[Boopathi, 3(1): January, 2014]

ISSN: 2277-9655 Impact Factor: 1.852

IJESRT
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENGINEERING SCIENCES & RESEARCH TECHNOLOGY

A Statcom-Control Scheme for Grid Connected Hybrid Wind-Solar Energy System to Improve Power Quality
Boopathi.R*1, Vijayakumar.G2 PG scholar, Dept.of EEE, K.S.R College of Engineering, Tiruchengode, India 2 Assistant professor, Dept.of EEE, K.S.R College of Engineering, Tiruchengode, India eeeboopathi@gmail.com Abstract
*1

Hybrid wind-solar renewable energy sources are alternative energy sources. It is connected to the power grid. The electric power Generated from wind and solar energy system is always fluctuating due to the nature of fluctuation in the wind and solar. The performance of the wind turbine and thereby power quality are determined on the basis of measurements and the norms followed According to the guidelines specified in International Electrotechnical Commission standard, IEC-61400. The power quality measurements are: active power, reactive power, filicker, harmonics, variation of voltage, and electrical behaviour of switching operation. This paper clearly shows the existence of power quality problem due to installation of wind turbines with the grid. In this proposed scheme of a STATCOM is connected at a point of common coupling with a battery energy storage system to reduce the power quality problems. It energy storage system is integrated to support the real power source under fluctuating wind and solar power. A STATCOM control scheme to compensate the reactive power demand of the load and the induction generator. To improve power quality at the main supply source. In this paper THD is reduced to 1.23% from 13.28%. Keyword: Wind Generating System (WGS), Solar Power generating system, STATCOM, BESS, Power Quality, IEC standard.

I. Introduction
With increase in the demand for Electricity due to increase in population and industrialization, the power Generation was really a challenge now a day. If we want to the power generation increase in the of way conventional i.e., by means of non-renewable energy sources like coal, diesel, natural gases and fossil fuels, become to increases the pollution which degrades the Environment and human life style. The need to integrate the renewable energy like wind and solar energy into power system is to minimize the environmental impact on conventional plant [1]. The integration of wind and solar energy into existing power system presents requires the consideration of voltage regulation, stability, power quality problems. This power quality is an essential customer-focused measure and is greatly affected by the operation of a distribution and transmission network. In this proposed scheme Static Synchronous Compensator (STATCOM) is connected at a point of common coupling with a battery energy storage system (BESS) to mitigate the power quality issues. Therefore STATCOM provides Reactive Power support to wind generator and load [2]. The battery energy storage is integrated to sustain the real power source under fluctuating wind power and solar. The proposed STATCOM control scheme for grid connected hybrid energy generation for power quality improvement has following objectives. Maintains Unity power factor at source side. STATCOM to Supports Reactive power variation only from wind Generator and Load. To achieve fast dynamic response using Simple bang-bang Controller for STATCOM.

II. Power Quality Improvement

Power Quality Standards, Issues 1) International electro technical commission guidelines: Some guidelines of measurements and norms are specified under IEC 61400 standard which determines the power quality of wind turbines[3,8]. The standard norms are specified. a) IEC 61400-21: Measuring the power quality characteristic of grid connected wind turbine. b) IEC 61400-13: Measuring procedure in determining the power behavior of Wind Turbine.

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Smax max. apparent power, phase difference, Unominal voltage of grid. The Limiting voltage rise value is <2 % 2) Voltage dips (d) The voltage dips is due to start up of wind turbine and it causes a sudden reduction of voltage. It is the relative % voltage change due to switching operation of wind turbine. The decrease of nominal voltage is given in Eq. 2.

