Special Reports

The Underground Research Lab page 4

El Teniente page l 4

Recent Advances in Fragmentation by Blasting page 35

Reports from the:

President page 2 Vice Presidents page 16 Secretariat page 23 National Groups page 24 Commissions page 30 Forthcoming events page 52

U.S. Symposium on

ROCK MECHANICS

On the Shore of Lake Mendota, University of Wisconsin Madison, Wisconsin, U.S.A.

June 27=30,1993
TECHNICAL PROGRAM Short Courses (June 26-27, 1993) Technical Sessions Modern Methods of In Situ Stress Measurement Rock Mechanics in Underground Mining (1112 days) Rock Mechanics in Tunneling Poroelasticity in Rocks (1 112 days) Failure Prediction in Rock Mechanics Blasting Vibration Monitoring (112 day) Experimental Techniques in Rock Mechanics Key-note Lectures Coupled Mechanical/Hydrologic Processes Mechanics of Rock Fractures Rock Mechanics of Building Stones/Quarries Pore Fluid Role in Rock Mechanical Processes In Situ Stress Measurements for Design Rock Engineering Systems- Theory and Practice Underground Test Facilities Topical Workshops Rock Engineering and the Environment Block Theory Rock Mechanics in Reservoir Engineering Borehole Instability and Breakouts Hydraulic Fracturing for Enhanced Recovery Stochastic Methods in Rock Engineering Numerical Methods in Rock Mechanics Coupled Fluid/Solid Mechanisms in Rock Rock Engineering in Geotechnical Practice Mechanical Processes Other sessions depending on papers accepted GUIDELINES FOR PREPARING ABSTRACTS Abstracts submitted should be original contributions, 300-500 words, plus figures or tables. They should be structured in five paragraphs: a - Nature of Paper, b - Results, Observations, and Conclusions, c - Application/Motivation, d - Technical/Scientific Contribution, e - Status of Work. For further information on abstract format, consult the "First Announcement and Call for Papers, 34th U.S. Symposium on Rock Mechanics". NOTE: Accepted contributions will be published in a 1993 supplemental issue of the International Journal of Rock Mechanics. SYMPOSIUM DA TES September 30, ~ o v e m b e r 30, Februarv 15. June 27130,
~

1992 1 1992 1993 1993 j

1
Deadline for Submission of Manuscri~ts CONFERENCE

Deadline for Submission of Abstracts

0RGANIZA TION: This symposium is a regional conference of the International Society for Rock Mechanics, and is sponsored by the U.S. National Committee for Rock Mechanics. The meeting is hosted by the Department of Materials Science and Engineering and The Geological Engineering Program, UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN-MADISON.
SYMPOSIUM ADDRESS FOR INFORMATION AND FOR SENDING ABSTRACTS : Bezalel C. Haimson, Chairman of the Organizing Committee, 34th U.S. Symposium on Rock Mechanics, University of Wisconsin, 1509 University Avenue, Madison, W1 53706-1595, U.S.A. Tlp. 608-265-3021, FAX: 608-262-8353, Email: Haimson@macc.wisc.edu

ISRM News Journal

Volume 1 Number 1 September 1992
Contributing Editor
N. F. Grossmann ISRM Secretariat Laborat6rio Nacional de Engenharia Civil 101 Avenida do Brasil P-1799 Lisboa Codex; Portugal TLP: 351-1-848-2131 FAX: 351-1-847-8187 TLX: 16760 LNEC The price of this copy of the News Journal, to non-members of ISRM, is $8/copy (US) while supplies last. Please send inquiries to: K. Sikora Itasca Consulting Group Inc. 1313 Fifth Street SE, Suite 210 Minneapolis, MN 55414 TLP: (612) 623-9599 FAX: (612) 623-1125

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Letter from the President

he International Society for Rock Mechanics (ISRM) exists to promote world-wide awareness of the latest developments in understanding of the principles of rock mechanics and their effective practical application. Thus, if we are to be fully effective as a society, all ISRM members should be aware of new observations, ideas and solutions as they arise, be fully informed of relevant rock mechanics experience elsewhere in the world, and have an opportunity to raise questions and make suggestions. The ISRM News Journal is a new venture intended to promote this communication and awareness among ISRM members and, indeed, anyone interested in rock mechanCharles Fairhurst ics. (Non-members are invited to join ISRM; simply complete and mail the application on page 611of this issue.) The News Journal incorporates ISRM News, and will appear quarterly when fully established. We plan to include overview articles and reports, discuss areas and topics where there has been significant progress, lack of progress, surprising or intriguing observations (see the back cover of this issue!), member comments, etc.-in short, anything that can stimulate creative thinking and a more rapid development of rock mechanics. Such articles should complement but in no way compete with the specific reports on scientific-technical advances that are more appropriately published in the established review journals in rock mechanics and rock engineering. Professor Widmann (page 22), recalls "the need to clarify the behaviour and treatment of those rock masses that cannot be described by the methods of continuum theory and the principles of soil mechanics" as a main motivation of Dr. Leopold Miiller, the first ISRM President, when he led the drive to establish the ISRM in 1966. It is sobering to realize that some 35 years later, there is still much to be done to achieve this early goal-initially a concern primarily of civil engineers-and that there are many unanswered rock mechanics questions of comparable importance in other fields of science and engineering. Our membership is not large compared to the size of the task. The ISRM News Journal should help us become more effective, individually and collectively, in our efforts. To further improve communication, two additional options have been introduced: ISRM National Groups with twenty or more current (i.e. fully paid) individual ISRM members are encouraged to translate part or all of the contents of the News Journal for distribution to their members, without royalty or other charges by ISRM. As with the ISRM News, copies of the ISRM News Journal will be mailed in bulk to each National Group for subsequent distribution to the individual and supporting members. This procedure sometimes leads to considerable delay in arrival of the individual copies. Where this is the case, members are offered the option of having the News Journal airmailed directly to them by paying the mailing costs. (Members wishing to use this option should complete the appropriate parts of the ISRM application form on page 61.) Finally, the strong support of the News Journal by the advertisers is greatly appreciated. This new venture would not be possible without their participation. (See page 1 for advertising rates and mailing information.) -Charles Fairhurst

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Special Articles
The Underground Research Laboratory
AN OPPORTUNITY FOR BASIC ROCK MECHANICS C.D. Martin, G.R. S i m m o n s
Introduction
The Underground Research Laboratory (URL), a multidisciplinary engineering research and development project, has been constructed by AECL Research near Pinawa, Manitoba. The URL is a major research facility in the Canadian Nuclear Fuel Waste Management Program (CNFWMP), which is developing the technology to engineer the safe and permanent disposal of Canada's nuclear fuel wastes (Dormuth and Nuttall 1987). Specific areas of research include groundwater and solute transport; in-situ rock stress conditions; temperatureand time-dependent deformation characteristics and failure behaviour of rock; excavation techniques to minimize damage to the surrounding rock and ensure safe working conditions; and the performance of seals and backfills. The URL (Figure 1) currently comprises surface support facilities, a vertical shaft to a depth of 443m, small shaft stations at 130 and 300 m depth, and major testing levels at 240 and 420m depth. A ventilation raise connects the 420 Level, the 240 Level and ground surface. Approximately 80 to 100 AECL and contract staff, including about 25 professional and 30 technical staff, work on the project. The URL as a facility, and AECL's technical activities have attracted the interest of many organizations and agencies. Several of these have either arranged to have specific tests conducted in the URL or have arranged to participate in AECL's planned activities. The Japan Atomic Energy Research Institute and ANDRA (Nuclear Waste Isolation Agency of France) are examples of the former and the Swedish Nuclear Fuel and Waste Management Company and the United States Department of Energy have concluded agreements for the latter. et al. 1989, Everitt et al. 1990). This phase resulted in the identification of eight potential sites and the selection of the URL lease area in 1980 (Figure 2). The seven criteria used in the selection process (Simmons and Velie 1986) were that the site should have substantially exposed plutonic rock; should be a previously undisturbed part of a plutonic rock body; should be contained within, but distant from, well established hydrological boundaries; should have a minimum dimension of 1 km2; should be close to AECL's Whiteshell Laboratories (WL); should be accessible and near power; and should be available for lease. The selected site was leased from the government of Manitoba for a period of 21 years, extending to 2000 December 31. [AECL has recently applied to have the lease extended until 2011 January 1. The response to this request is not yet known.] The surface and subsurface leases allow excavation, drilling and testing for research purposes and exclude the use of radioactive wastes. The site evaluation investigations revealed three major low-dipping fracture zones that largely controlled the patterns of groundwater movement and groundwater chemistry within the rock mass (Figure 3). Other permeable, subvertical fracture zones correspond to the locations of surface topography lineaments; however, their depths have only been inferred from observations made during some of the largescale groundwater pumping tests. Except for these distinctive fracture zones, the rock mass was found to be relatively unfractured, with fracturing being more pronounced near the surface. This work also revealed a complex spatial pattern of hydraulic conductivity within each of the fracture zones. These patterns controlled both groundwater movement and the distribution of groundwater chemistry within the fracture zone (Everitt et al. 1990).
NW
URL Shaft,

Historical Perspective
During the development of the CNFWMP in the 1970's, the need for an underground facility to conduct large-scale multidisciplinary experiments and demonstration tests was recognized. Several facility concepts were assessed by Yuen and Boyd (1982) and an underground research laboratory at a reasonable depth with a vertical access shaft was selected by AECL (Simmons and Velie 1986). The initial phases of the URL Project were Site Evaluation and Construction. Site Evaluation began in 1980 and the Construction Phase began with the shaft collar construction in 1983 and was completed in 1990. The present phase of the URL, called the Operating Phase, began in 1989 and will continue until 2000.The Site Evaluation Phase began with regional reconnaissance of the Lac du Bonnet granite batholith (LDBB), which is considered to be representative of many large granitic intrusions of the Precambrian Canadian Shield. The batholith, dated as Late Kenoran age (2680 f81 Ma), is a relatively undifferentiated pink and grey massive porphyritic granite-granodiorite, which displays some subhorizontal gneissic banding (Brown Present Address:Underground Research Laboratory; AECL Research, Whiteshell Laboratories; Pinawa, Manitoba,Canada ROE 1AO; Tel. (204) 345-8625/Fax (204)345-8868.

Massive Granite

Figure 3. Generalized northwest-southeast section of the URL In 1983 the 15m deep shaft collar, was excavated in order to install the foundation for the headframe. Shaft excavation resumed in 1984 and a rectangular shaft, 2.8m by 4.9m in cross-section, was completed to 255m depth in 1985. Between 1985 and 1987, the 240 Level access tunnels were developed and the ventilation raise was excavated between the 240 Level and the surface. During 1987 and 1988, the shaft was extended with a 4.6-m-diameter circular cross-section to 443m depth.

The final activity of the Construction Phase, extension of the ventilation raise to the 420 Level, was completed in 1990. In the Construction Phase, particular emphasis has been placed on the development and demonstration of site characterization and testing methods applicable to exploratory excavation and t o disposal vault characterization during construction and operation. During underground construction, a full geotechnical characterization program was conducted. Combining the geotechnical activities and the construction activities in an effective and safe manner was one of the major challenges. It required careful planning, integration and scheduling of activities and the use of innovative construction contracts formats. The project management and control systems needed to effectively manage an integrated project of this nature have been developed (Peters et al. 1990).

Figure 2. URL geological setting.

rock and demonstration of methods for determining transport proper.ties in such zones.

*Buffer/ContainerExperiment An engineering demonstration of aspects of borehole emplacement and a field test to collect a database for improvement and validation of models of the coupled processes that will occur in the highly compacted, clay-based buffer and the rock mass surrounding an electrically heated container under the influence of heat. *Mine-byExperiment: An experiment to study the material properties and behaviour of rock in-situ in order to develop and evaluate models of rock behaviour for use in the design and optimization studies of a vault, and to develop instrumentation and methodologies for the monitoring and analysis to be used in evaluation of excavation response *Study o f Solute Transport in Moderately Fractured Rock: A study of solute transport in moderately fractured rock and a demonstration of methods for determining the transport properties in such rock. *GroutingExperiment An engineering demonstration of the grouting of a fracture zone and a field test of the materials and methods for grout application that are under development in the CNFWMP. *ShaftSealing Experiment: A study of materials and emplacement methods for a shaft seal, and the performance of components of a high-quality sealing system. *Multicomponent Experiment A study of many aspects of the disposal concept, including buffer emplacement and room backfilling and sealing, and to gather a database on performance of a fully backfilled room under the influence of moisture and heating.

Operating Phase Program

During the Operating Phase, activities have been consolidated into nine multidisciplinary studies and experiments, each planned to address one or more of the issues identified in the CNFWMP (Simmons 1990). These are:

*URL Characterization Program: A study to develop and demonstrate a methodology for underground characterization, to apply it to the siting and analysis of URL experiments, and to contribute to the geological studies of the Lac du Bonnet batholith. *In-SituStress Program: A study of in situ stress to develop and demonstrate tools and equipment for determining stress, to improve methods of analysis used to calculate the stress from field measurements and to determine the influence of various physical factors on the calculated stress. *Study o f Solute Transport in Highly Fractured Rock: A study of solute transport in zones of highly fractured

Figure 4. Example o f the quality-controlled blasting carried out on the 240 Level o f the URL.

Azlmuth of Maximum Horizontal Stress

0" 0 50

45"

90"

135"

180"
N

+Hydraulic Fracturing

100 150
h

g 200
r

E $ 250
300 350 400 450
Figure 5. Summary o f the horizontal stress orientations obtained by USBM overcoring, hydraulic fracturing, convergence measurements and microseismic monitoring.

The first five of these studies are in progress; the sixth is now being planned with field work scheduled to begin in 1992; and the remaining three are for future years.

stress state remains. The far-field in-situ stresses for the 240 and 420 Levels, which are representative of the two domains, are provided in Table 1. It is sometimes stated that measured vertical stress 03 values that exceed the calculated lithostatic stress should be treated with caution. Martin (1990) compiled the stress magnitude~ for the URL from triaxial overcore results, hydraulic fracturing testing conducted in horizontal boreholes, and subhorizontal hydraulic fractures in near-vertical boreholes. A summary of the ratio of 03 to the calculated lithostatic stress using a stress gradient of 0.0265 MPa/m is shown in Figure 6. Clearly the measured 0 3 values in the proximity of Fracture Zone 2 exceed the lithostatic stress. Since 0 3 approaches the calculated value both above and below Fracture Zone 2, it would appear that 0 3 values are significantly affected by the presence of Fracture Zone 2.

Blasting
A significant factor in the successful implementation of careful blasting is the development and application of quality control procedures. The field blasts must be drilled and loaded according to the design, and the designs must be modified in a systematic way if the careful blasting program is to achieve the desired result. Inspection procedures have been developed to control the quality of the blast design and implementation. This began formally with the early development on the 240 Level access tunnels and continued through all subsequent development. An example of the excavation quality achieved on the 240 Level is shown in Figure 4. Most of the openings at the URL have been excavated using drill-and-blast techniques. Considerable effort was expended in the early stages of the URL construction to develop blasting techniques that reduced wall rock damage (Figure 4). Excavation trials with pilot-and-slash techniques as well as full-face methods led to implementation of quality control procedures, which improved blasting control and productivity significantly (Kuzyk et al. 1987). The full-face blast designs used to construct the shaft from 255-to 443-m depth proved s o efficient that contractors in Canada are now excavating shafts using this technology (Hagan et al. 1989). Blasting trials are currently under way to reduce blast damage further.

In Situ Stress
Martin (1990) noted that orientation data for the maximum horizontal stress at the URL indicated two distinct stress domains. One domain extends from the surface to Fracture Zone 2, where the maximum horizontal stress is oriented parallel to the major subvertical joint set, which strikes about 040" (Figure 5). The second domain extends below Fracture Zone 2, where the maximum horizontal stress has rotated about 90" and is aligned with the dip direction (=130) of Fracture Zone 2 (Figure 5). The rotation of the maximum horizontal stress can be postulated using a simple mechanistic model. Fracture Zone 2 tends to follow the weaker xenolithic layers within the Lac du Bonnet batholith. Since these layers are dish-shaped, it is possible that, during the thrusting along Fracture Zone 2 (about 7m), the volume of rock above Fracture Zone 2 underwent brittle deformation, which resulted in extensional fractures, much the same as those that occur during the bending of a brittle beam. The orientation of these extensional fractures is at 90' to the direction of thrusting because of the curvature of the xenolithic layers. Thus, today the stress state above Fracture Zone 2 reflects the brittle extensional stress experienced by the beam of rock above Fracture Zone 2; below Fracture Zone 2, the original
SUMMARY OF IN SlTLJ STRESSES AT THE 240 LEVEL AND 420 LEVEL

Figure 6. Summary o f the ratio of measured vertical stress to the calculated lithostatic stress and proposed model for stress variation.
Again, a simple mechanistic model may explain the vertical stress variation. Examination of Figure 6 reveals a distinct similarity between the distribution of stresses below Fracture Zone 2 and the Boussinesq stress distribution found below a loaded plate on an elastic half space. If we simply take a circular plate and apply a normal stress to represent the normal stresses measured above and below Fracture Zone 2 (Martin et al. 1990), we obtain the stress distribution given in Figure 7. The agreement between the predicted stresses below the 70m-diameter plate and the measured vertical stress is striking. Martin et al. (1990) suggested that these in-situ variations in stress are related to variations in fracture normal stiffness and permeability, and to the large-scale channeling within Fracture Zone 2 at the megascopic scale.

Failure Observations
24Qk.d
Magnitude Trend Plunge (Wa) (O) (')
25 17 13 238 135 335 8 23 420 Level

Magnitude Trend Plunge (Wa) (O)

55 48 14 135 044 290 10 5 79

01 02

a 3

65

The construction of the vertical shaft from the surface to a depth of 443 m and the construction of the 240 and 420 Levels provided some rather unique opportunities to observe the failure process of intact rock. One of the earliest forms of failure observed at the URL was core discing. This phenomenon is commonly observed in cores of 150-mm diameter or less. This same process was also observed in the core obtained from a 1.25-m-diameter diamond-drilled borehole (Figure 8). Note in Figure 8 that the thin disc is only a few millimetres thick and in many cases approaches the grain size. Another commonly observed expression of the failure process is well-bore breakouts (Figure 9). The 1.25-m-diame-

01/a3

3.9

Table l. Summary of in-situ stresses at the 240 and 420 Levels.

tunnel (Room 405) excavated by drill-and-blast techniques (see Figure 10). In this case, the tunnel was subjected to a maximum boundary stress o f about 130 MPa. However, failure is hardly noticed in an identical tunnel where the boundary stress is about 110 MPa.

5
Q

is Distribution
380, 400.
m [ . ' 420.

Maxlmum Boundary Stress 225 MPa

Max~mum Boundary Stress 150 MPa

Max~mum Boundary Stress 130 MPa

'

Figure 9. Example of failures in the form of well-bore breakouts. The maximum boundary stress is the calculated stress for the design profile.

Vertical Stress 1 0.0265 MPalm

Figure 7. Comparison of Boussinesq stress distribution for a 70-mdiameter footing with a uniform stress of 20 MPa and measured vertical stress values below Fracture Zone 2. ter excavation is subjected to a maximum boundary stress of about 225 MPa, whereas the 3.5-m-diameter excavation is subjected to a boundary stress of about 150 MPa. Both excavations in Figure 9 were created without explosives. This same form o f failure was also observed during the construction of a

Figure 10. Summary o f the excavation steps used to analyse Room 405 excavation.

Acoustic Emission and Microseismic Monitoring

One of the most useful tools in examining and locating the failure process is acoustic emission and microseismic monitoring (AE/MS).Although AE/MS systems are commonly used in the construction o f deep mines, many of the fundamental assumptions used in the interpretation of the AE/MS data have not been validated. AECL installed a limited AE/MS system during the construction o f the shaft from 240 to the 420 Level in order to assess its potential in the URL environment. The results from that study have been reported by Martin (1989) and Talebi and Young (1992). The results show that crack propagation occurs mainly around the bottom and the walls of the shaft,within about one diameter of the newly excavated face (Figure 11). In a horizontal plane, most o f the mi~roseismic activity is located within 1 to 2 m o f the shaft and, in a preferred orientation (Figure 11) similar to the zones of microcracking mapped at the 300 Shaft Station. Talebi and Young developed a computer

~i~~~~ 8, Example oflarge-scale core discing~ 1 , 2 5diameter), -~ The inclined fractures are related to the excavation of the room where the core was obtained. The horizontal discs are only a few millimetres thick and in many cases approach the grain size.

#=
? ' ? L
ll
300 Station

240 Level
Fracture Zone 2

Fracture Zone 1.9

L Microaesmc Event

hMax

URL Shafl Section

300 Statlon

Plan

Figure I I. Layout of the microseismic monitoring system and results for shaft depth of 348.4 m. Note the clustering of events on opposite sides of the shaft (after Talebi and Young 1991) program to statistically fit an ellipse to the source locations in the horizontal plane. The concentration of events is assumed to occur in the zone of maximum compression, suggesting that the maximum horizontal stress is located at 90" to the long axis of the ellipse. The orientation of the maximum stress direction at various depths down the shaft is plotted in Figure 5. This orientation was subsequently verified during the construction of the 420 Level.

mechanics community has spent the last 25 years trying to understand the role of joints on the reduction of rock mass strength, and has developed a wealth of empirical rules for that strength reduction. Scale effects testing was carried out on granite samples from the 240 Level of the URL (Jackson and Lau 1990). The results suggest about a 10% reduction in the unconfined compressive strength as a result of increasing sample size. Loading-rate tests were also conducted on granite samples from the 240 Level of the URL. These results, like the scale effects results, show only about a 10% decrease in strength as the loading rate is decreased. Hence, neither scale nor loading rate effects can account for more than about a 10-20%decrease of the rock mass strength in-situ, compared with the laboratory values. Early researchers clearly showed that the stress-strain curves for a brittle material can be divided into five regions (Figure 12). The onset of cracking marks the beginning of stable crack growth (Phase 111) and begins at a stress level (oci) of about 50% of the peak strength. The stress level associated with unstable crack growth( oust), i.e., where the volumetric strain curve reverses direction, occurs at about 70-80% of o f . This phase is characterized by the most significant structural changes to the sample, with the density of axially oriented microcracks increasing significantly. The onset of unstable crack growth has particular significance in the concrete industry, as it is used to establish the long-term strength of concrete (Rusch 1959).

Rock Strength
One of the most common reasons put forth for the reduction in strength from the laboratory to in-situ conditions is the effect of scale. This is not surprising, given that the rock

Axial StresfiM Pa)

Onset of Post Failure Crack Growth

-0.2

l I

-0.16 -0.12. -0.08 Lateral Strain %

l I

I -0.04

0.l

?
Axial

3 i
=0 +
0 ,
Lateral

-0.1

New Crack Volume

Calculated Crack AVN

-0.2 0
Figure 12. Typical stress/strain curve for Lac du Bonnet granite.
10

0 . 1

0.2 Axial Strain %

0.3

0.4

0.9
V)

0.7 0.6

.
0

. .
0.5 0.75
l

the V-shaped notch. Boreholes were drilled in the roof and floor to determine i f fracturing existed outside the measured profile (Figure 10). In the roof, fracturing was not evident although the stresses were high enough to cause 300 mm of well-bore breakouts to extend along the walls of the borehole drilled in the apex of the V-shaped notch. In the floor, fracturing extended to a depth of about 300 mm, which is also in agreement with that predicted by the elastic model.
.

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' 9

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0.6 -

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StressLeve$215.207,199,188,177,170,166,160.155 MPa Samples tasted wet at mom temperature NF = Sarrple did not lail

20
Time (days)

30

40

50

One of the major Operating Phase activities undenvay at the URL is the Mine-by Experiment. This rock mass response test combines the latest in state-of-the-art instrumentation for monitoring displacements and strains (Thompson et al. 1989) with a 16 triaxial geophone AE/MS system. The AE/MS system developed at Queen's University is being used to source locate events with an accuracy of i250mm. These AE/MS results, when combined with a stress analysis program, are providing the information to develop an in-situ failure criterion (Figure 14).

Figure 13. Summary of long-term strength tests The results from long-term strength tests of Lac du Bonnet granite were reported by Schmidtke and Lajtai (1985). Their results are plotted in Figure 13. Note the rapid loss of strength when the loads are above about 80% of the unconfined compressive strength, suggesting that, as with concrete, the true strength of these materials is defined by unstable crack growth. Recent tests carried out on 200-mm-diameter samples of Lac du Bonnet granite and loaded at 0.00075 MPa/s indicate that the samples failed immediately after reaching the stress level for unstable crack growth. Hence, it would appear that the peak (apparent) strength from conventional laboratory tests does not represent the strength of the material in compression and that the maximum strength of Lac du Bonnet granite in compression is about 20-30% lower than the laboratory conventional peak strength values.

Numerical Modeling
Modeling efforts at the URL vary from the simplest twodimensional elastic solution for a circular opening to threedimensional modeling with a uniquely derived laboratory-based constitutive model with five functional parameters. The objectives of the various modeling efforts dictate their complexity. It is becoming more and more apparent, however, that what provides the most accurate prediction of the failure zone is an elastic analysis with stepwise excavation of the failed (i.e., that indicated as being "over-stressed" in the elastic analysis) material. The difficulty that arises is establishing the in situ strength for the intact granite. The laboratory-derived strength based on unstable crack growth is about 150 to 170 MPa. However, it appears that the process of creating an excavation in a stressed medium results in cracking of the rock ahead of the tunnel face. This causes the stress level associated with unstable crack growth to decrease dramatically to the stress level associated with crack initiation martin and Chandler, in press). Thus the strength of the intact rock around the openings is probably oci (defined above). To simulate the failure process in Room 405, the excavation profile in the model was modified by removing the rock that had a strengthlstress ratio 51. The simulation started with the design profile and progressed through four excavation steps (Figure 10). The final analysis is carried out on the excavated profile. Note the general agreement between the shape of the opening in the roof predicted by the mode1 and the actual excavation profile. Also note that in the model, the excavated profile in the roof is stable except at the very tip of

Figure 14. Example of the boundary element program Examine 3D used in conjunction with the AE/MS data (shown as dots ahead of the tunnel) to analyze the Mine-by Experiment test tunnel.

Summary
The URL is providing unique opportunities to investigate fundamental rock mechanics. The reader may have noticed that the in-situ strength of the Lac du Bonnet granite has not been given in this paper. We believe it to be approximately 150 MPa, but in the section on modeling it is noted that failure occurs i f the stress is about 100 MPa. This has caused considerable debate, since there does not appear to be any justification for reducing the strength from the laboratory strength value of 200 MPa to 100 MPa. However, new evidence suggests that the strength reduction is actually caused by the process of creating a hole in a stressed medium. The interested reader is referred to a paper by Martin and Read (1992) for more insight to what appears, at first sight, to be a very simple question "What is the strength of intact rock around underground openings?" These innovative studies are advancing our understanding of the in-situ performance of natural systems. They are leading to improvements in instrumentation, construction and analytical methods, and are gaining the attention of the scientific and engineering community. We have strong links with many universities within Canada by funding research, using their expertise in our program and providing data for research projects. We also conduct cooperative programs with, and commercial work for, international organizations and agencies from Finland, France, Japan, Spain, Sweden, the United Kingdom and the United States.

Acknowledgements
The authors wish to acknowledge the innovative and dedicated effort of all members of the URL project team whose work is the basis for this article. The CNFWMP is jointly funded by AECL Research and Ontario Hydro under the auspices of the CANDU Owners Group.

Rusch, H. 1959. Physical problems in the testing of concrete. Zement-Kalk-Gips (Cement and Concrete Association Library Translation No. 86, 1960). 1-9. Schmidtke, R.H. and Lajtai, E.Z. 1985. The long-term strength of Lac du Bonnet granite. Int. J. Rock Mech. Min. Sci. & Geomech. Abstr. 22(6), 461-465. Simmons, G.R. 1990. Operating phase experiments planned for Atomic Energy of Canada Limited's Underground Research Laboratory. In Proc. Int. Symp. Unique Underground Structures, Denver, CO (ed. R.S. Sinha) 2, 67:l-19. CSM Press, Denver. Simmons, G.R. and Velie, D.M. 1986. The Underground Research Laboratory status report 1980 to 1982 September. Atomic Energy of Canada Limited Technical Record, TR-2101* Addendum. Talebi, S. and Young, R.P. 1992. Microseismic monitoring in highly stressed granite: relation between shaft-wall cracking and in situ stress. Int. J. Rock Mech. Min. Sci. & Geomech. Abstr. 29(1), 25-34. Thompson, P.M., Kozak, E.T. and Martin, C.D. 1989. Rock displacement instrumentation and coupled hydraulic pressure/rock displacement instrumentation for use in stiff crystalline rock. In Proc. OECD NEA Workshop on Excavation Response in Geological Repositories for Radioactive Waste, Winnipeg, 257-270. Yuen, C.M.K. and Boyd, J.M. 1982. A conceptual design study for an Underground Research Laboratory. Atomic Energy of Canada Limited Technical Record, TR-160.* "Internal report available from SDDO, AECL Research, Chalk River Laboratories, Chalk River, Ontario KOJ 1JO.

References
Brown A., Soonawala, N.M. Everitt, R.A. and Kamineni, D.C. 1989. Geology and geophysics of the Underground Research Laboratory site, Lac du Bonnet Batholith, Manitoba. Can. J. Earth Sci. 26, 404-425. Dormuth, K.W. and Nuttall, K. 1987. The Canadian Nuclear Fuel Waste Management Program. Rad. Waste Manage. Nucl. Fuel Cycle 8 (2-3), 93-104. Everitt, R.A., Brown, A., Davison, C., Gascoyne, M. and Martin, C.D. 1990. Geological and hydrogeological setting of the Underground Research Laboratory. In Proc. Int. Symp. on Unique Underground Structures, Denver, CO (ed. R.S. Sinha) 2, pp. 64:l-23. CSM Press, Denver. Hagan, T.N., Kuzyk, G.W., Mercer, J.K. and Gilby, J.L. 1989 Design, implementation and monitoring of full-face blasts to extend a shaft at Atomic Energy of Canada Limited's Underground Research Laboratory. In Proc. Shaft Eng. Conf:, London, 195-205,IMM. Jackson, R. and Lau, J.S.O. 1990. The effect of specimen size on the laboratory mechanical properties of Lac du Bonnet grey granite. In Proc. 1st Int. Workshop on Scale Effects in Rock Masses, Loen, Norway (ed. Pinto da Cunha), 165-174. A.A. Balkema, Rotterdam. Kuzyk, G.W., Lang, P.A. and Lebel, G. 1987. Blast design and quality control on the second level of Atomic Energy of Canada Limited's Underground Research Laboratory. In Proc. Int. Symp. Large Rock Caverns, Helsinki, Finland, 147-158. Martin, C.D. 1989. Failure observations and in situ stress domains at the Underground Research Laboratory. In Proc. Conf:Rock Mech. and Rock Physics at Great Depth, Pau, France, 2, 719-726. Martin, C.D. 1990. Characterizing in situ stress domains at AECL's Underground Research Laboratory. Can. Geotech. J. 27, 631-646. Martin, C.D. and Chandler, N.A. (in press) The progressive fracture of a brittle rock. Submitted to the Int. J. Rock Mech. Min. Sci. & Geomech. Abstr Martin, C.D. and Read, R.S. 1992. The strength of massive granite around underground openings. In Proc. 16th Canadian Rock Mechanics Symposium, Sudbury. Martin, C.D., Davison, C.C. and Kozak, E.T. 1990. Characterizing normal stiffness and hydraulic conductivity of a major shear zone in granite. In Proc. Int. Symp. Rock Joints, Loen, Norway (ed. N. Barton and 0 . Stephansson), 549-556. A.A. Balkema, Rotterdam. Peters, D.A., Kuzyk, G.W. and Onagi, D.P. 1990. Design and construction management of Atomic Energy of Canada Limited's Underground Research Laboratory. In Proc. Int Symp. Unique Underground Structures, Denver, CO, 1990 June 12-15.

