SOLAR AUTOMATIC PANEL

1. INTRODUCTION
Solar automatic panel can also be called as Intelligent Solar Panel because it converts the solar energy to electrical energy with maximum efficiency by itself. Renewable energy is rapidly gaining importance as an energy resource as fossil prices fluctuate. At the educational level, it is therefore critical for engineering and technology students to have an understanding and appreciation of the technology associated with renewable energy. One of the most popular renewable energy sources is solar energy. Solar tracking enables more energy to be generated because the solar panel is able to maintain a perpendicular profile to the suns rays. This system builds upon a prior senior design project where students built a solar-powered battery charger, thus making this system ideally self-contained. Potential improvements to the system are done in the project. This project consists of a solar panel whose position is controlled by a DC motor. The motor is made to rotate in such a way that it always positions to an area where maximum sunlight falls .This is done by making use of a Light Dependent Resistor. LDRs are placed in the solar panel to detect the sunlight. The detected values from the LDRs are compared and the region having the maximum sunlight is identified. Then turns the motor to that position where maximum sunlight falls. The solar panel is always position into the maximum sun light automatically. It was resolved that real time tracking would be necessary to follow the sun effectively. So that no external data would be required in operation. Solar arrays or panels are being used increasingly as efficiencies reach higher levels, and are especially popular in remote areas where placement of electricity lines is not economically viable. Alternative power source has been continuously achieving greater popularity especially since the realisation of fossil fuels shortcomings. The unique feature of this system is that NEHRU NEHRU COLLEGE COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND RESEARCH CENTRE

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instead of taking the earth as its reference, it takes the sun as a guiding source. Its active sensors constantly monitor the sunlight and move the panel towards the direction where the intensity of sunlight is maximum. Motivation: A day will come when all the fossil fuels will get exhausted. With rising fuel costs, climate change concerns and a growing demand for electricity, renewable energy resources such as solar power and wind power are becoming an increasingly valuable part of the worlds energy mix. Presently, industries and domestic appliances are harnessing the power of the earths most abundant natural resources . In remote areas the sun is a cheap source of electricity because instead of hydraulic generators it uses solar cells to produce electricity. While the output of solar cells depends on the intensity of sunlight and the angle of incidence. The solar panels must remain in front of sun during the whole day. But due to rotation of earth those panels cant maintain their position always in front of sun. This problem results in decrease of their efficiency. If the solar panel can be made to turn according to the movement of sun from morning to evening, then the efficiency of the solar tracking system can be increased. Using an automated tracked mechanism, the panel is kept perpendicular to the sun throughout the day. Here control system is defined for the panel based on the frame arrangement. The frame has the ability to maneuver itself to position which offer maximum sun light. Industries and domestic appliances are harnessing the power of the earths most abundant natural resource, sunlight to provide energy using solar power. Benefits: If a flat solar panel is mounted on level ground, it is obvious that over the course of the day the sunlight will have an angle of incidence close to 90in the morning and NEHRU NEHRU COLLEGE COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND RESEARCH CENTRE

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the evening. At such an angle, the light gathering ability of the cell is essentially zero, resulting in no output. As the day progresses to midday, the angle of incidence approaches 0, causing an steady increase in power until at the point where the light incident on the panel is completely perpendicular, and maximum power is achieved .As the day continues toward dusk, the reverse happens, and the increasing angle causes the power to decrease again toward minimum gain .From this background, we see the need to maintain the maximum power output from the panel by maintaining an angle of incidence as close to 0 as possible. By tilting the solar panel to continuously face the sun, this can be achieved .This process of sensing and following the position of the sun is known as Solar Tracking. It was resolved that real-time tracking would be necessary to follow the sun effectively, so that no external data would be required in operation. Importance of Solar Automatic Panel: Renewable energy sources plays an important role in electricity generation .Various renewable energy sources like wind, solar, geothermal, ocean thermal, and biomass can be used for generation of electricity and for meeting our daily energy needs. Energy from the sun is the best option for electricity generation as it is available everywhere and is free to harness. On an average the sunshine hour in India is about 6hrs annually also the sun shine shines in India for about 9 months in a year. Electricity from the sun can be generated through the solar photovoltaic modules. The SPV comes in various power output to meet the load requirement. The photovoltaic modules are made up of silicon cells. The silicon solar cells which give output voltage of around 0.7V under open circuit condition. When many such cells are connected in series we get a solar PV module. Normally in a module there are 36 cells which amount for a open circuit voltage of about 20V. The current rating of the modules depends on the area of the individual cells. Higher the cell area high is the NEHRU NEHRU COLLEGE COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND RESEARCH CENTRE

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current output of the cell. For obtaining higher power output the solar PV modules are connected in series and parallel combinations forming solar PV arrays. Maximization of power from a solar module is of special typing rhythms .Tracking systems ensure that panels are slanted in such a way as to maximize their efficiency in collecting as much energy as possible through daylight hours. As the seasons change, thermal radiation will be located in different parts of the sky. This can make a huge difference in functionality. With the use of this system, for example, 45% additional energy can be obtained as the sun tracks its course across the sky through different seasons, the best solar panel operating angle will change. The more directly the solar panels face the solar source, the more beam radiation will collected. By adjusting their operating angle, therefore, tracking systems help to maximize the beam radiation received .The purpose of the solar panels automatic tracking system is to improve the efficiency of the fixed solar panels. The Report: This project report includes the following chapters. Chapter 1 deals with introduction, which describes the necessity and importance of the project. Literature survey is the chapter 2 included that travels through the main findings of project .Literature survey is the most important step in developing a project. Chapter 3 deals with over view of our project from that a clear idea about blocks can be obtained. Chapter 4 deals with hardware used which is the most vital element. Chapter 5 includes the circuit diagram that illustrates the working of the circuit. chapter 6 deals with design that includes: design of digital module, fabrication of PCB and design of mechanical part. The printed circuit board (PCB) provides the electrical interconnections of various components. Then the next is conclusion in that we conclude with the scope of the project and the last comes the reference and then the appendix in which the data sheets are included. NEHRU NEHRU COLLEGE COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND RESEARCH CENTRE

