3

Multiple Choice Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. ____ 1. As a cell becomes larger, its a volume increases faster than its surface area. . b surface area increases faster than its volume. . c volume increases, but its surface area stays the same. . d surface area stays the same, but its volume increases. .

____

2. All of the following are problems that growth causes for cells EXCE ! a "#A overload. c obtaining enough food. . . b e$cess o$ygen. d e$pelling wastes. . .

____

%. &hich of the following is #'! a way that cell division solves the problems of cell growth( a Cell division provides each daughter cell with its own copy of "#A. . b Cell division increases the mass of the original cell. . c Cell division increases the surface area of the original cell. . d Cell division reduces the original cell)s volume. .

____

*. &hen during the cell cycle are chromosomes visible( a only during interphase c only during the + phase . . b only when they are being replicated d only during the ,1 phase . .

____

-. &hich pair is correct( a ,1 phase, "#A replication . b ,2 phase, preparation for mitosis .

c . d .

. phase, cell division + phase, cell growth

____

/. &hen during the cell cycle is a cell)s "#A replicated(

a ,1 phase . b ,2 phase .

c . d .

. phase + phase

____

0. &hich event occurs during interphase( a !he cell grows. . b Centrioles appear. . c .pindle fibers begin to form. . d Centromeres divide. .

____

1. "uring which phase of mitosis do the chromosomes line up along the middle of the dividing cell( a prophase c metaphase . . b telophase d anaphase . .

____

2. &hich of the following represents the phases of mitosis in their proper se3uence( a prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase . b interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase . c interphase, prophase, metaphase, telophase . d prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, cyto4inesis .

____ 15. &hat is the role of the spindle during mitosis( a 6t helps separate the chromosomes. . b 6t brea4s down the nuclear membrane. .

c . d .

6t duplicates the "#A. 6t divides the cell in half.

____ 11. !he two main stages of cell division are called a mitosis and interphase. . b synthesis and cyto4inesis. .

c . d .

the + phase and the . phase. mitosis and cyto4inesis.

____ 12. &hich of the following is a factor that can stop normal cells from growing(

a . b . c . d .

contact with other cells growth factors a cut in the s4in cyclin that has been ta4en from a cell in mitosis

____ 1%. &hich of the following e$plains why normal cells grown in a petri dish tend to stop growing once they have covered the bottom of the dish( a !he cells lac4 cyclin. . b !he petri dish inhibits cell growth. . c Contact with other cells stops cell growth. . d +ost cells grown in petri dishes have a defective p-%. .

____ 1*. Cyclins are a family of closely related proteins that a regulate the cell cycle. c cause cancer. . . b produce p-%. d wor4 to heal wounds. . .

____ 1-. Cancer is a disorder in which some cells have lost the ability to control their a si7e. c growth rate. . . b spindle fibers. d surface area. . .

____ 1/. As a cell grows, it a places more demands on its "#A. . b uses up food and o$ygen more 3uic4ly. . c has more trouble moving enough materials across its cell membrane. . d all of the above .

____ 10. Compared with small cells, large cells have more trouble a dividing. .

b producing daughter cells. . c moving needed materials in and waste products out. . d ma4ing copies of their "#A. .

____ 11. !he process by which a cell divides into two daughter cells is called a cell division. c interphase. . . b metaphase. d mitosis. . .

____ 12. &hich of the following happens when a cell divides( a !he cell)s volume increases. . b 6t becomes more difficult for the cell to get enough o$ygen and nutrients. . c !he cell has "#A overload. . d Each daughter cell receives its own copy of the parent cell)s "#A. .

____ 25. &hich of the following is a phase in the cell cycle( a ,1 phase c + phase . . b ,2 phase d all of the above . .

Figure 102

____ 21. Cell division is represented in 8igure 1592 by the letter( a A. c C. . . b :. d " . .

____ 22. !he cell cycle is the a series of events that cells go through as they grow and divide. . b period of time between the birth and the death of a cell. . c time from prophase until cyto4inesis. . d time it ta4es for one cell to undergo mitosis. .

Figure 103 ____ 2%. !he structure labeled A in 8igure 159% is called the a centromere. c sister chromatid. . . b centriole. d spindle. . .

____ 2*. !he structures labeled : in 8igure 159% are called a centromeres. c sister chromatids. . . b centrioles. d spindles. . .

