Dynamic Analysis

27
th
to 31
st
Jan 2009
1
Dr. T. JAGADISH
Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering,
Bangalore Institute of Technology
FACULTY DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME
ON
ON
FINITE ELEMENT METHOD FOR ENGINEERING ANALYSIS
DYNAMIC ANALYSIS
DYNAMIC ANALYSIS
Dr. T. JAGADISH Dr. T. JAGADISH
Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering,
BANGALORE INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, BANGALORE INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY,
K.R.Road, V. V. Puram, Bangalore K.R.Road, V. V. Puram, Bangalore 560 004 560 004
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to 31
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Jan 2009
2
Dr. T. JAGADISH
ON
ON
DYNAMIC RESPONSE ANALYSIS
DYNAMIC RESPONSE ANALYSIS
Dynamics is that brach of mechanics which treats the law of motion of material
bodies subjected to the action of forces. In dynamics the motion of bodies is
investigated in connection with the acting forces and the inertia of the material
bodies themselves. Dynamics is important in many engineering applications such as
mechanical vibrations of the members or bodies, high acceleration and impact.
Dynamics, is concerned about the relationship between motion of bodies and its
causes, namely the forces acting on the bodies and the properties of the bodies
(particularly mass and moment of inertia). The foundation of modern day dynamics
is Newtonian Mechanics and its reformulation as Lagrangian Mechanics and
Hamiltonian Mechanics.
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Dr. T. JAGADISH
ON
ON
FINITE ELEMENT METHODOLOGY
Joseph. L. C. Lagrange developed a general treatment of dynamical system
formulated form the scalar quanties of Kinetic Energy (T), Dissipative (Damping)
Energy (R) due to frictional resistance, Potential Energy (U) and Work Potential (W).
Defining the Lagrangean L = T
Where T is the Kinetic Energy and is the Total Potential Energy due to internal
strain energy (U) and external work (W)
If L is expressed interms of generalised variable q
i
and then the equilibrium
equation of motion is given by Hamitons Principle using Lagrange equation as
q
i
d
dt
L
q
i
- = 0 for i = 1 to n
R
q
i
+
dL
dq
i
For undamped system, where the damping is absent, we have the equillibrium equation
of motion as
d
dt
L
q
i
-
= 0
for i = 1 to n
dL
dq
i
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4
Dr. T. JAGADISH
ON
ON
For a body with distributed mass the Kinetic Energy T and the Strain Eenergy U
and the External Work done can be evaluated as
v
T =
1
2
du
dt
2
dv
v
U =
1
2
{}
T
{}
dv
v
{u}
T
{p}
dv
W =
In finite element method for static analysis the body is discretized into elements and
the displacement in each element are expressed in terms of the nodal displacements
vectors {q} and shape functions [N] which are independent of time and hence
displacement with in the element are defined in terms of shape function and nodal
displacement vector as {U} = [N]{q}
Where as in dynamic analysis the nodal displacements vectors {q} are time
dependent but the shape functions [N] are independent of time hence the
displacement with in the element are defined in terms of shape function and nodal
displacement vector as {U} = [N] {q}
q
i
And Velocity vector with in the element are defined in terms of shape function and
nodal displacement vector as { } = [N] { }
U
=
v
1
2
2
dv
U
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Dr. T. JAGADISH
ON
ON
The energy expressions for an element in the matrix form can be written as
T
e
=
v
1
2
dv
U U
T
But
U
= N
q Then
T
e
=
v
1
2

N
q
N
q
T T
dv
Since the displacement and velocity are the unknown to be determined these can
taken out of the integral. Thus we have
T
e
=
1
2
q
T
q
v
N N
T
dv
Thus we have T
e
=
1
2
q
T
q
m
e
Where
=
m
e
v
N N
T
dv
is known as the elemental mass matrix
Mass matrix is consistent with the shape functions chosen and is called the
CONSISTENT MASS MATRIX
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Dr. T. JAGADISH
ON
ON
Strain Energy U
e
=
1
/
2
v
dv In matrix form U
e
=
1
/
2