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2. LITERATURE SURVEY
General: Before starting the design of the tracking system, it is necessary to obtain some background information on solar cells and methods of energy collection. It is equally important to research the various tracking systems available. This study involved a review of solar theory, an investigation into various sources of loss causing in solar systems and an examination of current methods. Solar Industry in India: According to sen, et al (2009), india is one of the best place to develoup solar power because we get more than 300 days of sun shine, and places like gujarath, where arid lands are aplently, can be utilized for generation of solar power .Demand of solar product has been rising rapidly over the recent years, especially in rural areas, and is expected to continue growing substancially. The total number of solar lanterns in India is projected to grow at a CAGR of about forty percent between 2009 and 2012. The new national solar power policy is likely to play a vital role in expanding the solar power generation base in India. Most of the global players and investers are looking at the India opportunity and the subsides the government will offer to attract investments.According to Srivasava, he is the president of Solar Energy Society of India ,some sunny states of India are giving impetus to this scenario. Rajasthan with 2200 hours of sunshine per year, has the plan to develop 50MW photo voltaic(PV) power plants. Gujarat recently launched a 500MW PLAN. Although the feed-in tariff (FIT) proposed by the government is not particularly attractive, Indian PV projects developers are grabbing land in the state. Signet plans to conduct R&D in India and to reduce costs through product innovation. Tata BP Solar operates one of the oldest solar energy equipment manufacturing plants in India near Bengluru. The plant is NEHRU NEHRU COLLEGE COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND RESEARCH CENTRE

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being expanted. US-based Cypress Semiconductor is reportedly considering a $50 million facility to make solar sells and wafers near Hyderabad. Sun Technics Energy also has a manufacturing plant in Bengaluru and plans to expand it. Every month, nillions of new mobile phones are purchased in India. This is interesting market segment for solar PV as thousands of new GSM poles will be needed across the country to provide connectivity. XL Telecom & Energy , working closely with Bharath Sanchar Nigam Limited (BSNL), has bagged a Rs 235 million order. According to studies (Indian Solar Energy Market Outlook 2012) by RNCOS, solar energy offers enormous potential in India as per 45 percent of rural house holds do not have access to electricity. The country is also becoming a favourite investment destination for both local as well as global players. According to Charls,

president,Applied Solar , potential of solar energy is so huge that all the diesel gensets could be replaced with solar power units. According to Gargava, vice president , business development, XL Telecom & Energy, solar power solutions for telecom towers can create new opportunities in India. This is environment-friendly, convenient and cost-effective way of overcoming electricity crisis. Solar Cell: According to Streetman and Banerjee (2009), solar power can be delivered to an external circuit by an illuminated junction, it is possible to convert solar energy into electrical energy. Nuclear fusion reactions on the suns surface supply earth with solar energy. This energy is primarily released in the form of electromagnetic radiation in the ultraviolet, infrared and radio spectral regions. Presently, the most efficient means of harnessing this power source is the solar cell, which converts solar radiation directly into electricity. Solar cells are fabricated from various semiconductor materials using numerous device configurations and selecting singlecrystal, polycrystalline, and amorphous thin film structures. The following theory NEHRU NEHRU COLLEGE COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND RESEARCH CENTRE

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considers the silicon PN junction cell, because it acts as a reference device for all solar cells. The solar cell has a single energy band gap. When the cell is exposed to the solar spectrum; a photon with less band gap energy Eg makes no contribution to the cell output. A photon with energy greater than Eg contributes an energy Eg to cell output, and remaining energy is wasted as heat. To utilize a maximum amount of available optical energy, it is necessary to design a solar cell with a large junction located near the surface of the device. The solar cell has a single energy band gap between layers. The planar junction is formed by diffusion or ion implementation, and the surface is coated with appropriate materials to reduce the reflection and to decrease surface recombination. Many compromises have to be made in solar cell design. In junction field, electrons being collected in the negative region and holes in the positive region. Also, minority carriers generated thermally with in a diffusion length of each side of the junction diffuse to the depletion region and are swept to the other side by the electric field. If power is to be extracted from the device, then the fourth quadrant is used, as a photo detector the junction is reverse bias and operates it in the third quadrant.To utilize a maximum amound of optical energy,it is necessary to design a solar cell with a large area junction located near the surface of the device. Power From Solar Grid: According to Deodhar (2010),the most attractive and fascinating feature of solar energy is its omnipresence and availability for free. The current photovoltaic solar cells may work with just about 17 percent to 18 persent efficiency but what matters is their ability to transform solar energ into usable electrical power from a free non polluting energy source.Currently, Pvsolar is indeed the best option since no better technology breakthrough is in sight which could be used on a mass scale for the next few years .The credit therefor goes to current government for taking a bold initiative and setting an ambitious target of 2500 megawatts of solar electric power NEHRU NEHRU COLLEGE COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND RESEARCH CENTRE

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by 2012 and 20,000 megawatts by 2020.The primery aim of jawaharlal nehru national solar mission (JNNSM) is to speedily augment inadequate electrical power hurting our inclusive development. The sun delivers more energy to the earth in one hour than what the world currently uses in a year. Therefore it is our innovation in structring policies that will enable us to realise our dream of extending productive life of our rural folks that today sadly ends with sunset. The current policy allows only large solar energy plants of over 1MW capacity to feed power into a33KV grid.This portion of the grid is basicaly a low impedance node and therefore has more stable power than the power availablein small towns and fringe rural areas served from 3.3KV and a low voltage grid primarily since this have high line impedence. Maximum Power Obtained From Solar Cells: According to Weissbach (2007), there are three ways to increase the efficiency of a photovoltaic (PV) system. The first is to increase the efficiency of the solar cell. The second is to maximize the energy conversion from the solar panel. To better explain this, please refer to Figure.1. A solar panel under an open circuit is able to supply

Figure.1. Illustration of a V-I Curve for a Solar Panel NEHRU NEHRU COLLEGE COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND RESEARCH CENTRE