Forthcoming from Pergamon Press...A Major New Reference Work Order now and Save 335/US$670 on the Published Price

COMPREHENSAE ROCK ENGINEERING

Principles, Practice & Projects
Five-volume Set
EDITOR-IN-CHIEF JOHN A HUDSON Imperial College of Science, Technology 6 Medicine, London, UK
SENIOR EDITORS
E T BROWN, Faculty of Engineering, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia, C FAIRHURST, Department of Civil i 3 Mineral Engineering, University o f Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, U S A and E HOEK, Department o f Civil Engineering, University o f Toronto, Canada Assisted by a n International Advisory Board

CONTENTS: Section headings:

Volume l Fundamentals Edited by E T BROWN, Australia Overview. Geological Setting. Rock Mass and Site Characterization. Strength and Deformation Properties. Constitutive Models and Numerical Modeling. Dynamics/ Rock Excavation. Integration/ Application. Subject Index. Volume 2 Analysis and Design Methods Edited by C FAIRHURST, U S A Overview of Design. Rock Mechanics Continuum Modeling. Rock Mechanics Discontinuum Modeling. Applications to Rock Engineering: Civil Engineering. Mining Engineering. Overview Aspects of Rock Engineering Design. Subject Index.
Five-volume Set 4500 pp (approx) Due June1993

Volume 4 - Excavation, Support and Monitoring Edited by J A HUDSON, UK Overview. Blasting. Mechanized Excavation. Support. Back Analysis Monitoring. Subject Index Volume 5 Surface and Underground Project Case Histories

Volume 3 Rock Testing and Site Characterization Edited by J A HUDSON, U K Overview. Basic Rock Properties. Discontinuities. Stress and Stress Measurement Methods. In Situ Stress. Rock Mass Classification. Examples of Rock Testing and Site Characterization with Project Case Histories: Case Examples of Testing, Site Characterization. Subject Index.

Edited by E HOEK, Canada Overview of Underground Space and Developments. Developments and Case Studies: Engineering. Developments and Case Studies: Mining Engineering. Developments and Case Studies: GeOthermal and Radioactive Waste Disposal. Developments and Case Studies: Petroleum Engineering. Developments and Case Studies: Slopes, Dams and Foundations. Cumulative Subject Index

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Geomec

at El Teniente

~ivision ~l ~ e n i e n t e is one of the four operational divisions of CODELCO-CHILE, a state-owned company. El Teniente mine in copper mine is well known as the largest the world, based on its extraction rate of 31,000,000 metric tons per year. ~1 T~~~~~~~is located in central chile, approximately 70 km to the south of Santiago and about 60 km to the northeast of Rancagua City, in the Andes mountains. The lowest and highest levels of the mine, Ten-8 and Ten-1, are at 1,983 and 2,628 m.a.sl., respectively. The El Teniente topography is abrupt and the climate moderate, with some rain (70 rnm/~ear)and snow (1,40 mm/year); and with yearly avertemperatures of about 15, -l0 and and 25 degrees C, respectively. The exploitation of the mine began in 1906; today, it produces copper and molybdenum (the yearly production over the last ten years is in l). many years Teniente has been mined caving caving, and lately pane1 caving). At Teniente$the active mining area is on the order of 200,000 m2, and El Teniente develops about 40 km of new tunnels annually.

geomechanics: infiltration of acid groundwater; problems ass@ ciated with the growth of subsidence craters; stability problems related to the presence of zones where the rock mass is highly fractured; fragmentation problems where the caving rock mass is not well fractured; structurally-controlled stability problems; stability problems induced by excessive stress concentrations; and, the occurrence of rockbursts. Over the past several years rockbursting has become a more and more important problem, and at present, the main geomechanical concern at El Teniente is the occurrence of rockbursts. As expected, the rockbursts occur in the hard primary rock. El Teniente has mined more than 100,000,000 metric tons of primary ore. several rockbursts did occur during the mining of the Ten-4 Level, but all of them had a clear connection with the mining activity. However, in mining the Ten Sub6 Level this pattern appears to have changed; and, to date, this level has been affected by eight large or very large rockbursts and more than 50 smaller ones, many of which are probably The appearance of this problem has caused El Teniente to review the geo~ogical-geotechnical-geomechani~a~ environment of the zone, taking into account the geodynamics of the region, from macro-scale (1:50,000) to design-scale (11500). El Teniente geologists and engineering geologists reviewed the structural patterns (regional/zonal/local/detailed) in detail and their relationship to such factors as the observed performance of the workings, the occurrence of rockbursts, the occurrence of damage, the geotechnical characteristics of the rock mass. More than 20 geologist-years have been spent on this work to date. As a result of these studies, a much better understanding of the geological-structural-geotechnical environment has been achieved, and a geological-geotechnical model of the mine has been developed. One section of this model is shown in Figure 1. The main conclusions from this model are as follows: .El Teniente is affected by several fault zones that define zones of highly fractured rock (but the fractures are sealed with anhydrite, gypsum. etc.). .These fault zones induce a clearly anisotropic structural pattern and, simultaneously, a heterogeneity in the primary rock. .From a practical point of view, the rock mass at El ~enienie can be grouped into the eight geotechnical units, shown in Figure 1. At the same time, E ! Teniente has contacted consultants, research centers, and universities familiar with the problem of rockbursting in several countries: Canada; Chile; Poland; Republic of South Africa; Russian Republic, USA, etc., in order to achieve the best possible understanding and to obtain and/or develop the geomechanical tools and research required to solve satisfactorily the rockbursting problem at El Teniente. Indeed, El Teniente does not wish to work alone in solving the rockbursting problem, but prefers to participate in jointresearch activities with research centers in different countries. After a difficult start, El Teniente is now improving its knowledge of rockbursting through the following activities: *Development of a geological-structural-geotechnical model of El Teniente, based on a regional geodynamic analysis. .Improvement of the geophysical equipment used for seismic monitoring at El Teniente, and extension to regional levels by connecting the mine system to the Chilean network of seismic stations.

Year

Copper

Molybdenum Tons)

1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987

1 1988

(In Metric 355,024 304,859 285,381 319,061

265,329 388,970 355,089 328,181 301,363

3,661 3,066 3,679 3,998 4,270 4,309 3,164 3,O 12 2,661

1989 1990

278,765 2,283 1991 Table I . Copper and Molybdenum Yearly Production at El Teniente
The El Teniente copper orebody is one of the largest in the world. In plan it is approximately triangular in shape, and elongated to the north, where it is centered in the Teniente porphyry; while towards the southeast it extends into the Sewell diorite. The central part consists of a low-grade zone related to the Braden Pipe. The vertical development includes an oxidized-leached zone that averages 100 m thick; a supergene enrichment zone that reaches a depth of about 500 m in the northern part of the orebody; and a hipogene or primary mineralization zone, proved to a depth of 1,600 m. The intrusions in the deposit are diorite, dacite porphyry, latite porphyry, andesite and lamprophyre dykes. In the central part of the orebody there is a complex megastructure, called Braden Breccia Pipe, which in plan has an elliptical shape. Most of the permanent access and service openings of El Teniente are located inside the Braden Breccia Pipe, while all the mining layouts (i.e. undercut levels, grizzly levels, haulage levels, etc.) surround this megastructure. As with any large underground mine in hard rock, El Teniente has to deal with several problems directly related to

*Introduction of scales, similar to those used in other countries, for the classification and calibration of rockbursts. *Improvement in the geomechanical characterization of the rock mass, especially by back-analyses of the observed performance of the workings. *Implementation of three-dimensional numerical models as tools for geomechanical analysis. *Characterization and classification of the damages caused by a rockburst. The "direct damage" of the rock mass is differentiated from the "induced instabilities", i.e. structurally controlled failures triggered by the occurrence of a rockburst. The overall El Teniente philosophy is simple-any risk to El Teniente workers must be minimized, because human lives are beyond economic considerations. Following this philosophy, El Teniente decided not to include Level Ten Sub-6 in the short-term production plans,

but to use it as an experimental level (i.e., a full-scale geomechanical laboratory) to investigate ways of predicting zones that are more likely to be damaged by rockbursts; to evaluate the actual performance of different support systems when subjected to rockbursts; and to validate the conclusions derived from geomechanical analyses. This is a unique opportunity to improve the state-of-the-art of knowledge on this problem and to allow safe operation of Level Ten Sub-6 and deeper levels in the future. In conclusion, we wish to emphasize the need in geomechanics always to verify in the field the predictions of analysis. This need was eloquently stated by Roger Bacon in 1267. "There are two modes of acquiring knowledge, namely by reasoning and experience. Reasoning draws a conclusion and makes us grant the conclusion, but does not make the conclusion certain, nor does it remove doubt s o that the mind may rest on the intuition of truth, unless the mind discovers it by the path of experience."

CODELCO CHILE DlVISiON EL TENIENTE Departamento Geologia

'

EL .TENIENTE YIVEL TEN-4 LHD (2354m) Escala = 1 : 0

LITOLOGIA Fecha: 3/3/92

Figure 1 : GEOLOGICAL-STRUCTURAL-GEOTECHNICAL MODEL OF EL TENIENTE MINE ( LEVEL TEN-4 )

News From ISRM Vice Presidents

T.R. Stacey, Africa
Rock Mechanics in Africa
Africa is a continent with tremendous natural resources. It is a continent with great potential in the long term. However, it is also a continent in which much political upheaval and change has taken place recently, and in which continuing change can be expected. This has taken its toll with regard to internal stability, foreign investment risk, availability of capital and human resources with the necessary skills. As a result, the state of technology in some cases has been retrogressive-efficiency is poor, productivity is low and the availability of equipment is low. Some of the countries of Africa appear to be emerging from their past to indicate their potential for the future. For example, in southern Africa, South Africa is on the road to resolution of its political differences, Angola has ended a devastating civil war, Mozambique is moving the same way, and Zambia now has a democratic government. In the less developed areas of Africa, which includes most of the continent, concentration on specialist disciplines such as rock engineering will remain a low priority for a long time to come. The scope for direct involvement in the ISRM in these areas is therefore low. However, there are many mining countries in Africa which require rock mechanics input now and in the future. In southern Africa, for example, besides the well known deep-level rock mechanics work on the South African gold mines, one of the world's major civil engineering projects is under construction in Lesotho. This involves the highest dam in the southern hemisphere and has approximately 100 km of 5-m diameter tunnel. Most of the length of the tunnels will be bored in basalt, sandstone and claystones. At present there is only one national group of the ISRM in Africa, and that is in ~ o u t h k f r i c a The . south African National Group on Rock Mechanics (SANGORM) is the second largest national group of the ISRM, and is recognised by the mines as the official body representing their rock mechanics employees. Zimbabwe has a "potential" national group, but formal application is dependent on foreign exchange approval being granted by the Zimbabwe Government. This has not been forthcoming to date. Besides southern Africa, there are very few members of the ISRM in the rest of Africa,Attempts to make contact with these members has not met with success. This represents a challenge for the future-to all 1SRM memhers who might be working in Africa,or who have contacts in the rock mechanics field-since much consulting and contracting work is carried out by companies based in other parts of the world. Rock mechanics research and practice has reached a high level in South Africa, one of the countries in which some of the early pioneering rock mechanics work took place. Many significant developments in rock mechanics have been initiated in South Africa, and the country is still a leader in some areas of rock mechanics. However, the inability to overcome the rockburst problem represents one of the major challenges to the rock mechanics fraternity in the area. Research is ongoing and considerable sums have been allocated by the mining houses in an attempt to ameliorate the problem. 16 A further challenge which probably applies to the whole of Africa is that of education. At present, to the best of my knowledge, there is no professor of rock mechanics on the African continent. For a major mining region, and a region in which major dam and tunnel construction will take place, this is not a satisfactory situation. Education is the basis for safe, efficient, high productivity operations and must be encouraged. Centers of excellence need to be developed to address problems unique to the region.

Figure I . Rockburst damage in a face access gully in tabular gold mining in South Africa.
An aspect of education which also needs action is the "education" of management by the rock mechanics personnel. A recent symposium by the South African Group concentrated on the potential savings to the mining industry which "'ld be achieved through the use of good rock engineering practice. The savings identified were on the order of $US 1,000 million and it seems incredible that, with this sort magnitude of savings, it should be necessary to promote rock mechanics with management. It nevertheless is a challenge to the rock mechanics fraternity to provide the quality of service that will prove their worth and enhance their image in the eyes of management. In summary, rock mechanics in Africa is an enigma, ranging from high tech knowledge to zero knowledge. 1n my view the two challenges are the solution of the rockburst problem and education. I believe that the involvement of the ISRM can make a significant contribution to both of these.

K. Sassa, Asia
Comments on the Future Activities and Development of the ISRM
Holding an ISRM-sponsored workshop or symposium in Asia would improve communication with colleagues in this part of the world. China for example, is a vast territory with a variety of different geological and tectonic conditions. Many capital construction projects are underway as well as many large mining enterprises. International meetings held in China attract a large number of Chinese participants, but very few Chinese participate in international meetings held outside China. Holding an international meeting in China would be of mutual benefit, both for Chinese engineers and scientists and for colleagues from other countries. This could draw many engineers and scientists into the activities of ISRM. The CAP and LAP programs proposed by Professor J. Franklin, Chairman of the ISRM Commission on Education (see comments by Professor Franklin in the Commission Reports), can also provide valuable support t o these countries. Furthermore, it is desirable to hold the ISRM Council and Board Meetings in different countries and different regions. No ISRM Council or Board Meeting has been held in an Asian country other than Japan. Holding one or more of these meetings in Asia would be an excellent way to encourage the groups in this region. I have a personal interest in the application of geophysical techniques to rock engineering and believe that these warrant greater attention by ISRM. Many studies presented in engineering and tomography sessions at the annual international meetings of SEG (Society of Exploration Geophysicists) would be quite interesting and useful for ISRM members. Greater attention to such applications of geophysics would be good for the development of rock engineering. The Second International Symposium on Geotomography is scheduled to be held in Tokyo, Japan on November 18-19, 1992. The symposium is jointly organized by SEGJ (the Society of Exploration Geophysicists of Japan) and SEG, and will be supported by the Japanese National Group for ISRM. I recommend that the ISRM establish a commission on the application of geophysical techniques to rock engineering, and that the commission be charged with organizing an ISRM-sponsored international symposium on this theme, the venue to be somewhere in Asia.

place since the early 70's and is regarded in the region as most successful. Soil and rock conditions in Australia and New Zealand are complex and varied, and surely the same can be said of other regions, s o that there is often no clear distinction between what can be regarded as soil and what is rock. Rather there is a continuous spectrum of materials from soil at one end to hard rock at the other. Somewhere in the middle of this range there are the so-called soft rocks, materials usually of tertiary age from which core specimens have unconfined compressive strengths from several hundred kPa up to a few MPa. These have been the focus of much attention in the region in the last decade. A typical example is the work done by my p r e decessor, Dr. Ian Johnston of Monash University, on the capacity of pile sockets in Melbourne mudstone. In New Zealand work funded by the former Road Research Unit of the National Roads Board and spanning more than a decade was published in 1990. This volume1 [see reference at the bottom of this page] of 77 pages contains a summary of investigations undertaken by seven researchers. Currently geotechnical activity in both Australia and New Zealand is quiet because of the depressed state of the two economies. Mining, a longstanding area of outstanding rock mechanics activity in Australia, is also subject to this downturn. The second crossing of Sydney Harbour and the carpark that has been constructed in difficult rock conditions adjacent to the Sydney Opera ~ o u s are e ~important activities in Australia; in New Zealand the current major activity is the work associated with the Clyde Dam and the Cromwell Gorge landslides. In February 1992 two important events took place in Christchurch. These were the Sixth AustraliaINew Zealand Conference on Geomechanics and the Sixth International Symposium on Landslides; both events were endorsed by the ISRM, IAEG and ISSMFE. These conferences provide a good overview of geotechnical activity and concerns in Australia and New Zealand, and are briefly reviewed below. The AustraliaINew Zealand Geomechanics conferences occur at four yearly intervals and are part of a series that dates back to 1952. The theme for the Christchurch conference was "Geotechnical Risk-Identification, Evaluation and Solutions." Papers were presented to seven sessions, and covered a range of topics including Mining; Tunnels and Excavations; Soil Properties and Testing; Slope Stability and Seismic Hazard; Professional and Legal Issues; and Foundations and Retaining Walls. In addition to the discussions covering these topics, four special lectures were presented. The Keynote address, "Mitigation of Ground Failure RiskSome Lessons from the Loma Prieta Earthquake," was given by Professor J.K. Mitchell. This was of particular interest in New Zealand as earthquakes are an important feature of the local environment. The lecture was also of interest because it dealt with much more than a description of the effects of the Loma Prieta earthquake, including a discussion of engineering decisions and understanding reached after careful evaluation of the damage to the Marina area of San Francisco. The John Jaeger Memorial Address was given by Dr. B.G. Richards and was entitled "Modeling Interactive Deformation and Flow Processes in Soils." This was a comprehensive review of sevl ~ e n n i n ~D.N.; s , Read, S.A.L; Millar, P.J.; Huppert, F.; Black, P.M.; Parton, 1.M; and Olsen, A.J. (1990) "Road engineering in soft rock materials," Proc. Bridge Design and Research Seminar, RRU Bulletin 84, Vol. 4, TRANSIT New Zealand. 2 ~ a l l sP.J.N., , Poulos, H.G. and Best, R.J. (1991) "Rock reinforcement design for a shallow large span cavern," Proc. 7th Congress, ISRM, Aachen, Vol. 2, pp. 1193-1198.

M.J. Pender, Australasia

Current Activitv in the Australasian Region
U

In this region the ISRM is represented by the Australian and New Zealand Geomechanics Societies. These two societies also cover the activities of our sister societies: the International Society for Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering (ISSMFE), and the International Association of Engineering Geologists OAEG). This arrangement has been in

era1 decades of work on the behaviour of partially saturated soils. The details of the modeling process were described and illustrated with three interesting case histories. Mr. M.D. Gillon presented a general overview to the geotechnical aspects of the Clyde Dam and the Cromwell Gorge landslides. These landslide problems were discussed in much greater detail at the Landslide Symposium. Finally, Dr. G.R. Martin delivered the Seventh NZ Geomechanics lecture entitled, "Geomechanics: the Art and the Science," which reviewed aspects of the earthquake response of soil deposits and discussed the need for predictions of permanent ground deformation during earthquake loading. The two volume proceedings of this conference are available from the New Zealand Geomechanics Society. The International Symposium on Landslides @L) is the sixth in a series which dates from an initial gathering in Kyoto in 1972. This meeting in Christchurch is the first time an ISL has been held in the Southern Hemisphere. Two of the s y m p e sium volumes contain the 224 papers accepted. A third volume will contain the addresses of 12 invited speakers, the Panel Reports, and reports of discussion. A total of 36 papers came from the Australasian region. Among these are four papers which give significant additional information about soft rocks in NZ, two that deal with landslide dams in NZ, and several that discuss aspects of stability assessment of land for residential development in Australia and NZ. The topic of zonation of land is also taken up in other papers to the symposium. An important aspect of t h e Symposium is t h e publication of 15 papers on t h e landslide stabilization program around t h e s h o r e s of Lake Dunstan, which will b e formed when t h e Clyde Dam is in operation. The filling of t h e lake commenced in April this year. The dam is cons t r u c t e d in t h e Cromwell Gorge, which is on t h e Clutha river in Central Otago in t h e South Island of NZ. The rocks through which t h e gorge passes a r e schists of Permian--Mesozoic age and t h e relief between t h e current river bed and t o p of t h e adjacent ridges is several hundred metres. Earthquake stability of t h e d a m has been a significant design consideration a s t h e Cromwell Gorge lies along a major fault. The design of t h e dam t h u s involved very careful consideration of seismic risk and t h e incorporation of special features in t h e concrete gravity dam t o accommodate displacements should a n earthquake occur on t h e fault. Equally significant a r e t h e large actively creeping and dormant landslides which a r e a feature of t h e region. T h e t o e s of several s u c h landslides will b e inundated by t h e filling of Lake Dunstan a s about 25% of t h e lake shoreline will be bordered by landslides. An expenditure of $220M (US) was required t o e n s u r e t h e stability of t h e s e slides, t h e main remedial measures being gravity drainage a n d t o e buttressing. The 15 papers include an overview paper, t h r e e dealing with geology, t h r e e on investigation of t h e landslides, t h r e e on monitoring, and five o n stabilization measures. In t h e c a s e of t h e Jackson Creek slide, a decision was made t o stabilize this by placing a 0.7 million m3 t o e buttress. Prior t o buttress construction monitoring of inclinometers had shown that t h e slide mass of 5 million m3 was moving at 1.4mm/month. The r a t e of movement accelerated t o 8mm/day after stripping 4000 m3 of loess and topsoil in preparation for t h e placing of t h e b u t t r e s s fill. This required t h e rapid replacement of t h e stripped material a n d a carefully controlled incremental placement of fill. These papers document a major c a s e history a n d will b e widely read by ISRM members. The Symposium proceedings a r e published by Balkema.

0.A. Stephansson, Europe

The New Europe
Europe is expanding geographically. The eastern Piock has split and new countries ha\ e been formed. New ethnic provinc-s are developing and the EEC is growing and becoming more and more important. There are s o many things going on at the same time, that what I write today may have changed by the time you read it. Let me first welcome the Croatian Society for Rock Mechanics to the European group of ISRM member countries. We all look forward to receiving formal applications for membership from several of the new countries of eastern and central Europe. We d o understand that there are many things to sort out when a new country is formed. Therefore, ISRM has to establish a procedure to facilitate the entry of all the new countries. This issue will be brought up at the Board and Council meeting in Chester. Other important issues to be discussed include how to integrate the present activities within the International Bureau of Strata Mechanics with ISRM. Cooperation and interaction among European rock mechanics scientists will be facilitated by EUROCK conferences. According to the present plan, these conferences will each have a theme and will be held in those European countries with a strong interest in rock mechanics research and development and its application. The meetings must be arranged s o that young students and researchers are stimulated. Several of the university departments, governmental organizations and large industries in Europe have established close links and cooperation to form major research projects in the fields of mining and civil, construction and petroleum engineering. Many of these programs, supported by the EEC (European Economic Community), have large components of basic and applied rock mechanics and we are now beginning to see results from these efforts. Cooperation between European countries affects most areas of the society, including higher education. There has been an explosion in student mobility of at all levels. They receive the full benefit by studying for short or long periods at a foreign university, within exchange programs such as ERASMUS, CLUSTER, etc ... We teachers at the universities should welcome this activity because it facilitates and encourages development in the teaching of rock mechanics. Although it takes considerable time to arrange the exchange programs, send out and receive students, it will certainly help to encourage rock mechanics activity at the universities in Europe. What is the rock mechanics and rock engineering news from Europe? Some of the ongoing activities are: .The development of infrastructure is a major issue in Europe. Rock mechanics is well integrated into transportation and urban development projects. Norwegian rock mechanics will set a world record for the largest free span (61 m) excavated in rock at the new underground hockey rink for the 1994 Olympic Games at Lillehammer. *In December 1990 two sections of the Eurotunnel between England and France were linked at the

English Channel. This is a major achievement in soft rock tunneling. *The penetration of the upper crust with deep continental drilling started at the Kola peninsula in Russia and an even deeper borehole is now being drilled for the KTB project in Germany. *Environmental issues become more and more important. Rock mechanics will continue to play a major role in waste isolation, ground water and underground storage. The research station for radioactive waste at Stripa Mine will be replaced by the new Hard Rock Laboratory at aspo, in southeastern Sweden. *Mathematical modeling of rock masses continues to develop and complex problems can now be studied on personal computers. DECOVALEX is a new international project, sponsored by the nuclear industry and government regulatory agencies in seven countries, with the aim of intercomparison and development of codes for modeling-coupled hydrothermalmechanical processes in jointed rock masses. In conclusion, Europe is in a stage of rapid development and this momentum will certainly have a positive impact on the development of rock mechanics in our region.

U.S. National Committee for Rock Mechanics ISRM is represented in the United States by the U.S. National Committee for Rock Mechanics, functioning within the framework of the National Research CounciljNational Academy of Sciences. It also promotes the coordination and synthesis of rock mechanics among the numerous scientific and engineering disciplines with an interest in rock mechanics. The Committee fulfills its mandate through activities such as the annual U.S. Rock Mechanics Symposium, initiation of studies in some topical aspects of the discipline, and by promoting excellence in rock mechanics through the sponsorship of awards for papers of outstanding quality. Dr. B.H.G.. Brady (Dowell-Schlumberger, Inc.) has recently assumed the chairmanship of this Committee from Dr. W. Wawersik (Sandia National Laboratories). 33rd U.S. Rock Mechanics Symposium June 8-10 The venue for this year's Symposium was Santa Fe, New Mexico. It was preceded by a regional conference on "Fractured and jointed rock masses" at Lake Tahoe, California. [See report of Commission on Joints.] The technical sessions covered a variety of subjects ranging from fault mechanisms to numerical modeling. This year, the USNCjRM adopted a very rigorous abstract and paper review procedure; this is reflected in the quality of the conference proceedings (published by Balkema). The program also offered two short courses on "Fractals in Geosciences" and "Geostatistics and Rockrnass Characterization," as well as workshops on coal pillar design, geotechnical design methodology, modeling fractured reservoirs, and induced seismicity. These activities were well attended and added a rather practical component to this symposium. [See also comments from USNC/RM under "National Group News".] Dr. W. Wawersik and his conference organizing committee must be commended for selecting the extremely pleasant venue of Santa Fe and for offering such an interesting program. Canadian Rock Mechanics Association (CARMA) In Canada, CARMA is an umbrella organization chaired by D. McCreath of Laurentian University that looks after the interests of two rock mechanics groups: the Canadian Institute for Mining and Metallurgy (Rock Mechanics and Strata Control Committee, CIM-RMSCC), chaired by W. Bawden (Queen's University); and the Canadian Geotechnical Society (Rock Mechanics Division, CGS-RMD), chaired by D. Martin (Atomic Energy of Canada Ltd.). Both organizations actively encourage and promote scientific and engineering interaction among their members. This year, the CIM annual (April/May 1992) meeting was held in Montreal and included many rock mechanics presentations. CGS plans its Geotechnical Conference for 1992 October 26-28 in Toronto.

P.K. Kaiser, North America

Rocky News From North America
A new executive was elected at the Seventh ISRM Congress in Aachen, and we would like to take this opportunity to thank the outgoing President John Franklin for his energetic and lasting contributions to our Society. As in the past, when John looked after the Commission on Testing and developed many ISRMsuggested testing methods, he worked tirelessly as ISRM President to improve the operation and communication of our society and has contributed much to enhance its international reputation. He has served us well and we all thank John for the many new initiatives he has taken. I would also like to thank James Coulson, my predecessor, for looking after the regional concerns and for representing North America. Congratulations I know that you are pleased with the outcome of last year's Rocha medal competition and will join me in extending our congratulations to the first Rocha Medal winner from North America: Dr. A. Ghosh of the University of Arizona in Tucson (Dr. J.J.K. Daemen was Dr. Ghosh's supervisor) for his thesis on "Fractal and Explosive Numerical Models of Rock Fragmentation."

A full week of rock mechanics activities took place at Laurentian University in Sudbury 1992 June 13-19 with a numerical modeling workshop, the Sixteenth Canadian Rock Mechanics Symposium, the International Symposium on Rock Support, and the Canadian Hard Mining Equipment Exhibition. One of my responsibilities as the regional representative Over 100 technical presentations, keynote addresses and s p e of ISRM is to interact with various national groups in the cial lectures, provided a forum for technology transfer and United States (USNCjRM-the U.S. National Committee for industrial interaction. The meetings were well attended with Rock Mechanics), Mexico (SMMR-Sociedad Mexicana d e representatives from all continents. The quality of presentaMecanica de Rocas), and Canada (CARMA-Canadian Rock tions was outstanding. The proceedings Palkema) cover five Mechanics Association), and t o assist them on matters perareas: Support design, analysis and applications; Case histories; taining to ISRM. Many of their activities are of interest to the Cable bolting and rock anchorage; Rock reinforcement and s u p wider ISRM community and I intend to report to you any port; and, Support in burst-prone ground. The audience consistevents, activities and specific technical information that are ed of a nice mix of hard-nosed miners, consulting engineers, brought to my attention, through the ISRM News Journal. academics and researchers. This provided the seeds for rather stimulating discussions during wdrkshops on cable bolting and 19

support in burst-prone ground. Many used the opportunity to visit mines in the world's largest nickel producing district and a unique construction project, the Sudbury Neutrino Observatory-SNO. Construction of this $US. 49-million facility is under way at the 6600 foot level of INCO's Creighton mine. The large cavern will be filled with heavy water to create an observatory for neutrino astrophysics. This will serve the international science community and contribute both to astrophysics, by clarifying the basic energy generating processes in the sun; and to nuclear and particle physics, by determining fundamental properties of the neutrinos themselves.

between the various national groups, such a conference would provide an opportunity to enhance interaction between national groups and the technical sub-disciplines mentioned above.

And Much More

Obviously, the rock mechanics community in North America is well and extremely active and many interesting projects are underway. Unfortunately, too often we do not hear what is going on or we hear it only much later. It is for this reason that I strongly encourage better communication and support the idea of a timely ISRM News Journal. If you are involved in interesting projects, planning a technical meeting, know of exciting achievements in rock mechanics and rock engineering, or have any comments or suggestions with respect to ISRM or issues raised above, please contact me by mail or by Fax (705-675-4838).

Reassurance on the Yucca Mountain Project

For a number of years, one of the most exciting and in some sense most frustrating (so I'm told) areas of activity for a large portion of the U.S. rock mechanics community has been the evaluation and assessment of sites for radioactive waste disposal. The current candidate site for high level waste disposal is at Yucca Mountain in Nevada. Scientists and engineers are studying the mountain, located some 160 km northwest of Las Vegas, to determine if the site could comply with U.S. regulations to ensure public safety. Some concerns were raised in a report presented in 1989 about the potential for the water table to rise and infiltrate the proposed storage area, leading to contamination by radioactivity. In a recently released report, an expert panel of the U.S. National Research Council has concluded that the proposed repository is not at risk from groundwater infiltration.

O.A. Varde, South America

Rock Mechanics in South America
South America, covering an immensely wide range of different geographical and geological conditions, is one of the most attractive regions for geotechnical engineering practice in the world. In this enormous continent there are major opportunities in all fields of rock mechanics applications, from mining and petroleum engineering to civil engineering projects. One remarkable aspect is the very active participation of rock mechanics engineering in the foundation and construction of high dams in South America. It is important to note that the number of high embankments built in South America during the 1980's is almost equal to the total of all dams of this type constructed during the same period in industrialized countries, including Europe, USA, Canada, USSR, Japan, and New Zealand. It should also be noted that several dams built or under construction in South America in the last decade rank among the major dams in the world. Embankment dams and dam foundations are undoubtedly the subjects which embrace the broadest range of topics in the practice of rock mechanics. Consequently, the experience acquired by South American engineers during the design, construction and supervision of high dam projects is vast. Hazardous foundations in different materials, ranging from tropical saprolites to glacial deposits and weak rocks; the stability of slopes, the construction of tunnels and underground caverns; and the use of rock as the main construction material in rockfill dams; are examples of problems in which South American engineers have gained extensive experience. Regarding this last topic, the developments in concretefaced rockfill dams (CFRD) provide clear indication of the progress and expertise achieved. It is now feasible to construct dams that would have been considered impossible earlier; to use soft rocks as rockfill construction material; and to control and limit undesirable deformations and leakages. In South America, major CFRD projects have been successfully constructed, including several of the highest in the world: Alto Achicaya, 140 m high; and Salvajina Dam, 148 m high, both in Colombia; and Foz do Areia, 160 m high, in Brazil, are excellent examples of the current state-of-the-art.