____ 2-. &hich of the following is a phase of mitosis( a cyto4inesis . b interphase .

c . d .

anaphase . phase

____ 2/. !he first phase of mitosis is called a prophase. . b anaphase. .

c . d .

metaphase. interphase.

____ 20. 6n which phase of mitosis do chromosomes become visible( a prophase c metaphase . . b interphase d telophase . .

____ 21. &hat happens when cells come into contact with other cells( a !hey divide more 3uic4ly. c !hey produce cyclins. . . b !hey stop growing. d !hey produce p-%. . .

____ 22. 6n eu4aryotic cells, the timing of the cell cycle is regulated by a the centrioles. c the spindle. . . b cyclins. d all of the above . .

____ %5. &hat is a tumor( a an accumulation of cyclins . b a mass of cancer cells . c the rapidly dividing cells found at the site of a wound . d a defective p-% gene .

Completion Complete each statement. %1. !he larger a cell becomes, the ____________________ efficiently it is able to function. %2. :efore a normal cell becomes too large to carry out normal activities, it will usually divide to form two ____________________ cells. %%. !he structure labeled A in 8igure 1591 is called the ____________________.

%*.

roteins that regulate the cell cycle based on events inside the cell are called ____________________ regulators.

%-. 6n all forms of ____________________, certain cells fail to respond to the signals that regulate the cell cycle of most cells. %/. !he process by which a cell divides into two daughter cells is called ____________________. %0. !ogether, the ,1 phase, . phase, and ,2 phase are called ____________________. %1. Another name for cell division is the ____________________ phase. %2. ;oo4 at 8igure 159*. !he process shown occurs directly following mitosis. !his process is called ____________________.

Figure 104 *5. roteins called ____________________ regulate the timing of the cell cycle in eu4aryotic cells.

Short Answer

*1. &hat effect does cell si7e have on a cell)s ability to efficiently carry out its activities( ,ive an e$ample. *2. <ow does an increase in cell si7e affect the ratio of surface area to volume(

*%. &hat is interphase, and which phases of the cell cycle does interphase include( **. "escribe how a plant cell produces a new cell wall during cyto4inesis. *-. 6dentify a factor that can stop cells from growing. ,ive an e$ample of how this factor affects cell growth. */. ;ist two problems that growth causes for cells. *0. &hy are chromosomes not visible in most cells e$cept during cell division(

Figure 102 *1. !he main events of the cell cycle are labeled A, :, C, and " in 8igure 1592. #ame these events. !hen, briefly state what happens during each event. *2. #ame two factors that help regulate the timing of the cell cycle. -5. <ow do cancer cells differ from normal cells( Essay -1. &hat 4inds of problems does growth cause for cells( <ow does cell division help a cell solve these problems( -2. ;ist and describe the main events of the cell cycle. 6llustrate your description with a diagram of the cell cycle. -%. "escribe what happens during the four phases of mitosis. -*. "escribe how the s4in cells near a cut behave. &hat role does contact with other cells have in the behavior of cells near a cut( --. "escribe how cancer cells are different from other cells. :ased on these differences, e$plain why cancer has been such a difficult condition to cure. Other

S!"# SC!E"CE S$!%%S

Figure 10&1 -/. !nterpreting #raphics ;oo4 at 8igure 1591. &hich diagram shows cancer cells( <ow do you 4now( -0. Comparing an' Contrasting E$plain how cancer cells are different from normal cells. !hen, relate these characteristics to the diagrams in 8igure 1591. -1. (re'icting ;oo4 at the cancer cells shown in 8igure 1591. &hat can happen if these cells are left untreated( -2. Applying Concepts E$plain the role that p-% might have had in the growth and division of the cells shown in each diagram in 8igure 1591. /5. (ro)lem Sol*ing <ow might the cancer cells shown in 8igure 1591 be prevented from doing more harm to the organism of which they are a part( S!"# SC!E"CE S$!%%S

Figure 10+ /1. !nterpreting #raphics &hat does 8igure 159- represent( <ow do you 4now if this is an animal cell or a plant cell( /2. !n,erring &hat is the chromosome number of the cell shown in 8igure 159-( /%. !n,erring 6dentify the structures labeled X and = in 8igure 159-. /*. Applying Concepts ;ist the correct order for the diagrams in 8igure 159-. /-. (re'icting After the steps shown in 8igure 159- have been arranged in the correct order, what would a diagram of a final step show(