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a maximum voltage with no current, while under a short circuit is able to supply a maximum current with no voltage. In either case, the amount of power supplied by the solar panel is zero . The key is to develop a method whereby maximum power can be obtained from the voltage and current multiplied together. This maximum power point is illustrated by looking at a voltage-current (VI) curve in Figure 1, and finding the knee of the curve. A number of maximum power point tracking (MPPT) algorithms have been developed and employed .The third method to increase the efficiency of a PV system is to employ a solar panel tracking system. Development of solar panel tracking systems has been ongoing for several years now. As the sun moves across the sky during the day, it is advantageous to have the solar panels track the location of the sun, such that the panels are always perpendicular to the solar energy radiated by the sun. This will tend to maximize the amount of power radiated by the sun. It has been estimated that the use of a tracking system, over a fixed system, can increase the power output by 30% - 60%. When tracking the sun, it is noted that the direction of the sun, as seen by the solar panel, will vary in two directions. The azimuth angle is the horizontal direction from the observer to the sun. There is also an altitude angle, representing the vertical direction from the observer to the sun. According to Liaqat (2010), the current obtained from solar cell is influenced by an angle at which incident ray strike the cell surface. By using a straight light source and adjusting the angle at which the light ray strike the cell. The current delivered for various angle of incidence property of solar cell is confirmed by the data in table 1.After considering the experimental data obtained it can be stated that to maintain maximum power output from solar cell, the angle of incidence must be held at zero degree. Hence the array must continuously face the sun the position of the sun with respect to that of earth change in a cyclic manner during the course of a calendar NEHRU NEHRU COLLEGE COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND RESEARCH CENTRE

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year. From this background, we see the need to maintain the maximum power output from the panel by maintaining an angle of incidence as close to 0 as possible. By tilting the solar panel to continuously face the sun, this can be achieved .This process of sensing and following the position of the sun is known as solar tracking. Table.1.Current Generation in Solar Cell Angle of incidence 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 Current delivered in mA 55 54 53 52 51 49 47 44 41 38 31 25 20 18

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It was resolved that real time tracking would be necessary to follow the sun effectively, so that no external data would be required in operation. Tracking System: According to Rizk and Chiko(2008), extracting useable electricity from the sun was made possible by the discovery of the photoelectric mechanism and subsequent development of the solar cell a semi conductive material that converts visible light into a direct current. By using solar arrays, a series of solar cells electrically connected, a DC voltage is generated which can be physically used on a load. Solar arrays or panels are being used increasingly as efficiencies reach higher levels, and are especially popular in remote areas where placement of electricity lines is not economically viable. As the day continues toward dusk, the reverse happens, and the increasing angle causes the power to decrease again toward minimum again. From this background, we see the need to maintain the maximum power output from the panel by maintaining an angle of incidence as close to 0 as possible. By tilting the solar panel to continuously face the sun, this can be achieved. This process of sensing and following the position of the sun is known as Solar Tracking. It was resolved that real-time tracking would be necessary to follow the sun effectively, so that no external data would be required in operation. The automatic solar panel dual axis sun tracking system tracks the maximum solar power point and orients the solar panel towards the sun to expand the efficiency of the photovoltaic generation system. The maximum power point of the solar panel is identified in real time and inputted to comparators for tracking system. The related angle will be get to make the mechanism phase rotate to the appropriate position through the sun tracking method, the photovoltaic panel will face the sun directly. Solar tracking is by far the easiest method to increase overall efficiency of a solar power system for use by domestic or NEHRU NEHRU COLLEGE COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND RESEARCH CENTRE

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commercial users. . A single axis tracker such as the one made offers a great power increase over a fixed solar panel, but a two-axis tracker would provide more power still. This could be a subject for further development. By utilizing this simple design, it is possible for an individual to construct the device themselves. A single axis tracker such as the one made offers a great power increase over a fixed solar panel, but a two-axis tracker would provide more power still. This could be a subject for further development. Solar tracking is by far the easiest method to increase overall efficiency of a solar power system for use by domestic or commercial users. By utilising this simple design, it is possible for an individual to construct the device themselves. Minimum Torque Based Solar Tracking System: According to Sharan and Prateek (2006), there are two types of systems which utilize solar energy: The first one is the concentrating type, and the other without concentration. The flat plate or photovoltaic panels belong to the latter type, whereas the paraboloidal mirrors belong to the former. In either of the two cases, one enhances the efficiency of the system by tracking. The devices that track the solar position can be of two types; the first utilizes matched solar cells or other photoelectric sensors which generate a differential signal whenever the orientation of the device is not optimal. This signal is used in the feedback mechanism to reorient the receiver until the best orientation is achieved. Such devices have not proved to be very reliable as they fail to discriminate between the obscured Sun and a bright spot in a broken cloud. Thefeedback mechanism disorientates the receiver towards the bright spot rather than the Sun. The tracking thus fails. Furthermore, these devices are not dependable under foggy or misty or dusty conditions . Agarwal, and Sharan worked on a method of finding an axis in three-dimensional space about which a rotation could be given to track the Sun. Another type of mechanism which tracks the NEHRU NEHRU COLLEGE COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND RESEARCH CENTRE

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Sun is the use of clock mechanism to control the orientation of the receiver at different times of the day. Unfortunately, to follow the Sun accurately in its daily as well as yearly (seasonal) motions, the devices have to be complex in their construction besides being expensive to build. In these cases, the torque required varies with the angular orientation of the solar panel. Thus the motor selected has to correspond to the maximum torque requirement amongst all possible orientations of the solar panel. This is in contrast to the present work where the torque is the same and is minimum for all possible orientations.The disadvantage with both the types of systems mentioned above is the excessive energyrequirement during tracking as these are not mass-balanced. Due to the imbalance, far more torque is required to correct the position of the receiver compared to the balanced systems. Many times it is not possible to attain the correct position especially when the Sun appears in the sky after a long interval, owing to cloudy conditions. Under such situations, significant amount of torque is required for the receiver to attain optimal orientation. The disadvantage with both the types of systems mentioned above is the excessive energy requirement during tracking as these are not mass-balanced. Sensing Element: Storey, et al (2003) says, sensor for measuring light intensity fall into two main categories: those that generates electricity when illuminated, and those whose property change under influence of light.An LDR (Light dependent resistor), as its name suggests, offers resistance in response to the ambient light. The resistance decreases as the intensity of incident light increases, and vice versa. In the absence of light, LDR exhibits a resistance of the order of mega-ohms which decreases to few hundred ohms in the presence of light. It can act as a sensor, since a varying voltage drop can be obtained in accordance with the varying light. It is made up of cadmium sulphide (CdS). An LDR has a zigzag cadmium sulphide track. It is a bilateral NEHRU NEHRU COLLEGE COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND RESEARCH CENTRE