Superconducting Super Collider (SSC)

Construction of the $US. 8.5-billion SSC has begun just south of Dallas, Texas. This giant proton-proton particle accelerator, the largest machine ever built, includes over 100 km of 4.2-m-diameter tunnel in chalk, mar1 and shale, eight large experimental halls and approximately 35 shafts. Shafts are being sunk now and the first tunneling contract should be underway by mid-1992. This project will provide an extremely interesting field trip during the first North American rock mechanics symposium in 1994.

Tunneling-Mining Seismicity
While our Mexican friends have recently completed an International Congress "Towards New Worlds in Tunneling" (1992 May 16-20 in Acapulco), our Canadian colleagues are planning an International Congress on Mine Design with a preceding symposium on microseismicity (Kingston, Ontario, August 23-26, 1993). The issue of mining-induced seismicity and rockbursts is of particular importance for the Canadian mining industry (see also the comments by Vice President Stacey) as the search for minerals extends to ever deeper levels. This topic is the focus of a five-year extension of the Canadian Rockburst Research Project (CRRP).

Toward a North American Rock Mechanics (NARM) Conference

Rock mechanics finds many applications in mining, civil and petroleum engineering, and is strongly linked with many geological and geophysical disciplines.Yet most conferences are relatively narrow in focus and attract primarily participants from one or two interest groups. To overcome this separation, it would be highly desirable for the North American groups in ISRM to work towards an interdisciplinary, practice-oriented and truly international NARM-conference. The objective of such a conference would be to foster the active interaction of the various disciplines related to rock mechanics in North America. While the detailed format must be worked out

Weak rocks, for which the relationships and principles developed by classic rock mechanics (based mainly on the study of hard rocks) are not strictly valid, deserve special attention by the rock mechanics engineering community in South America. The occurrence of poor rock conditions is a matter of serious concern in the region. Weak rocks are frequently present at important dam project sites. They can be divided into three different categories: weak matrix rocks, rocks with weak structural features, and rocks with cavities or rocks that are potentially soluble. There are some case histories in the region in which weak rock conditions were only fully discovered during dam construction, resulting in important design modifications and delays in the project schedules. Other cases, where poor rock foundations were revealed after several years of dam operation, required rather imaginative programs of corrective treatment. However, there are many major dams that have been safely constructed on poor rock foundations, because proper design and construction criteria were adopted. Due to the importance of the subject in South America, the problem of weak rocks has been the focus of numerous regional and international technical meetings. In 1975, at the Fifth Panamerican Soil Mechanics Conference in Buenos Aires, a session on "Mechanical Properties of Weak Materials" featured important contributions. At the First South American Congress on Rock Mechanics, Bogota 1982, a comprehensive state-of-the-art report, "Geotechnical Characterization of Weak Rock Masses," was presented in the first session. The Fifth International Congress of Engineering Geology, Buenos Aires, 1982, also included the subject in session number 2, "Engineering Geological Problems Related to Foundations and Excavations in Weak Rocks." In Argentina, where there are large areas with weak rocks, two recent events included interesting contributions to the subject: "Rock Mechanics in Civil Engineering", organized by the Academia Nacional d e Ciencias Exactas, Fisicas y Naturales, Buenos Aires, 1987, and the First Argentine Symposium on Rock Mechanics, La Plata, 1988. The topic of weak rocks still deserves considerable attention and effort in rock mechanics and engineering. Landslides and mass movements, which have caused significant economic and social impact worldwide, are also matters of deep interest in South America. This region, with its densely inhabited mountain ranges and its tropical zones, is characterized by geological, tectonic, climatic and topographical conditions which are highly susceptible to landslides. These environments have unique features, requiring exploration, analysis and treatment techniques different from conventional technologies, and the usual practices of developed countries. A South American Committee on Mass Movements was set up in 1988 to promote the interchange of technical knowledge and experiences between experts from the countries in this region and the developed countries, and to stimulate cooperative research efforts and programs. The committee, whose Secretariat was assigned to The Colombian Geotechnical Society, organized the First South American Symposium on Landslides, held in Palpa, Colombia in August 1989. At the Ninth Panamerican Conference on Soil Mechanics, held in Viiia del Mar, Chile, 1991, a technical session on "Mass Movement Phenomena" was devoted to the subject, where valuable papers were presented. The Second South American Symposium on Landslides, organized by the Ecuadorian Society of Soil and Rock Mechanics,

was held in Guayaquil, in August 1992. The symposium was jointly sponsored by the ISRM and the ISSMFE (International Society for Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering). Cooperation between rock mechanics engineers, engineering geologists and soil mechanic engineers can greatly contribute to a better understanding of the mechanisms of landslides and improve methods of preventing mass movements of soil or rock. The most relevant technical events held in South America under the sponsorship of the ISRM have been the Rock Mechanics South American Congresses. The first of these Congresses was held in Bogota, Colombia in 1982; the second took place in Porto Alegre, Brazil, in 1986; and the most recent meeting was in Caracas, Venezuela in 1990. All have produced valuable papers, remarkable general reports and state-of-the-art contributions to knowledge in the region, including subjects related to rock mechanics applied to civil engineering and to mining engineering. The Fourth Congress on Rock Mechanics is being organized by the Chilean Geotechnical Society and will be held in 1994. The application of rock mechanics to the mining and oil industries is increasing rapidly in South America, following the general trend in the world. In several countries of the region, mining, oil and gas production have already become important sources of revenue; while others have large undeveloped potential and offer good prospects for intensive work in rock mechanics in the near future. The role of the ISRM in the practice of rock mechanics in South America has been substantial. Several outstanding specialists and National Groups of the region have actively and successfully worked, since early stages of development, on a broad range of topics. However, there are many aspects of rock mechanics that might be improved and expanded in a continent where engineering capabilities, enormous potential resources, and a lack of funds for teaching and applied research frequently coexist. Therefore, the cooperation of the ISRM to foster teaching and applied research in South America would be the best contribution to the region. In this respect the LAP, launched by the ISRM Commission on Education, is an excellent program that can d o much to encourage and promote the teaching of rock mechanics. The ISRM News Journal is a valuable way to increase communications between members and to stimulate interest within the technical community. I thank our President for giving me the opportunity to collaborate in this first special issue.

R. Widmann, At-Large
Europe Has Become Larger
The events of the last few years have opened the borders to the eastern countries of Europe. Although various political and economic problems will require some years to overcome, closer collaboration is now possible with colleagues in technical science. This collaboration should also lead to an intensified exchange of theoretical developments and practical experiences in the field of rock engineering.

When ISRM was founded about 30 years ago, largely through the efforts of Professor Leopold Miiller, he identified the need to clarify the behaviour and treatment of those rock masses that cannot be described by the methods of continuum theory and the principles of soil mechanics, as a major goal of the Society. The differences between the behaviour of rocks and soils can be very great, in some cases or may be small. However, it is necessary both to define and determine the parameters needed and the limits of validity of these two theoretical methods in order to obtain an appropriate description of the rock behaviour to be expected. Furthermore, simplified methods have to be developed to treat the special problems of jointed rock on the basis of parameters which are easy to determine. Much work remains to be done in defining the differences in behavior and, in my view, one of the main activities of ISRM is to support investigations in this field. The President of ISRM has asked me to give special attention to encouraging and facilitating the participation of these colleagues in ISRM and 1 invite interested groups or parties to contact me directly. Our colleagues in these countries can make valuable contributions to the work of ISRM. They are heartily welcome in the Society as well as in the numerous commissions for special tasks, perhaps as corresponding members if National Groups cannot be formed immediately. The annual EUROCK Conferences were established t o improve collaboration between the various European national groups. Holding one of the next EUROCK Conferences in Eastern Europe could help to establish closer relationships, and would be the best opportunity to learn from the experiences of these colleagues and their needs for scientific support. Europe has become larger-not tion but also in technical capacity! only in area and popula-

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The Secretariaf in Lisbon

The Secretariat has been headquartered in Lisbon, Portugal, since 1966, the year of the first ISRM Congress, when Professor Manuel Rocha, then Director o f the National Laboratory of Civil Engineering (LNEC), was elected President o f the ISRM. Professor F. Mello Mendes was appointed SecretaryGeneral and served until 1968. He was followed by Dr. Ricardo Oliveira 196&1974,Dr. Arnaldo SilvCrio 1974-1983, Mr. Nuno Grossmann 1983-1987,Dr. J.G. Charrua G r a ~ a 1987-1990.The current Secretary General, Dr. JosC Delgado Rodrigues, was appointed in 1990. Mrs. Maria de Lurdes EusCbio has been the Executive Secretary since 1966. The Secretariat also includes one typist and one administrative employee. - The Secretariat is located at LNEC, which has provided essential support to the activities of the Society in general, and to the running of the Secretariat in particular, since the founding of the ISRM. The main objectives of the Secretariat are to: carry out the current activities of the Society; keep the national groups informed and permanently interested in ISRM initiatives; assist the President and Board; handle the Society's finances; prepare and assist at Council meetings and implement all decisions made by the Board and Council. To keep members well informed o f the Society's activities the Secretariat, with the assistance of Mr. Nuno Grossmann, has published a quarterly publication entitled ISRM News. News has now been incorporated into the new publication ISRM

News Journal, which reports the most important activities of

the Society, including the work of the Commissions and National Groups, publishes recent news in the field o f rock mechanics, announces future meetings, refers selected bibliography, advertises equipment and activities deemed o f interest f March 1992,96issues o f News for rock mechanics, etc. As o had been published. The Secretariat also prepares, prints and delivers the ISRM Directory, published regularly since 1988. In addition, the Secretariat contacts ISRM members and national groups by letters, circulars or faxes whenever urgency or the nature of the communication so requires. On average, more than 2,000 letters per year are sent from Lisbon, some of these being circulars addressed to all corresponding members and national groups. Since its foundation, the ISRM has considered it important to interact closely with related branches of the gee-sciences, and to coordinate its activities with allied international scientific associations. For this purpose, and through the initiative of Professor de Beer of the University o f Li&ge,and a permanent facilities provided by the Belgian ~overnment, Coordinating Secretariat (PCS) was established in 1973. This was formed by the Secretary Generals of the three geotechnical societies: the International Society for Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering (ISSMFE); the International Society for Rock Mechanics and the International Association of Engineering Geology QAEG). A meeting of the respective Secretary-Generals has been held every year since 1973. Professor de Beer was the Secretary of the PCS until his resignation in June 1991. Professor Lousberg was appointed as his successor.

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News from the National Groups

Austria
The lack of public recognition of the importance of engineering and, in some cases, direct opposition to engineering efforts, is a problem from which rock engineering, as a part of the broad field of civil engineering, is not immune. In the past, engineering developments were usually viewed as contributions to an improved life style, e.g., more comfortable travel, or reduction of the drudgery of manual work by introduction of machines. More recently, with world population increasing rapidly as a result of progress in hygiene and medicine, damage to the environment is an increasing concern and, alas, there is a growing tendency to blame and hold engineers responsible. Of course, some engineering developments have been responsible for environmental damage, but a solution to current environmental problems cannot be solved without technical research and without technical work. This is as true in rock mechanics and rock engineering as in other fields, and one of the most important tasks of ISRM should be to improve public awareness and acceptance of its work. This can be done by emphasizing the contributions of rock engineering to the solution of environmental problems and by demonstrating that rock engineering structures can be designed to integrate harmoniously with their surroundings. Only if these aims are achieved will engineers gain the wide public acceptance that will be needed to allow essential technical work in general, and rock engineering programs in particular, to proceed effectively. Even with this acceptance, there are still many theoretical and practical problems to be solved in rock engineering. In the forefront is the need to establish a realistic description of the mechanical and hydraulic behavior of jointed rock and to define those situations in rock engineering where it is justifiable to apply the methods of soil mechanics and continuum theory; where these methods are not appropriate; and how to analyze and design in the latter situations. A considerable amount of research is being conducted in these fields in Austria. The annual Geomechanics Colloquium, held each October in Salzburg, deals with current problems, both theoretical and practical. In 1992, the problems of the disposal of toxic waste, and experience in shield driving of tunnels will be addressed. In 1993 a Conference on Grouting in Rock and Concrete will be organized in connection with the Geomechanics Colloquium. In July 1993 an International Symposium on Rock Fragmentation by Blasting will take place in Vienna. In addition to these international conferences, a national event, the Eighth Christian Veder Colloquium, will be organized in Graz 1993 April 15-16. The theme will be "Slope Stabilization-Field Measurements". Abstracts (A4 paper) to be submitted by 1992 October 31 to Dr. H.F. Schweigel, Institiit fiir Bodenmechanik, Felsmechanic und Grundbau, Technische-Universitat Graz, Rechbauerstrasse 12 AUSTRIA8010 Graz, TEL.43-(0)316-873 DW 6234, FAX 43-(0)316-8736427. The group consists of eight supporting members: consultants; contractors; public administrations; university departments; and about 50 ordinary members, including specialists from consulting firms, universities, and contractors. The activities of the group are essentially: distribution of reprints of papers published by members; organization of technical meetings and symposia; and visits to construction sites, tunnels, bridge foundations, etc. During the last two years, eight publications were distributed to members; four conferences were held; and four visits to construction sites and one symposium were organized. The GBMRIBVRM has special contacts with other national groups, especially the French Committee (CFMR). This gives each group the opportunity to exchange information and to participate in additional activities. Members of the GBMRIBVRM are working on the ISRM Commission on Testing Methods.

Canada
Dr. D.R. McCreath, Chairman of the Canadian Rock Mechanics Association, reports that a full week of rock mechanics, ground support and mining equipment activities took place 1992 June 13-19 at Laurentian University in Sudbury, Ontario, Canada. Mines are going ever deeper and into poorer quality rockmasses in their search for economic extraction of minerals. Civil engineering projects must tackle more difficult ground conditions as development occurs at increasingly marginal sites. The ability to safely and economically support and reinforce the rockmasses which are encountered is often critical to the success of such endeavors. The task of understanding and designing rock support systems in a rational manner has been an ongoing challenge to mining and civil engineers for many years. The International Symposium on Rock Support (June 1619) featured 80 papers from more than 20 countries on all aspects of rock support for mining and civil applications, with special focus on recent advances in rockmass reinforcement techniques, including backfilling, rock bolting, cable bolting, grouting, pillar design, screening and shotcreting. Internationally recognized authorities from Australia, Sweden, South Africa, Britain and Canada gave keynote addresses on topics of special interest. The Proceedings of this Symposium will form an up-to-date record of the most recent developments and thinking on the methods, problems and challenges in the field of rock support, including cable bolting, shotCrete in mining, support in rockburst-prone ground, and support design, analysis and applications. In parallel, the Underground Hardrock Mining Equipment Exhibition (June 16-18) offered displays and live demonstrations of the latest drilling, bolting, grouting and other mining technology, all on the Laurentian Campus. Exhibitors, equipment manufacturers and suppliers were there, taking advantage of the opportunity to operate some of the machinery at Laurentian's unique outdoor exhibition site. The Sixteenth Canadian Rock Mechanics Symposium held at Laurentian University on June 15, included approximately 20 presentations on current rock mechanics work in Canada. 24

Belgium
The Groupement Belge De Mecanique Des Roches (GBMR)/Belgische Vereniging Voor Rotsmechanica (BVRM), founded in 1967, is the Belgian national group of the ISRM.

One project that was discussed was the Sudbury Neutrino Observatory, currently under construction at the 6800 foot level at INCO's Creighton Mine. During the preceding weekend, a special Numerical Modeling Workshop was held at the Laurentian University Geomechanics Research Centre. The workshop, presented by the Itasca Consulting Group, was on modeling of rock support using the FLAC and UDEC computer codes. At the end of the week participants had an opportunity to visit mines around Sudbury, including Creighton and Lockerby, and the Sudbury Neutrino Observatory. Dr. Dougal McCreath (School of Engineering) and Dr. Peter Kaiser (Geomechanics Research Centre) chaired the Symposia, and Ross Bennett of the Office of Technology Transfer organized the Equipment Exhibition.

such as Guangdong, Henan, Shaanxi, and Hubei have established sub-societies that conduct independent activities.

Membership
CSRME has 7,000 registered individual members, and 47 s u p porting members. The ISRM N G China includes 74 ordinary members, one corresponding member and one supporting member.

Publications
A special Committee for Editing and Publishing produces The Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering on a quarterly basis. For further information, please contact Professor Fu Bingjun, Secretary General, CSRME/China NG, ISRM. P.O.Box 9701, Beijing, China. Telephone 2031114. Cable 7594. Fax 008601 2031995.

China
The ISRM NG China was established in December 1978, while the Chinese Society for Rock Mechanics and Engineering (CSRME) was formally established in June 1985, after four years of preparation. The CSRMEIISRM NG China organizes and supports domestic and international academic exchanges, holds various training courses and educational classes, popularizes fundamental knowledge of rock mechanics and engineering practices, and provides consulting services.The Society also makes awards to young scholars who have made significant contributions to rock mechanics. In 1986, CSMREIISRM NG China organized the International Symposium on Engineering in Complex Rock Formations. In 1993, the CSRME Committee on Mathematical and Physical Modeling will sponsor the International Symposium on Application of Computer Methods in Rock Mechanics and Engineering (ACMIRME), to be held in Xian, Shaanxi. The Supervisory Council includes the following members: President, CSRME and President ISRM N G China: Pan Jiazheng; Vice Presidents: Li Ke, Niu Xizhuo, Wang Wuling; Secretary General: Fu Bingjun; Deputy Secretaries General: Du Jingzhong, Fang Zuolie, and Zheng Shuangliang.

France
[English translation of French report appears below.] Le Comitil Francais d e Mkcanique des Roches (CFMR) est une association qui a pour but d e promouvoir en France des etudes intkressant directement ou indirectement la mkcanique et la physique des roches et d'en diffuser les resultats. L'action d e ce comitt. s'exerce essentiellement par l'organisation d e conferences et d e congrils, par la participation de ses membres 5 des manifestations d e mEme nature, organisees par d'autres sociCtks ou associations scientifiques, et par la diffusion d e publications s e rapportant 5 son objet. Le Comiti: Fran~ais de MCcanique des Roches compte 5 ce jour prPs de 260 membres individuels et 16 membres bienfaiteurs. Les membres individuels proviennent d'horizons trits divers reprbentes par des ingknieurs de genie civil, des mineurs, des pktroliers, des geologues, des gkophysiciens, des enseignants d'universiti: et de grandes ecoles et enfin des chercheurs. De meme dans les membres bienfaiteurs, on note la prksence de grandes societes nationales, d'etablissements publics 5 caractere industriel et commercial, de bureaux d'ingenierie, d e compagnies miniilres et d'enteprises de sondages et/ou d e travaux publics. Cette diversite, loin de nuire 5 la cohesion du comit6, est au contraire la garantie d'echanges d'idees et d e points de w e interessants et nombreux entre thkoriciens et praticiens, couvrant tous les domaines d'applications de la physique et d e la mkcanique des roches. Ces discussions cordiales et fructueuses ont lieu en particulier au cours de reunions organises par le Comiti., au nombre d e cinq 5 six par an, au cours desquelles les travaux les plus recents sont present6s devant une assemblite de cinquante 5 soixante personnes en moyenne. La plupart des exposes prksentes au cours de ces reunions sont ensuite publiks dans la Rewe Franqaise de Geotechnique qui parait trimestriellement. Le CFMR coordonne et promeut egalement la presentation des travaux francais de mecanique des roches dans les manifestations scientifiques 5 l'etranger. I1 peut aussi organiser seul, ou en liaison avec des grandes 6coles ou des associations apparentees, des ecoles dlCtC, assurant ainsi un r61e d e formation dans les domaines relevant d e son objet, et des manifestations internationales telles que le symposium d e Pau "Rock at great depth" en 1989. Enfin, le ComitC Fran~ais s'efforce d'informer ses membres de tous les Cvilnements susceptibles d e les intkresser: conferenciers etrangers d e passage en France; reunions et symposia en France ou 5 l'etranger; informations rkgulikres sur le developpement d e la mecanique des roches dans le monde.

Committees/ Commissions
CSRME has established professional committees on: 1. Rock Mechanics under High Temperature and High Pressure 2. Rock Dynamics 3. Rock Fragmentation Engineering 4. Surface Rock Engineering 5. Underground Rock Engineering 6. Testing & Monitoring for Rock Mechanics 7. Mathematical and Physical Modeling in Rock Mechanics 8. Failure Mechanisms in Rock Engineering and Working Commissions on: 1. Education 2. Young Scholars 3. Consulting Services 4. Appraisal of Papers and Contributions

Branch S o c i e t i e s
The Northeast Branch Society and the Jinchuan, Chongqing, and Datong Branch Societies are a few of the affiliated organizations of the CSRME. In addition, 10 provinces

[English translation prepared by ISRM News Journal.] The goal of the French Committee for Rock Mechanics is to promote studies that are directly or indirectly related to the mechanics and physics of rock and to disseminate the results. The work of the committee is accomplished essentially by the organisation of conferences and symposia, by participation of its members in similar events organised by other societies or scientific associations. and by the distribution of publications which relate to its goals. The French Committee for Rock Mechanics currently has 260 individual members and 16 supporting members. Individual members come from a wide variety of backgrounds including civil engineers, mining engineers, petroleum engineers, geologists, geophysicists, professors from universities and grandes Ccoles (engineering schools), and research workers. Similarly, the supporting members include large national companies. industrial and commercial public sector establishments, engineering offices, mining companies. drilling companies and/or public works groups. This diversity, far from being harmful to the cohesiveness of the Committee, guarantees an exchange of many ideas and interesting points of view between theoreticians and practitioners, covering all fields of application of rock physics and rock mechanics. These cordial and fruitful discussions occur specifically during meetings organised by the Committee, five or six times per year, during which recent developments are presented, before an audience, on average, of about fifty to sixty people. The majority of these presentations are subsequently published in the Revue Fran~aise de Geotechnique which appears three times per year. The CFMR also coordinates and promotes the presentation of French work in rock mechanics at international meetings. It may also organize, either alone or in collaboration with the grandes Ccoles or other organizations, summer schools intended to provide continuing education opportunities in relevant fields, and international meetings, such as the Pau Symposium "Rock at Great Depth" in 1989.

Forthcoming Events

4th Cycle of Conferences of Rock Mechanics and Engineering MIR '92 (Meccanica ed Ingegneria delle Rocce) on: Previsions and Performances (Torino, November 1992) organized by COREP and Politecnico di Torino. For more information contact Prof. G. Barla, Politecnico di Torino. Dipartimento di Ingegneria Strutturale. Corso Duca degli Abruzzi, 24. 10129-Torino (Italy). TLP: 011/5644824.

Japan
The Japanese National Group of ISRM consists of four different societies:The Japan Society of Civil Engineers; The Japan Society of Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering; The Mining and Materials Processing Institute of Japan; and The Society of Materials Science, Japan. The current Board of Directors of the committee is as follows: President: Professor Toshikazu Kawamoto; Chairman of Secretarial Board: Professor Kohkichi Kikuchi; Secretary: Mr. Hiroshi Takeda. Current membership stands at 321, with 70 supporting member firms. Japan is an active member of the International Society for Rock Mechanics.
Activities

In 1988, the Seikan Tunnel-the world's longest (total length 53,850m; undersea portion 23,300m)-opened, linking Honshu with Hokkaido. Spring 1988 also marked the completion of the Honshu-Shikoku bridge system, on the KojimaSakaide Route, connecting Honshu with Shikoku. As a result, 95% of Japan's total land area is now physically linked by rail and/or highway. Rock mechanics has made major contributions to the construction of the undersea tunnels and the Honshu-Shikoku bridge system. A country with rugged topography, Japan has innumerable tunnels, bridges and dams which contribute to more efficient utilization of the land. The Shinkansen ("Bullet" train) system covers a total of some 1,887km, approximately 30% of which operates through 346 tunnels. Japan has developed highly advanced technology to cope with earthquakes, landslides and other natural hazards. Major projects under construction include the Akashi Kaikyo Bridge (total length 3,910 m with main span of 1,990 m) and the Kansai International Airport facility, an offshore project on a manmade island of 51 1 hectares. Moreover, many large-scale projects such as the Trans-Tokyo Bay Highway, with a length of some 15 km (a 9-km tunnel portion and 4.5 km over bridges) are in the planning stages. As we approach the 21st century, rock mechanics and rock engineering are becoming increasingly vital disciplines. Large rock caverns are excavated for underground power stations and oil storage. Research efforts are focused on the development of geothermal resources and on waste disposal. Japan has succeeded in blending and harmonizing fifteen centuries of Oriental tradition with modern technology. In 1981, some 600 participants took part in the ISRMsponsored Tokyo Symposium on Weak Rocks. The meeting was highly successful. Ever since the first Congress in 1966,Japan has been an active participant in the International Congress on Rock Mechanics. More than 70 of our members participated in the

l taly
Just before the Tenth European Conference on Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering (ECSSMFE) organized in Florence at the end of May 1991, the Associazione Geotecnica Italiana (AGI) nominated a new President and several new members of the Executive Council, on the basis of votes expressed by all the members of AGI. The New Executive Council of the Association, which includes members of both the ISSMFE and the ISRM (ISRM NG ITALY), for 1991-1996, is as follows: President: S. Martinetti; General Secretary: S. Di Maio; Council Members: G. Baldocin, P. Bertacchi, L. Broili, B. Cotecchia, B. D'Elia, P. Focardi, R. Lancellotta, G. Melidoro, C. Ogliotti, A. Pellegrino, R. Ribacchi, D. Trevisani; Auditors: A. Nenzi, P.P. Rossi, V. Vicenzitto, A. Cividini, G. Dente. Our Address is: Associazione Geotecnica Italiana-AG, Via Bormida, 2,00198 ROMA, Tlp: 06/8416120-Fax: 0618842265 Italian Members of ISRM Commissions are: Communications-Prof. Renato Ribacchi, Universita di Roma Education-Prof. Giancarlo Gioda, Politecnico di Milano Grouting-Dr. T. Silvestri, Vice Direttore ENEL-CIE Tunnelling in Squeezing Rock-Prof. G. Barla, Politecnico di Torino

Seventh Congress in Aachen. The Japanese Committee for ISRM is now making great efforts to organize the Executive Committee for the Eighth International Congress in Tokyo and to prepare detailed plans for the Congress. [See note on page 48.1

major objective of the workshop was to discuss computational mechanics applied to engineering problems. The workshop themes concerned geotechnical activities in general. The main theme related to rock mechanics was on Rock Excavations and Computational Systems. Speakers from Brazil and Portugal were present, as well as invited speakers from Canada, Japan, the UK and the USA.

Committees
Under supervision of the Board, three Committees are currently active: the Committee on Testing Methods; the Committee on International Communication and Planning; and the Committee on Publications. Their activities include: 1. Editing and publication of Rock Mechanics, a 900 page volume that includes technical papers and reports related to rock mechanics, and is published once a year. 2. Publication of the quarterly newsletter ISRM National

Russia
The members of the Soviet Geomechanics Association met in January of 1992. The participants discussed the Association activities for 1991, and elected six new members and the Council of the Association. Academician E.I. Shemyakin was elected President of the Association again and Dr. Rechitsky became Scientific Secretary. Due to the events of the past year, the decision was made to change the name of our organization to the Russian Geomechanics Association. This Association is authorized to represent the interests of the Confederation of Independent States (CIS). The Association played an active role in preparing and holding the International Seminar on Numerical Methods in Geomechanics, which took place 1992 March 5-7 in Moscow. The Seminar was aimed at considering the contemporary state and trends for further improvement of numerical methods in geomechanics and mountain ecology as well as tasks concerning the organization of training at universities and institutes. Many experts from Austria, Germany, Norway, the U K and the USA participated in the Seminar. The Association regularly informs its members of all measures carried out under the aegis of the ISRM. In particular, brief information as to the problems discussed at the meeting of the ISRM Council, convened in Aachen in 1991 September, and on international symposia which are planned in 1993 in Turkey, Greece and Portugal, was prepared and distributed to members of the Association. The General Secretary of the Society, Dr. Rodrigues, was provided with a corrected list of our Association members for the Directory of the ISRM. Under the aegis of the Association, the general seminar on rock mechanics, covering many problems in mining, hydraulic engineering and transport, has been in existence for three years. The frequency of meetings is once every two weeks. The seminar manager is E.I. Shemyakin. We welcome the intention of the leaders of the ISRM (see comments by Dr. J. Franklin, President of the Commission on Education) to set up closer contacts with our educational institutions and to assist them in selecting modern publications on rock mechanics. Professor J. Baklashov from the Moscow Mining Institute is recommended as a representative of our Association for coordination of this activity. We consider the continued publication of recommendations on methods of investigation and determination of the properties of rock masses, and regular review of them, taking into account accumulated experience, to be very important. It is advisable that appropriate financing be provided from ISRM funds to assist specialists employed in this important work.

News, which announces ISRM news and topics for communication between national members. 3. The Eighth Japan Symposium on Rock Mechanics in 1990. This symposium is held every three years, with about 450 participants and 80 papers to be presented. The Ninth Symposium will be held in 1993; the date has yet to be decided.

Portugal
The ISRM NG Portugal is represented by the SPG (Portuguese Society for Geotechnique), and has about 730 members, including 91 ISRM members. The SPG also has members from other countries, particularly from South America and Africa. SPG also represents Portugal in other international societies, such as ITA, ISSMFE and IAEG. An important part of SPG's activities is related to the preparation and sponsorship of several national conferences and meetings. Several Society members are very active in a range of ISRM Commissions, namely in the presidency of the Scale Effects Commission. Last year SPG completed the activities of a national technical Commission on permeability tests and rock mass treatment by grouting.

Fourth National Congress on Geotechnique

The major SPG meeting in 1991 was the Fourth Portuguese National Congress on Geotechnique held in Lisbon, October 2-4. An important part of the Congress was related to rock mechanics activities, environmental issues, rock mass characterization, underground structures in hydraulic works, dam foundations and tunnels. A specialized workshop on permeability tests and treatment of foundations was organized within the scope of activities of an SPG Commission. There were about 500 participants, with a large increase in professionals and firms working in the geotechnical field. Rocks mechanics research in Portugal deals mainly with aspects related to the mechanical and hydraulic characterization of rock masses, geophysical tests, computational mechanics and monitoring of structures.