3 Answer Section
M %-!(%E C.O!CE 1. A#.> A 2. A#.> : %. A#.> : *. A#.> C -. A#.> : /. A#.> C 0. A#.> A 1. A#.> C 2. A#.> A 15. A#.> A 11. A#.> " 12. A#.> A 1%. A#.> C 1*. A#.> A 1-. A#.> C 1/. A#.> " 10. A#.> C 11. A#.> A 12. A#.> " 25. A#.> " 21. A#.> " 22. A#.> A !.> 1 !.> 1 !.> 1 !.> 1 !.> 1 !.> 1 !.> 1 !.> 1 !.> 1 !.> 1 !.> 1 !.> 1 !.> 1 !.> 1 !.> 1 !.> 1 !.> 1 !.> 1 !.> 1 !.> 1 !.> 1 !.> 1 ?E8> p. 2*2 ?E8> p. 2*1 @ p. 2*% ?E8> p. 2*% ?E8> p. 2** ?E8> p. 2*?E8> p. 2*/ ?E8> p. 2*/ ?E8> p. 2*1 ?E8> p. 2*/ ?E8> p. 2*0 ?E8> p. 2*?E8> p. 2-5 ?E8> p. 2-5 ?E8> p. 2-1 ?E8> p. 2-2 ?E8> p. 2*1 ?E8> p. 2*1 ?E8> p. 2*% ?E8> p. 2*% ?E8> p. 2*?E8> p. 2*?E8> p. 2*-

2%. A#.> A 2*. A#.> C 2-. A#.> C 2/. A#.> A 20. A#.> A 21. A#.> : 22. A#.> : %5. A#.> : COM(%E-!O" %1. A#.> less !.> 1 %2. A#.> daughter !.> 1 %%. A#.> cell plate !.> 1 %*. A#.> internal !.> 1 %-. A#.> cancer !.> 1 %/. A#.> cell division !.> 1 %0. A#.> interphase !.> 1 %1. A#.> +

!.> 1 !.> 1 !.> 1 !.> 1 !.> 1 !.> 1 !.> 1 !.> 1

?E8> p. 2** ?E8> p. 2** ?E8> p. 2*/ ?E8> p. 2*/ ?E8> p. 2*/ ?E8> p. 2-5 ?E8> p. 2-1 ?E8> p. 2-2

?E8> p. 2*1

?E8> p. 2*%

?E8> p. 2*1

?E8> p. 2-1

?E8> p. 2-2

?E8> p. 2*%

?E8> p. 2*-

!.> 1 %2. A#.> cyto4inesis !.> 1 *5. A#.> cyclins !.> 1 S.O/- A"S0E/

?E8> p. 2*-

?E8> p. 2*1

?E8> p. 2-1

*1. A#.> A large cell carries out its activities less efficiently than a small cell does. 8or e$ample, as a cell)s si7e increases, it becomes more difficult for needed materials, such as o$ygen and nutrients, to reach all the parts of the cell. !.> 1 ?E8> p. 2*1

*2. A#.> As the si7e of a cell increases, its ratio of surface area to volume decreases. !.> 1 ?E8> p. 2*2

*%. A#.> 6nterphase is the period of cell growth in between cell divisions. 6nterphase includes the ,1 phase, the . phase, and the ,2 phase. !.> 1 ?E8> p. 2*-

**. A#.> "uring cyto4inesis, a cell plate forms in the cytoplasm midway between each new nucleus. !he cell plate gradually develops into a separating membrane, and a cell wall begins to appear in the cell plate. !.> 1 ?E8> p. 2*1

*-. A#.> Contact with other cells can stop cell growth. !.> 1 ?E8> p. 2-5

*/. A#.> As a cell grows larger, more demands are placed on its "#A and the cell has more trouble moving enough nutrients and wastes across the cell membrane. !.> 1 *0. A#.> ?E8> p. 2*1

Chromosomes aren)t visible because the "#A and protein molecules that ma4e up the chromosomes are spread throughout the nucleus. !.> 1 ?E8> p. 2**

*1. A#.> AA,1 phase, cell growthB :A. phase, "#A replicationB CA,2 phase, preparation for mitosisB "A+ phase, cell division Cmitosis and cyto4inesisD !.> 1 ?E8> p. 2*-