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device,conducts in both directions in same fashion.A photoresistor or light dependent resistor (LDR) is a resistor whose resistance decreases with increasing incident light intensity. It can also be referred to as a photoconductor. A photoresistor is made of a high resistance semiconductor. If light falling on the device is of high enough frequency, photons absorbed by the semiconductor give bound electrons enough energy to jump into the conduction band. The resulting free electron conduct

electricity, thereby lowering resistance. A photoelectric device can be either intrinsic or extrinsic. An intrinsic semiconductor has its own charge carriers and is not an efficient semiconductor, e.g. silicon. In intrinsic devices the only available electrons are in the valence band, and hence the photon must have enough energy to excite the electron across the entire bandgap. Extrinsic devices have impurities, also called dopants, added whose ground state energy is closer to the conduction band; since the electrons do not have as far to jump, lower energy photons (i.e., longer wavelengths and lower frequencies) are sufficient to trigger the device. If a sample of silicon has some of its atoms replaced by phosphorus atoms (impurities), there will be extra electrons available for conduction. This is an example of an extrinsic semiconductor. Photoresistors come in many different types. Inexpensive cadmium sulfide cells can be found in many consumer items such as camera light meters, street lights, clock radios, alarms, and outdoor clocks. They are also used in some dynamic compressors together with a small incandescent lamp or light emitting diode to control gain reduction.Lead sulfide and indium antimonide . LDRs are used for the mid infrared spectral region. Ge:Cu photoconductors are among the best far-infrared detectors available, and are used for infrared astronomy and infrared spectroscopy. Comparator: Coughlin and Driscoll (2007) says, a comparator compares a signal voltage on one input with a reference voltage on the other input. Voltage Level Detector circuits are NEHRU NEHRU COLLEGE COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND RESEARCH CENTRE

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also comparators. op-amp was The general- purpose used as a substitute for ICs designed only for comparator applications. General-purpose op-amps out put voltage does not vary rapidly. Also its output change between limits fixed by the saturation voltages +Vsat and Vsat that are typically about +(or)-13V Therefore, the output cannot drive devices that require voltage levels between 0 and +5V, such as TTL digital ICs or input port lines of a microcontroller. These disadvantages are eliminated by ICs that have been specifically designed to act as a comparator. One such device is the 311 comparator. Neither general-purpose nor the comparator can operate properly if noise is present at either input terminals. However the addition of positive feedback overcome the noise problem. Positive feedback is accomplished by taking a fraction of the output voltage Vo and applying to the positive input terminals. A fraction of output voltage (Vo), to the positive input terminal and creates a reference voltage that depends on Vo. When output voltage is equal to positive saturation voltage, then the feedback voltage is called upper-threshold voltage. If input voltage is slightly more than upper-threshold voltage, the voltage at positive terminal is above the voltage at negative input. When output voltage is equal to negative saturation voltage fed back to positive input terminal is called lower-threshold voltage. Therefore output voltage will stay at negative saturation voltage as long as input voltage is greater than or positive with respect to lowerthreshold voltage. Positive feedback induces a snap action to switch output voltage faster from one limit to the another. Once output voltage being to change, it causes a regenerative action that makes output voltage change even faster. If the threshold voltages are larger than the peek noise voltages, positive feedback will eliminate false output transitions. If input reaches reference voltage, Vo can follow noise oscillations that are removed by positive feedback. General-purpose op-amps out put voltage does not vary rapidly. NEHRU NEHRU COLLEGE COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND RESEARCH CENTRE

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3. OVER VIEW
Solar automatic panel is a closed loop control system designed to align a solar panel such that its surface is always normal to sun during day hours. This method helps to increase the power collection efficiency by developing a device that tracks the sun to keep the panel at a right angle to its rays. The LDR detects the sun light and they give corresponding voltage to comparator section which is given into digital module. The digital module constructed using logic gates. The signal formed from the digital module is given into motor interface module. It control the movement of solar panel according to the light depended resistor sensing. A DC motor is used for movement of tracking system. Basic block diagram of solar automatic panel is shown in fig.5.

Power supply module Sensor module

Differential amplifier and threshold module

Digital module

Motor interface module

Motor and wheel

Figure.2.Basic Block Diagram Power Supply: The power supply used in solar automatic panel is 9V battery. When we can use two battery. One battery is used for given supply to DC motor and another one is used for the operation of circuit. Circuit also uses LM 7805. It is a fixed 5V linear voltage NEHRU NEHRU COLLEGE COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND RESEARCH CENTRE

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Regulator integrated circuits. The 7805 is commonly used in circuits requiring a regulated power supply due to their ease-of-use and low cost.7805 IC do not require additional components to provide a constant, regulated source of power.

Sensor Module: Sensor for measuring light intensity fall into two main categories: those that generates electricity when illuminated, and those whose property change under influence of light .An LDR offers resistance in response to the ambient light.. It can act as a sensor, since a varying voltage drop can be obtained in accordance with the varying light. The sensors module consist of four light dependent resistors. The LDR are oriented towards four directions with respect to the device, that is- front, back, left and right. Depending on the intensity of light falling on these sensors, the device navigates.

Comparator: A comparator compares a signal voltage on one input with a reference voltage on the other input. Voltage Level Detector circuits are also comparators. The generalpurpose op-amp was used as a substitute for ICs designed only for comparator applications .The voltage drop across the LDR is then applied to a set of comparators of Threshold Module. The comparators compare the difference in voltage with a reference voltage so that the device does not move for very small differences in the voltage levels.

Digital Module: A digital module is set up to help the device to move in the desired direction. It is designed by the application of basic digital circuit design procedure .The Boolean NEHRU NEHRU COLLEGE COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND RESEARCH CENTRE

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function are expressed in terms of AND, OR and NOT operation .It is easy to implement a Boolean function with these type of gates. A logic gate is a circuit that perform a logic function on a number of input binary signals . Considering all the possible combinations of comparators output S1, S2, S3, S4, we get 16 states. All these states are assigned with the suitable responses. The simplification of the various states using karnaugh maps is shown in the following page. The output of this circuit is used to drive the motors.

Motor Interface Module: The output of digital module is applied to DC motor through motor interface module. L293D driver IC is used as motor interface module in this project .This IC is capable of driving up to two dc motors. The Device is a monolithic integrated high voltage, high current four channel driver designed to accept standard DTL or TTL logic levels and drive inductive loads such as relays solenoides, DC and stepping motors and switching power transistors. The digital outputs are interfaced to this IC and it also provides the sufficient current to drive the DC motors.