International Workshop on Computational Mechanics in Geotechnical Engineering

This workshop, held in Rio d e Janeiro, Brazil 1991 July 2931, was promoted by the Catholic University of Rio d e Janeiro, the National Civil Engineering Laboratory of Lisbon and the School of Engineering of Porto University. It was sponsored by the SPG and the Brazilian Societies of Rock Mechanics, Soil Mechanics and Engineering Geology. The

Sweden
The Swedish national group of ISRM-the Swedish Rock Mechanics Group-consists of about 200 members. Its main objectives are to function as a link to ISRM and to solve policy

questions vis 2 vis ISRM, as well as to organize the annual Rock Mechanics Meeting in cooperation with BeFo. The group works on an informal basis under the leadership of Professor Ove Stephansson, chairman; Professor HBkan Stille and Tomas FranzGn, Research Director at BeFo. Research in the field of rock mechanics is carried out at the technical universities in Stockholm, Gothenburg and Lule5 and at SveDeFo (the Swedish Detonic Research Foundation). It is financed largely by the Swedish Rock Engineering Research Foundation (BeFo), whose principals include most of the companies in Sweden involved in rock construction. Among the different ongoing research projects, we should mention efforts to improve knowledge of the reinforcing effects of different types of rock support and to achieve better control of water sealing by means of grouting. The Swedish Mineral Industry Research OrganizationMITU is responsible for an extensive five-year research program within the mining industry. In this program, which will be finalized during 1992, the rock mechanics part has included field investigations and systematic evaluation of rock and support behavior under different conditions in three selected mines in Sweden. The results have been used to enhance understanding of failure mechanisms and to improve support measures for various conditions. Other projects have involved advanced numerical modeling of rock mass response to very large scale stoping as well as level cut and fill mining. The general interest in rock engineering and rock mechanics in Sweden today is closely associated with major plans to invest in infrastructure during the next coming decades, primarily in roads and railroads, including several advanced tunnel projects. Also to be mentioned is the extensive research carried out in connection with investigations for the final storage of nuclear waste, in particular at the newly started Hard Rock Laboratory at A S ~ O where , the final working level will be 500 m below surface. A large amount of investigative work on geohydrology, geophysics and rock mechanics, is being conducted during excavation of the access tunnel.

Publications The Turkish National Society for Rock Mechanics publishes and distributes the "Rock Mechanics Bulletinntwice a year to the members of the Society. The bulletin is printed in Turkish. Both theoretical and applied original rock mechanics work, as well as reviews and translations, are accepted for publication in this bulletin. Members ISRM members of our Society increased to 56 this year, from 51 in 1991. We are encouraging our members to become individual members of ISRM.

United Kingdom
The UK National Group welcomes this excellent initiative by the ISRM News Journal to seek periodic reports from ISRM National Groups. We certainly feel very ignorant of our sister organisations in other countries and are anxious to learn more about their activities. As this is our first contribution to the ISRM News Journal, it is perhaps appropriate to describe a little of our own history and organisation. We may be unusual in the "international family" of the ISRM since our Society represents civil engineers (primarily soil mechanics and foundation engineering specialists), engineering geologists and geotextile experts, as well as the U K rock mechanics community. Our Society was formally instituted in 1949 as the British Section of the International Society of Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineers (ISSMFE); however, following the formation of the ISRM in 1962 our remit was extended to include both rock mechanics and engineering geology and our name changed to the British Geotechnical Society (BGS). Members of the BGS may opt to become members of the ISRM or the ISSMFE or (on the payment of an increased subscription!) both. Currently about 400 of our members belong to the ISRM. The total BGS membership is about 1300. This proportion could be considered to reflect the relative areas of outcrop of hard rock to softer sediments over much of the UK! The BGS has representatives of the Institution of Mining and Metallurgy, the Institution of Mining Engineers, the Engineering Group of the Geological Society, the British Section of the International Geotextile Society and the Institution of Civil Engineers on its Committee. Joint meetings are held. The wide range of interests within the BGS allows a valuable cross-fertilisation between the specialisms and we in rock mechanics are grateful for the generous support which we receive from colleagues in the associated disciplines. The major geotechnical event in the U K this year is, of course, the EUROCK '92 ISRM Symposium on Rock Characterisation, which has been sponsored by the BGS. This is the second ISRM Symposium to be held in the UK, the previous meeting being in Cambridge in 1984 September. The 1992 meetings will take place in a location underlain by Triassic Sandstones and close to the Paleozoic massif of Snowdonia-so on this occasion our visitors will actually see some genuine British "hard rocks"! We look forward to welcoming many old friends and meeting many new ones at Chester during 1992 September. One of the primary objectives of the BGS is to assist and encourage young engineers. We run an annual competition for the best paper submitted by a member under 28 years of age. The finalists, short-listed on the basis of their papers, present these before a public audience and panel of judges who question them on their work. Two winners of this

Turkey
National and International Meetings The Turkish National Society for Rock Mechanics has organized two national symposia s o far. The first was held in 1986 October in Ankara. Twenty five papers were presented in various fields of rock mechanics. Proceedings of this symposium were printed as a book (487 pages). The second symposium was held in 1990 November, also in Ankara. The nearly 200 participants represented universities, government and private organizations. The 23 papers presented during this symposium were printed as a proceedings volume (380 pages). The Turkish National Society for Rock Mechanics, together with Japan's Rock Mechanics National Group and the Chamber of Mining Engineers of Turkey, is organising an ISRM-sponsored Regional Symposium to be held 1993 April 5-7 in Istanbul. The title of the Symposium is "Assessment and Prevention of Failure Phenomena in Rock Engineering." The response to our "Call for Papers" has been 166 abstracts from 30 countries. The abstracts are currently being reviewed for acceptance.

"Cooling Prize Competition" (one for 1992 and one for 1990) were sponsored by the BGS to attend the Young Geotechnical Engineers' Conference held at the LNEC in Lisbon during May of this year. The BGS arranges about ten discussion meetings each year, (one devoted specifically to rock mechanics), held mostly at the Institution of Civil Engineers in London, in addition to its premier event, the annual Rankine Lecture. Several local and regional groups are informally associated with the BGS and hold their own meetings in regional Centres. Professor Tom O'Rourke, of Princeton University, gave this year's Touring Lecture on "The 1906 and 1989 Earthquakes in San Francisco" to enthusiastic audiences in London, Cardiff (Wales) and Edinburgh (Scotland). Members from other ISRM National Groups are, of course, assured of a warm welcome to join in our meetings when they visit the United Kingdom.

University of Texas at Austin in 1994. It is intended that the North American symposium would be held every other year, rotating among the three countries. The traditional U.S. Rock Mechanics Symposium would be held in the off years. The committee was impressed with the apparent success of the EUROCK efforts and believes that holding multi-lateral activities is in the spirit of the free trade initiatives underway among the U.S., Canada, and Mexico. The 1992 U.S. Rock Mechanics Symposium was the thirtythird in its series and included keynote addresses concerning the evolution of fractures and fracture systems, fracture characterization and fracture flow, and rock mechanics contributions from U.S. defense programs. Technical sessions of complementary topics were grouped together for the specific interests of underground excavation, underground storage, mine design, reservoir management, and fault mechanics. The 33rd U.S. Rock Mechanics Symposium hosted by four national laboratories (Lawrence Berkeley, Lawrence Livermore, Los Alamos and Sandia), was held June 7-10 in Santa Fe, New Mexico. The 34th U.S. Symposium on Rock Mechanics will take place at the University of Wisconsin in Madison, 1993 June 2730. [See advertisement in this issue.] The 1994 Symposium will be hosted by the University of Texas-Austin. As noted above, this meeting may be the First North American Rock Mechanics Symposium.

United States
US Rock Mechanics Symposia
The US National Committee for Rock Mechanics continues to sponsor the U.S. Symposium for Rock Mechanics. The Symposium is an annual meeting to serve four distinct yet interrelated objectives: 1. Report on the most recent develop ments in research and applications; 2. Promote the synthesis of diverse rock mechanics activities in professional societies, academia, industry and government; 3. Further the dialogue between the R &D community in rock mechanics and industry; and 4. Identify the state of the art and R &D needs in specific areas of rock mechanics and geotechnical engineering. To reach these goals, the U.S. Rock Mechanics Symposia are not devoted to any particular theme. Instead, each meeting delib erately offers a broad forum for interdisciplinary exchanges of geomechanics elements in civil engineering, engineering geophysics, engineering mechanics, hydrology, mining engineering, petroleum engineering, physics, and tectonophysics. This characteristic of the U.S. Rock Mechanics Symposia has gained in value as other conferences are becoming increasingly more specialized and restricted to specialists. The US National Committee for Rock Mechanics is intensely concerned with fostering the collaboration between researchers and practitioners of rock mechanics. Therefore, traditional paper presentations at the Symposia are being combined with tutorial short courses and topical workshops primarily dedicated to discussions. Originality and quality of contributions (either finished work or significant work in progress) are being enforced by the publication of new guidelines for the submission and selection of abstracts. Participation by all members of the US rock mechanics community is encouraged by a change in the guidelines for institutions interested in hosting a U.S. Rock Mechanics Symposium-which have been restricted to universities in the past. Most U.S. Rock Mechanics Symposia were and continue to be CO-sponsoredby the ISRM and are designated Regional ISRM Symposia. Recent conferences enjoyed especially strong participation by colleagues living outside the United States. Ties with ISRM, common interests, and complementary expertise resulted in discussions about combining some rock mechanics meetings in Canada, Mexico and the U.S. in order to establish a North American Rock Mechanics Conference.

Vibrating Wire Instrumentation

North American Symposium Proposed

The committee decided to issue a formal proposal to the Canadians and Mexicans to hold the first symposium at the

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N e w s From t h e C o m m i s s i o n s
Education
(J.A. Franklin, President)
The goal of the Commission on Education is to help teachers and students participate more fully as a worldwide community through ISRM. The several planned initiatives represent a major extension of the services that ISRM provides for the academic sector. Teaching includes all levels of education from training of technicians, drillers and blasters, to courses for university undergraduates and graduates. This diverse field includes rock science, tectonophysics, rock mechanics, civil, mining and petroleum engineering. Our teacher colleagues work in a broad spectrum of political, social and economic conditions, and speak many languages. The current Commission membership of 20 gives an excellent representation from all regions except South America, where we are still looking for volunteers. In addition, we receive useful ideas and information from six eminent exofficio and liaison members: the President, Secretary-General and North American VP of ISRM, the President of IAEG, the Secretary-General of ISSMFE and the chairman of the ISSMFE Task Force on Education. the ISRM News Journal (see listing on page ??) and sold at a modest profit to help support the educational program. The income from sales also allows us to maintain and improve the quality of the collections. The 35 mm slides are selected for their photographic quality and technical content and are self-explanatory with just a one-line caption. The collection now includes 16 topics in sets of 20 supplied in a plastic file page. Titles are: *Geology and Rock Structure *Exploration and Testing *Stress *Excavating *Drilling & Boring Machines *Blasting *Monitorinn Instruments. *Rockbolts and Anchors *Rock Foundations *Dams *Landslides and Slope Failures *Open Pit Mining and Pit Slope Stability *Quarrying and Stone *Slope Stabilization and Rockfall Protection *Underground Space *Tunneling *Underground Mining.
U

University Data
One of the main aims of the ISRM is to encourage exchanges of ideas and information among colleagues worldwide. With this in mind, the ISRM Directory lists addresses of individual members and also of colleges and universities. In 1991, however, the list was far from complete. Several countries supplied no university data, and in nearly every case, we were missing contact names, telephone and fax numbers, and the different departments that teach and operate independently. One of our first tasks has been to solicit full information from National Groups and from our sister societies ISSMFE and IAEG which have members where ISRM is not yet represented. The universities list has nearly doubled in the six months since the last directory was published. Some interesting conclusions on regional representation emerge from the following statistics on the numbers of universities and engineering schools teaching rock mechanics:

The video tapes include lectures by well known engineers and scientists, and promotional tapes on tunnel boring, rockbolting, shotcreting and other techniques and equipment. More than 100 recorded lectures to miners on rock engineering topics are available at $40 each for ISRM members by writing to Mr. Dennis Shannon, Ontario Centre for Ground Control, 1400 Barrydowne Road, Sudbury, Ontario P3A 3V8, Canada. Speakers include Evert Hoek, Bill Hustrulid, Jack Parker and other well known rock mechanics specialists. Two highly recommended, recent video tapes by Ralph Peck "Engineering Judgement" (lJS$250) and "Learning from the Ground" (US$400)-are available from Bitech Publishers Ltd., 903-580 Hornby Street; Vancouver, BC; V6C 3B6 Canada. The software programs are self-contained on diskette, and are designed for use by students. Public domain software items currently include: "Socket," for design of socketed piles in weak rock, by Dr. Ian Johnston of Monash University, Australia; "Pillar," for analysis of underground crown pillar stability; and "Sarma" for slope stability analysis, both of which are limit-equilibrium programs donated by Dr. Evert Hoek of the University of Toronto. A program for linear-elastic multi-material finite element analysis of open pit and underground mine excavations has been donated by Dr. Hani Mitri of McGill University in Montreal. Please consider contributing your own favourite teaching software, tapes and slides to the collections. Your support will be much appreciated, although unfortunately no royalties or other payments can be made.

Recorded University Addresses

Africa Asia Australasia Central Europe Western Europe North America South America

September 1991 8 111 23 0 56 61 15 274

May 1992 31 187 24 34 84 69 26

Total Universities

455 Full statistics on individual members and university representation by country and region, for ISRM, ISSMFE and IAEG have been compiled and distributed to National Groups.
Slide, Video Tape and Software Collections
ISRM offers a growing collection of slides, video tapes, and educational software as a service to our 6,000 members. The Secretariat offers these goods for sale by mail order, and maintains a sales desk at conferences. Items are advertised in

Conference Assistance Program (CAP)

These are hard economic times, but more s o for some than for others. Many university teachers in eastern Europe, Africa, Asia and South America earn less than one-tenth of their counterparts elsewhere. Without outside assistance, foreign travel to ISRM meetings becomes a virtual impossibility for them. To help ease the situation, the ISRM CAP has been established to explore ways in which, by careful planning and

with just a little extra expense, meeting organizers can encourage conference participation by students and teachers from both affluent and less affluent nations. ISRM by-laws already contain provisions to help students: now meeting organizers are asked to consider "low budget registration" for teachers as well. The "low budget" delegates will usually not receive banquets, proceedings and other expensive items, although these may be provided by generous sponsors. The subsidy is in effect paid by the other delegates. A special effort is needed to search for inexpensive meals and accommodation. The CAP/LAP recipient list includes about 40 universities on the advice of the ISRM regional vice presidents. If you have not been notified but think your university qualifies, please let us know. 1991 symposium organizers in Athens, Greece and Chester, U.K. were the first to make special CAP arrangements. Athens offered 40% registration for up to 20 CAP delegates, and Chester discounted fees and helped with accommodations. The 1995 Tokyo Congress is also planning a CAP package. Organizers are understandably worried about taking a loss. They should bear in mind that even with all possible assistance, only a very few on the CAP list will be able to attend, s o the actual impact on profits is minimal. Determining an optimum fee is not easy; if it is too high, attendance will fall and the first to drop out will be CAP delegates who perhaps can benefit the most by attending. Not only will they themselves lose out, but also the conference and ISRM council and commission meetings will suffer from inadequate international participation. Fund raising is a most important and often neglected part of conference planning and helps keep fees low. For example, with industrial and government support, the Japanese ISRM N G has obtained very substantial reductions in costs for those visiting Tokyo for the 1995 Congress. Suggestions for keeping costs down are given in the ISRM meeting guidelines available from the Secretariat. Further comments and ideas along these lines would be most welcome. Library Assistance Program (LAP) During a period of rapid political change, many university libraries in eastern Europe and elsewhere cannot afford the high costs of international textbooks or journal subscriptions. ISRM LAP, sponsored by the Commission on Education, provides some essential educational materials where the needs are greatest: but, perhaps more than material assistance, demonstrates support for our colleagues and strengthens ties in the longer term. More than 70 publishers have been approached, and many have agreed to support LAP by generous donations and discounts. Offers have included free publications from BeFo (Sweden), CIRIA (UK), CSIR and SANGORM (South Africa), Editions Technip (France), and the Geotechnical Engineering Office of Hong Kong; and 30 to 70 percent discounts from Balkema (Netherlands), the National Research Council of Canada, and Trans-Tech (Germany). Our sincere thanks to these publishers for their generosity. We are negotiating with Pergamon to provide special discounts for the International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences. For its own contribution the ISRM is offering an introductory membership with copies of the News Journal and Directory to those universities on the LAPICAP list.

With a view to providing what is wanted and not just what comes available, a fund-raising campaign coordinated by Peter Smeallie (USA), is seeking help from the public and private sector in North America, Japan and the European Community, as well as Scandinavia and Australasia. So far. as might be expected in a worldwide recession, funds raised have been practically nil. Offers and suggestions are welcome. The ROCTWIN Program To the extent that funding is never sufficient, a supplementary twinning program, ROCTWIN, provides for direct aid between donor and recipient universities. The Commission sets up university contacts and supplies guidelines on how to proceed. Whereas LAP is a short-term program aimed at getting to know each other, ROCTWIN in the longer term can offer the additional benefits of a fully-fledged "marriage". These include assistance with much-needed educational materials, student and faculty exchanges and lecture tours. The ROCTWIN program aims at one-on-one twinning between universities-particularly, but not exclusively, partnerships between "donors" and "recipients" in the richer and poorer nations. In these days of rapid change, even countries with a long history of technical excellence and with extensive natural resources can benefit from closer contacts with colleagues overseas. Progress towards a global economy calls for collaboration at the national and also at the "grass-roots" level. We should not underestimate the significant contribution that can be made by professional societies such as ISRM, and by individual universities and teachers. AHow to Twin" leaflet (now in preparation) will include suggestions for the wording of inter-university agreements, content of the twinning program. fund-raising advice. procedures for collecting surplus and bargain-priced books and equipment, etc. The Commission will continue to act as a kind of "dating service", collecting addresses, identifying needs. and helping to match twins where no clear preferences are given. The success of each partnership will be monitored, and "remarriages" will be arranged when needed. Bibliography of Rock Mechanics Books & Journals The Commission on Education is compiling an international bibliography to help students and teachers in rock mechanics and allied geotechnical disciplines. In spite of many bibliographies on special research topics, this seems to be the first attempt at putting together a list of textbooks on the general theme of geotechnical engineering. Nearing completion, the bibliography consists of 17 pages, with 58 textbooks on rock mechanics and rock engineering; 58 selected books on soil mechanics and engineering geology; 196 monographs and conference volumes on rockrelated topics (tunneling, mining, etc.); a worldwide listing of 68 periodicals; and 109 educational videotapes. Although most items are simply referenced, selected works have been abstracted by Doug Spencer, commission member and coordinator of this working group, and editor of Pergamon's "Rock Mechanics Abstracts". Although most items are in English, our international commission has tried to lessen the anglophone bias by including a full list of works in French and German, and important publications from China, Japan, Poland and else-

where. Key references in Spanish, Russian and other major world languages need to be added. Please assist. Negotiations are in progress with Pergamon to publish the bibliography as a booklet, which we hope will be on sale beginning in September at EUROCK '92.

Accounts of under-employment can be found throughout the International press. Melbourne Age reported recently that graduates of Australia's higher education institutions are facing their worst employment prospects in nearly 20 years. The proportion of new graduates with full-time jobs had dropped from 60 percent in 1990 to 51 percent in 1991. How is it, then, that some industries (notably mining) are suffering a serious shortage of graduates? Recently, Mining World (USA) reported that the "university pipeline of mining graduates [in the USA] has been reduced to the merest trickle". One hundred thirty-three students graduated in 1990, compared with 793 in 1981. Canada also is engaged in a study of the mining industry's human resources. A shortage of graduates could seriously limit the ability of Canadian industry to compete globally". This "boom or bust" situation (Figure 1) is partly the result of the inability of universities to respond rapidly to changes in the job market, and partly of over-reaction and the closing or loss of accreditation of many departments. It is indeed difficult to know precisely the demands of rapidly growing industries such as environmental and petroleum engineering, and the rate at which traditional industries such as mining are becoming mechanized and less labour-intensive. The numbers of jobs are changing. and s o are the educational requirements.

Curriculum Guide
Earlier commissions of ISRM and a current task force of ISSMFE have set out to review what is being taught and the changes that should be made to the curriculum. Often this process has been preceded by circulation of rather long and complicated questionnaires asking for details of courses offered and course content. Few, if any, conclusions have been reached because of the poor response tu such requests, the difficult task of synthesizing information, and the natural reluctance of teachers to associate themselves with any form of curriculum "standardization". The present ISRM Commission compiling the Guide is taking a different approach, with no questionnaire and no suggestion of standardization. Instead, it represents a consensus among the commission members only. This may not be statistically valid, but it is simpler. After six months of drafting and review, the Guide is already nearing completion. The Commission is well placed to complete such a task, including more than 25 teachers from universities and colleges in 15 countries, and representatives of all facets of rock science, rock mechanics and rock engineering. The Guide will reflect the content of some of the leading geomechanics courses worldwide, and is also being reviewed by employers to check that it satisfies their expectations. The aim is to help teachers to plan or update courses. Uniformity is not the intent; on the contrary, courses should (of course) be purpose-designed to suit each group of students, the demands of employers, and (perhaps to a lesser extent) the experience and interests of the teacher. A guide or checklist can nevertheless be a great help in identifying overlooked topics, s o that omissions at least are not by accident. A well-organized checklist can also help the student to grasp the scope and structure of a complex subject. Employers these days demand that graduates reach them equipped with an increasingly broad range of skills. It is hard to accommodate everything in a balanced curriculum and to decide what to include and what to omit, and how much time to devote to each topic. The teacher has an important responsibility to review course content frequently, and to provide students with practical and up-to-date training that will equip them for their careers into the twenty-first century. As a follow-up exercise, the Commission will be reviewing and revising the guide (we anticipate and welcome comments) and also plans to compile details of courses offered at undergraduate and graduate levels, typical enrollment, and prequalification requirements.

Figure 1. USA Mining Graduates Statistics 1950-1990 (Presentation by Prof Eileen Ashworth to AMC Coal Convention, Cincinnati USA) Are we in universities doing enough, not only for our graduates but for our image? A Canadian survey of attitudes among government officials reported that "universities have not kept up with changing societal demands ... the words most frequently used to describe them were remote, isolated, elitist, arrogant and, perhaps most kindly, simply naive". "In recent years, the linkage between university education and employability has become tenuous ... leading governments and the public to question whether taxpayers are getting their money's worth ...' The "publish or perish" policy is partly to blame, and forces an increasing preoccupation with research. As a result, an unacceptable number of professors are preparing students either for careers of yesterday for which there is little or no demand, or for no careers at all. These questions are addressed by the Commission's Job Market Review, and by the related Curriculum Guide study. To help us better define the questions and perhaps even find some answers, please let us have your views and statistics from your own part of the world.

Job Market Review

Employment prospects for graduates with qualifications in rock mechanics, rock science and engineering are being evaluated by a working group of the Commission headed by Dr. Eileen Ashworth of the South Dakota School of Mines and Technology. The study will focus on the spectrum of available careers and how this is changing; the corresponding trends in demands for graduates; and the changing skills and qualifications required for each type of job.

Pioneers in construction science and technology

Maeda Corporation was established in Japan in 1919. In the more than seventy-two years since then Maeda has progressed to become one of Japan's leading building and civil engineering contractors.Maeda has a wellearned reputation for completing contracts with works of high quality and technical standard within short construction periods and yet at very competitive prices. The experience which Maeda has gained in such civil engineering and building contracts is very extensive and include work in the following categories:Railways, subways, tunnels and subterranean works,highways and bridges Harbor, river and levee works,reclamation, dredging and land development Water supply, drainage and sewage disposal system Irrigation and water control systems Airports

Civil Engineering Dams and power stations (hydro,thermal and nuclear)

Architecture Schools, hospitals and inteligent office buildings Residential condominiums, hotels Stores Athletic and entertainment facilities Factory and warehouses Stadium and dome (Retractable Roof)

MAEDA CORPORATION
M A E D A

10-26 Fujimi 2-chome Chiyoda-ku Tokyo 102 Japan Tel: Tokyo (03)3265-5551 Fax: Tokyo (03)3261-6504 (G-3)
Beijing Office

Hong Kong Office Guangdong Office

Bangkok Office Kuala Lumpur Office Hawaii Office Guam Office Los Angeles Office Detroit Office Europe Office (London)

KISO-JIBAN CONSULTANTS COBLTD.

Consulting Services: Soil/Rock Mechanics, Foundation

Engineering, Geology, Hydrology, Environmental Studies, Surveying, Planning, Design and Project Management Address: 1-11-5, Kudan-Kita, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102, Japan Telephone: Tokyo (03)3263-3611 Tokyo (03)3239-4451 (Overseas Dept.) Cable: NIPKISOCON TOKYO Telex: MORGEO J28457 Facsimile: (03)3263-1448 Branches: Sapporo, Sendai, Tokyo, Nagoya, Osaka, Hiroshima, Fukuoka Overseas Offices: Singapore, Kuala Lumpur, Jakarta, Manila President: Hiroshi MORI, Dr. Eng.

Failure Mechanisms Around Underground Openings (RFMUO)

(V. Maury, President) The term of this Commission was completed at the time of the Aachen Congress, and the Status Report presented there gave some recommendations about the achievements of the Commission. We recall here briefly the task, results obtained, and recommendations.
I . Task, purposes and objectives of the Commission
The goals of the Commission, defined in 1982-1983,were to gather and to classify case histories in order to determine the main mechanisms leading to failure around underground openings. From here, it was decided to focus the work of the Commission on two levels. First, at the level of universities and research centers, it was decided to define directions in which fundamental research is most needed in order to achieve real progress in rock mechanics applied to underground excavation projects, design and construction. Second, at the level of engineers and designers, it was aimed at promoting tools available in rock mechanics; establishing their limitations; and sometimes warning against the danger of using empirical safety factors, which are usually defined with respect to one particular failure mechanism only. There were long exchanges and discussions between members of the Commission concerning the meaning of the word "failure". It was decided to use an extended definition of the word "failure" (around an underground opening) , taking it to correspond not only to the formation of a macroscopic discontinuity or to a large movement along an existing discontinuity, but also to large permanent strains even though these may be continuous and are hence, not strictly failures. The word "failure" is also used any time an unusual or unpredicted behaviour of the rock leads to an interruption of drilling, construction or use of an excavation. Thus, no practically important case of failure of intact rock material (rock matrix) or of a rock mass is overlooked, no matter how difficult it may be to detect. Special difficulties that were met in defining the task should be mentioned in order to avoid similar problems for new groups working on the subject of failure. First, it is well known that the performance of an underground opening is closely linked to both the design of the opening and the construction method. Some failures (of the rock or of the facility according to the double meaning retained for the term "failure") can be due to an obviously inadequate construction method. Failure of lined excavations are especially difficult to study because the design, method, and time of installation of the lining are all of prime importance. It is sometimes difficult to assess whether the construction method alone, or the rock failure mechanism, or both combined, were responsible for failure. The choice of keeping or rejecting failure cases occurring in these conditions was therefore left to the commission experts. The topic of the Commission was then more clearly identified as "rock failure mechanisms". That explains the emphasis on cases and observations made in unlined openings. In these excavations, rock behaviour is more accessible, and failure mechanisms can be better identified. This study of unlined openings seems to be essential before considering

lined caverns in detail. Note also that for these caverns, the excavation method (boring, drilling, blasting, solution mining) plays a major role which cannot be ignored.
11. Results

Several meetings and visits were organized at each ISNV Congress and symposium. A workshop was organized at the Montreal Congress and proposed for the Aachen Congress. A first report, issued in 1987 for the ISRM Congress of Montreal, addressed specifically the topic of failure around single galleries. During the last four or five years, considerable work has been carried out concerning instability mechanisms around galleries and excavations (failures of boreholes, failures of thermal or dynamic origin, due to the presence of swelling materials, due to pore pressure with poroelastic effects and interpretation, double mechanisms, etc.). In 1988, we were asked to address the topic of failure mechanisms in a collective work, "Comprehensive Rock Engineering" (Prof. J. Hudson, Ed.[see page 491). We took this opportunity to make a general survey of most of the failure types observed in the various geotechnical fields. In order to finalize the work of the Commission, a summary of the conclusions of the work of the Commission and progress made during the last two or three years was sent to the members of the Commission on July 1, 1991. Comments have been received and are being incorporated. The final report should be published soon. Further details can be found in the chapter on underground failure mechanisms in Comprehensive Rock Engineering. The important question of recording failure case histories has been addressed by the South African group (T.R. Stacey), and a computerized recording form has been prepared by the Canadian group (P. Kaiser). Drafts of these forms are available and should be published soon. The following suggestions may be of assistance to groups that continue work on the topics covered by the RFMUO. It is important to include specialists in a broad variety of disciplines (mining, civil engineering, underground storage, petroleum), as well as owners, contractors, consulting engineers, and researchers and scientists from universities and research centers. This is essential for progress-even if it is not always very easy to motivate petroleum scientists and engineers to visit tunnels or mines, or to interest tunnel designers and miners in small (and difficult to observe) deformations of oil wells. The role of the RFMUO Commission was to investigate the mechanisms behind failures occurring in underground excavations. From its work, a list of the most common and major mechanisms can now be assembled. Among them, we found instabilities of various origin (including possible combinations). These included instabilities due to: *Clay and shale behaviour. *The effectof the anisotropic behaviour of the rock. .Pore pressure effects. *Pore pressure plus thermal effects *High-level stresses, for deep and very deep wells, and the well geometry vis-A-vis the in-situ state of stress. *Systematic, unfavourable disposition of the geological structures with respect to the surface of the excavation.

*Special behaviour of solution mined material and caverns. *Combinations of mechanisms. Many issues are still partially unclear concerning all of these mechanisms. Each of these topics deserves the dedicated attention of a group of rock mechanics experts. It is especially important that any new groups working on these topics establish close links with the appropriate technical associations (Mining associations, Society of Petroleum Engineers, Solution Mining Research Institute, etc.). A huge amount of data is available from these organizations, but it needs to be reinterpreted in terms of rock mechanics. The ISRM is a unique place for exchange and cross fertilisation of experience on this kind of topic. Moreover, progress in the field of failure around underground openings means an improvement in safety for people working underground and a significant cost reduction for all industries involved. In the future, this progress will be essential for advanced projects in deep mining or tunneling, deep oil and gas research, seismic prediction or crust exploration: fields where rock mechanics will play a key role.

papers on fragmentation by blasting or, if that was impossible, to consider starting such a publication. A survey of those who had attended either of the two meetings was conducted by mail, seeking the desires of those interested. The results were overwhelmingly in support of the decision of the International Organizing Committee, but it was decided to attempt to find an ongoing compatible organization willing to accept the group and to highlight fragmentation by blasting as a major item of interest in order to permit proper growth of the group. John Franklin, then President of the ISRM, indicated that the ISRM would be willing to entertain a Commission of Fragmentation by Blasting and would work with the group to help us achieve our goals. The Commission began its work in 1990 between the Second International Conference and the Third International Conference, which was held in Brisbane later that year. At the Brisbane meeting, all interested attendees were invited to attend an organizational meeting for the Commission and were asked for their input on subtopics within the "fragmentation by blasting" area, which should be addressed by the Commission. Six topics were selected and discussed before the entire conference body. Interested individuals were asked to volunteer to work on the topics of their choice.