IEC 61400-3-7: Measures the emission limits for fluctuating load and IEC 61400-12: Wind Turbine performance. 2) Harmonics: It is due to the operation of power electronic converters. The exactly switching gives a large reduction in lower order harmonic current and higher order harmonics are filtered out by using filters. Harmonic voltage and current should be in limited as per the IEC-61400-36 guideline. 3) Voltage Variation: This is due to the fluctuations in the wind turbine due to wind. The voltage variation is directly related to real and reactive power variations. The variation of voltage is commonly classified as under: Voltage Sag/Voltage Dips. Voltage Swells. Short Interruptions. Long duration voltage variation. The voltage flicker issue describes dynamic variations in the network caused by wind turbine or by varying loads. Amplitude of voltage fluctuations depends on grid strength, network impedance, power factor and phase angle of wind turbine. During voltage variations frequency is in the range 10 35 Hz. The IEC 61400-4-15 specifies a flicker meter that can be used to measure flicker directly 4) Wind Turbine Location In Power System: It is located where the power quality is highly influenced. Its operation and its influence on the power system depend on the structure of the network. 5) Self Excitation of Wind Turbine Generating System: The self-excitation of wind turbine generating system (WTGS arises a risk equipped with commutating capacitor. It provides the reactive power compensation to the induction generator. The disadvantages of selfexcitation induction machines are the safety aspect and balance between real and reactive power [4]. Grid Coordination Rule The United State wind energy industry took a stand in developing its own grid code for contributing to a stable grid operation. The wind generating system operate in grid the rules are realization at the distribution network are defined as-per IEC-61400-21.According to these, operator of transmission grid is responsible for the organization and operation of interconnected system. 1) Voltage rise (u) The voltage rise at the point of common coupling can be approximated as a function of maximum apparent power Smax of the turbine, the grid impedances R and X at the point of common coupling and the phase angle , given in Eq. 1. S max ( R cos X sin ) (1) u2

c)

d = Ku

Sn SK

(2)

Where d is relative voltage change, Sn is rated apparent power, Sk is short circuit apparent power, and Ku is sudden voltage reduction factor. The voltage dips limiting value is acceptable <3%. 3) Flicker The measurements are made for maximum number of specified switching operation of wind turbine with 10- min period and 2-h period are specified, as given in Eq. 3.

Pu = C ( k )

Sn SK

(3)

Where Pu Long term flicker. C (k ) Flicker coefficient The Limiting Value for flicker coefficient is about 0.4, for average time of 2 h [7]. 4) Harmonics The harmonic distortion is assessed for variable speed turbine with a electronic power converter at the common connection point. The total harmonic voltage distortion of voltage is given as in Eq. 4.

VTHD =

Vn2 100 n = 2 V1
40

(4)

Where Vn is the nth harmonic voltage and V1 is the fundamental frequency (50) Hz. The THD limit for 132 KV is < 3%. THD of current ITHD is given as in Eq. 5

I THD =

I
n =2

40

In
1

100

(5)

where In is the nth harmonic current and I1is the fundamental frequency (50) Hz. The THD of current and limit for 132 KV is <2.5%. 5) Grid Frequency The range of grid frequency is specified in India is 47.551.5 Hz, for wind farm connection.

u =

III. Topology For Improvement

Power

Quality

Where

voltage rise,

The STATCOM based current control voltage source inverter injects the current into the grid will

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ISSN: 2277-9655 Impact Factor: 1.852

of PV systems is accomplished through the inverter, which is convert DC power generated from PV modules to AC power used for ordinary power supply for electrical equipments. Inverter technology is very important to have reliable and safety grid interconnection operation of PV system. The proposed structure of PV grid connected system cannot only realize photovoltaic generation, but also suppress current harmonics, compensate reactive power, eliminate voltage sags or swells and other power quality problems [12]. STATCOM Static Synchronous Compensator The shunt-connected reactive-power compensation device (STATCOM) that is capable of generating and/ or absorbing reactive power and in which the output can be varied to control the specific parameters of an electric power system. In general it is capable of generating or absorbing independently controllable real and reactive power at its output terminals when it is fed from an energy source at its input terminals. it is a solid state switching converter. The STATCOM considered in this is a voltagesource converter from a given input of dc voltage produces a set of 3-phase ac-output voltages, each in phase with and coupled to the corresponding ac system voltage through leakage reactance[5]. The dc voltage is provided by a battery energy-storage. A STATCOM can be improve power-system performance in such areas as the following: 1. The dynamic voltage control in Transmission and distribution systems; 2. The power-oscillation damping in power transmission systems; 3. The transient stability; 4. The voltage flicker control; and 5. It also controls real power in line when it is needed. Advantages 1) It occupies small areas. 2) Reduces site work and time. 3) Its reponse is very fast. 4) It replaces the large passive banks and circuit elements by compact converters.

cancel out the reactive part and harmonic part of the load and induction generator current, accordingly it improves the power factor and the power quality. To achieve these goals, the grid voltages are sensed and are synchronized in generating the current. The proposed grid connected system is implemented for power quality improvement at point of common coupling (PCC), for grid connected system in Figure: 1

Fig.1. Grid connected system for power quality improvement.

