found afterward. 11) The earthquake-induced tsunami resulted in at least 155,000 fatalities, 500,000 injuries, and damages that exceeded $10 billion. Also, it is estimated that 5 million people lost their homes or access to food and water.

IX.) PHOTOS

Photo 1. Above: Waves heights are greatly exaggerated relative to water depth in this computer model of the December 26, 2004, Indian Ocean tsunami. Image shows the tsunami 30 minutes after it was triggered by the earthquake. Land areas are green, with Sumatra to the right of the tsunami and India and Sri Lanka at the top of the image. The ocean floor is gray (blue in the cutaway at bottom left), with light shading to show its bathymetry. Heights of waves and sea-floor features have been vertically exaggerated to make details easier to see.

Photo 2.Comparison of some major Slip-Through Earthquakes to the 2004 Sumatra Earthquake.

Photo 3. Shows the level of severity on all affected Areas and its Neighbors.

Photo 4.The red arrows show how fast and in what direction the India/Australia plate moves relative to the Sunda shelf, which is the local region of the Eurasian plate and is a continental shelf. The black arrows are model results. The Thick Black Line is the Boundary between the two interfacing plates. The purple arrows and lines are the extensions of the rupture fault.

Photo 5.An island suddenly uplifted after the Dec 2004 quake. Before the quake the island was only as large as the green area covered in trees.

Photo 6. Map of Sumatra region showing the extent of the ruptured fault lines for the three most recent giant quakes. Green shows 2004, red shows 2005, and blue and yellow show 2007.

Photo 7. Geologist John Galetzka measuring the height of exposed coral on Simeleu Island, which gives the amount of uplift caused by the Dec 2004 quake. At this location, the uplift is 46 cm (1.5 feet).

Photo 8.An island suddenly subsided after the Dec 2004 quake.

Photo 9.Fishing boats in Puddukuppan, India

PHOTOS OF STRUCTURAL DAMAGES

a. Engineered Buildings

Photo 11.A five-storey high hotel. Buildings with three or more storeys are more likely to be damaged by the Earthquake

Photo 10. The massive energy released by the earthquake can destroy even the most reinforced structure. Shown here is the PantePirak Supermarket which is mostly reinforced concrete and designed to be prestressed.

b. Non-Engineered Buildings - Burnt Brick Masonry with sand and cement mortar. - Timber Buildings

c. Damage of Infrastructures i. Roads

ii. Bridges

iii. Ports

iv. Telecommunications

v. Water Supply

vi. Power Supply

vii. Industrial Structures