Working Groups and Members

Fragmentation by Blasting
(W.L. Fourney, President)
In early 1981 a group of Mining Engineers and Scientists in Sweden began to plan for an International Conference on Fragmentation by Blasting. They recognized that no meetings were being held where advancements in the science of rock blasting were highlighted. Although results of blasting research were being presented at sessions of various meetings, there no one meeting at which a large segment of the program was devoted to the topic. In fact, it was felt that progress in advancing the science of fragmentation by blasting was being held back because of this situation. The meeting was organized under the leadership of Dr. Agne Rustan from Luled University, Per Anders Person from Nitro Nobel, and Roger Holmberg from The Swedish Detonics Research Foundation, among others. The meeting, held in 1983 September at Luled University, was attended by about 220 scientists and engineers from around the world. The group was a good mixture of academic researchers, industrial researchers, researchers from government laboratories, and practitioners. The papers presented were judged to be excellent by those who attended and all were very pleased with the synergism that the conference generated. It was felt that this was an especially good way to get those who conduct research together with those who are the end users. It was decided at that conference that the series should be continued on a three- to four-year time cycle and that the second conference would be held in t h e United States. An International Organizing Committee was formed and given the responsibility of seeing to the continuation of the series. The second conference was held in Keystone, Colorado, in 1987 September; and the third in Brisbane, Australia in 1990 September . The US meeting attracted about 150 delegates and the Brisbane meeting, about 350. At the Keystone meeting it was felt by the International Organizing Committee that the interest in the topic was significant enough that the group should consider forming a society to give more structure to the activity. It was also felt that the group should look for a major publication that would be willing to emphasize

Six Working Groups were formed-one for each of the topics identified by the delegates to the Brisbane Conference as being crucial to the advancement of fragmentation by blasting and the sixth being a working group on publications to ensure that the results obtained were disseminated in a proper fashion. The working group on publications was also given the task of finding a publication that would be willing to highlight the results of our research on fragmentation by blasting.

Working: G r o u ~ I Rock Assessment @ r 'e and Post BlasD

Chairman, Geoff Just, Department of Resource Industries, Safety in Mines & Research Station, Redbank, Queensland 4301, Australia Members: E. Villaescusa, Australia; S. Giltner, South Africa; G. Hunter, Namibia; C. Navalkar, India; P. Worsey, U.S.A.; L Cheung, Australia; A. Ord, Australia; A. Spathis, Australia; T. Davies, Australia; C. Cumerlato, USA; D. O'Connor, South Africa; N. Paley, Australia In the area of rock assessment, there is a large volume of existing ISRM information that can be usefully applied to preblast assessments. Consequently, if more ISRM members are made aware of this link, future development work could incorporate blasting application in their research. For example, in the case of site characterization, the spatial distribution and size of structural weakness planes has a major influence on fragmentation by blasting. These weaknesses also affect the rock mass strength, which determines excavation stability. Development of techniques to represent these features could incorporate the blasting requirements that inherent "block size" needs to be assessed. Similar comments apply to rock mass damage produced by blasting where new structural weakness planes are created by the explosive, which can reduce excavation stability. Development of methods to identify the location of significant structural features in a rock mass therefore justifies a major research effort because of the wide-ranging influence on both blasting effectiveness and rock excavation stability. Post-blast assessment needs to be related to the principal objectives of the blasting operation. Size distribution measure-

ment techniques have been extensively researched, and the requirements are now clearly defined. Problems in this area are mainly concerned with cost-effectiveness. As an example of the amount of sophistication that currently exists in assessment of fragmentation, Figure 1 shows an image analysis technique being developed by CSIRO in Australia. The fragmented rock is passed by means of conveyer belt under a planar laser beam. A video camera is used in conjunction with image analysis to determine rock size distribution. This gives a rapid way of assessing the quality of the blast produced.

Assessment of changes in the rock mass due to blasting principally incorporate changes in the rock removed by the blast. However, where excavation stability is influenced by the blast, damage to the in-situ rock mass also requires assessment. Generally the principal purpose of blasting is to significantly modify defined sections of the rock mass to permit subsequent removal of this rock to some other location. The removal process commonly involves the use of mechanical equipment to load the fragmented rock into transport equipment. Blasting results can therefore influence the effective operation of both loading and transport equipment. Variables such as the degree of fragmentation (size distribution), the shape of the fragmented rock mass profile (muckpile shape) and the fragmented rock mass strength (diggability) all will influence these unit operations. Assessment of these variables is therefore a significant feature in determining the total system effects of possible changes in blasting design. Fragmentation may also influence unit operations subsequent to rock removal. In operations where a particular size of rock product is required for construction purposes, such as the building of roads and dam embankments; an optimum size distribution can be defined. Similarly, in mining operations, where liberation of valuable mineral particles for mineral separation is required, the blasting process will affect crushing and grinding operations.

Working Group I1 Computer Modeling

Chairman, Dale Preece, Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800, Albuquerque, N M 87185.

Figure 1. Laser Beam Scanning Muck-A Development by CSIRO

Fragmented rock mass strength is a much more difficult area with the diggability of the fragmented rock having a direct influence on loading equipment productivity. In other rock mechanics applications, such as embankment construction, techniques have been developed to assess the relative physical characteristics of fragmented masses of rock. Application of these procedures to the problem of diggability requires an understanding of both the mechanics of penetration into and flow of the fragment particles. Monitoring and interpretation of machine performance data is providing some useful measurements to assess blasting effectiveness. However, there is considerable scope for more research in this area in order to understand the fundamental mechanisms that determine the physical properties of masses of fragmented particles. This knowledge would also be of value to other rock mechanics applications such as mine backfill excavation support and dam embankment design. With regard to pre-blast assessment, information is being prepared to develop a number of suggested methods for assessment of the rock mass prior to and after blasting. Preblast assessment will incorporate a range of existing ISRM suggested methods but post-blast assessment will mostly require the development of new techniques. Assessments of the rock mass prior to blasting needs to incorporate physical descriptions and mechanical testing of a range of properties. Data collected should be directly relevant to blasting design. Included in the pre-blast assessment should be a definition of in situ block size distributions as well as some physical properties of the intact rock blocks. This distribution is directly applicable to descriptions of rock breakage using comminution equations that predict explicitly fragmented rock size distributions. Therefore the comparison of the in-situ block size distribution with a distribution of rock fragments (post-blast) provides an assessment of the degree of breakage caused by blasting.

Members: T. Kleine, Australia, A. Kavetsky, Australia, P.A. Persson, USA, P. Tidman, Canada, M. Stagg, USA. Computer modeling of rock blasting continues to be an active research area. Computer modeling holds the promise of predicting the results of a blast before it occurs-thus allowing blast designs to be tried first on the desktop computer before an expensive blast is attempted. The object of computer blast modeling is to apply first principle physics and mechanics to a model geometry that represents the real geometry to be blasted. The application of mechanics make the model dependent on measurable material properties. Since some mechanisms may be intentionally neglected or overlooked, the model should be developed with frequent comparison of computer simulations and field data. Continual comparison with actual blast data keeps the code developer on track. Several computer models that have employed these first principle physics techniques are the BLASPHA model by Roger Favreau; the SABREX model by Paul Tidman, Alan Minchinton, Peter Lynch and Claude Cunningham; the models developed at the Julius Kruttschnitt Mineral Research Centre (JKMRC); and the models developed at Sandia National Laboratories by Dale Preece and Billy Thorne. The first three treat the physics of the blasting process at a level where the calculations can be performed on an IBM PC compatible computer with a 286 or higher processor chip. This makes the computing tool very portable, especially with the current notebook computers using a 386 processor. Exercise of these models on many real blasting problems has shown many strengths-along with some weaknesses. The Sandia models treat the physics of the blasting process in greater detail, but they also require a more powerful computer to obtain results. The Sandia codes can run on CRAY-type super-computers or on the new generation of workstations with RISC architecture, such as those manufactured by SUN, IBM, or HEWLETT PACKARD. The current rate of advance in speed and capability of these machines suggest

that very sophisticated and detailed blasting calculations will be possible routinely in a few years. Because increases in desktop computing power via workstations are making more sophisticated models more viable, an example of one of them in more detail will be given to show where computer modeling of blasting may be headed. The computer program developed at Sandia National Laboratory for modeling rock motion is called DMC (Distinct Motion Code). This code operates on a group of spheres that are a discretization of the geometry to be blasted. A coupled gas flow and rock motion calculation occurs in DMC. The flow of the explosive gases in the blastwell is modeled using subroutines that compute the flow of gas through a porous medium. The flowing gas loads the rock and the rock begins to move. The porosity of the gas model is modified (increased) as the rock moves, which, in turn, affects the gas flow.

This type of detailed modeling makes it possible to address questions that would have been impossible to answer before, such as-what is the velocity distribution in the burden during a bench blast. Correct modeling of the velocity distribution in the burden is essential to predicting the final muck pile shape. It has become a regular practice to measure face velocities using high-speed 16-mm cameras or a radar device such as ICI's POWERWAVE. However, the velocity behind the face has never had detailed examination.

Gas

Brown Sandstone

Sandy Gray Shale

Figure 2. Schematic o f bench blast. The schematic of a coal mine bench blast is shown in Figure 2 and the spherical element model of the bench blast is shown in Figure 3. This model incorporates five blastwells that are detonated on 240 millisecond delays. Each sphere is represented by a dot at its center. The finite difference grid used to perform the gas flow calculations is shown in Figure 4. A pseud o one-dimensional grid such as this is used s o that the calculation will execute in reasonable CPU time on a SUN SPARC station 2 computer workstation. Gas flow modeling around the entire blastwell is possible on a CRAY supercomputer. Figure 4. Finite difference for gas flow calculation. The velocity distribution predicted by DMC is dependent on several material parameters, such as the modulus of the material and the fraction of critical damping. Damping has the largest effect on the velocity distribution. A very high damping fraction (close to 1.0) will result in an almost uniform velocity distribution across the burden where the material in the back has a velocity almost equal to the face. A very low damping fraction (close to 0.0) will result in the back material (i.e. next to the explosive) transferring most of its momentum forward to the face. This will cause high face velocities and back material velocities that are close to zero. The actual velocity distribution is somewhere between these two extremes. The velocity of six spheres as a function of time is shown in Figure 5. These six spheres represent the front row burden of the model shown in Figure 3, which used a fraction of critical damping of 0.3. The approximate distance of each sphere from the blastwell is shown in the legend, where the top distance listed is close to the blastwell and the bottom sphere listed is close to the face of the burden. The initial higher velocity of the sphere next to the blastwell and its transfer of momentum to spheres closer to the face is evident. The time delay of approximately 20 milliseconds between initial movement and face movement is also apparent. The velocity distribution decreases approximately linearly with distance from the face. Close observation of highspeed film of bench blasts indicates that there is velocity decrease away from the face and deeper into the burden.

CREATE0 9 1 0nC 0 3 / 2 4 / 9 2 !6:02:37 nOOIFiEC 3 1 ORRWN B Y BLCT 0 3 / 3 1 / 9 2 !0:54:48 nRGNIFlEO 3 1 !.OOO ELEnEhT BLOC65 RCTIVE: 60F 6

TIME 0 15 30 45 50

0.0000

75

90

105

Figure 3. Spherical element model o f bench blast. Each sphere is represented by a center dot.

Legend
1.10 m from B l o s t w e l

2.25 m " ----"

3.45 m 4.55 m

"

"

" " 4.55 m " " ...........................

5.65 m
"
"

p -

Time

(S)

Figure 7. Spherical element model 7.0 seconds after initial detonation. Group on Explosive Performance is looking into these types of concerns on behalf of the blasting community.

Figure 5. Sphere velocities in the front row burden versus time. Figures 6 and 7 show the motion of the rock at 1.0 seconds and at 7.0 seconds when the material has come to rest. This type of detailed modeling allows a more thorough treatment of the geometry and material properties associated with a particular blast. It also requires a more powerful computer than a PC to d o the calculation. These calculations are also only two-dimensional, leaving three-dimensional effects untreated. The current research direction is toward threedimensions which is being made possible by increasingly faster workstations and more sophisticated software.

Working Group IV-Blast Monitorinp Instrumentation

Chairman, A. Spathis, Manager, Blasting Fundamentals, ICI Explosives, Gate 1, Ballarat Road, Deer Park, Victoria, Australia Members: R. Dick, USA, F. Chiappetta, USA, J. Brinkman, South Africa, J. Floyd, USA, G. Chitombo, Australia Much progress has been made very recently with regard to instrumentation utilized in blasting applications. A velocity of detonation recorder that is currently commercially available is based on developmental work conducted at one of the national laboratories within the United States (Los Alamos National Laboratory). This device uses reflections of electrical signals from the shorted end of a coaxial cable to determine the length of the cable. If this cable is placed in an explosive, the intense pressure caused by the detonation velocity can be compared with the figure published by the manufacturer. Another recent development in the area of blasting instrumentation is the introduction of electronic blasting caps. It has been known for some time that the typical delay blasting caps provided by most manufactures are not accurate enough to accomplish some complicated blasting requirements. These delay caps rely on the timed vaporization of an ignition element (bridgewire) within the cap. The rate is sensitive to pressure, temperature and humidity. If accuracy in the microsecond range is required, better blasting caps are required. Another national lab in the U.S. (Sandia National Laboratory), in conjunction with private industry, recently developed a device that can provide the desired speed and accuracy. The device is called the semiconductor bridge initiator (SCB). In this device, a low energy pulse causes a doped region on a polysilicon substrate to burst into a bright plasma. This plasma discharge causes the explosive to detonate. It is felt that these SCB's can be made more accurate than blasting caps built with bridgewire detonators, and that they certainly permit far shorter delays. The working group on instrumentation will endeavor to promote research involving improvements in instrumentation of use to the blasting community, and will bring the latest developments to the attention of the user group in a non-commercial way.

Figure 6. Spherical Element Model l Second After Initial Detonation.

Working Group 111-Ex~losive Performance

Chairman, Bibhu Mohanty, Explosives Technical Centre, ICI Explosives Canada, McMasterville, Quebec J3G1, Canada. Members: P.A. Persson, USA, J. Grant, Australia, R. Sarracino, Australia, A. Cameron, Australia, C. McKinzey, Australia, R. Holmberg, Sweden, J. Huidoboro, South Africa, S. Crum, USA. Standards are needed in tests that are used to evaluate explosive performance. It is important that the performance of explosives manufactured by different companies can be conveniently compared. It is also important that the tests conducted in order to compare explosives be meaningful tests in s o far as fragmentation is concerned. The Working

Working Group V Terminologv

Chairman, Agne Rustan, Lulei University of Technology, Division of Mining, S 95187 Lulei, Sweden.

Members: R. Holmberg, Sweden; C. Cunningham, South Africa; W. Fourney, USA; V. Vutukuri, Australia.

We plan to examine the following tasks: *Performance and evaluation of in situ tests to facilitate the optimal selection of grouting materials and methods. Current water-pressure testing procedures need further development. *Determination of the significant flow properties of grout materials-which depend not only on temperature and flow velocity but also on the test methods used. *Description of flow in joints on the basis of parameters found in studies of the first two items. *Control of grouting work, both during and after injection, s o as to avoid failures. The first Interim Report of the Commission on Grouting will be available at the EUROCK '92 Conference in September. A Conference on Rock and Concrete Grouting is being organized by the Austrian Society for Geomechanics (1993 October 11-12, Salzburg, Austria) and includes the following topics:

Workinp Group V 1 Publications

Chairman, W. Fourney, M.E. Department, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA. Members: G. Just, Australia, F. Ouchterlony, Sweden; P. Worsey, USA; B. Mohanty, Canada; J. Brinkman, South Africa; F. Chiappetta, USA; C. McKenzie, Australia; S. Bhandari, India; H. Rossmanith, Austria; C. Cunningham, South Africa; A. Rustan, Sweden; J. Grant, Australia. We need representation on these working groups from members in Central and Eastern Europe (including the former Soviet Union), China and Japan. The Fourth International Symposium on Fragmentation by Blasting (FRAGBLAST 4) is coming up next year (1993 July 5-8) and will be held in Vienna, Austria. Perhaps at that meeting we will be able to fill in some of the gaps. Working Groups V and V 1 are viewed as providing support for the other four groups. It is important that a standard , set of symbols and definitions be adopted by the blasting community. The Terminology Working Group has already provided a list of approved symbols and is well on the way to providing a first draft of approved definitions. These lists draw heavily upon symbols and definitions already accepted by groups such as ISRM but are expanded to include symbols and definitions appropriate only t o the blasting community.

A. Grouting procedures: *Stable or unstable cement-suspensions.

*Control of grouting procedure, methods of measurements, evaluation of results. *Definition and supervision of the necessary and allowable grouting pressure: at the pump, in the borehole and within joints.

Summary
The Commission on Fragmentation by Blasting is actively engaged in several areas of interest to the blasting community. We look forward to t h e growth in activity that proper recognition and advertisement of these activities by ISRM will provide. The section on Rock Assessment was a condensation of information provided by Geoff Just. The section on Computer Modeling was provided by Dale Preece. This help in the preparation of this article is gratefully acknowledged.

B. Determination of the characteristics for mathematical models to describe the process of flow:
*Permeability and groutability of joints in rock and fissures in concrete. *Characteristics of grout materials under ambient conditions, considering factors such as temperature and flow velocity.

C. Mathematical and physical models applied to flow in joints; comparison of model predictions with results.
All who wish to support the work of the commission and to contribute to the conference in Salzburg will be welcomed.

Grouting
(R. Widmann, President) Grouting of rock and soils to improve the properties of the foundation of structures has been performed worldwide since the 19th century, and is often essential if such structures are to perform adequately. The need to improve foundation properties increases with the need to erect structures on less appropriate foundations. Various grout materials and methods have been developed over the past few decades, and considerable experience from case histories is now available, published in papers from many countries.
In spite of this world-wide experience, the theory of grouting is not well developed. Successful grouting depends on the optimal matching of the materials and methods used to the prevailing conditions at the site. It is not yet possible to optimize grouting materials and methods on the basis of in situ tests. Considering the volume of grouting being carried out and the poor theoretical knowledge of grouting principles the number of scientists involved in the subject is very small. The Commission was founded in early 1989 to improve theoretical knowledge of grouting, starting from a basis of practical experience in rock of normal to low permeability.

Joints
(O.A. Stephansson, President)
The Commission on Joints was appointed by the ISRM President following the 29th U.S. Rock Mechanics Symposium at Minnesota in 1988. The objectives of the Commission on Joints are to promote fundamental research on rock joints and jointed rock masses and to facilitate its technical application. The main task of the Commission has been to organize two speciality conferences, one on the behaviour of individual rock joints and discontinuities, and one on the behaviour of jointed rock masses. The proceedings of these conferences are the major input from the Commission to ISRM and its members. Delegates of the Commission met in Madrid (1988), in Pau (1989), Leon (1990), and Aachen (1992). The subject of rock joints is now in a very active stage of development and engineers, geologists and scientists are involved in a number of projects and research activities where rock joints and jointed rock masses are the key issues. One way that ISRM can support a research field that is in a phase of rapid development is to promote communication

and exchange of new ideas. With this in mind, the Commission organized the following two conferences.

These seven areas are: *downhole measurements *geophysical seismic data *geological data and stratigraphic correlations *analogues and artificial rocks *real material *drilling records-cuttings and MWD (measurements while drilling) *database use and design. The report outlines a number of potentially important practical findings. For example, mechanical damage that may take place during the coring process can grossly alter the rock properties measured in the laboratory (Figure 1).

Symposium on Rock Joints, Leon, Norway, 1990 June 4 6

Sponsored by ISRM, the Norwegian Rock Mechanics Group and the Norwegian Geotechnical Institute, the first rock joint symposium was held in the beautiful setting of the Hotel Alexandra at Leon, in one of the classic deep fiords of Western Norway. Leon is famous also for the tragic loss of 135 lives in two major rock slides in the nearby village. Out of 135 submitted abstracts and 110 selected papers for the pre-printed proceedings, the Organizing Committee made a program where major emphases were on thorough discussions of the contributions. One hundred eighty delegates registered for the conference. The proceedings were printed by Balkema.

Regional Conference of ISRM on Fractured and Jointed Rock Masses, Lake Tahoe, California, 1992 June 3-5
This was the second of the two conferences about rock joints organized by the Commission on Joints. Following the desire to hold the meetings in mountainous areas,.this meeting was held in spectacular surroundings at the Granlibakken Conference Center in Lake Tahoe, California and was followed by a post conference excursion to the Sierra Nevada mountain range and Yosemite National Park, led by Professor Richard Goodman. The following topics of jointed rock masses were discussed at the conference: characterization and statistics; modeling of mechanical behaviour; physical properties; fluid flow; underground openings and slopes. The 150 contributions to the conference are now circulating for peer review and the final proceedings will be published in late 1992. Figure I. Macroscopic damage of a core taken from a chalk reservoir rock. The transverse tensile fractures were created by expansion of the pore fluid when taking the low permeability core. Also, it is observed that porosity shows the highest degree of correlation with the uniaxial strength of sandstones (Figure 2). It has been assumed traditionally in the oil industry that the P-wave velocity was the best strength indicator.

Rock Properties for Petroleum Engineers

(F.J. Santarelli, M.B. Dusseault, N. Yassir)
The aim of the commission is to study the means of estimating the properties of rocks encountered at depth in the oil environment. As it is economically not feasible to core wells entirely, such estimations will often have to be performed from indirect data. On the other hand, the growing awareness of the role of rock mechanics in Petroleum Engineering and the consequent multiplication of rock mechanics models (Wellbore Stability, Sand Production, Hydraulic Fracturing, Subsidence, etc) result in an increasing need for such estimations, with evermore important economic consequences. The goal of the Commission is therefore: to identify the various areas from which such an estimation can be performed; to evaluate the accuracy which can be expected from the various techniques available and to propose ways of increasing this accuracy. A preliminary report, which is essentially a problem statement, has been drafted and is currently being circulated to various oil companies, research institutes and universities for comment. In parallel, a shorter version of this report is being prepared for publication in the International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences and Geomechanics Abstract. The report identifies seven areas from which mechanical properties of rocks can be derived and raises some fundamental questions with respect to each of them.

GRESA

0
0

: W O R CORRELATION : GOOD CORRELATION

Figure 2. The table shows the correlation coefficients between physical and mechanical properties for more than 300 sets of data published on sandstones. Finally, the Commission also aims at encouraging individual initiatives to promote exchanges between SPE and ISRM at all levels.

Scale Effects in Rock Mechanics

(A. Pinto da Cunha, President)
The large scale of many rock engineering problems and our general inability, for economical and technological reasons, to obtain full-scale geotechnical d a t a , severely affects the validity of predictions for design and construction in rock, or stability analysis of natural rock structures.These uncertainties in prediction can have serious, sometimes fatal, consequences. The discontinuous and heterogeneous nature of rock masses are a primary cause of this uncertainty, such that measurements of many relevant properties in rock engineering, e.g., mechanical and hydraulic properties or the in-situ state of stress, are specimen-size dependent. Variation of the mean values and/or indices of variability with sample sizes is to be expected since, as the sample dimensions increase, tests may involve, progressively, the intact rock, the jointed rock and, at the largest scale, the rock mass (Figure 1). Although theoretically similar and concerned with the same formation, the tests will lead to different results, as they involve different degrees of heterogeneity and jointing. Thus, the determination of a given property, sets of samples in a given rock mass of different sizes, produce statistical distributions with different parameters (Scale Effect definition, ISRM Commission). Moreover, geometrically homothetical samples of the same rock mass, when submitted to loads following the same similarity conditions, show characteristics that are not constant but are a function of the sample size. The fundamental problem arising is consequently the establishment of reliable links between test results at different scales, for a given rock mass and a given property. Extrapolation of data obtained from inexpensive tests on small volumes, usually laboratory tests, to the scale of a rock engineering project is currently made by use of safety factors based on so-called "sound engineering judgement." Clearly a more quantitative, probabilistic approach, based on the knowledge of the representativeness of the results at different test scales, could be of major benefit in rock engineering. A first International Workshop on Scale Effects in Rock Masses was organized by the ISRM Commission, in Loen, Norway, 1990, and the Proceedings duly published. A second Workshop will be held in Lisbon, June 25, 1993, in conjunction with the ISRM International Symposium EUROCK '93. The purpose is to provide an updated discussion of Scale Effects in the Determination of Rock Mass Properties, that will assist the ISRM Commission in its final report. The three themes will concern scale effects in the determination of: 1. Deformability and strength of rock masses. 2. Internal stresses in rock masses. 3. Hydraulic properties of rock masses.

These topics are suggested for papers and discussions: *Critical review of data on scale effects in rock mechanics. *Experimental and theoretical studies on scale effects on the intact rock, joints and rock masses of properties. *Determination of the test sizes beyond which scalefree values can be found for a given property and rock mass (i.e.,Representative Volumes). *Definition of laws for the description of the variation of rock mass properties (mean values and distributions) with sample size. *Use of laboratory and in-situ tests for estimating the properties of jointed rock masses, taking into account scale effects. *Case histories involving the consideration of scale effects, either in design, or as indicated by back-analysis.

JOINTED

Roex

SINOLE JMNt
INTACT ROCK

Swelling Rock
(H. Einstein, President)
Many rock engineering and geological engineering problems are caused by swelling rock. Heave in tunnel inverts of many decimetres and sometimes meters have been observed, boreholes have been closed, the bottom and sidewalls of foundation excavations and sometimes foundations themselves heave and swell; rock closing originally open fractures has indirectly led to slope instability through a buildup of water pressure. Swelling creates problems not only because of the displacements and associated destruction of structures, but also because of the duration of the process. Some European railroad tunnels continue to undergo swelling movements more than 100 years after construction. On the other hand, tunnels

that were built relatively recently, with a much better knowledge of the swelling phenomenon, are close to failure. The cost of damage per se and the interruption of operations (vehicular tunnels, oil wells) runs in the hundreds of millions of dollars. Swelling in rock is caused by minerals that attract water and lead to a volume increase. Swelling is frequent in argillaceous (clay-containing) rocks. Swelling also occurs in anhydrite rocks and in rocks containing pyrite and marcasite. The argillaceous swelling rocks are interesting from the point of view that they are transitional materials, i.e., materials between rock and soil (sometimes called weak rocks). Clays, and thus argillaceous rocks, can increase in volume through three different mechanisms, namely: *Intraparticle swelling-limited to clay minerals such as smectite, mixed layer clay minerals. *Interparticle or osmotic swelling. *Mechanical swelling-which can be viewed as inverse consolidation, involving the dissipation of excess negative pore pressures. Recent research at MIT in Boston has shown that argillaceous rocks also increase in volume through shear creep associated with dilatancy. In other words, heave in tunnels in argillaceous rock may be the result of swelling and of indirect volume increase caused by squeezing. There are, as yet, no satisfactory constitutive relations that express this behavior and consider the three-dimensional nature of rock masses. While there are unresolved problems in swelling of argillaceous rock, the swelling of anhydritic rock is even more of a puzzle. Anhydrite swelling is a purely chemical process involving hydration of anhydrite to gypsum with an intermediate process of solution and reprecipitation. It is thus basically different from swelling of clays and usually results in larger m o v e ments and/or pressures. Recent research of ETH (Zurich) has shown that anhydrite swelling is extremely long lasting. Also, in contrast to argillaceous rocks, no reversal through applied stresses seems possible. Relations between these laboratory results and field evidence still need to be established. The ISRM Swelling Rock Commission has given itself the task of recommending, to the rock engineering community, procedures by which swelling rock can be recognized and methods with which structures in such rocks can be analyzed and designed. Two documents, "Characterization of Swelling Rock," and "Suggested Methods for Laboratory Testing of Swelling Rocks," have been published; and two other documents, "Suggested Methods for Identification of Swelling and Slaking Rocks," and "Comments and Recommendations on Design and Analysis Procedures for Structures in Argillaceous Swelling R o c k are close to being published. As the titles reveal, the Commission has concentrated on argillaceous swelling rock s o far. During the present activity period, (199195) the Commission intends to concentrate on anhydritic swelling rock and on surface structures (rather than tunnels) on swelling rock. In addition, it intends, in collaboration with the "Commission on Squeezing Rocks in Tunnels", to get a better appreciation of the combined squeezing-swelling phenomenon. The challenge of these two tasks is that they are much closer to ongoing research than to established knowledge. The members of the Commission, who come from all continents and who specialize in the field of swelling and weak rock, will make a strong effort to provide the profession with solid information in these areas.

Testing Methods
(J.A. Hudson, President)
The ISRM Commissions are an extremely important aspect of ISRM activities and normally complete their work prior to each Congress meeting. However, the Commission for which I am responsible is the oldest and operates on a continuing basis. This is because the production of the Suggested Methods is the main Commission activity and naturally requires new procedures to be established. Thus, the work of this Commission is extremely important because it provides international guidance on individual aspects of rock testing and rock characterization through the publication of these Suggested Methods. The Members of the Testing Methods Commission are: Dr. P. Acevedo-Moyano, Chile; Mr. J.E. Bello, Mexico; Dr. K. Kim, USA; Dr. Y. Mgalobelov, Russia; Professor T. Ramamurthy, India; Professor Z. Si-Meng, China; Professor 0 . Stephansson, Sweden; Dr. C. Tanimoto (for Professor Kikuchi), Japan; and Dr. W.I. van Heerden, South Africa. Over the last couple of years, this Commission had become rather moribund-due to the evolution of forty-three working groups and the associated very large number of people involved. During our Commission meeting in Aachen last September, I recommended procedures for revitalising the Commission. The procedures were based on extensive consultation within the rock mechanics community and were ratified at the Aachen meeting. The essence of the new procedures is that: *The Suggested Methods should be of two types (one concerned with rock properties and another with constructional procedures). *All Suggested Methods should consist of two parts (the traditional procedure and an interpretative supplement), *The person responsible for each Suggested Method should work to a rapid production schedule (about one year from initiation to final manuscript submission), .All existing working groups will be disbanded and new groups formed with high-speed production procedures, .Financial support will be sought to enhance production (this has since been kindly provided by Pergamon Press).

I am pleased to say that all of these revitalisation initiatives are being implemented rapidly.
It is appropriate here to thank the many people who have assisted me in formulating the future direction that this Commission should take-both via letters and at meetings. In addition to the annual meetings held in association with ISRM Conferences, workshops have been held in Japan and China. I am extremely grateful to Professor Kikuchi in Japan and Professor Zhou Si-Meng in China for arranging these special extra workshops to discuss the overall strategy from their country's perspectives. The revitalisation procedures have been implemented rapidly in 1991 and 1992. I will present current progress at the next Commission meeting, to be held at Chester, UK, in 1992 September in association with the main ISRM Symposium for 1992-EUROCK '92. The topic of this symposium is Rock Characterization, which is especially apposite to the work of the Commission on Testing Methods. Perhaps it is no coincidence that I am also Chairman of EUROCK '92.

In the meantime, we look forward to the imminent publication of a new Suggested Method on Blast Vibration Monitoring compiled by Professor C. Dowding. This will be published in the International Journal o f Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences & Geornechanics Abstracts. Also, Dr. C. Louis is updating an extensive series of Suggested Methods on Water Testing, and these may well be available in published form by 1992 September. Finally, if anyone reading this article feels strongly about the need to update any of the existing Suggested Methods, or would like to lead a Working Group in the production of a new Suggested Method, please let me know. You must, however, be prepared to work to the new "rigid scheduling" procedures s o that the new Suggested Methods are produced efficiently. One of our most outstanding tasks is to upgrade the Suggested Method for the Quantitative Description of Discontinuities in Rock-relating to discontinuity measurement and characterization. This Suggested Method, produced in 1978, is still very useful but now rather dated. Moreover, it is anticipated that this single Suggested Method will have to be split into several separate Suggested Methods as part of the revision. Since discontinuities are one of the most important aspects of rock mechanics and rock engineering, I should be delighted to hear from anyone who could contribute in this area. However, there is much work to be done in many subject areas, s o please do not hesitate to contact me with reference to any Suggested Method. I look forward to continuing this work with the colleagues already involved and with colleagues new to the Commission.

lish guidelines and recommendations for the design, excavation, and construction of tunnels in squeezing rocks. However, recognizing that most of the topics pertain to ongoing research, the following initial objectives were established: 1. Describe the phenomenon. 2. Find means of recognizing and classifying squeezing potential prior to and during excavation;

3. Investigate the influence of factors such as: in-situ stresses relative to rock mass strength; in-situ rock properties; failure mechanisms, exhibited at the onset and during development of squeezing.
4. Establish a prioritization process for ongoing studies. As a certain degree of overlap is possible, especially with the work carried out by other ISRM Commissions (Rock failure Mechanisms in Underground Openings, and Swelling Rock), the activities need to be well-coordinated and we intend to maintain a close cooperation with these Commissions. At the same time, given that the topics to be considered are closely related to tunnelling engineering (methods of excavation and construction; stabilization measures, including primary and final supports to suit the actual ground conditions encountered; continuous reassessment of the design criteria adopted by measurements and in-situ observations comparing actual with predicted ground behavior; ... are all subjects of interest), close communication needs to be established also with the International Tunnelling Association (ITA). Following the meeting in Aachen in 1991 and the renewal of the mandate, steps have been taken to revitalize the Commission. A number of new people have been asked to contribute to the work. It is hoped that the next Commission meeting, to be held in Chester, U.K. will allow most of the members to attend s o as to be able to implement the revitalization process. For this purpose, a paper is being prepared for discussion during the meeting.