Wind Energy Generating System In the proposed scheme, the induction machine is used because of its simplicity, it does not require a separate field circuit, it can accept constant and variable loads, and has natural protection against short circuit. The available power of wind energy system is presented as under in Eq.6.

Pwind =

1 3 AVwind 2

(6)

Where (kg/m) is the air density and A (m) is the area swept out by wind turbine blade, V wind is the wind speed in mtr/s. It is not possible to extract all kinetic energy of wind, therefore it extract a fraction of power in wind, called the wind turbine power coefficient Cp , and is given in Eq.7 Pmech = C p Pwind (7) Where Cp is the power coefficient, it is depends on type and operating condition of wind turbine. This coefficient Cp can be express as a function of tip speed ratio and pitch angle. The mechanical power produce by wind turbine is given in Eq. 8.

Pmech =

1 3 R 2Vwind Cp 2

(8)

Where R is the radius of the blade (m).

Grid Connected PV Systems Bess-Statcom In this type of system, battery is not used, so The battery energy storage system (BESS) is capital cost reduces and therefore we use grid connected used as an energy storage element for the purpose of topology. If generated solar energy is integrated to the voltage regulation.The BESS will naturally maintain the conventional grid, it can supply the load demand from dc capacitor voltage constant and is best suited in morning to afternoon that is the particular time range STATCOM since it rapidly injects or absorbed reactive when the solar photovoltaic system (SPV) can fed to power to stabilize the grid system. It also control the grid. Grid interconnection of photovoltaic power transmission and distribution system in a very fast rate. generation system has the advantage of more effective When the system power fluctuation occurs, the BESS utilization of generated power. The grid interconnection can be used to level the power fluctuation by charging http: // www.ijesrt.com(C)International Journal of Engineering Sciences & Research Technology [6-12]

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ISSN: 2277-9655 Impact Factor: 1.852

reference current i*Sabc are subtracted so as to activate the operation of STATCOM in current control mode.

and discharging operation in system. The battery is connected in parallel to the dc capacitor of STATCOM[6]. The STATCOM is a three phase voltage source inverter having the capacitance on its DC link and connected at the point of common coupling and then The STATCOM injects a compensating current of variable magnitude and frequency component at the bus of common coupling. System Operation The shunt connected STATCOM with battery energy storage is connected with the interface of the induction generator and solar system and non-linear load at the PCC [13,15]. The STATCOM compensator output is varied according to the controlled strategy, so that to maintain the power quality norms in the grid system. The strategy of current control is included in the control scheme that defines the functional operation of the STATCOM compensator in the power system. The STATCOM is using insulated gate bipolar transistor is proposed to have a reactive power support, to the induction generator and nonlinear load in the grid system. The main block diagram of the system operational diagram is shown in Fig. 2.

Fig. 3. Control System Scheme

A. Grid Synchronization In three-phase balance system, the amplitude of RMS source voltage is calculated at the sampling frequency from the source phase voltage (Vsa,VSb,VSc) and is expressed, as sample template Vsm, sampled peak voltage, as in (9).

Vsm

2 2 2 2 2 = (Vsa + Vsb + Vsc ) 3

(9)

The in-phase unit vectors template are obtained from AC source of phase voltage and the RMS value of unit vector Usa,Usb,USc as shown in (10).

u Sa =

VSa V V , u Sb = Sb , u Sc = Sc , VSm VSm VSm

(10)

The generated in-phase of reference currents are derived using in-phase unit voltage template as, in (11)
* * * iSa = I .u Sa , iSb = I .u Sb , iSc = I .u Sc

Fig. 2. System operational scheme in grid system.