Motor and Wheel: In this project we are using two DC motor and a free wheel in driving system. The DC motors used in this case are having a maximum speed of 100 rpm. An electric motor is a machine which converts electrical energy to mechanical energy. Its action is based on the principle that when a current carrying conductor is placed in a magnetic field, it experience a mechanical force whose direction is given by Flemings left hand rule. These motors are coupled to the wheels which provide ample driving capability to the device. The motors used here are geared DC motors. Geared motors are capable of providing sufficient power to drive the whole module. NEHRU NEHRU COLLEGE COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND RESEARCH CENTRE

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3. HARDWARE DETAILS
L293D: The Device is a monolithic integrated high voltage, high current four channel driver designed to accept standard DTL or TTL logic levels and drive inductive loads (such as relays solenoides, DC and stepping motors) and switching power transistors .To simplify its use as two bridges each pair of channels is equipped with an enable input. A separate supply input is provided for the logic, allowing operation at a lower voltage and internal clamp diodes are included .This device is suitable for use in switching applications at frequencies up to 5 KHz. The L293D is assembled in a 16 lead plastic package which has 4 center pin. It is connected together and used for heat sinking. The L293DD is assembled in a 20 lead surface mount which has 8 center pins connected together and used for heat sinking.

Figure.3.Interfacing of Motor with L293D NEHRU NEHRU COLLEGE COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND RESEARCH CENTRE

SOLAR AUTOMATIC PANEL Light Depended Resistor:

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Sensor for measuring light intensity fall into two main categories: those that generates electricity when illuminated, and those whose property change under influence of light .An LDR (Light dependent resistor), as its name suggests, offers resistance in response to the ambient light. The resistance decreases as the intensity of incident light increases, and vice versa. In the absence of light, LDR exhibits a resistance of the order of mega-ohms which decreases to few hundred ohms in the presence of light. It can act as a sensor, since a varying voltage drop can be obtained in accordance with the varying light. It is made up of cadmium sulphide (CdS). LDR has a zigzag cadmium sulphide track. It is a bilateral device. That is it conducts in both directions in same fashion .A photo resistor or light dependent resistor(LDR) is resistor whose resistance decreases with increasing incident light intensity. It also referred to as a photoconductor. A photo resistor is made of a high resistance

Figure.4.LDR NEHRU NEHRU COLLEGE COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND RESEARCH CENTRE

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semiconductor. If light falling on the device is of high enough frequency, photons absorbed by the semiconductor give bound electrons enough energy to jump into the conduction band. The resulting free electron (and its hole partner) conduct electricity, thereby lowering resistance. A photoelectric device can be either intrinsic or extrinsic. An intrinsic semiconductor has its own charge carriers and is not an efficient semiconductor, e.g. silicon. In intrinsic devices the only available electrons are in the valence band, and hence the photon must have enough energy to excite the electron across the entire band gap. Extrinsic devices have impurities, also called dopants, added whose ground state energy is closer to the conduction band; since the electrons do not have as far to jump, lower energy photons (i.e., longer wavelengths and lower frequencies) are sufficient to trigger the device. If a sample of silicon has some of its atoms replaced by phosphorus atoms (impurities), there will be extra electrons available for conduction. This is an example of an extrinsic semiconductor. 7805 Voltage Regulator IC: These IC is designed as fixed voltage regulator and with adequate heat sinking can deliver output current in excess of 1A. Although this device does not require any external components, such components can be employed for providing adjustable voltage and current. This IC also have internal thermal over load protection and internal short circuit limiting. Figure shows IC 7805 is connected to provide voltage regulation with output of 5V dc from this unit .The 78xx is a family of self-contained fixed linear voltage regulator integrated circuits. The 78xx family is commonly used in electronic circuits requiring a regulated power supply due to their ease-of-use and low cost. For ICs within the family, the xx is replaced with two digits, indicating the output voltage for example, the 7805 has a 5 volt output, while the 7812 produces 12 volts. The 78xx line are positive voltage regulators: they produce a voltage that is positive relative to a common ground.78xx series ICs have built-in protection against NEHRU NEHRU COLLEGE COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND RESEARCH CENTRE

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a circuit drawing too much power. They have protection against overheating and short-circuits, making them quite robust in most applications. In some cases, the current-limiting features of the 78xx devices can provide protection not only for the 78xx itself, but also for other parts of the circuit.

Figure.5.7805 Voltage Regulator

DC Motor: An electric motor is a machine which converts electrical energy to mechanical energy. Its action is based on the principle that when a current carrying conductor is placed in a magnetic field, it experience a mechanical force whose direction is given by Flemings left hand rule. In our project we are using 3 dc motors in driving system. When a motor is connected to dc supply mains, a direct current passes through the brushes and commutator to the armature winding, while it passes through the commutator it is converted to ac so that the group of conductors under the successive field poles carry currents in the opposite directions. Also the direction of current in the individual conductors reverses as they pass away from the influence of one pole to that of the next. Then each conductor experience a force which tends to NEHRU NEHRU COLLEGE COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND RESEARCH CENTRE

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rotate the motor armature in clockwise direction. These forces collectively produce a driving torque. When a motor armature continues to rotate due to motor action, the armature conductors cut the magnetic flux and therefore emfs are induced in them. This induced emf is known as back emf as it opposes the applied voltage.

Figure.6.DC Gear Motor

LM324: TheLM324 consists of four independent, high gain internally frequency compensated operational amplifiers which were designed specifically to operate from a single power supply over a wide voltage range. Operation from split power supplies is also possible so long as the difference between the two supplies 3 Volts to 32 volts. Application areas include transducer amplifier, DC gain blocks and all the conventional operational amplifier circuits which now can be easily implemented in single power supply system. The operational amplifier was used as a substitute for NEHRU NEHRU COLLEGE COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND RESEARCH CENTRE

SOLAR AUTOMATIC PANEL integrated circuits designed only for comparator applications.