Tunnelling in Squeezing Rock

(G. Barla, President)
Squeezing phenomena in tunnels have been described as "time-dependent movements that can occur in soil or rock as long as the stress conditions are such that the limiting shear stresses at which creep starts are exceeded." As in the case of swelling, squeezing is known to have caused tremendous problems in underground construction, with large closures and deformations developing in the surrounding ground, often leading to failure of the support and considerable delays in work completion. Cases such as the Gothard Tunnels (both the railroad tunnel, excavated between 1872 and 1882, and the neighboring road tunnel, built 100 years later) and Moffat Tunnel (in the Rocky Mountains) represent significant examples of the problems encountered when excavating in squeezing ground. A more recent case is the Karawanken Tunnel, between Austria and Slovenia, where significant squeezing phenomena were faced and very ingenious stabilization measures were needed when crossing a clay slate formation. The ISRM Commission on Tunnelling in Squeezing Rock was established with the objective of gaining insight into the squeezing phenomenon, recognizing that this is a very relevant engineering problem for most of the countries where tunnelling takes place in weak, complex rock formations andlor in highly stressed regions. It was agreed that the study of large deformations in rocks containing swelling clays would not be considered part of our mandate. This would be a responsibility of the Commission on Swelling Rock. However, the study of combined squeezing-swelling phenomena is considered to be within the interest of our Commission. The main purpose of the Commission should be to estab-

International Congress on Mine Design

In August 1993, t h e Department of Mining Engineering, Queens's University, will c e l e b r a t e it: 100th Anniversary. A major activity t o mark this celebration is a n International Congress on Mine Design h o s t e d by Queen's Mining. The objective of t h e Congress is to establish a forum in which state of the art technology, innovative mining practice and anticipated evolution of mining trends can be presented and discussed. The international scope of this forum will be used t o introduce global changes in technology which will shape t h e future of world mining into t h e next century. P a p e r s t o b e p r e s e n t e d a t t h e Plenary Session will d i s c u s s various c o n c e p t s of mine design from e a c h continent a n d specific regional problems t h u s promoting a global discussion of mining tech. nology. Technical s e s s i o n s e a c h d a y will communi c a t e advances in specific a r e a s of open pit a n d underground mining operations. Pre- a n d post-Congress t o u r s t o major underground mining operations s u c h a s Hem10 Mines, Inco Ltd, Falconbridge Ltd., a n d Kidd Creek Mines T o u r s t o o p e n pit o p e r a t i o n s will include Iron Ore Company of Canada, Wabush Mines, a n d Quebec Cartier Mining Company. A major t r a d e show, with displays of t h e latest in services, technology; light a n d heavy duty equip. ment will be held adjacent t o t h e Congress, with operating demonstrations of heavy equipment and automated machinery.

OBAYASHI

hen it comes to tunncling, Obayashi Corporation is a leader. Our methods include NATM, shield Tunneling Expert machine, and immersed tube. And we have experience in virtually every ground condition. No one knows more about TBM operation than Obayashi -because we have already drilled hundreds of kilometers of tunnels all over the world, and because of we maintain ongoing R&D and engineering programs to constantly improve our technology. Over the past century, Obayashi has earned a solid reputation for projects done well, on time, and within budget, including subsurface projects for storage facilities, power plants, dams, and waste disposal facilities. That's why, for undergound operations,the world looks up to Obayashi.

OBAYASHI CORPORATION
2-3 Kanda Tsukasa-cho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101, Japan Tel: +81-3-3219-9524 Fax: +81-3-3219-9527

II

For Additional Information Contact: Peter Scott Mining Engineering Department Queen's University Kingston, Ontario Canada K7L 3N6

a TESTING NEWS
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MTS is the leader in design and manufacture of high force load frames. MTS has produced over 100 different systems with load capacities over 2500 kN (550 kip). Recently delivered test systems have load ranges of 2500 kN (550 kip), 5000 kN (1 100 kip) and ioooo & I (2200 kip). But it's not just the force that's impressive. MTS Load Frames are engineered for the most precise alignment possible. And ihey're designed for years and years of trouble-free service in the most demanding situations. They can be adapted to different space requirements. And M T S can manufacture frames that are free-standing or mounted in a strong floor. If you're considering a high force load frame, talk to M T S and benefit from our extensive experience in this area.

For rock mechanics and concrete testing, nothing tops the performance of an M T S 815 Test System. It is the most technically advanced, versatile system available, with features engineered specifically to optirnize rock mechanics tests. Newly developed enhancements add toits capability and performance: Four channels of digital. control for complete system control from the PC. Specific application software for rock mechanics testing, both uniaxial and triaxial, custom and standard. Calculated variable input for more complex work. Temperature control refmements for both uniaxial and triaxial testing, including cooling. Triaxial extension capability for studies in which axial stress is less than confining stress. Ultrasonic testing and analysis package. Contact M T S for details.

New Teststar Workstation Ideal GeomechanicalTesting Tool

The new TestStar digital test controller is the ideal control system for your geomechanical testing applications. One reason: It makes testing so flexible and simple. That's because TestStar is software driven. You interface with the system (and the test) directly

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TestStar has a powerful programming library for preparing a variety of tests. Also, the powerful and flexible Testware-SX software package is available for designing tests in a step-by-step process. A new brochure describes the features and capabilities of the TestStar workstation. You'll want to review it if you're considering any new control electronics alternatives.

Comments and Letters

Progress in Preparations for the Eighth ISRM Congress
As the Council heard at a briefing during the Seventh ISRM Congress in Aachen last year, the Organizing Committee and the Executive Committee for the Eighth ISRM Congress, which is to be held in Tokyo in September 1995, were formed in June 1990 together with a Secretariat Subcommittee. The Treasurer Subcommittee was formed in October 1991 and the Academic Screening Subcommittee and Technical Program Subcommittee were formed in March 1992. All are now in active operation. Details of the topics to be covered at the Congress are given in Forthcoming Events later in this News Journal. As intended in the original plan, the Eighth Congress venue is to be the Nippon Convention Center in Tokyo, which has been reserved by provisional contract. Announcements are in active preparation and will be distributed to expected participants in September 1992. T4. Contribution of Failures and Incidents to the Progress of Rock Engineering (Hazard scenarios in rock engineering; criteria for the detection of incidents and failures; deterioration of darn foundations; instability of underground structures and rock slopes; case histories). Each session will include the contribution of a guest specialist on the theme, a general reporter, followed by the presentation of papers submitted to the Symposium. A final lecture will conclude the Symposium. Specialized workshops will also be organized, where guest speakers will introduce their own points of view, in order to promote discussion.The aim of these workshops is to operate at a high technical level, with sufficient time for discussion, criticism and argument. The workshops are as follows: W1. Uncertainty, Reliability and Risk. W2. Back Analysis in Rock Engineering. W3. Expert Systems as a Tool for Safety Evaluation. W4. Fluid-Rock Interaction and Grouting.

EUROCK '93
The theme of the 1993 ISRM Symposium is "Safety and Environmental Issues in Rock Engineering," Safety and environmental protection are important concerns of rock engineering and of ISRM. The Symposium will also be the EUROCK '93, the designation given yearly to a selected ISRM Conference taking place in Europe. This will be the second European symposium following EUROCK '92 in Chester, UK, and will take place 1993 June 21-24, organised by Sociedade Portuguesa d e Geotecnia (SPG), the ISRM NG Portugal, and sponsored by the National Laboratory of Civil Engineering (LNEC). The Symposium will take place at LNEC's conference centre in Lisbon. In most countries throughout the world, general interest in the safety of rock structures, and in the engineering aspects of rock mechanics concerning the geoenvironment, has risen significantly in recent years. The intent of the Symposium is to assess the state of the art in science and engineering aspects of rock mechanics in the areas referred to. Understanding the state of the art is essential for future developments in rock engineering. The Symposium is focused on specific themes, namely: T1. Modeling in Safety Evaluation (Methodologies for safety evaluation; simulation of discontinuous media; probabilistic methods; modeling and control of groundwater flow; models for mechanical and hydromechanical behaviour; dam foundations; interpretation of monitoring data). T2. Influence of the Environment in Rock Engineering (Global environmental effects; heat and mass transport in fractured rock; contaminant migration; waste disposal; underground storage of waste, hydrocarbons and energy; control of vibrations). T3. Stability of Large Underground Structures (Rock mass characterization techniques; rock salt mechanics; design of tunnels and caverns; blasting and TBMs; monitoring and data analysis; maintenance).

The workshops will be grouped into two simultaneous periods of two workshops each. Papers may be written and presented in any of the three official languages (English, French and German). Simultaneous translation from French and German into English will be provided. The specialized workshops will be in English only. There will be technical visits to dam sites and underground structures on 23 June. Two post-symposium tours will be organized. These tours will give the participants an opportunity to learn more about Portugal and Spain, its people and their culture, as well as the work being done in the field of rock mechanics. Indoor and outdoor space for exhibition of equipment and documentation will also be available. Social activities will include a reception by the Lisbon Municipality at Sao Jorge castle, a boat trip by night on the River Tagus, and a conference banquet. A full program of social activities and visits to places of historic importance around Lisbon will be arranged for those accompanying symposium participants. Abstracts should be received by the Organizing Committee at LNEC by 1992 September 30 and final papers must be received by 1993 February 28. [See Forthcoming Events for further details.]

Second International Workshop on Scale Effects in Rock Masses

This workshop which will follow EUROCK '93, 1993 June 25, comes three years after the first one, held in Loen, Norway. It is being organized by the ISRM Commission on Scale Effects in Rock Mechanics and is sponsored by the SPG and LNEC. The purpose is to provide an updated discussion of scale effects in the determination of rock mass properties that will assist the ISRM Commission in its final report.

Themes concern scale effects in the determination of: 1. Deformability and Strength of Rock Masses. 2. Internal Stresses in Rock Masses.

tion, whether the project being considered relates to precedent practice or non-precedent practice. Comprehensive Rock Engineering is an up-to-date and definitive reference work which summarizes, in five volumes our cumulative knowledge in rock mechanics and rock engineering, especially as it has developed over the past 30 years. Each volume covers a particular theme: Fundamentals; Analysis and Design; Rock Testing and Site Characterization; Excavation, Support and Monitoring; and Project Case Histories-which together, in about 4,000 pages, cover all the main aspects of rock mechanics and rock engineering. These volumes contain concise benchmark knowledge statements by many of the founding members of the rock engineering community. There are also numerous topical contributions describing the latest theoretical and practical design and construction methods. For the first time, the quintessence-we might even say the soul-of our subject can be found in one publication. In addition to all the other information, Comprehensive Rock Engineering contains a unique collection of case studiescovering many different varieties of rock engineering projects, from roads to dams to underground caverns to mines to radioactive waste disposal projects etc.-each with different critical requirements in terms of the engineering objectives and the rock environment. Complementing this particular volume edited by Professor Hoek and specifically devoted to case histories, some other case examples are included in chapters in other volumes as illustrative of the principles being explained. Never before has there been the opportunity to study s o much first-hand experience of major rock engineering projects gathered together in one publication source. Thus, the content of Comprehensive Rock Engineering provides an understanding of the scientific basis for all rock engineering and rock mechanics in one compendium. The application of this knowledge in the design office and the field will naturally be of importance for all future engineering works. This compendium should therefore be of interest to all ISRM members who, almost by definition, will be involved with rock engineering. Information on the contents of the volumes is outlined below:

3. Hydraulic Properties of Rock Masses.

Several topics are suggested: critical review of data on scale effects; experimental and theoretical studies on scale effects; definition of laws for the description of the variation of rock mass properties with test size; use of tests for estimating the properties of jointed rock masses, taking into account scale effects; case histories involving consideration of scale effects, either in design or emphasized by back analysis. Abstracts in English should be received no later than 1992/09/30. The authors will be notified of acceptance by 19921 11/15. Final papers must be received by 1993/02/28 in order to be published in the workshop proceedings. The official language is English. No simultaneous translation will be provided. Participants in the workshop and accompanying persons are entitled to the conference banquet and to a lunch. A program will be organized for persons accompanying participants.

Comprehensive Rock Engineering

A Major Knowledge Benchmark Statement For Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering J.A. Hudson & C.M. Hudson
A major reference work being prepared and due for publication in September 1992 is entitled Comprehensive Rock Engineering. This has been compiled as a state-of-the-art benchmark knowledge compendium presenting the world's current rock mechanics and rock engineering expertise after 30 years of development. The International Society for Rock Mechanics was founded almost 30 years ago to further the study and application of the then fledgling subject of rock mechanics, which had emerged a few years earlier as a specific discipline within the civil and mining engineering fields. Since then, the Society has flourished, enlarging its aims and activities for the encouragement of international collaboration and the exchange of ideas, leading to the enhancement of standards in rock mechanics practice, both in the academic and professional fields. Thus, this first edition of the ISRM News Journal is an appropriate medium to introduce this unique new reference source, Comprehensive Rock Engineering. The Editor-in-Chief is Professor J.A. Hudson of Imperial College, London; the Senior Editors are Professors E.T. Brown of the University of Queensland, C. Fairhurst of the University of Minnesota, and E. Hoek of the University of Toronto. This multi-volume publication produced by Pergamon Press presents the state-of-the-art in rock engineering and rock mechanics, with individual chapters written by over 200 of your colleagues from around the world. The editors were assisted in their selection of these internationally recognized authorities by an International Advisory Board drawn from 11 countries, s o that every continent was well represented. Therefore, the knowledge presented represents not only the state-of-the-art but also a truly international view of the key information that is required for any rock engineering applica-

Comprehensive Rock Engineering: Principles Practice & Projects

Editor-in Chief: Professor J.A. Hudson, Imperial College, University of London, U.K. Senior Editors: Professor E.T. Brown, University of Queensland, Australia; Professor C. Fairhurst, University of Minnesota, USA; Professor E. Hoek, University of Toronto, Canada
Description of the multi-volume reference publication

The topics covered in Comprehensive Rock Engineering have been systematically arranged in five volumes under these headings: 1. Fundamentals.

2. Analysis and Design Methods.

3. Rock Testing and Site Characterisation. 4. Excavations, Support and Monitoring.

5 . Surface and Underground Project Case Histories.

Typical chapters include a definition of the subject, an explanation of testing procedures, a discussion of the use of the topic, typical examples, a case study, a discussion of the applications of the topic, a note of any associated developments/difficulties, and a list of the most relevant references. Chapters are generally illustrated by clear diagrams and photographs, some in colour. Full details, with all the contents listed, can be obtained from Dr. H. McPherson, Pergamon Press, Headington Hill Hall, Oxford, OX3 OBW, UK

much too general. The themes are s o broadly defined that no topic is excluded. Also, the influence of the organizing country in selecting meeting chairmen, general reporters and session organizers is considered to be too great. The quality of general reports is also mediocre. The CFMR suggests that ISRM follow the example of the International Congresses on Large Dams, where the themes are limited to three or four, decided by all participating countries, and governed by official rules for the conduct of the Congress. One day of the Congress is set aside, exempt from the official rules for discussion of topics selected and arranged by the host country.

Suggestions For Improvements In ISRM

Received from the French Committee for Rock Mechanics (Le ComitC F r a n ~ a i s de Mkcanique des Roches-CFMR)
En ce qui concerne les am6liorations qui seraient 5 notre avis 5 apporter dans le fonctionnement et ]'organisation d e la sociCt6 internationale de mCcanique des roches, le conseil du CFMR a l'honneur d e vous faire part des quelques suggestions suivantes: 1. La prioriti! doit Etre accordke a l'am6lioration de la communication et de la circulation et de la diffusion de l'information au sein de l'ISRM,

2. Beaucoup trop de congrbs et de manifestations scientifiques sont actuellement organisees dans la mgme annee. Ceci a pour effet de limiter voire de diluer la participation des mecaniciens des roches 5 ces congres et ainsi de diminuer l'intCrEt des dkbats. L'ISRM devrait examiner de manibre plus selective les demandes de patronage qui lui sont adressees pour tel ou tel congrbs,
3. Les congrbs internationaux de mecanique des roches de 1'ISRM sont devenus beaucoup trop gCn6raux car les themes habituellement retenus sont suffisamment larges pour qu'aucun sujet ne soit finalment k a r t & .Le poids du pays organisateur est kgalement jug6 trop important dans le choix des presidents de seance, des rapporteurs et des animateurs. La qualitC des rapports generaux est d'ailleurs plutdt mediocre.
Le CFMR suggbre de prendre example sur le congrbs des grands barrages qui est limit6 5 trois ou quatre themes, decides par tous les pays participants, les actes du congrbs, pour aborder les sujets de son choix.. Le pays organisateur dispose d'une journCe, hors actes du congrbs, pour aborder les sujets de son choix. [Editorial translation follows] The CFMR is pleased to offer the following suggestions for improvements in the operation and organization of the International Society for Rock Mechanics. 1. Priority should be given to improvement of communication and to the circulation and distribution of information.

2. Too many conferences and scientific meetings are being organized in the same year. This effectively limits and, indeed, dilutes the participation of rock mechanicians at these meetings, thereby reducing the value of the discussions. ISRM should be more selective in its consideration of requests for sponsorship of the various meetings.
3. The International Congresses of ISRM have become

The Dean of Consulting -Companies in Japan

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Phone: 03-3208-3111 Fax: 03-3203-1251

MICRO-COMPUTER PROGRAMS FOR MODELLING SOIL,ROCK AND STRUCTURAL BEHAVIOR FLAC 2-Dcontinuum, expliat finite

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Agents in 14 countries worldwide,

All S u ~ ~ o r t i n Members g of the Society are listed in every is& of th&ros Journal, under a number of headings meant to describe the main activities in which they are engaged. Supporting Members who wish to be listed under another category (or categories) in the listing are requested to advise the Editor accordingly.

Supporting Members

A-SUPPLIERS OF ROCK MECHANICS EQUIPMENT AND MATERIALS

ALIVA LTD Widen, Switzerland APPLIED GEOMECHANICS INC. Santa Cruz, USA BEMEK Vallingby, Sweden BOART HARD METALS (EUROPE) LTD Shannon, Ireland GEOKON INC. Lebanon. USA GEOTECHNICAL SYSTEMS AUSTRALIA PTY LTD Bayswater, Australia GEOTRONICS AB Danderyd, Sweden Glotzl Rheinstetten, Germany INTERFELS Bad Bentheim, Germany LABORATORIO NACIONAL DE ENGENHARIA CIVIL (LIVEC) Lisboa, Portugal MINDATA PTY LTDSeaford, Australia MTS SYSTEMS CORPORATION Minneapolis, USA NENZI Segrate (Milano), Italy OYO CORPORATION Tokyo, Japan PAN COSMOS ENGINEERING CO. LTD Seoul, Korea ROCK INSTRUMENTS LTD EAST Sussex, UK ROCTEST LTD Montreal, Canada SLOPE INDICATOR CO. Seattle, USA SOILTEST INTERNATIONAL INC. Evanston, lL USA STRUCTURAL BEHAVIOR ENGINEERING LABORATORIES INC. Phoenix, USA SUH JEONTRADING CO. LTD.Seoul, Korea THE ROBBINS CO.Kent, USA TERRATEK SYSTEMS Salt Lake City, USA WIRTH GMBH Erkelenz. Germany

B-SUPPLIERS OF ROCK MECHANICS SERVICES

APPLIED GEOMECHANICS 1NC.Santa Cruz, US.4 BUREAU DE RECHERCHES GEOLOGIQUES ET MINIERES Paris. France CHAMBER OF MINES OF SOUTH AFRICA Johannesburg, South Africa CONSORZIO STUD! COSTRUZIONE FERROVIARIE Roma, Italy COYNE ET BELLlER Paris, France CTH-GEOTECHNIK Goteborg, Sweden DELFT GEOTECHNICS Delft. Netherlands GDS INSTRUMENTS LTD Egham, UK HAMEL GEOTECHNICAL CONSULTANTS Monroeville. USA INSTITUT FRANCAIS DU PETROLE RUElL Malmaison, France INSTITUT ZA VODOPRIVREDU "JAROSLAV CERNI" Beograd, Jugoslavia ISMES-INSTITUTO SPERIMENTALE MODELLI E STRUTTURE Bergamo, Italy LABORATOIRE CENTRAL DES PONTS ET CHAUSSEES Paris, France LABORATORIO NACIONAL DE ENGENHARIA CIVIL(LNEC) Lisboa. Portugal LEHRSTUHL FUR INGENIEURGEOLOGIE UND HYDROGEOLOGIE Aachen, Germany MECASOL Paris, France ROCK ENGINEERING PTY LTD Rosanna, Australia ROCK INSTRUMENTS LTD East Sussex, UK ROCTEST LTD Montreal, Canada SLOPE INDICATOR CO. Seattle. USA SNOWY MOUNTAINS ENG. CORPORATION Cooma North, Australia T E R M TECHNOLOGY CORP. Redmond, USA TOKYO CIVIL CONSULTANT TOKYO, Japan WIRTH GMBH Erkelenz, Germany

FUKKEN CHOSA SEKKEI CO. LTD. Hiroshima. Japan GEODATA SRL Torino, Italy GEOTECNA MILANO, PAVIA. Roma, Italy HAGCONSULT AB Stockholm, Sweden HAMEL GEOTECHNICAL CONSULTANTS Monroeville, USA HANSHIN CONSULTANTS CO. LTD. Osaka, Japan HARZ ENGINEERING CO. Chicago, USA HOKKAlDO ENGINEERING CONSULTANT COL LTD Hokkaido, Japan HOKUDEN INDUSTRY CO. LTD Toyama, Japan HOKUDEN KOGYO CO. INC. Hokkaido. Japan IDOWR ENGINEERING CO. LTD. Tokyo. Japan I.N.A. CIVIL ENGINEERING CONSULTANTS CO. LTD Tokyo. Japan INGENIEUR-GEOLOGISCHES INSTITUT Westheim, Germany ITASCA CONSULTING GROUP INC. Minneapolis, USA JOINT-STOCK CORP. Tokyo. Japan KAIHATSU DOBOKU CONSULTANTS CO. LTD Tokyo, Japan KAWASAKI GEOLOGICAL ENGINEERING Tokyo, Japan KISO-JIBAN CONSULTANTS CO. LTD Tokyo. Japan KOWA CHIKAKENSETSU CO. LTD Tokyo, Japan LAHMEYER INGENIEUR GMBH FrankfurtIMain, Germany LEHRSTUHL FCR INGENIEURGEOLOGIE UND HYDROGEOLOGIE Aachen, Germany MECASOL Paris, France MEIJI CONSULTANTS CO. LTD Tokyo. Japan MITSUBISHI MINING & CEMENT CO. LTD Tokyo, Japan NIHON PUBLIC ENGINEERING CO. LTD Tokyo, Japan NIPPON KOEI CO. LTD Tokyo. Japan NITRO CONSULT AB Stockholm, Sweden NITTETSU MINING CONSULTANTS CO. LTD Tokyo, Japan NMC METALS &DEVELOPMENT CO. LTD Tokyo, Japan NOTEBY Oslo, Norway SAM LIM CONSULTANT CO. LTD Seoul, Korea R SHIN POONG CO. LTD Seoul, Korea R SIMECSOL Paris. France SLOPE INDICATOR CO. Seattle, USA SNOWY MOUriTAINS ENG. CORPORATION Cooma North, Australia SOIL MECHANICS LTD Berkshire, UK SOLEXPERTS AG Schwerzenbach, Switzerland SONDOTECNICA ENGENHARIA DE SOLOS S.A. Rio d e Janeiro, Brazil STEFFEN. ROBERTSON & KlRSTEN INC. Johannesburg, South Africa STUDIO GEOTECNICO ITALIAN0 Milano, Torino, Italy SUMIKO CONSULTANTS CO. LTD Tokyo, Japan SUNCOH CONSULTANTS CO. LTD Tokyo, Japan TERRACON GEOTECHNIQUE LTD Leduc, Canada THE HYDRO-ELECTRIC COMMISSION Hobart, Australia THE NEW JAPAN ENGINEERING CONSULTANTS INC. Osaka, Japan TYRENS Stockholm. Sweden VBB AB Stockholm, Sweden WEST JAPAN ENGINEERING CONSULTANTS INC. Fukuoka, Japan YACHIYO ENGINEERING CO. LTD Tokyo, Japan

D-CONTRACTORS
AOKl CONSTRUCTION CO. LTD Osaka, Japan BESAB BETONGSPRUTNINGS AB Goteborg, Sweden CHEMICAL GROUTING CO. LTD Tokyo, Japan CHIZAKI KOGYO CO. LTD Tokyo, Japan CONSORZIO STUD1 COSTRUZIONI FERROVlARlE Roma, Italy CONSTRUCOES TECNICAS SARI Lisboa, Portugal DAIHO CONSTRUCTION CO. LTD Tokyo, Japan DIAMANT BOART Brussels, Belgium DIPENTA S.P.A. Roma, Italy DONG H M CONSTRUCTION CO. LTD Seoul, Korea R ENTREPRISE LEON BALLOT Paris. France FENIX & SCISSON INC. Tulsa, USA FORAKY Brussels. Belgium FWYKI S.A. Lihge, Belgium FUJITA CORPORATION Tokyo, Japan HAZAMA-GUM1 LTD Tokyo, Japan INDUBEL-INDUSTRIAS DE BETA0 S.A. Lisboa, Portugal JAPAN DEVELOPMENT &CONSTRUCTION CO. LTDTokyo. Japan KAJlMA CORPORATION Tokyo, Japan KONOIKE CONSTRUCTION CO. LTD Osaka, Japan MAEDA CONSTRUCTlON CO. LTD Tokyo, Japan MITSUI CONSTRUCTION CO. LTD Tokyo. Japan NlSHlMATSU CONSTRUCTION CO. LTD Tokyo, Japan

C-CONSULTANTS
BARRETT, FULLER &PARTNERS EAST Hawthorn, Australia BUREAU DE RECHERCHES GEOLOGIQUES ET MINIERES Paris. France CHUO KAIHATSU CORPORATION Tokyo, Japan CONSORZIO STUD1 COSTRUZIONE FERRlVIARlE Roma, Italy COYNE ET BELLlER Paris, France CTI ENGINEERING CO. LTD Tokyo, Japan DAR AL-HANDASAH CONSULTANTS London. UK DIA CONSULTANT CO. LTD Tokyo, Japan ELECTRlClDADE DE PORTUGAL Lisboa, Portugal ELECTROWATT ENGINEERING SERVICES LTD. Ziirich, Switzerland FENIX & SClSSON INC. Tulsa, USA

NITTOC CONSTRUCTIOK CO. LTD Tokyo, J a p a n OHBAYASHI-GUM1 LTD Tokyo, J a p a n PENTA-OCEAN CONSTRUCTION CO. LTD Tokyo. J a p a n S A T 0 KOGYO CO. LTD Tokyo, J a p a n SBBM-ET SIX CONSTRUCT BESlX Brussels, Belgium SHlMlZU CORPORATION Tokyo, J a p a n SKANSKA AB Danderyd, Sweden SLOPE INDICATOR CO. Seattle, USA SNCF Paris, France SOIL MECHANICS LTD Berkshire, UK SOLETANCHE Nanterre, France SONDAGES-INJECTIONS-FORAGES-BACHY Paris, France TAISEI CORPORATION Tokyo, J a p a n THE JAPAN ATOMIC POWER CO. Tokyo, J a p a n THE ZENlTAKA CORPORATION Osaka, J a p a n TOBISHIMA COPORATION Tokyo, J a p a n TODA CONSTRUCTION CO. Ltd Tokyo, J a p a n

E-ELECTRICITY SUPPLY COMPANIES

CHUGOKU ELECTRIC POWER CO. INC. Hiroshima. J a p a n ELECTRICIDADE DE PORTUGAL Lisboa, Portugal ELECTRICITE DE FRANCE Paris, France ELECTRIC POWER DEVELOPMENT CO. LTD Tokyo, J a p a n ENNSKRAFTWERKE AG Steyr. Austria HOKURIKU ELECTRIC POWER CO. INC. T o y a m a , J a p a n KRAFTBYGGARNA AB Ludvika, S w e d e n KYUSHU ELECTRIC POWER CO. INC. Fukuoka, J a p a n OSTERREICHISCHE DRAUKRAFTWERKE AG Klagenfurt, Austria POWER REACTOR AND NUCLEAR FUEL D.C. Tokyo, J a p a n SALZBURGER AG FUR ELEKTRIZITATSWIRTSCHAFT Salzburg, Austria SCHLUCHSEEWERKE AG Freiburg, G e r m a n y SHIKOKU ELECTRIC POWER CO. INC. Kagawa, J a p a n SWEDISH STATE POWER BOARD Vallingby, S w e d e n SYDKRAFT AB Malmo. Sweden THE CHUBU ELECTRIC POWER CO. INC. Nagoya, J a p a n THE HOKKAlDO ELECTRIC POWER CO. INC. Sapporo. J a p a n THE KANSM ELECTRIC POWER CO. INC. Osaka, J a p a n TOHOKU ELECTRIC POWER CO. INC. Sendai, J a p a n TOKYO ELECTRIC POWER CO. INC. Tokyo, J a p a n TOKYO ELECTRIC POWER SERVICES CO. LTD Tokyo, J a p a n VATTENFALL HYDROPOWER Ludvika, S w e d e n VORARLBERGER ILLWERKE AGBregenz, Austria