v
{}
T
{} dv
Therefore U
e
=
1
/
2

v
{}
T
{} dv =
1
/
2

v
{q}
T
[B]
T
[D]
T
[B] {q} dv
Since {q} is the unknown nodal displacement vector which can be taken out of the
integral and for a linear, homogeneous and isotropic material the elasticity matrix is
symmetric thus [D]
T
= [D]. Thus we have U
e
=
1
/
2
{q}
T
(
v
[B]
T
[D] [B] dv ){q},
U
e
=
1
/
2
{q}
T
[k
e
] {q}
In which [k
e
] =
v
[B]
T
[D] [B] dv is known as the elemental stiffness matrix
External Work Done W
e
=
v
ubdv +
s
utds +
i
u
i
P
i
In matrix form
W
e
=
v
{u}
T
{b}dv +
s
{u}
T
{t}ds +
i
{u}
T
{P
i
} But {u} = [N] {q} Then
W
e
=
v
{q}
T
[N]
T
{b}dv +
s
{q}
T
[N]
T
{t}ds +
i
{q}
T
[N]
T
{P
i
}
Since {q} is the unknown nodal displacement vector which can be out of the integral
W
e
= {q}
T
(
v
[N]
T
{b}dv +
s
[N]
T
{t}ds +
i
[N]
T
{P
i
})
W
e
= {q}
T
( {f
b
} + {f
t
} + {f
c
}), W
e
= {q}
T
{f
e
} The forces are time dependent
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Dr. T. JAGADISH
ON
ON
In which {f
e
} = {f
b
} + {f
t
} + {f
c
} is the elemental force vector
Where
{f
b
} =
v
[N]
T
{b}dv is elemental force vector due to body force
{f
t
} =
s
[N]
T
{t}ds is elemental force vector due to surface traction force
{f
c
} =
i
[N]
i
T
{P
i
} is elemental force vector due to concentrated force
Total Potential for general element is
p
= U
e
W
e
Since work is done on the system
p
= U
e
- W
e
=
1
/
2
{q}
T
[k
e
] {q} - {q}
T
{f
e
}
Total Energy for general elastic body is obtained by summation (assembly) over all
the element we get
1
2
q
T
q m
e
T =
e
T
e
=
e
1
2
Q
T
M = Q
M
Q
In which Is the overall mass matrix for the entire structure
Is the overall velocity matrix for the entire structure
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Dr. T. JAGADISH
ON
ON
Total Potential for general elastic body is obtained by assembly all the element
=
e
U
e

e
W
e
= U W
When the work is done on the system the total potential will be = U - W
Where the strain energy for entire body of the system = U =
e
U
e
=
e
1
/
2
{q}
T
[k
e
] {q}
Thus U =
1
/
2
{Q}
T
[K]{Q}
The work done on the entire body of the system W =
e
W
e
=
e
{q}
T
{f
e
}
Thus W = {Q}
T
{F}
In which
[K] is the stiffness for the entire or overall system
{Q} is the unknown time dependent displacement vector for the entire system
{F} is the time dependent load vector for the entire or overall system
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9
Dr. T. JAGADISH
ON
ON
For the entire system using the Lagrangean L = T
d
dt
L
q
i
dL
dq
i
-
= 0 for i = 1 to n
By Hamitons Principle we have
For the entire system by Hamitons Principle we have
d
dt
d(T-)
d
Q
-
= 0
d(T-)
dQ
-
d
dt
d
d
Q
-
1
2
Q
T
M Q
1
2
Q
T
K Q Q
T
F +
d
dQ
-
1
2
Q
T
M Q
1
2
Q
T
K Q Q
T
F +
Substituting for T and we have
= 0
After differentiating we have
d
dt
+ M Q K
-
Q F
= 0
+ K
-
Q F
= 0 M Q
+ K Q F
= M Q
i.e.
is the general equation of motion for a forced vibrating system + K Q F
= M Q
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10
Dr. T. JAGADISH
ON
ON
In the general equation of motion for a vibrating system if the force function ({F} = 0) is
absent then the problem is said to FREE VIBRATION PROBLEM or EIGEN VALUE
and EIGEN VECTOR PROBLEM and the analysis is called as MODAL ANALYSIS
Free Vibration Analysis or Eigen Value and Eigen Vector Problem
or Modal Analysis
+ K Q
= M Q 0 Thus the equation motion for a free vibrating system is given by
The solution for the steady state vibration is obtained by assuming the displacement in
the form as Q = USint
Where U is the vector of nodal amplitude of vibration and is the circular frequency
in radian per second.
Then the natural frequency
f =