IV. Control Scheme

The control scheme approach is based on injecting the currents into the grid using simple bangbang controller. This controller uses a hysteresis current controlled technique. Using such technique, to keeps the control system variable between boundaries of hysteresis area and gives correct switching signals for STATCOM operation [2,9,11,14]. The Bang-Bang current controller is implemented in current control system scheme for generating the switching signals to the STATCOM is shown in Fig. 3. The control algorithm needs the measurements of several variables such as three-phase source current iSabc, DC voltage Vdc, inverter current iiabc with the help of sensor. The actual current iSabc and receives an input of

(11) Where I is proportional to magnitude of source voltage for respective phases [10]. B. Bang-Bang Current Controller Bang-Bang current controller is implemented the reference current is generated as in (10) and actual current are detected by current sensors and are subtracted for obtaining a current error for a hysteresis based bangbang controller. Thus the switching signals ON/OFF for IGBT of STATCOM are derived from hysteresis controller. The switching function SA for phase a is expressed as (12).
* i sa < (i sa HB) S A = 0 * i sa > (i sa HB) S A = 1

(12)

where HB is a hysteresis current-band, the switching function SB, Sc can be derived from phases b and c.

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t = 0.21 s, during this operation source reactive power is reduced to zero.

V. System Performance
The proposed control scheme is simulated using SIMULINK in power system block set. The system performance parameter for given system is given Table I. The system performance of proposed system under dynamic condition is also presented. Voltage Source Current ControlInverter Operation The three phase injected current into the grid from STATCOM will cancel out the distortion caused by the nonlinear load and wind generator. The three-phase inverter is connected to grid through the transformer. The switching signals generated from within hysteresis band. The choice of narrow hysteresis band switching in the system improves the current quality The choice of the current band depends on the operating voltage and the interfacing transformer impedance. The demanded reactive power and compensated current for the nonlinear load is provided by the inverter. The battery is transfer real power to supported by the controller of this inverter. The three phase inverter injected voltage and current are shown in Fig. 4. STATCOMPerformance Under Load Variations The hybrid wind solar energy generating system is connected with grid having the nonlinear load. The system performance is measured by switching the STATCOM at time t = 0.21 s in the system

Fig. 6. Source Active and reactive power

At the point of common coupling The average power flow is measured, with and without controller operation in the grid. The power quality mode the controller is operated to inject the reactive power at t = 0.21 s, during this operation source reactive power is reduced to zero is shown in Fig. 7.

Fig. 7. STATCOM Active and reactive power Table I: System parameters

S.N . 1 2

Parameters Grid Voltage Induction Motor/Generato r Line Series Inductance Inverter Parameters IGBT Rating

Ratings 3-phase,415V,50Hz 3.35KVA,415V,50Hz,P=4, Speed=1440rpm,RS=0.01, Rr=0.015,Ls=0.06H,Lr=0.06 H 0.05mH DC Link Voltage =800V, DC link Capacitance =100F, Switching frequency =2 kHz Collector Voltage =1200V,Forward Current =50A,Gate voltage =20V, Power dissipation =310W Non-linear Load 25kW.

Fig. 4. STATCOM injected inverter Voltage and Current.

The average power flow for the proposed system can be monitored on PCC for active and reactive power flow (PS,QS) of the source, inverter power (Pi,Qi),wind power (Pw,Qw),solar (Ppv,Qpv) and the load (PL,QL) is shown in Fig. 5.

3 4

6
Fig. 5. Active and reactive power flow at PCC.

Load Parameter

The average power flow is measured at the point of common coupling, operation of controller with and without in the grid is shown in Fig. 6. The controller is operated for power quality mode to inject the power at

Power Quality Improvement It is observed that the source current on the grid is affected due to the effects of nonlinear load and wind generator. The inverter output voltage under STATCOM operation with load variation is shown in Fig. 8. The inverter output voltage does affect due to the dynamic

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electric utility are presented. The control system operation is developed for the STATCOM-BESS in MATLAB/SIMULINK for maintaining the power quality is simulated. It maintains the source voltage and current in-phase and support the reactive power demand for the wind generator and load at PCC in the grid system, which gives an opportunity to enhance the utilization factor of transmission line. The integrated wind and solar generation and STATCOM with BESS have shown the outstanding performance of system. Thus the proposed scheme in the grid connected system fulfills the power quality norms as per the IEC standard 6140021.

load. The source current with and without STATCOM operation at time duration 0.1 s to 0.35 s is shown in Fig. 9. This shows that the unity power factor is maintained for the source power when the STATCOM is in operation. The STATCOM operation is analyzed before and after current waveform. The Fourier analysis of this waveform is expressed and the THD of this source current at PCC without STATCOM is 13.28%, as shown in Figure: 9. The power quality improvement is observed at point of common coupling, when the controller is in ON condition. The STATCOM is placed in the operation at 0.21 s and source current with its FFT. The THD has been improved considerably and within the norms of the standard waveform is shown in Fig. 10. The above tests with proposed scheme has not only power quality improvement feature but it also has sustain capability to support the load with the energy storage through the batteries.