Zurich. Switzerland FUNDACAO CALOUSTE GULBENKIAN Lisboa, Portugal GRUPO ESPECIALIZADO DE GEOMECANICA DE LA ASOClACION NAClONAL DE INGENIEROS DE MINAS Madrid. Spain HAMEL GEOTECHNICAL CONSULTANTS Monroeville, USA INSTlTUT GEOTECHNIQUE DE L'ETAT Brussels. Belgium INSTlTUT NATIONAL DES INDUSTRIES EXTRACTIVES Liege. Belgium INSTlTUT ZA VODOPRlVREDU "JAROSLAV CERNI" Beograd, Jugoslavia ISMES-ISTITUTO SPERIMENTALE h4ODELLI E STRUTTURE Bergamo. ltaly KOREA HIGHWAY CORPORATION Kyeonggi-do. Korea R LABORATOlRE KCENTRAL DES PONTS ET CHAUSSEES Paris, France LABORATOlRE DE GEOLOGIE DE L'INGENIEUR Liege, Belgium LABORATORIO DE ENGENHARIA DE MACAU Macau, Macau LABORATORIO NACIONAL DE EKGENHARIA CIVIL (LNEC) Lisboa, Portugal MITSUBISHI MATERIALS CORPORATION-CENTRAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE Saitama. J a p a n NATIONAL SWEDISH ROAD AND TRAFFIC RESEARCH INSTITUTE-VTI Linkoping. S w e d e n NORWEGIAN ROAD RESEARCH LABOR4TORY Oslo. Norway OSTERREICHISCHES NATIONALKOMITEE DER INTERNATIONALEN TALSPERRENKOMMISSION WIEN, Austria SLOPE INDICATOR CO. Seattle, USA SOLEXPERTS AG Schwerzenbach. Switzerland SWEDISH DETONIC RESEARCH FOUNDATION-SVEDEFO Stockholm. Sweden SWEDISH ROCK ENGINEERING RESEARCH FOUNDATION-BEFO Stockholm. S w e d e n TAIWAN CONSTRUCTION TECHNOLOGY RESEARCH CENTER Taipei (Taiwan), China THE COAL MINING RESEARCH CENTRE Tokyo, J a p a n UNDERGROUND SPACE CENTER Minneapolis, USA UNITE DE RECHERCHES MECAROCHES F.P. MS Mons, Belgium

I-GOVERNMENT DEPARTMENTS
CHALMERS UNIV. OF TECHNOLOGY Goteborg, S w e d e n GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERING OFFICE Hong Kong INSTlTUT GEOTECHNIQUE DE L'ETAT Brussels, Belgium INSTlTUT NATIONAL DE L'EKVIROYNEMENT INDUSTRIEL ET DES RISQUES (INERIS) Verneuil e n Halatte, France LABORATORIO DE ENGENHARIA DE MACAU Macau LABORATORIO KACIONAL DE ENGENHARIA CIVIL (LNEC) Lisboa, Portugal LIBRARY SERIALS SECTION Ottawa, Canada LULEA UNlV. OF TECHNOLOGY Luie6. S w e d e n NATIONAL BRITISH LIBRARY London, UK ROCK MECHANICS INFORMATION SERVICE London, UK SERIALS-RMIT CEKTRAL LIBRARY Melbourne, Australia SKANSKA AB Danderyd. Sweden THE LIBRARY, UNIV. OF CANTERBURY Christchurch, New Zealand WATER BOARD Sydney. Australia

F-MINING COMPANIES
ALGOMA ORE DIVISION Wawa. C a n a d a BHP STEEL Wollongong, Australia BUREAU DE RECHERCHES GEOLOGIQUES ET MINIERES Paris, France COBAR MINES PTY LTD Cobar, Australia DOWA MINING CO. LTD Tokyo. J a p a n GOLD FIELDS OF SOUTH AFRICA LTD J o h a n n e s b u r g , South Africa INTEVEP S.A.Caracas. Venezuela LKAB L u l e i , Sweden MINES DE POTASSE D'ALSACE Mulhouse, France MITSUBISHI MINING &CEMENT CO. LTD Tokyo, J a p a n MITSUI MINING &SMELTING CO. LTD Tokyo, J a p a n MOUNT ISA MINES LTD Queensland. Australia PASMINCO MINING Broken Hill. Australia SVENSKT STAL-SSAB Grangesberg, S w e d e n THE AUSTRALASIAN INSTITUTE OF MINING & METALLURGY Parkville, Australia THE COAL MINING RESEARCH CENTRE Tokyo, J a p a n UNIOK MINIERE S.A. Brussels, Belgium UNION NATIONALE DES PRODUCTEURS DE GRANULATS Paris, France

J-OTHER SUPPORTING MEMBERS

BORETEC Solon, USA CRA ADVANCED TECHNICAL. DEVELOPMEKT Cannington, .Australia OY INDAU AB T a m p e r e , Finland RAPT-GO DOCUMENTATION Paris, France G Stockholm. Sweden SVENSK ~ R N B R & N S L E H A N T E R I N AB

G-EDITORS
A.A. BALKEMA Rotterdam, Netherlands PERGAMON PRESS LTD Oxford, UK TRANS TECH PUBLICATIONS Clausthat, Germany

H-RESEARCH ORGANIZATIONS
BHP STEEL Wollongong, Australia BUREAU DE RECHERCHES GEOLOGIQUES ET MINIERES Paris, France CENTRAL MINING RESEARCH STATION Dhanbad. India CHAMBER OF MINES OF SOUTH AFRICA Johannesburg. S o u t h Africa CONSORZIO STUD1 COSTRUZlONl FERROVIARIE Roma, Italy CSIRO DIV. OF GEOMECHANICS Melbourne, Australia FENIX & SCISSON INC Tulsa, USA FGU-SPECIALIZED GROUP OF SIA FOR UNDERGROUND CONSTRUCTION

FORTHCOMING EVENTS
CLASHES
A clash of dates can hurt your meeting. Please, check carefully the prebooked dates in the events calendar, and notify the ISRM (c/o the Secretariat), a s soon a s you know your conference dates, theme, and venue.

Prof. Marc A. Meyers, Dept of Applied Mechanics and Engineering Sciences, Univ. of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0411, USA. TLP: 11 /619/5344719 or 5347078(fax).

1992 September 14-17, Chester UK-Eurock

'92

ISRM SPONSORSHIP
Please apply early to the Secretariat for ISRM sponsorship, to help publicise your meeting. National, Regional, and International symposia, and the 4 yearly ISRM Congress, have different requirements for ISRM recognition, languages, etc. Details are given in ISRM By-Laws 4 and 5, reprinted in the annual ISRM Directory.

1992 September 10-11, Nancy FRANCE- Structure and Mechanical Behavior of Geomaterials
A conference in memory of Prof. Renk Houpert, organized the ENSG of and cO-s~onsored the CFMR (ISRM N G FRANCE). Themes: Theoretical Studies; Modeling; Laboratory Experiments; Field Observations; and Measurements. Topics: Geomaterials: soils, rocks, and conCrete; Structure: mineralogy, size of grains, texture, cracking, fissuration, and joints. L: English, French. TS: Papers 1992106115. Keynote lecturers: C. Fairhurst, B. Ladanyi, Y. Malier, and I. Vardoulakis. Fee: FRF 900. e Prof. Francoise Homand, INPL, ~ c o l Nationale Superieure de Gkologie, Lab. de Geom6canique, Rue du Doyen Marcel Roubault, B.P. 40, F-54501 Vandceuvre-les-Nancy Cedex, FRANCE. TLP: 33/83/503001, 503030, or 512312(fax); TLX: 961715 INPI.

The 1992 ISRM-Sponsored International Symposium, being also the 1st symposium in the EUROCK series, organized by the British Geotechnical Society (the ISRM N G UK). Theme: Rock Characterization. Topics: 1. Rock properties; 2. Site investigation; 3. Input to the design; 4. Monitoringlback analysis; 5. Rock engineering and the environment. L: English. Visits and tours within and around Chester, for delegates and accompanying persons, are being organized. A social program is being prepared. On September 10-12, field courses shall take place. On September 18-20,Four post-symposium tours to different parts of the U K are foreseen. The 1992 ISRM Board, Council, and Commission Meetings will be held on September 12-13, in conjunction with this symposium. Prof. j.A. Hudson, EUROCK '92, Dept of Mineral Resources Engineering, Imperial College of Science, Technology, and Medicine, London SW7 2BP, UK. TLP: 441711 15895111 or 707/375912(fax). Prof. J.A. Hudson, 7 The Quadrangle, Welwyn Garden City, Herts AL8 6SG, UK.

1992 September 16-18, Laibach SLOVENIA-1st International Symposium on Tunnel Construction and Underground Structures
Organized by the Univ. of Ljubljana. Topics: 1 Geotechnics: 1.1 Research required for various levels of design and construction; 1.2 Design based on research results; 1.3 Monitoring and geotechnical consulting; 1.4 Experience analysis of the structures completed; 2 Construction of Tunnels and Underground Structures: 2.1 Road and railway, and hydro-technical structures; 2.2 Warehouses, garages, shelters, and underground waste disp o s a l ~as , well as shafts, and others; 2.3 Construction technology and construction stages (excavations, blasting, supporting systems, ventilation, automatization); 2.4 Remedial works and reconstruction; 2.5 Construction site servicing; 3 Materials and Work Technology: 3.1 Materials (concrete, composed material, bolts and reinforcement, metal lining, and waterproofing, grout materials); 3.2 Building-in technology (shotcrete and cast concrete prefabrication, grouting, bolting, anti-corrosion protection, drainages, final works); 3.3 Shuttering; 3.4 Quality control of materials and building-in; 4 Ecology and Safety: 4.1 Ecological aspects of underground structures; 4.2 Ecological protection of the environment (technical solutions and interventions); 4.3 Traffic safety and equipment. L: English, German, Slovene. TS: Proceedings 1992/07/15. Two half-day study tours (to the Karavanke tunnel and to the Hrastnik brown coal mine) and a social program are being prepared. Fee: DEM 290 (+DEM 60 after 19920630);DEM 100 (+DEM 50) for accompanying persons; DEM 150 (+DEM 50) for students. Mr. Boris Mikos, Civil Eng., President, Cestni Inzeniring, Titova 64, YU-61000 Ljubljana, CjLOVENIA. TLP: 38161,32386; . . or 319995(fax). KOMPAS Congresses and Special Events, Prazakova 4, YU-61000 Liubliana, SLOVENIA. TLP: 381611319445 or 319888(fax); TLX:31209 KOMPAS.

1992 September 13-16, Maseru LESOTHO-TUNCON '92

A conference, organized by the S African National Council on Tunnelling, and CO-sponsoredby the SANGORM (the ISRM N G S AFRICA). Theme: Design and Construction of Tunnels. Topics: Planning, subsurface investigation, design, construction, operation, and maintenance. L: English. TS: Final papers 1992107115. On September 17-18, visits to the Lesotho Highlands Water Project, including day trips to the Katse Dam and to the major tunnelling sites, shall take place. 2-5-day postconference tours, including visits to the Drakensberg Pumped Storage Scheme, a mine in the Eastern Transvaal, and the Hendrik Verwoerd Dam, are foreseen. The Conference Secretary, 'I'UNCON '92, Private Bag A274, LS-100 Maseru, LESOTHO. TLP: 2711 114871556 or 4871512(fax).

1992 September 14-16, La Jolla C A USA- Symposium on Shear Instabilities and Viscoplasticity Theories
The 29th Annual Technical Meeting of the Society of Engineering Science. TS: Papers 1992/08/31. Prof. R.C. Batra, Dept of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering and Engineering Mechanics, Univ. of Missouri-Rolla, 65401-0249? TLP: C3l4) 341-4589 Or 341-4607(fax)' Prof. R.W. Armstrong, Dept of Mechanical Engineering, Univ. of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA. TLP: 1/301/4052410 or 3149477(fax). Dr. Thomas W. Wright, Ballistic Research Lab., Attn: SLCBR-TB-W, Aberdeen Proving Ground, M D 21005-5066, USA. TLP: 1/410/2786046 or 2786952(fax).

1992 September 16-19,Tokyo JAPAN GEOTECH '92

The 2nd International Underground Space Development and Engineering Exhibition and Symposium. World Import Mart Co. Ltd, 3-1-3 Higashi-Ikebukuro, Toshima-Ku, 5-170 Tokyo, JAPAN. L. Roy Wilson Associates Ltd, 8A West Smithfield, London EClA 9JR, UK. TLP: 44-71-3290588,3290589,3290590(fax), or 3291590(fax).

A conference and exhibition. American Underground~ Space Association, 51 1 Eleventh Avenue South, B O 320, Minneapolis, MN 55415, USA. TLP: 1/612/3395403 (also f a ) .

1992 October 04-07, Washington DC USASociety of Petroleum Engineers Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition. 1992 october 08-09, salzburg A U S T R I A - X L I ~ ~ Geomechanics Colloquy
Organized by the ~sterreichische Gesellschaft fur Geomechanik (the ISRM N G AUSTRIA). Themes: 1. Disposal and Storage of Dangerous Waste: a) Geotechnical aspects; b) Technical concepts; 2. Traffic Tunnel Construction; 3. Brief Reports from Practice. L: English, German (simul. transl.). ~sterreichische Gesellschaft fur Geomechanik, Paracelsusstr. 21111, A-5020 Salzburg, AUSTRIA. TLP: 43166218755 19(also f a ) .

1992 September 20-25, Beijing CHINA-1st International Conference on Modern Process Mineralogy & Mineral Processing
L: English. Technical tours to various mining and metallurgical establishments, incorporating trips to tourist and historical sites, are being organized. Conference Officer, Mr Chen Getao, The Nonferrous Metals Society of China, B12, Fuxing Road, TJ-100814 Beijing, CHINA. TLP: 86/1/8014477, Ext. 6021,6022, or 6012, or 8015368(fax); TLX: 22086 CNIEC.

1992 October 13-15, Briinn CZECHOSLOVAKIA20th Foundation Engineering Meeting (Brno 1992)
Dum Techniky CS VTS, Mrs Magda Kytnerovk, P.O. Box 88, CS-65688 Brno, CZECHOSLOVAKIA.

1992 September 21-24, Dresden GERMANYGerman Meeting on Construction Sites

Organized by the DGEG (ISRM N G GERMANY).

1992 September 29-30, Paris FRANCEGeotechnics and Computers

An international conference, organized by L'~cole Nationale des Ponts et Chausskes. Themes: Computer applications for: Execution, transmission, and interpretation of measurements; Analysis of cartographic and geotechnical data, data bases; Expert systems and EDP supported teaching; Modeling of the behavior of soil and rock. Direction: Prof. Schlosser.

1992 October 21-23, Norman O K USA-Recent Accomplishments and Future Trends in Geomechanics in the 21st Century
A USA-CANADA workshop, supported by the Geomechanical, Geotechnical, and Geo-Environmental Program in the Directorate of Engineering, National Science Foundation, USA, sponsored by the IACMAG, and consisting of presentations, position papers, and discussions by an invited group of researchers and practitioners, as well as panel discussions. Fee: USD 150 for observers. Prof. M. Musharraf Zaman, Co-chair, School of Civil Engineering and Environmental Science, The Univ. of Oklahoma, 202 West Boyd Street, Room 334, Norman, OK 73019-0631, USA. TLP: 1/405/3255911 or 3257508(fax). Prof. A.P.S. Selvadurai, Co-chair, Dept of Civil Engineering, Carleton Univ., Ottawa, Ont. K1S 5B6, CANADA. TLP: 1161317885784 or 7883951(fax).

1992 S e ~ t e m b e r Granada . SPAIN-60th Executive Meeting

ICOLD

A symposium will be held in conjunction with this event. Several pre- and post-Executive Meeting study tours in Portugal and Spain are being organized.

1992 September, Johannesburg S AFRICA-Coal Mining in Southern Africa 1992 September, Johannesburg S AFRICAUnderground Massive Mining Methods,
An event organized by the SAIMM.

1992 November 03-07, Caracas VENEZUELA-25 Years of Geotechnical Experiences in the Caracas Subway
The XIIth Venezuelan Congress on Geotechnique, organized bv the Sociedad Venezolana de MecAnica del Sue10 e lngenie;ia de Fundaciones (ISRM N G VENEZUELA). SVMSIF, Ing. P. de Marco, A.P. 4074, W-1010 Caracas, VENEZUELA. TLP: 58/21 15713824 or 7517120(fax).

1992 October 01-02, Jakarta INDONESIAApplications of Geosynthetic Technology

An international symposium. Topics: Design & analysis, Installation & construction, Functions, ~erformande, Specification, Testing, New application areas, etc. TS: Acceptance 1992106130; Papers 1992108115. A visit to a construction site will be organized. A desk-top exhibition is being prepared. A social and an accompanying persons program are foreseen. Fee: SGD 690; SGD 600 for authors; SGP 300 for accompanying persons. Symposium Director, Engr. John S.Y. Tan, CI-Premier Pte Ltd, 150 Orchard Road #07-14, Orchard Plaza, SGP-0923 SINGAPORE. TLP: 65117332922 or 2353530(fax); TLX: 33205 FAIRCO.

1992 November 04-05, Aachen GERMANY-10th National Rock Mechanics Symposium

Organized by the DGEG (ISRM N G GERMANY). Deutsche Gesellschaft fur Erd- und Grundbau e.V., Hohenzollernstr. 52, D-4300 Essen 1, GERMANY. TLP: 4912011782723.

1992 October 03-08, Boston M A USA-The Future of the Underground Industry in North America

1992 November 04-06, SINGAPORE-2nd International Conference on Deep Foundation Practice

Incorporating Piletalk International '92. TS: Acceptance 1992/07/01; Papers 1992/09/01. On November 7, a half-day visit to a construction site, and, on November 7-8, a study visit to Kuala Lumpur MALAYSIA, will be organized. A table top exhibition is being prepared. A social program and an accompanying persons program are foreseen. Fee: SGD 620; SGD 575 for authors; SGP 290 for accompanying persons. The L &M Young Foundation Engineer (below the age of 35) Award will be presented in conjunction with this conference. Engr John S.Y. Tan, Conference Director, CI-Premier Pte Ltd, 150 Orchard Road #07-14, Orchard Plaza, SGP-0923 Singapore, TLP: 6517332922 or 2353530(fax); TLX: 33205 FAIRCO.

1992 November 09-13. Vienna AUSTRIA-2nd International Conference of the Fracture and Damage of Concrete and Rocks (FDCR2)
Organized by the Inst. fiir Mechanik at the Technische Univ. Wien. 2 seminars on The Demolition, Re-Utilization, and Deposition of Constructions, as well as on anchorages will be held in conjunction with this conference. TS: Papers 1992/07/31. Dozent Dr H.P. Rossmanith, Inst. fur Mechanik, Technische Univ. Wien, Wiedner Hauptstr. 8-101325,A-1040 Wien, AUSTRIA. TLP: 43122215880155 14, 588015519, or 5875863(fax).

1992 November 11-13, Fukuoka JAPAN-IS Kyushu '92, International Symposium on Earth Reinforcement Practice
Topics: Materials; Analysis, design, and testing methods; Construction practices; Monitoring systems. L: English. Secretariat of IS Kyushu '92: Prof. Hidetoshi Ochiai, Dept of Civil Engineering (Suiko), Kyushu Univ., Hakozaki, 5-812 Fukuoka, JAPAN. TLP: 81/92/6411101 Ext. 5212 or 5232, or 6415195(fax).

hazard zoning, mapping, data interpretation, hemispherical projection techniques, laboratory testing and constitutive modeling, in-situ rock mass properties and stresses, ground water flows, permeability and water pressures, rock mass classification and evaluation of design parameters, rock creep, and scale effects); 2-Drilling and Blasting, Techniques-Innovative Approaches (Innovations in drilling techniques, blast designs, controlled blasting, pre-splitting, smoothwall blasting, mechanism of fragmentation by blasting, vibrations); 3-Slope-Stability Analysis (Limit equilibrium methods, including the variational approach, numerical methods, probabilistic approaches, applications of block theory, response to seismic effects, prediction of plasticlyield zones, progressive failure, creep consideration, factor of safety); 4Rock Anchoring, Other Stabilizing Methods, and Drainage (Anchoring system design, testing, and installation, grouting and shotcreting, geotextiles and wire mesh canopies in slope stability, gabion structures, and rock berms, surface and subsurface drainage techniques, their maintenance, economies); 5-Slope Monitoring and Instrumentation (Seepagelwater pressure measurements and control, stresses and deformation recording, slope profile measurement, detection of slip planeslyielding zones, tension crack propagation and monitoring, slippages of anchors, and loss in anchor tension, early warning systems); 6-Special Problems of Opencast Mining (Analysis and design of open pit slopes. geomechanical inputs and data collection, slope monitoring, corrective measures for unstable slopes, design of slope tips/dumps, and tailings, case studies). L: English. An exhibition of equipment is being organized. A program for accompanying persons, as well as study tours and a post symposium tour, will be arranged. Shri C.V.J. Varma, Organizing Secretary, Regional Symposium on Rock Slopes-India, The Committee of the International Society for Rock Mechanics, Plot No. 4, Institutional Area, Off Malcha Marg, Chanakyapuri, IND-110021 New Delhi, INDIA. TLP: 9111 1/3015984 or 3016347(fax); TLX: 66415 CBIP; TLG: CENBIP (ND).

1992 November 24-26, Base1 SWITZERLANDIntertunnel '92

An international exhibition and conference for tunnelling and underground excavation. Mr Roy Seager, Mack-Brooks Group, Forum Place, Hatfield, Herts ALlO ORN, UK. TLP: 44/707/275641 or 275544(fax).

1992, AFRICA-2nd African Young Geotechnical Engineers Conference 1992, COLOMBIA-Fifth Colombian Congress on Geotechnique
Organized by the Sociedad Colombiana d e Geotecnia (ISRM N G COLOMBIA). Sociedad Colombiana de Geotecnia, R.A. 057045, BogotA, COLOMBIA. TLP: 571112924695 or 2923484(fax) (Sika Andina); TLX: 41263 SIKA.

1992 November, NeuchBtel SWITZERLANDUnderground Constructions and Geotechnique,

A meeting and excursion, organized by the SGBF ( NG SWITZERLAND) and the FGU (ITA NG SWITZERLAND). Schweizerische Gesellschaft fur Boden und Felsmechanik, ETH-Honggerberg, CH-8093 Zurich, SWITZERLAND. TLP: 41/1/371-6656.

1992, Johannesburg S AFRICA-Mechanical Properties of Rocks and Rock Masses

A module of the course, organized by the Mining Eng. Dept of the Witwatersrand Univ., giving access to the Chamber of Mines Certificate in Advanced Rock Engineering.

1992 December 07-1 1, New Delhi INDIAInternational Symposium o n Rock Slopes

An ISRM-Sponsored Regional Symposium, organized by The Committee of the International Society for Rock Mechanics (India) (the ISRM NG INDIA), and CO-sponsoredby the Central Board of Irrigation and Power. Themes: 1Geotechnical Parameters, Geological Aspects, Investigations, and Data Interpretation (Geological investigations, including

1992, Johannesburg S AFRICA-Numerical Modelling Techniques in Rock Engineering

A module of the course, organized by the Mining Engineering Dept of Witwatersrand Univ., giving access to the Chamber of Mines Certificate in Advanced Rock Engineering.

1992, Johannesburg S AFRICA-Design and Layout of Underground Mine Excavations

A module of the course, organized by the Mining

Engineering Dept of the Witwatersrand Univ., giving access to the Chamber of Mines Certificate in Advanced Rock Engineering.

engineering construction sites will be arranged, including to Cappadocia, with its underground cities, which are unique examples of rock engineering in ancient times. Prof. A. Giinhan Paamehmetoglu, Middle East Technical Univ. ( O D T ~ Dept , of Mining Engineering, TR-06531 Ankara, TURKEY. TLP: 90/4/2237100, Ext. 2654, or 2233054(fax); TLX: 42761 ODTK.

1992, Johannesburg S AFRICA-Surface Subsidence Due to Underground Mining

A module of the course, organized by the Mining Engineering Dept of the Witwatersrand Univ., giving access to the Chamber of Mines Certificate in Advanced Rock Engineering.

1992, Rustenburg S AFRICA-Rock in Bushveld Rocks

Engineering

1993 April 12-14, Denver CO USA-SPE Rocky Mountain Regional Meeting & Exhibition, and Low Permeability Reservoirs Symposium 1993 April 18 and 21, Amsterdam NETHERLANDS19th ITA Annual Meeting
To be held in conjunction with the International Congress "Options for Tunnelling". Mr. Claude Berenguier, ITAJAITES Secretariat, 109, AV. Salvador Allende, F-69500 Bron, FRANCE. TLP: 331781260455 or 264039(fax); TLX: 370008 CETELYON.

A symposium, organized by SANGORM (NG S. AFRICA).

1993 January 04-08, ,950 Paulo SP BRAZIL-PACAM I11

The 3rd Pan American Congress of Applied Mechanics. L: English, Portuguese, and Spanish. TS: Acceptance1992/06/01. A social program is being prepared. Prof. M.R.M. Crespo da Silva, Dept of Mechanical Engng, Aeronautical Engng, and Mechanics, Rensselaer Polytechnic Inst., Troy, N Y 12180-3590, USA. Prof. C.E.N. Mazzilli, Dep.0 de Engenharia de Estruturas e FundaqGes, Escola Politkcnica-USP, AV. Prof. Mello Moraes, 2373, BR-05598 S5o Paulo, SP, BRAZIL.

1993 April 19-22, Amsterdam NETHERLANDSOptions for Tunnelling

An international congress, organized by the Tunnelling and Underground Works Div. of the Royal Institution of Engineers in the Netherlands, and sponsored by the ITA. Topics: A-Soft Ground Tunnelling: l-Cut and cover methods; 2-Underground methods; 3-Immersed tunnels; 4Comparative case studies; B-Rock Tunnels: 1Conventionally driven tunnels (in hard rocks, using drill-andblast excavation; technical developments in the design and construction of lining systems, and integration with the rock surround); 2-Mechanically driven tunnels (using road headers, conventional TBMs, and shielded TBMs; TBM equipment, especially the automation and robotization; design and construction of the lining and supports as an integrated system with the TBM); 3-Comparative case studies (in choosing between several options for tunnelling; examples are: suitability and applicability of drill-and-blast versus mechanized methods, excavation and lining optimization methods, use of one-pass lining methods versus initial excavation support and subsequent cast in situ linings); C-Submerged Floating Tunnels; D-General Topics: l-Cost optimization; 2(Private) financing of tunnels; 3-Research (on soft ground, rock, and structural behasrior, equipment, and excavation, with particular reference to integrated excavation and lining systems). L: English. TS: Papers-1992/11/01. An exhibition, presenting research institutes, consulting engineers, contractors, and suppliers of equipment for tunnelling and underground works, will be held. Technical excursions to at least 3 tunnels under construction are being organized. Tours for accompanying persons are foreseen. OFT 1993, c/o Congress Office KIvI, P.O. Box 30424, NL2500 GK The Hague, NETHERLANDS. TLP: 31/70/3919890 or 3919840(fax).

1993 February 08-11, Wollongong NSW AUSTRALIAInternational Conference on Environmental Management-Geo-Water and Engineering Aspects.
Dr. M. Sivakumar, Dept of Civil &Mining Engineering, Univ. of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2500, AUSTRALIA. TLP: 61/42/213055 or 213238(fax). Mrs. Margaret Prendergast, Conference Coordinator, ITC Training &Education Div., Northfields Ave, PO Box 2112, Wollongong, NSW 2500, AUSTRALIA. TLP: 611421268884 or 268954(fax).

1993 February 15, Reno NV USA-American of Mining, Metallurgical, and Petroleum Engineers Annual Meeting

Inst.

1993 February 28-March 03, New Orleans L A USA-SPE Symposium o n Reservoir Simulation 1993 February, Dallas TX USA-SPE/IADC Drilling Conference 1993 March, Ventura CA USA-SPE Regional Meeting & Exhibition Western

1993 April 05-07, Istanbul TURKEY-International Symposium on Assessment and Prevention of Failure Phenomena in Rock Engineering
An ISRM-Sponsored Regional Symposium, organized by the Turkish National Society for Rock Mechanics (ISRM N G TURKEY), the Japan Rock Mechanics Group (ISRM N G JAPAN), and the Chamber of Mining Engineers of Turkey. Themes: 1Failure Phenomena and Their Mechanism: Model tests; Surface structures (slopes, foundations, dams); Underground openings; 2-Theoretical Approaches: Strain localization; Fracture mechanics; Damage mechanics; Plasticity and visco-plasticity theory; 3-Numerical Approaches: Finite element method; Boundary element method; Other methods; 4--Case Studies: Slopes and open-pit mines; Foundations; Dams; Tunnels; Underground caverns; Underground mining. L: English. TS: Papers 1992/09/30. Post-symposium tours to mine and civil

1993 May 02-06, Niagara-on-the-LakeOntario, CANADA-Shotcrete for Underground Support V 1

A conference, organized by the Engineering Foundation, in co-operation with the Canadian Rock Mechanics Association (CARMA, ISRM N G CANADA), and the Tunnelling Association of Canada (ITA N G CANADA). Topics: Design of Shotcrete for Tunnel Support; Dry-Mix Process Developments; Wet-Mix Process Developments; Shotcrete Additives-the Chemistry of Shotcrete; Reinforcement in Shotcrete; Case

Histories; Robotics and Shotcreting; Soil Nailing-Shotcrete for Ground Support. Mr. Charles V. Freiman, Director, Engineering Foundation, 345 East 47th Street, New York, NY 10017, USA. TLP: 1/212/7057835 or 7057441(fax). Abstracts: Prof. David F. Wood, Conference Chair, Univ. of Toronto, Sudbury, Ont., CANADA. TLP. (705) 673-6532(fax).

Finn, G. Gazetas, A. Hendron J., M. Jamiolkowski, I.K. Lee, K.R. Massarch, J. Mitchell, and T. Yamanouchi. Dr. Shamsher Prakash, Conference Chairman, I11 CHGE, 308 Dept of Civil Engineering, Univ. of Missouri-Rolla, Rolla, MO 65401-0249, USA. TLP: 1131413414489or 3414729(fax).

1993 June 08-10, Montpelier FRANCE-Geology and Confinement of Toxic Wastes

An IAEG-sponsored international sympbsium, organized by the Comitit F r a n ~ a i s de GCologie de 1'IngCnieur (IAEG N G FRANCE), and the Bureau d e Recherches Gkologiques et MiniPres. Themes: 1. Evaluation of Waste-Confinement Performance in Geological Strata: "Natural Geological Barriers"; 2. Improvement of Containment with Treated Geomaterials; 3. Covering and Isolating Disposal-Site Surfaces; 4. Systems for Monitoring and Controlling Confinement Security; 5. Deep-Seated Underground Disposal and Confinement. TS: Abstracts. 1992106115. 2 round tables (one on regulations, one on communication), an exhibition, and a site visit (on June 11) are foreseen. Mr. M. Barres, Sec. Gal. du ComitC d'organisation, B.R.G.M. (4S/ENV.), B.P. 6009, F-45060 OrlCans CCdex 2, FRANCE. TLP: 331381643414, 643534 (Scientific SecretariatMr B. C6me), or 643013(fax).

1993 May 05-08, Cologne GERMANY-Geotechnica

An international speciality fair and congress for geosciences and geotechnique.

1993 May 24-28, Xian CHINA-ACMIRME '93

The International Symposium on Application of Computer Methods in Rock Mechanics and Engineering, CO-sponsoredby the Committee on Mathematical &Physical Modeling of the Chinese Society for Rock Mechanics and Engineering (ISRM N G CHINA), and the International Association for Computer Methods and Advances in Geomechanics (IACMAG). Themes: Numerical and analytical methods and applications in: tunnelling and underground openings, dams, slopes and foundations, mining engineering; Mechanical behavior of rocks and joints-modeling and applications in computer procedures; Physical and computer modeling; Comparison of model tests, measurements, and computer analysis; Field measurement and monitoring techniques, instruments, data processing, and utilization; Inverse problems, including back analysis; Optimization techniques; Computer codes in geomechanics, including numerical analysis, expert systems, CADICAM; Use of microcomputers and personal computers. L: English. TS: Papers-1992/09/30; Final acceptance-1992/10/30. A small tabletop exhibition of publications, instruments, software, and hardware relevant to symposium themes, is being organized. Prof. Liu Huaiheng, ACMIRME 93, Xian Inst. of Mining & Technology, 14 Yanta Road, TJ-710054 Xian (Shaanxi), CHINA. TLP: 861291752034, 752056, or 71 1585(fax). Prof. Zhou Wei Yuan, Dept of Hydroelectric Engineering, Tsinghua Univ., TJ-100084 Beijing, CHINA. TLP: 86/1/2552451, 2553626, or 2562768(fax).