2
Cycles Per Seconds (CPS) or Hertz (Hz)
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Dr. T. JAGADISH
ON
ON
Assuming the displacement in the form as Q= {U}Sint
Q=
{U}Cost
Then the velocity will be
Acceleration will be Q=
-
2
{U}Sint
= -
2
Q
Q+
2
Q = 0
Thus we have
is the differential equation on motion.
+ K Q
= M Q 0 The equation motion for a free vibrating system is given by
M
-
2
{U}Sint +
K {U}Sint = 0
Substituting for velocity and displacement from above we have
or
M
-
2
{U}
+
K {U} = 0
M
-
2
K = 0
{U}
M - K = 0
{U}
Where U is the eigen vector respresenting the vibrating mode, corresponding to the
eigen value . The eigen value (=
2
) is the square of circular frequency . The
frequenct f in hertz (cycles per second) is obtained from f = /(2)
or
For the non trival solution the determinent of
the above equation should be equal to zero i.e.
M - K = 0
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Dr. T. JAGADISH
ON
ON
is known as the characteristic equation and the order of this
equation depends on the degree of freedom of the system
M - K = 0
If the system is of n degree then the order of in this equation will be n
th
order then
there will be n eigen values and n eigen vectors corresponding to the eigen value
i
k
11
k
12
k
13
k
1n
k
21
k
22
k
23
k
2n
k
31
k
32
k
33
k
3n
k
n1
k
n2
k
n3
k
nn
m
11
m
12
m
13
m
1n
m
21
m
22
m
23
m
2n
m
31
m
32
m
33
m
3n
m
n1
m
n2
m
n3
m
nn
-
= 0
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Dr. T. JAGADISH
ON
ON
In the general equation of motion for a vibrating system if the force function
of the form {F} = F
0
Sint is present then the problem is said to FORCED VIBRATION
PROBLEM and the analysis is called as HARMONIC ANALYSIS
Forced Vibration or Transient Vibration Analysis
Harmonic Analysis
+ K Q
= M Q {F}
Thus the equation motion for a force vibrating system is given by
The solution for the steady state vibration is obtained by assuming the displacement in
the form as Q = USin(t )
Where U is the vector of nodal amplitude of vibration, is the circular frequency in
radian per second and in phase angle by which the displacement vector lags the
force vector.
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Dr. T. JAGADISH
ON
ON
Element Mass Matrix
Mass matrix is consistent with the shape functions chosen for an element and hence it
is called as CONSISTENT MASS MATRIX which is given for any element as
=
m
e
v
N N
T
dv
Treating the material density to be constant over the element
Shape function [N] for various element are same as discussed in element formulation
m
e
is the Consistent Element Mass Matrix
is Mass density of the material in Kg/mm
3
[N] is the Shape function matrix
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Dr. T. JAGADISH
ON
ON
MASS MATRIX
FOR
1-D BAR ELEMENT
with
TWO NODES
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Dr. T. JAGADISH
ON
ON
= -1
=+1
=0
1 2
q
2
q
1
Parent Element
2(x-x
1
)
(x
2
-x
1
)
Where =
-1
In which l
e
= (x
2
-x
1
) is the length of the element
2
l
e
Then d =
dx
A bar is a member subjected to axial loads only as shown in figure1. Hence this member
are subjected to axial or longitudinal vibration only
The shape functions are given by
N
1
=
(1-)
2
N
2
=
(1+)
2
and
=
m
e
v
N N
T
dv
The elemental mass matrix is given by
x
1
x
2
N N
T
A(x) dx =
Since the shape functions are functions of we have
-1
+1
N N
T
d
l
e
2
m
e
=
A
x= 0
x=x
1
x=x
2
F
x
F
x
A,E, L
Figure - 1
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Dr. T. JAGADISH
ON
ON
Thus we have
-1
+1
N
1
N
2
N
1
N
2
l
e
2
=
d
-1
+1
l
e
2
m
e
=
d
N
1
2
N
1
N
2
N
1
N
2
N
2
2
=
d
-1
+1
l
e
2
((1- )/2)
2
((1-
2
)/4)
((1-
2
)/4) ((1+ )/2)
2
After Integrating and
substituting the limits
we get
-1
+1
N N
T
d
l
e
2
m
e
=
A
=
l
e
8
8
3
4
3
4
3
8
3
=
l
e
6
2 1
1 2
m
e
=
l
e
6
2 1
1 2
Thus we m
e
=
l
e
6
2 1
1 2
is the Consistent Mass
Matrix for a Bar Element
m
e
=
d
-1
+1
l
e
8
(1- )
2
(1-
2
)
(1-
2
) (1+ )
2
If the bar is of linear varying cross section from A
1
at node 1 to A
2
at node 2 then we have the average
area A =(A
1
+A
2
)/2 then the Consistent Mass
Matrix for a Varying Section Bar Element is
2 1
1 2
l
e
6
(
1
+A
2
)
2
=
m
e
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Dr. T. JAGADISH
ON
ON
MASS MATRIX
FOR