*2. A#.> Any two of the following> contact with other cells, cyclins, growth factors, and any other internal or e$ternal regulators !.> 1 ?E8> p. 2-5 @ p. 2-1

-5. A#.> Cancer cells do not respond to the signals that control the growth of normal cells. As a result, cancer cells form tumors and can spread throughout the body. !.> 1 ESSA1 -1. A#.> As a cell grows, it functions less efficiently because it places more demands on its "#A and it is less able to move materials to their proper destinations 3uic4ly. Cell division results in two daughter cells. Each cell has its own copy of the parent cell)s "#A and has a si7e that allows it to efficiently e$change materials. !.> 1 ?E8> p. 2*1 @ p. 2*% ?E8> p. 2-2

-2. A#.> "uring the ,1 phase, the cell growsB during the . phase, the "#A replicatesB during the ,2 phase, the cell prepares for mitosis. !he + phase or cell division includes mitosis and cyto4inesis. 8igures should appro$imate 8igure 159* on page 2*- of the student te$t. !.> 1 ?E8> p. 2*-

-%. A#.> rophaseAthe chromatin condenses into chromosomes, the centrioles separate Cin animal cellsD, and the nuclear envelope brea4s downB +etaphaseAthe chromosomes line up across the midline of the cell and each chromosome is attached to a spindle fiber and centromereB AnaphaseAsister chromatids separate into individual chromosomesB !elophaseAchromosomes move to opposite sides of the dividing cell and two new nuclear envelopes form. !.> 1 -*. A#.> ?E8> p. 2*/ @ p. 2*0 @ p. 2*1

Cells at the edges of the cut are stimulated to divide rapidly, producing new cells, and healing the wound. &hen the cut is almost completely healed, the rate of cell division slows down. !hus, when the cells on either side of the cut are no longer in contact with one another, they divide to fill in the gap. 'nce the cells are in contact with one another Cthe cut is healedD, the cells resume their normal growth rate. !.> 1 ?E8> p. 2-5

--. A#.> .ample answer> Enli4e normal cells, cancer cells do not respond to normal controls on growth and division. :y dividing uncontrollably, cancer cells form tumors and spread throughout the body. A cure for cancer includes a way to both prevent cancer cells from dividing uncontrollably and to allow normal cells to continue dividing normally. 8inding a way to stop the cell cycle in some cells, but not interfere with the cell cycle in other cells, has made it difficult to cure cancer. !.> 1 O-.E/ -/. A#.> "iagram A shows cancer cells because it shows cells that are not growing in an organi7ed way. !.> 1 ?E8> p. 2-2 ?E8> p. 2-2

-0. A#.> Cancer cells do not respond to the signals that regulate growth in most cells. "iagram : shows cells that are normal and have responded to such signals. "iagram A shows cells that have divided until they have formed a mass of cells, or a tumor. !he cancer cells are dividing uncontrollably and are disrupting nearby normal cells. !.> 1 ?E8> p. 2-2

-1. A#.> !hey can brea4 loose from the tumor they are now a part of and spread throughout the body, disrupting normal activities and causing serious medical problems. !.> 1 ?E8> p. 2-2

-2. A#.> "iagram AAthese cells might have a defect in the p-% gene, which has allowed the cells to multiply more 3uic4ly than the normal cells. "iagram :Athese cells probably have a healthy copy of the p-% gene, which has stopped the cell cycle until the genetic material in these cells has been properly copied. !.> 1 ?E8> p. 2-2

/5. A#.> .tudents may suggest removing the cancerous cells in hopes of preventing their continued division, growth, and spread throughout the body, or treating them with radiation or chemicals that will destroy the cells. !.> 1 ?E8> p. 2-2

/1. A#.> 6t shows various stages of mitosis in an animal cell. !his is an animal cell because of the presence of centrioles and the shape of the cells. !.> 1 /2. A#.> 8our !.> 1 ?E8> p. 2** ?E8> p. 2*/

/%. A#.> X is the centrioleB = is the spindle. !.> 1 /*. A#.> ", A, C, : !.> 1 ?E8> p. 2*/ @ p. 2*0 ?E8> p. 2*/ @ p. 2*0

/-. A#.> !he final step would be cyto4inesis. 6t would show two daughter cells forming. !.> 1 ?E8> p. 2*1