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General-purpose

operational amplifiers output voltage does not vary rapidly. Also its output change between limits fixed by the saturation voltages +Vsat and Vsat. The output cannot drive devices that require voltage levels between 0 and +5V, such as TTL digital ICs or input port lines of a microcontroller. These disadvantages are eliminated by ICs that have been specifically designed to act as a comparator. One such device is the 311 comparator. Neither general-purpose nor the comparator can operate properly if noise is present at either input terminals. However the addition of positive feedback overcome the noise problem. Positive feedback is accomplished by taking a fraction of the output voltage Vo and applying to the positive input terminals. A fraction of output voltage (Vo), to the positive input terminal and creates a reference voltage that depends on Vo. When output voltage is equal to positive saturation voltage, then the feedback voltage is called upper-threshold voltage. If input voltage is slightly more than upper-threshold voltage, the voltage at positive terminal is above the

Figure.7.LM324 NEHRU NEHRU COLLEGE COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND RESEARCH CENTRE

SOLAR AUTOMATIC PANEL Voltage at negative input. When output voltage is

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equal to negative saturation

voltage fed back to positive input terminal is called lower-threshold voltage. Therefore output voltage will stay at negative saturation voltage as long as input voltage is greater than or positive with respect to lower-threshold voltage. IC 7432: The IC 7432 is a 2 input OR gate IC.A logic gate is a circuit that perform a logic function on a number of input binary signals. The logic gate is the basic building block from which many different kind of logic circuit can be constructed. The signals at the input and output terminals of a gate are either at a high voltage level or at a low voltage level.A gate will produce 1 output level whether certain compination of input

Figure.8.IC 7432 NEHRU NEHRU COLLEGE COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND RESEARCH CENTRE

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levels are present, and the other output level whether any other combination is present at the input. Logic gate are readily available in integrated circuit form. OR gate has two or more input terminals and one output terminals. The output will be at logic one whenever one or more of its input is at logical one. IC 7400: The IC 7400 is a 2 input NAND gate IC.The Boolean function are expressed in terms of NAND,OR and NOT operation.It is easy to implyment a Boolean function with these type of gates. The NAND function is the complement of the AND function and is an obrivation of not-AND. NAND gate has two or more input terminals and one output terminals. The output will be at logic Zero whenever one or more of its input is at logical one otherwise the output will be at logic 1.The NAND gate is used extensively as standard logic gates and are in fact far more popular than AND gate. NAND and NOR gates are easly constructed with transistor circuits and because digital circuit can be easily implemented with them.

Figure.9.IC 740 NEHRU NEHRU COLLEGE COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND RESEARCH CENTRE

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4. CIRCUIT DESCRIPTION
There are many people today interested in saving the planet. One way this can be accomplished through the use of solar panels. However, often people who install

these systems fail to consider the fact that the sun is constantly moving. By installing the solar panels automatic tracking system, this is no longer a concern.

Figure.10.Circuit Diagram NEHRU NEHRU COLLEGE COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND RESEARCH CENTRE

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The purpose of the tracking system is to constantly monitor the sun's position in order to maximize solar energy that is fed to solar cells Tracking systems ensure that panels are slanted in such a way as to maximize their efficiency

in collecting as much energy as possible through daylight hours. As the seasons change, thermal radiation will be located in different parts of the sky. This can make a huge difference in functionality. This method is increasing power collection efficiency by developing a device that tracks the sun to keep the panel at a right angle to its rays. With the use of this system, for example, 45% additional energy can be obtained .The circuit diagram and discription of solar automatic panel is given.

Description: Solar active panel is a sunlight automated device. It has the ability to maneuver itself to positions which offer maximum sunlight. It has sensors located on the solar panel which govern its movement. Depending on the intensity of light falling on the sensors placed on the panel, the device automatically advances to locations where ample light is available. Even if the sunlight is partially incident on the panel, the device senses this deficit and adjusts its position so that panel is completely exposed to sunlight. The sensors are four light dependent resistors (LDR). LDR is a resistor whose resistance varies with the intensity of light. Greater the intensity of light, the lesser is its resistance. The LDRs are oriented towards four directions with respect to the device, that is- front, back, left and right.. For proper functioning, a constant voltage from the Power Supply Module is applied across the sensors. Due to the incident light, the resistance of the sensor is changed. Hence the voltage drop across the series resistance varies.The voltages developed are applied at the inputs of the four different amplifiers. These are basically used to uniquely determine the direction/position where more light is available. This input is then applied to a set of NEHRU NEHRU COLLEGE COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND RESEARCH CENTRE

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comparators of Threshold Module. The comparators compare the difference in voltage with a reference voltage so that the device does not move for very small differences in the voltage levels. This threshold can be easily adjusted with the help of a potentiometer, which is connected to the negative terminals of the comparators. The output of the comparators is compatible with digital circuits.

Here a Digital Module comprising of basic digital circuit is setup using the standard designing principles of digital electronics .A digital module is setup to help the device to move in the desired direction. It is designed by the application of basic digital circuit design procedure. The outputs of the comparators are S3, S2, S1 and S0. Considering all the possible combinations, we get 16 states. All these states are assigned with the suitable responses. The simplification of the various states using karnaugh maps is shown in the following page .But the output from the Digital Module lacks the current to drive the motors. So an intermediate stage called Motor Interface Module comprising of the L293D driver IC is used. The digital outputs are interfaced to this IC. This IC provides the sufficient current to drive the DC motors. The DC motors used in this case are having a maximum speed of 100 rpm. These motors are coupled to the wheels which provide ample driving capability to the device. The movement of solar automatic panel is depend on intensity of light falling on the LDR sensors .The panel move to the position which offer maximum sun light depend on sensitivity of LDR .When the voltage drop across 4 LDR sensors become equal the panel movement will be stopped. Hence the panel will be aligned in a position where maximum sunlight is available. By using this method, the solar tracker was successful in maintaining a solar array at a sufficiently perpendicular angle to the sun. The power increase gained over a fixed horizontal array was in excess of 30%. NEHRU NEHRU COLLEGE COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND RESEARCH CENTRE

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5. DESIGN
Digital Module Design: The output of the comparators is compatible with digital circuits. Here, a Digital Module comprising of basic digital circuit is setup using the standard designing Table 2.Truth Table of Digital Module S3 S2 S1 S0 Y3 Y2 Y1 Y0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 X X X 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 X X X 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 X X X 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 X X X 1 Direction Stop Left Right Stop Backward Left Right Stop Forward Left Right Stop ---------------------Stop

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principles of digital electronics. The outputs of the comparators are S3, S2, S1 and S0.Considering all the possible combinations, we get 16 states. All these16 states are assigned with the suitable responses. A digital module is setup to help the device to move in the desired direction. The truth table of digital module that describe the movement of solar automatic panel is given in table .2. The complexity of the digital logic gate that implement boolean function is directly related to the complexity of the algebric expression from which the function is implemented. Although the truth table representation of a function is unique , when it is expressed algebrically it

Y1 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

Y2 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

Y1=S0+S3S2+S1S2

Y2=S3+S0+S1+S2

Y3 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 0

Y4 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

Y2=S1+S3S2+ S0S3

Y3=S3+S0+S1+S2

Figure.11.K-Map NEHRU NEHRU COLLEGE COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND RESEARCH CENTRE