1-D TRUSS ELEMENT
with
TWO NODES
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Dr. T. JAGADISH
ON
ON
A Truss element is basically a 2-D bar element. This
element is mathematically a line element between two
nodes whose Cartesian coordinates are (x
1
,y
1
) and (x
2
,y
2
).
Each node i now has two degrees of freedom denoted by
u
i
and v
i
in global coordinate system.
X
Y
q
1
2 (x
2
, y
2
)
1 (x
1
, y
1
)
q
3
q
1
q
4
u
v
Where the shape functions are given by
N
1
=
(1-)
2
N
2
=
(1+)
2
and
u v U
T
=
This element has the displacement vector in global
coordinate system as
q
1
q
2
q
3
q
4
q
T
=
The element has the nodal displacement vector as
Element has the Shape function matrix as
N =
N
1
0 N
2
0
0 N
1
0 N
2
Figure - 2
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Dr. T. JAGADISH
ON
ON
=
m
e
v
N N
T
dv
x
1
x
2
N N
T
A(x) dx =
-1
+1
N N
T
d
l
e
2
m
e
=
A
-1
+1
l
e
2
m
e
d
N
1
0 N
2
0
0 N
1
0 N
2
N
1
0
0 N
1
N
2
0
0 N
2
=
=
-1
+1
l
e
2
d
N
1
2
0 N
1
N
2
0
0 N
1
2
0 N
1
N
2
N
1
N
2
0 N
2
2
0
0 N
1
N
2
0 N
2
2
d
-1
+1
l
e
2
m
e
=
((1- )/2)
2
0 ((1-
2
)/4) 0
0 ((1- )/2)
2
0 ((1-
2
)/4)
((1-
2
)/4 ) 0 ((1+ )/2)
2
0
0 ((1-
2
)/4) 0 ((1+ )/2)
2
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Dr. T. JAGADISH
ON
ON
d
-1
+1
l
e
8
m
e
=
(1- )
2
0 (1-
2
)/4 0
0 (1- )
2
0 (1-
2
)
(1-
2
) 0 (1+ )
2
0
0 (1-
2
) 0 (1+ )
2
l
e
8
8/3 0 4/3 0
0 8/3 0 4/3
4/3 0 8/3 0
0 4/3 0 8/3
=
m
e
l
e
6
2 0 1 0
0 2 0 1
1 0 2 0
0 1 0 2
=
m
e
l
e
6
2 0 1 0
0 2 0 1
1 0 2 0
0 1 0 2
=
is the Consistent Mass Matrix for Truss Element
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Dr. T. JAGADISH
ON
ON
MASS MATRIX
FOR
1-D BEAM ELEMENT
with
TWO NODES
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23
Dr. T. JAGADISH
ON
ON
The element is mathematically a line element between two nodes numbered as 1 and 2.
With the concept of parent element and natural
coordinate system as shown in figure - 4
We derive the explicit expression for the
interpolation functions N
i
(i = 1,4). The parent
element is a bi-unit line and the coordinate is
normalized to be -1 at node 1 and +1 at node 2.
q
1
q
2
q
3
q
4
=0
=-1 =+1
Figure - 4
2(x-x
1
)
(x
2
-x
1
)
Where =
-1 Where l
e
= (x
2
-x
1
) is the length of the element
2
l
e
Then d =
dx
N
1
() =
N
2
() =
N
3
() =
N
4
() =
(2-3+
3
)
1
4
(1--
2
+
3
)
l
e
8
1
4
(2+3-
3
)
(-1 - +
2
+
3
)
l
e
8
are the shape functions of the beam element
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Dr. T. JAGADISH
ON
ON
=
m
e
v
N N
T
dv
x
1
x
2
N N
T
A(x) dx =
-1
+1
N N
T
d
l
e
2
m
e
=
A
-1
+1
l
e
2
m
e
d N
1
N
2
N
3
N
4
N
1
N
2
N
3
N
4
= =
-1
+1
l
e
2
d
N
1
2
N
1
N
2
N
1
N
3
N
1
N
4
N
2
2
N
2
N
3
N
2
N
4
Symmetric N
3
2
N
3
N
4
N
4
2
Substituting the shape functions in to the above equation for the mass matrix we
have
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Dr. T. JAGADISH
ON
ON
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25
Dr. T. JAGADISH
l
e
2
m
e
=
-1
+1
d
(2-3+
3
)
1
4
(-1 - +
2
+
3
)
l
e
8
(2-3+
3
)
2
1
16
(2-3+
3
)
1
4
(2-3+
3
)
1
4
(1--
2
+
3
)
l
e
8
(1--
2
+
3
)
2
l
e
2
64
(1--
2
+
3
)
l
e
8
(1--
2
+
3
)
l
e
8
(2+3-
3
)
1
4
(2+3-
3
)
1
4
(2+3-
3
)
2
1
16
(-1 - +
2
+
3
)
l
e
8
(-1 - +
2
+
3
)
l
e
8
(2+3-
3
)
1
4
(-1 - +
2
+
3
)
2
l
e
2
64
Symmetric
After integrating and substituting the limits we get
=
l
e
420
m
e
156 22l
e
54 -13l
e
4l
e
2
13l
e
-3l
e
2
Symmetric 156 -22l
e
4l
e
2
=
m
e
l
e
420
156 22l
e
54 -13l
e
4l
e
2
13l
e
-3l
e
2
Symmetric 156 -22l
e
4l
e
2
is the
Consistent
Mass Matrix
for Beam
Element
27
th
to 31
st
Jan 2009
26
Dr. T. JAGADISH
ON
ON
PROBLEMS
PROBLEMS
Dr. Dr. T. JAGADISH T. JAGADISH
Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering,
BANGALORE INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, BANGALORE INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY,
K.R.Road, V. V. Puram, Bangalore K.R.Road, V. V. Puram, Bangalore 560 004 560 004
27
th
to 31
st
Jan 2009
27
Dr. T. JAGADISH
ON
ON
Determine the lowest eigen value for the simple bar shown in figure. Given length
of the bar is 6m, Cross Sectional Area of the bar is 0.6 mm
2
, Density is 7848
kg/m3 and Youngs Modulus 2x10
11
N/m
2
A, L, E
Discretize using only
one element = -1
=+1
=0
1 2
q
2
q
1
The elemental stiffness matrix for a uniform cross section is