References

[1] A. Sannino, Global power systems for sustainable development, in IEEE General Meeting, Denver, CO, Jun. 2004. [2] Sharad W. Mohod, , and Mohan V. Aware (2010) A STATCOM-Control Scheme for Grid Connected Wind Energy System for Power Quality Improvement IEEE SYSTEMS JOURNAL, VOL. 4, NO. 3, pp.346-352. [3] Wind Turbine Generating SystemPart 21, International standard-IEC 61400-21, 2001. [4] J. Manel, Power electronic system for grid integration of renewable energy source: A survey, IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol. 53, no. Fig. 8. Supply voltage and current at PCC 4, pp. 10021014, 2006, Carrasco. [5] Francisco Diaz Gonzalez1, Marcela MartnezRojas (2011) Strategies for Reactive Power Control in Wind Farms with STATCOM IREC Catalonia Institute for Energy Research. [6] B. S. Borowy and Z. M. Salameh, (1997) Dynamic response of a stand-alone wind energy conversion system with battery energy Fig. 9. Source Current of without STATCOM and FFT of storage to a wind gust, IEEE Trans. Energy Source Current without STATCOM Conversion, vol. 12, no. 1, pp. 7378. [7] J.J.Gutierrez,J.Ruiz, L. A. Leturiondo, and A. Lazkano, (2009) Flicker Measurement System for Wind Turbine Certification IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INSTRUMENTATION AND MEASUREMENT, VOL. 58, NO. 2, pp.375-382. [8] Kyung soo kook and yilu liu (2006) Mitigation of the Wind Generation Integration Related Fig. 10. Source Current of with STATCOM and FFT of Power Quality Issues by Energy Storage Source Current with STATCOM Electrical Power Quality and Utilisation, Journal Vol.XII, No.2, pp.77-82. VI. Conclusion [9] Maria Isabel Milanes Montero, Enrique This paper analyses the factor which are power Romero Cadaval and Fermn Barrero Gonzlez, quality problems in hybrid energy conversion and non (2007) Comparison of Control Strategies for linear load to improvement power quality. The power Shunt Active Power Filters in Three-Phase quality issues and its consequences on the consumer and Four-Wire Systems IEEE TRANSACTIONS http: // www.ijesrt.com(C)International Journal of Engineering Sciences & Research Technology [6-12]

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ON POWER ELECTRONICS, VOL. 22, NO. 1, pp.229-236. [10] Mukhtiar Singh, Vinod Khadkikar, Ambrish Chandra, Rajiv K. Varma (2011) Grid Interconnection of Renewable Energy Sources at the Distribution Level With Power-Quality Improvement Features IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER DELIVERY, VOL. 26, NO. 1, pp.307-315. [11] Pinaki Mitra, and Ganesh Kumar Venayagamoorthy (2010) An Adaptive Control Strategy for DSTATCOM Applications in an Electric Ship Power System IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER ELECTRONICS, VOL. 25, NO. 1,pp.95-104. [12] Qiang Mei, Mingwei Shan, Liying Liu, and Josep M. Guerrero, A Novel Improved Variable Step-Size Incremental-Resistance MPPT Method for PV Systems IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRIAL ELECTRONICS, VOL. 58, NO. 6,pp.2427-2434. [13] Toshiro Hirose and Hirofumi Matsuo, Fellow (2012) Standalone Hybrid Wind-Solar Power Generation System Applying Dump Power Control Without Dump Load IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRIAL ELECTRONICS, VOL. 59, NO. 2, pp.988-997. [14] Sharad W. Mohod and Mohan V. Aware (2012) Micro Wind Power Generator with Battery Energy Storage for Critical Load IEEE SYSTEMS JOURNAL, VOL. 6, NO. 1, pp.118125. [15] Y. Chauhan, S. Jain, and B. Sing (2008) Static volt-ampere reactive compensator for selfexcited induction generator feeding dynamic load, Electric Power Compon. Syst. J., vol. 36, no. 10, pp. 108011G:\Somil\web site doc\GJET\gjet publishing doc final\GJET.html\author sguideline_files\image294.jpg01

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