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It can appear in many different ,but equivalent form. The map method provide a simple, straightforward procedure for minimizing boolean function. This method may be regarded as a pictorial form of a truth table. The map method is also known as the K-map. The simplified boolean function are implemented using logic gates. PCB Fabrication: The printed circuit board (PCB) provides the electrical interconnections of various components as well as provides mechanical support to the components. The components are soldered to the PCB. The PCB layout of our system is shown in Figure.16. PCB fabrication is an important step in the manufacturing process of the circuit .The procedure for fabricating the PCB for this project is described below. The making of PCB essentially involves two steps: (1) Preparing PCB drawing. (2)Fabricating PCB from the drawing. PCB Drawing and Fabrication: Making of PCB drawing involves placement of components, locating holes, optimum area each component should occupy, shape and size of pads for the components, track size and spacing and prevention of overcrowding of components at a particular area. With these details the sketch of the PCB is made. The fabrication of the PCB starts by transferring the PCB drawing onto a copper clad sheet. For a small number of PCBs a direct photographic transfer of the PCB drawing from a negative image of the drawing to a photo sensitized copper clad sheet is carried out. The copper from the unexposed area is later etched away. For etching the copper clad sheet 20-30grms of ferric chloride in 75ml of water heated to about 60 degree Celsius may be used. The copper clad sheet is placed in the solution with its copper side upwards in a plastic tray. The dissolution of unwanted copper would take about 45min. If etching takes longer, the solution may be heated again and the process is repeated. The paint NEHRU NEHRU COLLEGE COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND RESEARCH CENTRE

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on the pattern can be removed by rubbing with a rag soaked in thinner, turpentine or acetone. The PCB can then be washed and dried.

Figure.12.PCB Layout NEHRU NEHRU COLLEGE COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND RESEARCH CENTRE

SOLAR AUTOMATIC PANEL Assembly and Testing:

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Assembly consists of soldering of components and wires on to the PCB and mechanical fitting of wired PCB and other assemblies. Testing is carried out even at design phase itself in breadboard level to verify the design, so that little or no circuit changes are required after designing the PCB. Component Mounting is done in such a way to minimize the cracking of solder joints due to mechanical stress on joint. This can be ensured by bending of the axial component lead in a manner to guarantee an optimum retention of the component on the PCB while a minimum stress is applied on solder joint. The bent leads should fit into the holes perpendicular to the board so that any stress on the component lead junction is minimized.

Soldering: The components are placed correctly on the PCB and soldering is done using high quality soldered joints. Soldering is the process for the joining of metal parts with the aid of molten metal(solder) where the melting temp is situated below that of material joined, whereby the surface of parts are wetted, without them becoming molten. The filler metal (solder) wets and alloys with the base metals and get drawn by capillary action into the gap between them. This process forms a metallurgical bond between parts of the joint. During soldering an auxiliary medium is used to increase the flow properties of molten solder or to improve the degree of wetting such a medium is called flux. Before soldering, all the discrete components are tested. The leads of the components are cleaned with a fine abrasive paper. The PCB also thoroughly cleaned by scratching the areas to be soldered. The leads of the components are bent properly, inserted into the holes and placed correctly. A small quantity of flux is applied to the component leads and pads to remove the oxide coating. The leads are soldered with good quality solder with sufficient heat from the NEHRU NEHRU COLLEGE COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND RESEARCH CENTRE

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soldering iron. Excess heat will result in improper soldering and may damage the component. After soldering, excess solder is removed and all the joints are checked.

Testing: After soldering the components on to the PCB, the board is thoroughly cleaned for any residual flux and wire leads. All the components are checked for their value and for the proper orientation if applicable. Before ICs are inserted into the sockets, power applied to the board and voltages are measured at the IC power point. Power is switched off before the ICs are inserted. The tested PCBs are mounted in the transmitter and receiver boards.

Mechanical Design: A lot of aspect have been considered towards the mechanical design of the product. The following are the main features, size, function, strength and robustness, efficiency, aesthetics and ergonomics. Ergonomics is concerned with the man machine relationship. It emphasizes the basic requirements like safety, reliability, ease of handling etc. Aesthetics is the feeling generated which concerns the form, color, texture and finish built into the product. Efficiency is the actual gain derived from the device

The physical structure basically comprises of a plastic casing which is supported by 3 wheels. The body encloses the electronic circuits. It has two partitions which divide the casing into three sections, one for motor, one for batteries, and the other for mounting the PCB. Above the casing, a support panel supports the sensors. The support panel is designed in such a manner to maximize the area of incident light. The front wheel is a castor wheel which enables the robot to move freely in all NEHRU NEHRU COLLEGE COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND RESEARCH CENTRE

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directions. The other two wheels are motor driven which propel the device in specified direction. Slits and holes have been made in the case to accommodate the switch, potentiometer and wires from the sensors. The top of the casing is easily removable.

Figure.13.Mechanical Design NEHRU NEHRU COLLEGE COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND RESEARCH CENTRE

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6. PROJECT OUTCOME
Solar Automatic Panel has been successfully designed, implemented and tracking is tested. A solar automatic panel is designed employing the new principle of using small solar cells to function as self-adjusting light sensors, providing a variable indication of their relative position to the sun by detecting their voltage output. Even though the model is a base version, still we are proud enough to realize our dream project. It can be implemented in an open area presently. During the development of our model we sought help from various sources. Suggestions obtained from certain faculty of our department were also helpful.

Problem Faced: Up on going through the corrections of circuitry . We are able to find that among the 4 LDR sensors, one of the LDR sensor was found to be highly sensitive . Due to this the solar automatic panel would move only in the highly sensitive LDR sensors direction. Thus to rectify this problem the presets are connected in series with sensors. This help in making sensitivity of all 4 LDR sensors in same manner. We have faced another problem with the ordinary DC motors which were unable to drive the module. We solved this problem by using geared DC motors which is more powerful than the ordinary DC motors.