EA
l
e
[k
e
] =
+1 -1
-1 +1
[k
e
] =
+1 -1
-1 +1
2x10
11
x0.6
6
=
+2 -2
-2 +2
10
10
Element Mass Matrix is given by m
e
=
l
e
6
2 1
1 2
=
=
2 1
1 2
7848x0.6x6
9.81x 6
2 1
1 2
= 480
For Free vibration Characteristic Equation is [K]{Q} [M]{Q} = 0 or
[K] {Q} = [M]{Q}
+2 -2
-2 +2
10
10
Q
1
Q
2
Q
1
Q
2
=
480
27
th
to 31
st
Jan 2009
28
Dr. T. JAGADISH
ON
ON
=
Applying the boundary condition i.e. Q
1
= 0 and by elimination approach we have
2 1
1 2
+2 -2
-2 +2
10
10
Q
1
Q
2
Q
1
Q
2
=
480
We get 2x10
10
Q
2
= 480 x 2 Q
2
= 10
10
/480 = 2.084x10
7
Since =
2
Therefore = = 2.084x10
7
= 4564.35 radians/sec
But f = /2 = 4564.35/2 = 726.44 cycles per second or Hz
27
th
to 31
st
Jan 2009
29
Dr. T. JAGADISH
ON
ON
Determine the lowest eigen value for the cantilever Beam shown in figure. Given
length of the bar is 0. 6m, breath 24mm and width 10mm, Density is 7848 kg/m3
and Youngs Modulus 2x10
11
N/m
2
A, L, E
Discretize using only
one element
The elemental stiffness matrix
for a beam element is given by
Q
1
Q
2
Q
3
Q
4
=0
=-1 =+1
[k
e
] =
EI
l
e
3
12 6l
e
-12 6l
e
4l
e
2
-6l
e
2l
e
2
Symmetric 12 -6l
e
4l
e
2
[k
e
] =
2x10
11
x 2x10
-9
0.6
3
I =
0.024x0.01
3
12
I = 2x10
-9
m4
12 6l
e
-12 6l
e
4l
e
2
-6l
e
2l
e
2
Symmetric 12 -6l
e
4l
e
2
= 1.85x10
3
12 6l
e
-12 6l
e
4l
e
2
-6l
e
2l
e
2
Symmetric 12 -6l
e
4l
e
2
27
th
to 31
st
Jan 2009
30
Dr. T. JAGADISH
ON
ON
=
l
e
420
m
e
156 22l
e
54 -13l
e
4l
e
2
13l
e
-3l
e
2
Symmetric 156 -22l
e
4l
e
2
Element Mass Matrix is given by
[M] =
7848x 2.4 x10
-4
x 0.6
9.81 x 420
156 22l
e
54 -13l
e
4l
e
2
13l
e
-3l
e
2
Symmetric 156 -22l
e
4l
e
2
156 22l
e
54 -13l
e
4l
e
2
13l
e
-3l
e
2
Symmetric 156 -22l
e
4l
e
2
2.74 x 10
-4
[M] =
27
th
to 31
st
Jan 2009
31
Dr. T. JAGADISH
ON
ON
For Free vibration Characteristic Equation is [K]{Q} [M]{Q} = 0
or [[K] - [M]]{Q}
=
1.85x10
3
12 6l
e
-12 6l
e
4l
e
2
-6l
e
2l
e
2
Symmetric 12 -6l
e
4l
e
2
156 22l
e
54 -13l
e
4l
e
2
13l
e
-3l
e
2
Symmetric 156 -22l
e
4l
e
2
- 2.74 x 10
-4
Q
1
Q
2
Q
3
Q
4
= 0
Applying the boundary condition i.e Q1 = Q2 = 0 since one end if fixed. Thus by
elimination approach eliminating th3 first and second row and column we have
1.85x10
3
12 6l
e
-12 6l
e
4l
e
2
-6l
e
2l
e
2
Symmetric 12 -6l
e
4l
e
2
156 22l
e
54 -13l
e
4l
e
2
13l
e
-3l
e
2
Symmetric 156 -22l
e
4l
e
2
- 2.74 x 10
-4
Q
1
Q
2
Q
3
Q
4
= 0
27
th
to 31
st
Jan 2009
32
Dr. T. JAGADISH
ON
ON
Q
1
Q
2
Then f
1
=
1
/2 = 4.481x10
2
/2 = 71.322 Hz and f
2
=
2
/2 = 4.423x10
3
/2 = 703.98 Hz
12 -6le
-6le 4l
e
2
1.85 x 10
3
= 0 - 2.74 x 10
-4