1993 June 2 1-24, Lisbon PORTUGAL-Eurock '93, ISRM-Sponsored International Symposium

This will be the 2nd symposium in the EUROCK series, organized by the Sociedade Portuguesa de Geotecnia (the ISRM N G PORTUGAL), and sponsored by the Laborat6rio Nacional de Engenharia Civil (LNEC), in conjunction with the 2nd International Workshop on Scale Effects in Rock Masses (June 25). Theme: Safety and Environmental Issues in Rock Engineering. Topics: T1. Modeling in Safety Evaluation (Methodologies for safety evaluation; Simulation of discontinuous media; Probabilistic methods; Modeling and control of groundwater flow; Models for mechanical and hydromechanical behavior; Dam foundations; Interpretation of monitoring data); T2. Influence of the Environment in Rock Engineering (Global environmental effects; Heat and mass transport in fractured rocks; Contaminant migration; Waste disposal; Underground storage of waste, hydrocarbons, and energy; Control of vibrations); T3. Stability of Large Underground Structures (Rock mass characterization techniques; Rock salt mechanics; Design of tunnels and caverns; Blasting and TBMs; Monitoring and data analysis; Maintenance); T4. Contribution of Failures and Incidents to the Progress of Rock Engineering (Hazard scenarios in rock engineering; Criteria for the detection of incidents and failures; Deterioration of dam foundations; Instability of underground structures and rock slopes; Case histories). L: English, French, German (simul. transl. into English). Specialized workshops: W1. Uncertainty, Reliability, and Risk; W2. Back-Analysis in Rock Engineering; W3. ExpertSystems As a Tool for Safety Evaluation; W4. Fluid Rock Interaction and Grouting. Workshop L: English. TS: Abstracts (about 300 words; 2 fig. max.), 1992/09/30;Acceptance. 1992/11/15; Bulletin No. 2-1992 December; Papers1993/02/28. On June 23,4 full- and half-day technical tours to the Aguieira and Caste10 do Bode arch dams, the Neves-Corvo underground mine, the Lisbon subway, and the LNEC, are being organized. A technical exhibition of equipment and documentation is foreseen. A social program, as well as a full program for accompanying persons is being prepared. Post-symposium tours, starting on June 26, will be organized. Fee: ECU 420 (+20%after 19930415); ECU 210 (+20%) for students; ECU

1993 June 01-06, St Louis M O USA-3rd International Conference on Case Histories in Geotechnical Engineering,
Organized by the Univ. of Missouri-Rolla. Themes: 1. Case Histories of Foundations; 2. Case Histories of Slopes, Dams, and Embankments; 3. Case Histories of the Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering; 4. Case Histories of Man-Made Vibration Problems; 5. Case Histories of Retaining Structures and Deep Excavations; 6. Case Histories of Geological Engineering and Rock Engineering; 7. Case Histories of Soil Improvement, Geosynthetics, Dynamic Compaction, Vibroflotation, Blasting, and Other Methods; 8. Case Histories of Forensic Engineering "Case Histories Where Things Went Wrong"; 9. Case Histories of Geo-Economy-Adequate Geotechnical Solution; 10. Case Histories of Geotechnical and Hydrological Management of Solid, Hazardous, and Low-Level Radioactive Wastes; 11. Case Histories of Geotechnical and Hydrological Remediation of Solid, Hazardous, and Low-Level Radioactive Wastes; 12. Case Histories of Liner and Final Cover Systems for Solid, Hazardous, and Low-Level Radioactive Waste Manage Facilities; 13. Case Histories of New Solutions to Traditional Geotechnical Problems. State-ofthe-art lecturers: J.B. Cooke, D. Daniel, M.T. Davisson, W.D.L.

180 (+20%)for accompanying persons. The 1993 lSRM Board, Council, and Commission Meetings will be held on June 19-20, in conjunction with this symposium. Mr. Luis Ribeiro e Sousa, EUROCK '93, c/o LNEC, AV,do Brasil, 101, P-1799 Lisboa Codex, PORTUGAL. TLP: 351/1/8482131 or 897660(fax); TLX: 16760 LNEC.

technical Applications. TS: Abstracts. 1992/09/30; Acceptance. 1992/11/30; Papers. 1993/02/15. Field trips to renowned geological and engineering sites are planned. Social events, and activities for accompanying persons are being organized. Prof. Bezalel C. Haimson, Chairman, 34th U.S. Rock Mechanics Symposium, Geological Engineering Program, Dept of Materials Science and Engineering, The College of Engineering, Univ. of Wisconsin-Madison, 1509 University Ave, Madison, W 1 53706, USA. TLP: 1/608/262-0155,262-1478, 262302 l , or 262-8353(fax).

1993 June 25, Lisbon PORTUGAL-2nd International Workshop on Scale Effects in Rock Masses
Organized by the ISRM Commission on Scale Effects in Rock Mechanics, and sponsored by the Sociedade Portuguesa de Geotecnia (ISRM N G PORTUGAL), and the Laborat6rio Nacional de Engenharia Civil (LNEC), in conjunction with the EUROCK '93 symposium (June 21-24). Themes: Scale Effects in the Determination of the: 1. Deformability and Strength of Rock Masses; 2. Internal Stresses in Rock Masses; 3. Hydraulic Properties of Rock Masses. Topics: Critical review of data on scale effects in Rock Mechanics; Experimental and theoretical studies on scale effects regarding rock, joint, and rock mass properties; Determination of the test sizes beyond which scale-free values can be found for a given property and rock mass (representative volumes); Definition of laws for the description of the variation of rock mass properties (mean values and scattering) with the test size; Use of laboratory and in situ tests for estimating the properties of jointed rock masses, taking into account scale effects; Case histories involving the consideration of scale effects, either in the design, or emphasized by a back-analysis. L: English. TS: Abstracts (about 300 words; 2 fig. max.) 1992/09/30; Acceptance-1992/11/15; Bulletin No. 2-1992 December; Papers-1993/02/28. A social program and a program for the accompanying persons is being prepared. Post-workshop tours, starting June 26, will be organized. Fee: ECU 140 (ECU 80 together with EUROCK '93) (+20%after 19930415); ECU 70 (ECU 40) (+20%)for students; ECU 45 (free) (+20%)for accompanying persons. Mr. Ant6nio Pinto da Cunha, Int. Workshop on Scale Effects, c/o LNEC, AV. do Brasil, 101, P-1799 Lisboa Codex, PORTUGAL. TLP: 351/1/8482131 or 897660(fax); TLX: 16760 LNEC.

1993 June 28-July 02, Anchorage A K USA-2nd International Symposium on Frost in Geotechnical Engineering
Prof. E. Slunga, Helsinki Univ. of Technology, Dept of Structural Engineering, Rakentajanaukio 4A, SF-02150 Espoo, FINLAND. TLP: 358/0/4513826(fax).

1993 July 05-07, Vienna AUSTRIA, FRAGBLAST-4

The 4th International Symposium on Rock Fragmentation by Blasting, an ISRM-Sponsored Regional Symposium, organized by the Austrian Society of Geomechanics (ISRM N G AUSTRIA), and the Technical Univ. Vienna, and sponsored by the ISRM Commission on Blasting. Topics: Automated image processing: new developments and accuracy; Scanning methods for the determination of damage and fragmentation after blasting; Development of formulae for the fragmentation calculation: the role of the rock structure; Measurement of the borehole pressure in full-scale blasting techniques, and development of theoretical and practical formulae; Calibration of numerical and empirical fragmentation models; Rock blasting control, rock damage, damage criteria, and improved prediction; Definition and role of confinement at rock blasting; Explosives properties, and their relative importance in the rock blasting: what do we measure, and what should be measured?; Bench blasting: optimization of the subdrilling depth; Role of strength and toughness in rock blasting: criteria and lab tests versus field tests; Blasting in urban areas; blasting in subway construction work; Tunnel blasting: optimization of the blast-hole pattern with respect to the rock structure and quality; Rock diggability and blastability; Numerical simulation of blasting on the large and small scales; New theoretical developments in fracture and damage mechanics applied to rock dynamics and blasting; Demolition blasting: new methods and techniques; Blasting and seismicity; Blasting-induced rock falls and bursts: modeling, prediction, and alleviation; Blasting in geologically difficult terrain; Influence of the ignition of blasting rounds on the fragmentation; Fragmentation blasting in mining and tunnelling: safety versus production?; Effect of rock structure (type, joints, faults) on blasting performance, quantity and quality of the explosive, prediction and simulation of damage patterns; Failure case studies; Social, legal, and environmental issues connected with blasting; Other recent issues of interest in fragmentation blasting. L: English. TS: Extended summaries (about 1 p,)-1992/07/30; Acceptance-1992/08//31; Papers-1992/11/30; 2nd circular1993 January. Several workshops/seminars on recent theoretical advances, and numerical modeling with applications, are being organized. On July 08, field trips are foreseen. A social program for delegates and accompanying persons is being arranged. Fee: About ATS 5500. Doz. Dr. H.P. Rossmanith, Chairman, FRAGBLAST-4, Technische Univ. Wien, Inst. fur Mechanik, Wiedner Hauptstr. 8-101325, A-1040 Wien, AUSTRIA. TLP: 4312221 /588015514, 588015519, or 5875863(fax).

1993 June 27-30, Madison W 1 USA-34th Symposium on Rock Mechanics

U.S.

An ISRM-Sponsored Regional Symposium, sponsored by the U.S. National Committee on Rock Mechanics (ISRM N G USA), and organized by the Univ. of Wisconsin. Key. Note Lectures: 1. Fractures in Rock Mechanics (N. Cook); 2. The Role of the Pore Fluid in Rock Mechanical Processes (E. Detournay); 3. Rock Engineering Systems (J. Hudson). Short Courses: 1. Modern In Situ Stress Methods; 2. Poroelasticity in Rocks. Workshops: 1. Block Theory; 2. Stochastic Methods in Rock Engineering; 3. Borehole Instability and Breakouts; 4. Coupled Fluid/Solid Mechanisms in Rock Mechanical Processes Pertaining to the Oil Industry. Technical Sessions: 1. Rock Mechanics in Underground Mining; 2. Rock Mechanics in Tunneling; 3. Failure Prediction in Rock MechanicsUnderground Caverns, Man-Made and Natural Slopes, and Earthquakes; 4. Geophysical Properties of Rocks; 5. Experimental Techniques in Rock Mechanics; 6. Coupled Mechanical and Hydrologic Processes in Rocks; 7. Rock Mechanics of Building Stones and/or Quarries; 8. Recent In Situ Stress Measurements and Applications to the Design; 9. Underground Test Facilities; 10. Rock Engineering and Environmental Problems; 11. Rock Mechanics in the Petroleum Engineering; 12. Recent Advances in Numerical Methods in Rock Mechanics; 13. Rock Engineering in Geo-

1993 August 16-18, Kingston Ontario CANADA3rd International Symposium on Rockbursts and Seismicity in Mines
Organized in conjunction with the International Congress on Mine Design (August 23-26). Topics: l-Mechanics of seismic events and rockbursts; 2-Monitoring of seismicity, and seismic networks; 3-Rock mass characterization in seismically active mines; 4-Rockburst hazard mitigation and ground control; 5-Induced seismicity (a cross disciplinary session). TS: Abstracts (300 words min.+key fig. or tab.)1992/07/01; Acceptance-1992/10/01; Papers-1993/01/01; 2nd bulletin-1993/02/01; Pre-registration-1993/05/01. On August 19-21, a post-symposium tour to seismically active, hard rock mines in the Sudbury Basin CANADA, shall take place. A social program is being prepared. Dr. R. Paul Young, Engineering Seismology Lab., Dept of Geological Sciences, Queen's Univ., Kingston, Ont. K7L 3N6, CANADA. TLP: 1/613/5456171 or 5456512 (fa).

Mr. Philippe Weber, Ecole des Mines d'AlPs, 6, AV.de Claviilres, F-30319 Alils Cedex, FRANCE. TLP: 33/66/785000, 785027, or 785034(fax); TLX: 490623.

1993 September 20-23, Athens GREECE,International Symposium on Hard Soils and Soft Rocks
An ISRM-Sponsored Regional Symposium, organized by the Hellenic Society for Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering (ISRM N G GREECE), and the French Committee for Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering, and sponsored by the ISSMFE Technical Committee on Soft Rocks and Indurated Soils, and the IAEG. Themes: l-Geological Features. Investigation and Classification (Geological description; factors affecting behavior; Field methods of reconnaissance; Sampling techniques; Engineering classification); 2Mechanical Properties and Behavior (In situ testing; Laboratory testing; Stress-strain behavior of intact and compacted materials; Selection of suitable constitutive models); 3-Foundations, Excavations, and Retaining Structures (Design parameters; Instrumentation and monitoring; Dewatering); 4-Slope Stability and Protection (Design principles; Improvement techniques; Remedial measures; Monitoring; Erosion control); 5-Fills and Embankments (Suitability and design criteria; Compaction methods; Quality control; Improvement and protection methods); 6Tunnelling and Underground Openings (Design principles and modeling; Excavation techniques; Construction methods and monitoring; Special cases). A special session on geology, properties, and behavior of soft rocks at elevated stresses, as well as deep drilling, will be held. L: English, French (simul. transl.). TS: Acceptance-1992/06/30; Bulletin No. 2-1992 September; Papers (1 original+3copies) 1992/11/30. An exhibition of field and laboratory techniques, investigation methods, and instrumentation will take place. During the symposium, technical visits in the Athens area will be arranged. Post-symposium tours to places of both technical and cultural interest within GREECE, are planned. A social program for the delegates and accompanying persons is being organized. The Secretariat, International Symposium on Hard SoilsSoft Rocks (Attn Dr N. Kalteziotis), P.O. Box 20034, GR-11810 Athens, GREECE. TLP: 30/1/3475830 or 3467455 (fax); TLX: 221 199 KEDE. Dr. A.G. Anagnostopoulos, Hellenic Society of Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering, 42 Patission Str. (Polytechnion), GR-10682 Athens, GREECE. Mr. Roger Frank, CO-SecrCtairedu Symposium HSSR, L.C.P.C., 58 Boulevard Lefebwe, F-75732 Paris Cedex 15, FRANCE.

1993 August 23-26, Kingston Ont. CANADAInternational Congress on Mine Design

Organized by the Dept of Mining Engineering of Queen's Univ., as the highlight of its 100th Anniversary celebrations. Theme: Mining into the 21st Century. Topics: Open pit and underground planning and design; Slope stability and rock mechanics; Mine feasibility; Mine maintenance; Machinery, automation, and materials handling; Mine environment; Computer applications and numerical modeling; Research and development; Mine management; Explosives technology and blast monitoring; Underground support and backfill. L: English, French (simul. transl.). TS: Acceptance-1992 June; Papers1993 January. Workshops will be held. An exhibition, displaying the latest mining equipment and technology, including heavy equipment and automated machinery, is being prepared. Three pre- and three post-congress tours to major Canadian, underground and open pit operating, gold, leadlzinc, and nickel mines are being organized. A social program for the delegates and accompanying persons will be available. Registration will be limited to 500 persons. Fee: CAD 895; CAD 325 for accompanying persons; 10%before 1993/03/31. Mr. Peter Scott, Public Relations, ICMDJRelations Publiques, CICM, Dept of Mining EngineeringJDCpt de GCnie Minier, Goodwin Hall, Queen's Univ./Univ. Queen's, Kingston, Ont. K7L 3N6, CANADA. TLP: 1/613/5452212 or 5456597(fax). Dr. W.F. Bawden, International Congress on Mine Design, Dept of Mining Engineering, Queen's Univ., Kingston, Ont. K7L 3N6, CANADA. TLP: 1/613/5456553 or 5456597(fax).

1993 September 06-10, AlGs FRANCE-Rock Blasting in Civil and Mining Engineering
An international summer school, organized by the ~ c o l e des Mines d'Alils, and sponsored by the ComitC Frangais de MCcanique des Roches (ISRM NG FRANCE). Topics: IFundamental Aspects: energy transfers, shocks and vibration propagation, fracture mechanics; 11-Optimization of Blasting Patterns: technical and economical approaches, parameter measurement, blasting efficiency, fragmentation, haulage, IIIBack Effects and Back Break, damage induced in rock mass, presplitting, smooth blasting, IV-Blasting and Environment: new approaches in vibration modeling, seismic approaches, ignition patterns, sound waves, effects on persons and structures; V-Kinetics and Dynamics of Blasting: high speed records, image analysis, muckpile modeling, projection reduction: VI-Case Histories.

1993 October 03-06, Houston TX USA-Society Petroleum Engineers Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition. 1993 October 11-12, Salzburg AUSTRIAGrouting in Rocks and Concrete

of

An international conference, sponsored by the ~sterreichische Gesellschaft fiir Geomechanik (ISRM N G AUSTRIA). Topics: A-Grouting Procedure (Stable or unstable cement suspensions?, experiences, advantages, and disadvantages; Control of grouting procedure, methods of measurements, evaluation of results; Definition and supervision of the necessary and allowable grouting pressure: at the pump, down the borehole, and within the joint); B-Determination of the Characteristics of Mathematical Models to Describe the Process of Flow (Permeability and groutability of joints in rocks, and fissures in concrete; Characteristics of grout mate-

rials under actual conditions, of temperature, flow velocity); C-Mathematical and Physical Models Applied to Flow in Joints, Comparison with Results. L: English, German (simul. transl.). TS: Abstracts (300 words max.)-1992/09/30; 3rd announcement 1992/12/31. Dr. Richard Widmann, ~ s t e r r e i c h i s c h e Gesellschaft fur Geomechanik, Paracelsusstr. 21111, A-5020 Salzburg, AUSTRIA. TLP: 43/662/875519(also fax).

SMOPyC, International Public Works, Construction, and Mining Machinery Exhibition, Feria de Zaragoza, Apartado 108, E-50080 Zaragoza, SPAIN. TLP: 34/76/701100 or 330649(fax); TLX: 58185 FEMU.

1994 February, USA-SPE/IADC Drilling Conference. 1994 March, USA-SPE Western Regional Meeting & Exhibition. 1994 June 12-15, NORWAY-3rd Symposium on Strait Crossings
Organized by the Norwegian Public Roads Administration, and the Norwegian Society of Chartered Engineers. TS: 1st bulletin-1992 June; 2nd bulletin-1993 March; Abstracts-1993 September; 3rd bulletin-1993 December; Papers-1994 February; Low price registration-1994/04/01. Strait Crossings Secretariat, Norwegian Road Research Lab., P.O. Box 6390 Etterstad, N-0604 Oslo, NORWAY. TLP: 47/2/639900 or 467421(fax); TLX: 21542 SREGN.

1993 October 14-15, Salzburg AUSTRIA-XLIlnd Geomechanics Colloquium

Organized by the ~ s t e r r e i c h i s c h e Gesellschaft fur Geomechanik (ISRM N G AUSTRIA). Themes: l-Tunnelling Methods-State of Development; 2-Long-Term-Behavior and Rehabilitation of Underground Constructions; 3Geotechnical Measurement Systems, Developments and Experiences; 4-Short Reports on Current Construction Sites. ~sterreichische Gesellschaft fur Geomechanik, Paracelsusstr. 21111, A-5020 Salzburg, AUSTRIA. TLP: 43/662/875519(also fax).

1993 November, EGYPT-6lst Executive Meeting.

ICOLD

1994 September 05-09, SINGAPORE-5th International Conference on Geotextiles, Geomembranes, and Related Products.
Mr R.S. Douglas, Secretariat, 510 Thomson Road, No. 0022-03, SLF Building, SGP-1129 SINGAPORE. TLP: 6513535511 or 3532424(fax).

1994 January 05-10, New Delhi INDIA-XIIlth ISSMFE International Conference on Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering,
Organized by the ISSMFE MS INDIA. Themes: Plenary Sessions: Soil Properties: Foundations; Design and Performance of Retaining and Buried Structures; Embankment Dams and Dam Foundations; Natural Hazard Mitigation; Parallel Sessions: Marine Geotechnology; Computer Applications; Construction Instrumentation and Real Time Management; Environmental Geotechnology; Ground Improvement; Foundations of Old Structures and Monuments; Geotechnical Engineering Education; Professional Practices; Arid Climate Soils; Liquefaction; Geophysical Characterization of Soils; Road and Track Subgrades. L: English, French. TS: Papers-1993/01/01. The Terzaghi Oration will be given. The 1994 ISSMFE Board and Council Meetings will be held in conjunction with this Conference. Dr Shashi K. Gulhati, Prof. of Civil Engineering, Indian Inst. of Technology, Organizing Secretary General, XIIIth ICSMFE, Post Bag No. 28, Hauz Khas, IND-110016 New Delhi, INDIA. TLP: 91/11/653798, 6852540, or 6852541(fax); TLX: 03173087 ITT.

1994 September 25-28, New Orleans L A USASociety of Petroleum Engineers Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition. 1994 September 05-09, Lisbon PORTUGAL-7th International Congress of the IAEG
Organized by the SPG (ISRM N G PORTUGAL) and LNEC. Themes: l-Developments in the Site Investigation and in the Engineering Geological Mapping; 2-Engineering Geology and Natural Hazards; 3-Engineering Geology and Environmental Protection; 4-Construction Materials; 5-Case Histories in Surface Workings; 6-Case Histories in Underground Workings. Workshops: A-Information Technology Applied to Engineering Geology; B-Teaching and Training in Engineering Geology. TS: 1st circular-1992 June. Sociedade Portuguesa de Geotecnia (SPG), c/o LNEC, AV. do Brasil, 101, P-1799 Lisboa Codex, PORTUGAL. TLP: 351/1/8473822 or 897660(fax); TLX: 16760 LNEC.

1994 January 10-14, Nagpur INDIA-International Symposium on Impact of Mining on the EnvironmentProblems and Solutions
Organized by the Visvesvaraya Regional College of Engineering, Nagpur INDIA, and the Earth Resources Centre, Exeter UK. Dr. M.J. Heath, Earth Resources Centre, Univ, of Exeter, Laver Building, North Park Road, Exeter EX4 4QE, UK. TLP: 44/209/216647,392/263909,263911, or 263907(fax); TLX: 42894 EXUNIV.

1994 October 13-14, Salzburg AUSTRIA-XLlllrd Geomechanics Colloquy

Organized by the ~sterreichische Gesellschaft fur Geomechanik (the ISRM N G AUSTRIA). ~sterreichische Gesellschaft fur Geomechanik, Paracelsusstr. 21111, A-5020 Salzburg, AUSTRIA. TLP: 431662175519.

1994 October-November, CHINA or S AFRICA18th ICOLD Congress. 1994 or 1995, Sofia BULGARIA-16th World Mining Congress, organized by the International Organizing Committee of the WMC.
Mr Mieczyslaw Najberg, U1. Krucza 36, PL-00921 Warszawa, POLAND.

1994 February 18-22, Saragossa SPAIN-SMOPyC '94

An international public works, construction, and mining machinery exhibition.

1995 September 25-29, Tokyo JAPAN-ISRM 8th International Congress on Rock Mechanics
Organized by the Japanese Committee for the ISRM OSRM NG JAPAN)' Frontiers of Rock Mechanics towards the 21st Century. Themes: l-Geology, Site Exploration, and Testing (Subsurface mapping, geotomography, and remote sensing; Exploration of joints, micro- and macro-structures; In situ measurement of stress, physical and chemical properties; Earthquakes, volcanic activities, and tectonics; Advances in geomechanics and geophysics; etc.); 2-Physical Properties and Modeling of Rocks (Pr operties of joints and jointed rocks; Scale effect; Modeling of discontinuous media, and case studies; Fracture mechanics, rheology, and dynamic behavior; Rocks at great depth; etc.); 3-Near Surface Excavations, Stability of Slopes, and Foundations (Borderline problems between soil mechanics and rock mechanics; Design and construction on weak rocks, swelling rocks, and tectonically disturbed rocks; Improvement of properties of rocks; Urban, waterfront, and offshore development; Foundations of dams, bridges, and power stations, etc.; Landslides, earthquake engineering; etc.); 4-Excavation and Stability of Underground Openings (Design and construction of tunnels and large caverns; Tunnel boring machines, blasting, and cutting; Tunnel excavation in difficult conditions; Storage of fuel, etc. in rock caverns; New and extensive utilization of underground openings; Long-term and seismic stability of large caverns; Maintenance of underground structures; etc.); 5-Heat, Water Flow, and Chemical Transport in Rock Masses (Modeling and control of groundwater flow; Hot dry rocks and geothermal development; Nuclear and industrial

waste disposal; Fluid-rock interaction and grouting; Thermal and fluid fracturing; Global environmental effect; etc.); 6Information Systems and Artificial Intelligence in Rock Mechanics (Artificial intelligence and expert systems; Smart excavation system and control system; Monitoring and data analysis by computer; Methods and case studies of safety evaluation and prediction; etc.). L: English, French, German (simul. transl.). The holding of workshops and the like on special topics is being considered. A poster session is foreseen. An exhibition with displays relating to large-scale construction projects, plus machinery, testing equipment, measuring instruments, and assorted publications, is being prepared. On September 27, full- and half-day technical excursions to the Trans-Tokyo Bay Highway (9 km through a tunnel and 4,5 km over a bridge), the Tsukuba Science City, and other places are planned. A social program, as well as a program for accompanying persons is being organized. Three 2-5-day pre-Congress tours and three 3-7-day post-Congress tours, visiting the Seikan tunnel, the Honshu-Shikoku bridge system, underground power stations, nuclear power plants, large dams, geothermal fields, mines, volcanoes, active faults, and tourist attractions, are being arranged. Fee: US$300; US$100 for students; US$150 for accompanying persons. The 1995 ISRM Board, Council, and Commission Meetings will be held on September 23-24, in conjunction with this Congress.

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ISRM MEMBERSHIP & ORDER FORM

ISRM Membership Are you a member of ISRM? If not, here is an easy way to join. Individual members hi^ For just US $12 you andlor your colleagues can receive a one-year Introductory membership which allows you to buy ISRM goods, attend ISRM symposia, and receive the annual Directory and the ISRM News Journal. Next year you will automatically receive a renewal notice from your ISRM National Group (if one exists); otherwise from the ISRM Secretariat in Lisbon.. Corporate members hi^ ($120lyear) provides your organization with up to three yellow-pages listings of your services or products in the ISRM Directory, with access for advertising to a select international market of more than 6,000 rock engineers and scientists. Also, you will receive a certificate recognizing your very generous support. Please complete the order form below and mail or fax it, together with your payment, to: Dr. Jose Delgado Rodrigues; Secretary-General, ISRM; LNEC, 101 AV. do Brasil; P-1799 Lisboa Codex; Portugal; (Fax: 351-1-847-8187)
No. requested
1. ISRM individual membership $12 each 2. ISRM corporate membership $120 3. Please send goods, as ordered on p. 62 (overleaf)
$

Total

4. 1 would like to receive the ISRM News Journal via airmail for an additional US $20 per year.

ISRM News Journal via Airmail Q Yes, please! I enclose a chequelmoney order for a total of or charge to credit card - see below. Name (first) Title Organization Name Category of Services or Products (see Yellow Pages categories in the Directory) Address (last, family)

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1 ISRM Insignia Items 1 (with globe logo)

ISRM tie, dark blue Hat, blue (nylon, waterproof) Large, Medium, Small Hat, Beige (cotton) Large, Medium, Small Pocket Knife, stainless steel ISRM Lapel pin, silver $20.00 $5.00 $10.00 $10.00 $4.00 $.50 $15.00 $20.00

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Magnifier, 3-lens, stainless steel Pen, fibre tip &yellow highlighter lSRM Decal (sticker for hard hats)

1 /

ISRM Publications Commission Reports

Site investigation techniques (1975) Fields of research (19861 $5.00 $5.00

Suggested Test Methods

1 Book of suggested Methods (1981,211 p) 1 #7 Shear strenath (19741 1 #8 Rockbolt testing (1974)
# l 0 Point-load strength (1985) # l l Large scale triaxial testing (1985)

$40.00

1 I I

Educational Software for IBM-compatible

$5.001 $5.00 $5.00 $5.001 $5.00 $5.00 $5.00 $5.00

# l SOCKET (socketed piles, Johnston) #2 PILLAR (LE surface crown pillar stability above mine slope, Hoek) #3 SARMA (LE slope stability, Hoek) #4 MSAP2D (FE underground openings, Mitri)

$50.00 $50.00 $50.00 $50.00 $50.00 $50.00

/ # l 2 Anchor testing (1985)

# l 3 Deformability (large flat jack, 1986) # l 4 Stress determination (1987)

C
# l 6 Fracture toughness testing (1989) # l 7 Seismic testing in boreholes (1988) $5.00

1 # l 5 Flexible dilatometer (1987)

#5 MAP3D (BE underground openings, Wiles) #6 CLASSEX (ES for Q and RMR rock mass classification, ButlerJFranklin)

LE = Limit Equilibrium, FE = Finite Element, BE = Boundary Element, ES = Expert System

Total Amount

Total Amount $ Total Value of Goods Ordered $ (Please enter this amount in item 3 on page 61.)

Golder Associates Geoanalysis s.r.1. - C.so Galileo Ferraris, 71 - 10128 Torino - Italy Telephone: 39 (1 1) 56.83.800- Telefax: 39 (1 1) 50.41.58
Other offices of Golder Associates in Canada - U.S.A.- Australia - Germany - Hungary - Sweden - United Kingdom

SOIL AND ROCK MECHANICS ENGINEERING GEOLOGY * Fundamental research in rock engineering and utilization of underground space * Post-graduate studies in geomechanics and engineering geology Professor Professor HAkan Stille Ove Stephansson ~ngineering Geology Soil and Roch Mechanics KTH KTH S-100 44 Stockholm S-100 44 Stockholm tel +46 8 790 79 12 tel +46 8 790 79 06 fax +46 8 790 79 28 fax +46 8 790 68 10

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Specialist Consulting Engineering Services in:
Mining Geomechanics Environmental Science and Engineering Water Engineering Waste Disposal
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Geotechnical and Civil Engineering Environmental Consultants In-situ and Laboratory Testing Site investigation Monitoring

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Why does it Crack?

A 1.75-m-radius tunnel was excavated without explosives. A series of 100-mm diameter boreholes 1m long were drilled to form the perimeter of the tunnel. The interior of the tunnel plug was then broken out using hydraulic rock splitters. The sequence of excavation was as follows: 1. Drill the perimeter holes as shown on the sketch below (time required about 6 hours).
2. Let the rock plug as shown on the sketch below stand for about 12 hours.

3. Break out the rock plug using the hydraulic rock splitters (time required about 6 hours).

A crack which extended to the depth of the plug was commonly observed as shown in the photogragh and the sketch. The crack occured shortly after the perimeter drilling was completed and after a fracture parallel to the tunnel face occured at the back of the rock plug.

a o m i n =4l MPa
1 00-mm-DiameterDr~llhole l -m Long

Perimeter Drilling

Rock Plug

Illustration of perimeter drilling and the rock plug formed by the drilling

Please provide a short (1page) explanation for the formation of the crack described above. Background information on the tunnel can be found in the article on the Underground Research Laboratory. Send your answer to Dr. P.K Kaiser, Geomechanics Research Centre, Laurentian University, Fraser Building F217, Ramsey Lake Road, Sudbury, Ontario, Canada, P3E 2C6