Simulation: The simulation of the solar automatic panel worked as per requirement. The 4 LDR sensors where covered with a black cloth, in order to equalize the sensitivity of all 4 LDR sensors in a fixed position. Upon exposing LDR1 sensor, the panel moves in forward direction . Now when LDR2 sensor is exposed to sunlight the panel moves in the backward direction . Exposure of LDR3 sensor make the panel move in the NEHRU NEHRU COLLEGE COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND RESEARCH CENTRE

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clockwise direction. Finally the exposure of LDR4 sensor lead into the anti clockwise panel rotation. The motor movement was observed, it shows the result as expected. With the exposure of LDR3 sensor the panel rotate. During this time the left motor will be still and right motor rotate as a result the movement is in clockwise direction. During the exposure of LDR4 sensor, the panel movement occurs, here the right motor will be still and left motor rotate. Thus the panel moves in anti clockwise direction. While LDR1 sensor is exposed to sun light, the left motor and right motor rotate in forward direction thus the panel also moves in forward direction. Up on exposing LDR2 sensor , the left and right motors will rotate in backward direction there by automatic solar panel also move in the backward direction. Observation: During the removal of black cloth from all the 4 LDR sensors, the panel movement depend on intensity of light falling on the exposed LDR sensors and movement is based on the ambiend light on the corresponding sensor placed in the panel. When the intensity of light falling on the LDR sensors become equal ,the panel movement will be stopped and high intensity spot for generation of solar energy is successfully found .It achieved an over all power collection efficiency increase from only 39% for a fixed panel to over 70% for the same panel on the tracking device. Automatic Sun Tracking System is a hybrid hardware/software prototype, which automatically provides best alignment of solar panel with the sun, to get maximum output .Solar tracking is by far the easiest method to increase overall efficiency of a solar power system for use by domestic or commercial users. By utilizing this simple design, it is possible for an individual to construct the device themselves. By using this method, the solar tracker was successful in maintaining a solar array at a sufficiently perpendicular angle to the sun. The power increase gained over a fixed horizontal array was in excess of 30%. NEHRU NEHRU COLLEGE COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND RESEARCH CENTRE

SOLAR AUTOMATIC PANEL Output Accesibility:

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When the intensity of light falling on the LDR sensors become equal ,the panel movement will be stopped and high intensity spot for generation of solar energy is successfully found .It achieved an over all power collection efficiency increase from only 39% for a fixed panel to over 70% for the same panel on the tracking device. In terms of real value, this means that the overall cost of a system can be reduced significantly, considering that much more power can be supplied by the solar array coupled to a solar tracking device. By extracting more power from the same solar panel, the cost per watt is decreased, thereby rendering solar power much more costeffective than previously achieved using fixed solar panels. The high outlay in a solar tracking system has been a factor that discouraged tracking as a means of increasing overall solar efficiency. Many commercial units cost is high for a unit that can track the sun while bearing a panel of considerable weight. The device presented in this thesis is capable of supporting a load of at least 8kg, the average weight of a 75W solar panel, owing to its simple construction and the high torque capabilities of the motor. The parts used for this device were also extremely low-cost, with the total value using parts found from scrap sources being Very high, including all electronic components and solar reference cells. The geared support was removed from an old security camera, the stepping motor from an old printer, and all other parts, excluding the 9W solar panel, were sourced from various scrap items. A single axis tracker such as the one made offers a great power increase over a fixed solar panel, but a two-axis tracker would provide more power still. This could be a subject for further development. Solar tracking is by far the easiest method to increase overall efficiency of a solar power system for use by domestic or commercial users. By utilising this simple design, it is possible for an individual to construct the device themselves. NEHRU NEHRU COLLEGE COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND RESEARCH CENTRE

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CONCLUSION
Solar Automatic panel was successfully designed and constrected .The Solar Automatic panel was able to constantly follow the sun movement . In this paper, a Solar panel tracker has been developed to increase the efficiency of solar panel as the sun travels across the sky .Solar energy refers to the utilization of radient energy from the sun. Solar power is used interchangeably with solar energy, but refers more specifically to the conversion of sun light in to electricity. There is no pollution and recurring fuel costs. This leads to the introduction of the concept of solar automatic panel, and it can be used to reduce the increased dependency on non renewable sources. The advantages are, it eliminates expensive main cable installation cost ,fully automatic operation, designed in such a way that it is easy to operate service and maintain cost where required. Fortunately it is not too late and can still change which is why many are pushing for green sources. The advantage of using green energy sources is that it is clean so it does not emitting anything harmful in to the air which has a impact on environment. It is also called as renewable source which means we will never run out of it unlike oil which is expected to dry up in a decade or so. The system was designed to be autonomous, such that energy generated by the solar panel would be used to charge two lead acid batteries. The system was successfully demonstrated during a senior design day presentation, although later subsequent testing yielded system design and implementation flaws. Solar tracking is by far the easiest method to increaseoverall efficiency of a solar power system for use by domesticor commercial users. The small size,inexpensive charactrics and easy to use makes solar automatic panel an vital devise in remot and isolated areas. Most of the minute errors where carefully sorted out and we have taken some steps to prevent such errors from emerging.Energy concervation is main crieria behaind the development and to secure the future this device is a huge prospect for it. NEHRU NEHRU COLLEGE COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND RESEARCH CENTRE

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REFERENCES
1. Coughlin,R.F. and F.F.Driscoll., (2002).Operational Amplifiers and Linear Integrated Circuits,Pearson Education,Delhi. Deodher,P.S.,(2010).Power From Solar Grid, Electronics For You,42,7,pp 54-56 . Liaqat,R.,(2010).Comparison of Standard Photovoltaic Elements and TRAXLE products, World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology , 41, pp 45-46 Rizk,J. And Y.Chico.,(2008).Solar Tracking System:More Efficient Use of Solar Panels,World Acadamy of Science, Engineering and Technology, 41,pp 313-315 Sen,S, S.Malhotra and J.M.Rousseau.,(2009). The Sun is Raising in Indias Solar Industry, Electronics For You,41,12,pp 36-38. Sharan,A.M. and M.Prateek.,(2006). Automation of Minimum Torque-Based Accurate Solar Tracking Systems Using Microprocessors, Indian Institute of Science,86,pp 415-437. Storey,N, E.Hughes and W.Tomsi.,(2006). Basics of Electrical, Electronics and Communication Engineering,Dorling Kindersly Private Limited, Delhi. 8. 9. Streetman,B.G and S.K.Banerjee.,(2009).Solid State Electronic Devices, Prentice Hall of India PublicationsLearning, New Delhi. Weissbach,R.,(2007).A Microcontroller-Based Solar Panel Tracking System, American Society for Engineering Education, 33, 4, pp 345-350.

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APPENDIX

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