156 -22l
e
-22l
e
4l
e
2
Q3
Q4
For a non trivial solution the determinant of he above matrix [K] [M] = 0. Thus
12 -6le
-6le 4l
e
2
1.85 x 10
3
= 0
- 2.74 x 10
-4

156 -22l
e
-22l
e
4l
e
2
2.22 x 10
4
- 4.29x10
-2

-1.11 x 10
4
+ 6.05x10
-3

1.85 x 10
4
6.05 x10
-3

7.4 x 10
3
1.1x10
-3

= 0
(2.22 x 10
4
- 4.29x10
-2
)(7.4 x 10
3
1.1x10
-3
) (-1.11 x 10
4
+ 6.05x10
-3
)(1.85 x 10
4
6.05 x10
-3
) = 0
1.048X10
-5

2
2.07x10
2
+ 4.115x10
7
= 0
or
2
1.976x10
7
+ 4.11x10
7
= 0
Solving the quadratic equation we get
1
= 2.008x10
5
Since
i
=

then
Since
1
=
1
= 2.008x10
5
= 4.481x10
2
radians per second and
2
= 1.956x10
7
and
2
=
2
= 1.956x10
7
= 4.423x10
3
radians per second
27
th
to 31
st
Jan 2009
33
Dr. T. JAGADISH
ON
ON

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The elemental stiffness matrix for a uniform cross section is

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