Generic name

Brand names

Common uses

[2]

Possible side [2] effects

Mechanism of action

Aminoglycosides Binding to the bacterial 30S ribos omal subunit (some work by binding to the 50S subunit), inhibiting the translocation of the peptidyl-tRNA from the A-site to the Psite and also causing misreading of mRNA, leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth.

Amikacin Gentamicin Kanamycin Neomycin Netilmicin Tobramycin

Amikin Garamycin Kantrex Neo-Fradin

[3]

Netromycin Nebcin

Paromomycin

Humatin

Infections caused by Gram-negative bacteria, such as Escherichia coli and Klebsiellaparticul arly Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Effective against Aerobic bacteria (not obligate/facultative anaerobes) and tularemia.

Hearing loss Vertigo Kidney damage

Spectinomycin

Trobicin

Gonorrhea Ansamycins

Geldanamycin Herbimycin

Experimental, as antitumor antibiotics Traveler's diarrhea caused by E. coli

Rifaximin

Xifaxan

Streptomycin Carbacephem prevents bacterial cell division by inhibiting cell wall synthesis.

Loracarbef

Lorabid

Discontinued

Carbapenems Ertapenem Invanz Bactericidal for both Gastrointe Inhibition of cell

Doripenem

Doribax

Imipenem/Cilastati Primaxin n

Gram-positive and Gram-negative organisms and therefore useful for empiric broadspectrum antibacterial coverage. (Note MRSA resistance to this class.)

stinal upset wall synthesis and diarrhea Nausea Seizures Headache Rash and allergic reactions

Meropenem

Merrem

Cephalosporins (First generation) Cefadroxil Cefazolin Duricef Ancef Gastrointe stinal upset and Same mode of action as Nausea (if other beta-lactam antibiotics: disrupt alcohol the synthesis of taken the peptidoglycan l concurrentl ayer of bacterial cell walls. y) diarrhea Good coverage against Gram-positive infections. Cefalexin Keflex Allergic reactions Cephalosporins (Second generation) Cefaclor Cefamandole Distaclor Mandol(discontin ued) Mefoxin(disconti nued) Cefzil Less Gram-positive cover, improved Gramnegative cover. Gastrointe stinal upset and Same mode of diarrhea action as Nausea (if other beta-lactam antibiotics: disrupt alcohol the synthesis of taken the peptidoglycan l concurrentl ayer of bacterial cell walls. y) Allergic reactions Cephalosporins (Third generation) Cefixime Cefdinir Suprax Improved coverage of Omnicef, Cefdiel Gram-negative Gastrointe Same mode of action as

Cefalotin or Cefalo Keflin(discontinu thin ed)

Cefoxitin Cefprozil

Cefuroxime

Ceftin, Zinnat(U K)

Cefditoren Cefoperazone Cefotaxime Cefpodoxime

Spectracef

organisms, except Pseudomonas. Cefobid(disconti Reduced Gram-positive nued) cover. Claforan Vantin

stinal upset other beta-lactam antibiotics: disrupt and the synthesis of diarrhea the peptidoglycan l Nausea (if ayer of bacterial cell walls. alcohol taken concurrentl y)

Ceftazidime[Unlike most thirdgeneration agents, Ceftazidime is Fortaz active against Pseudomonas aeruginosa] Ceftibuten Ceftizoxime Ceftriaxone Cedax Cefizox (discontinued) Rocephin

Allergic reactions

Cephalosporins (Fourth generation) Gastrointe stinal upset and Same mode of action as Nausea (if other beta-lactam antibiotics: disrupt alcohol the synthesis of taken the peptidoglycan l concurrentl ayer of bacterial cell walls. y) diarrhea Covers pseudomonal infections. Allergic reactions Cephalosporins (Fifth generation) Same mode of action as stinal upset other beta-lactam and antibiotics: disrupt the synthesis of diarrhea the peptidoglycan l Allergic ayer of reaction bacterial cell walls. Gastrointe Same mode of action as stinal upset other beta-lactam Gastrointe

Cefepime

Maxipime

Ceftaroline fosamil Teflaro

Used to treat MRSA

Ceftobiprole

Zeftera

Used to treat MRSA

and diarrhea Nausea (if alcohol taken concurrentl y) Allergic reactions Glycopeptides Teicoplanin Vancomycin Targocid (UK) Vancocin Active against aerobic and anaerobic Grampositive bacteria including MRSA; Vancomycin is used orally for the treatment of C. difficile Lincosamides Clindamycin Cleocin Serious staph-, pneumo-, and streptococcal infections in penicillinallergic patients, also anaerobic infections; clindamycin topically foracne Lipopeptide

antibiotics: disrupt the synthesis of the peptidoglycan l ayer of bacterial cell walls.

inhibiting peptidogl ycan synthesis

Telavancin

Vibativ

Lincomycin

Lincocin

Possible C. difficilerelatedpseudo membranous enterocolitis

Bind to 50S subunit of bacterial ribosomal RNA the reby inhibiting protein synthesis

Daptomycin

Cubicin

Gram-positive organisms

Bind to the membrane and cause rapid depolarization, resulting in a loss of membrane potential leading to inhibition of protein, DNA and RNA synthesis

Macrolides Azithromycin Clarithromycin Dirithromycin Zithromax,Suma Streptococcal med,Xithrone infections, syphilis, upper Biaxin respiratory tract infections, lower Dynabac(discont Nausea, vomiting, and inhibition of bacterial protein biosynthesis by binding reversibly

inued) Erythromycin Roxithromycin Erythocin,Erythr oped

respiratory tract infections, mycoplasmal infections, Lyme disease

to the subunit 50S of the (especially bacterial ribosome, at higher thereby inhibiting doses) translocation of Prolonged peptidyl tRNA. diarrhea cardiacQT interval(es

Troleandomycin

Tao (discontinued)

pecially erythromyc in) Jaundice

Telithromycin

Ketek

Pneumonia

Visual Disturbance, [4] Liver Toxicity.

Spiramycin

Rovamycine

Mouth infections Monobactams Same mode of action as other beta-lactam antibiotics: disrupt the synthesis of the peptidoglycan l ayer of bacterial cell walls. Nitrofurans Bacterial or protozoal diarrhea or e nteritis

Aztreonam

Azactam

Furazolidone

Furoxone

Nitrofurantoin

Macrodantin,Ma Urinary tract infections crobid Oxazolidonones Thrombocy topenia Peripheral neuropathy Protein synthesis inhibitor; prevents the initiation step

Linezolid

Zyvox

VRSA

Posizolid

Phase II clinical trials Phase II clinical trials

Radezolid

Torezolid

Phase II clinical trials Penicillins

Amoxicillin Ampicillin Azlocillin Carbenicillin

Novamox,Amoxil Principen (discontinued)

Geocillin (discontinued) Tegopen (discontinued) Dynapen (discontinued) Floxapen(Sold to European generics Actavis Group) Mezlin (discontinued) Staphcillin (discontinued) Unipen (discontinued) Prostaphlin (discontinued) Pentids (discontinued) Veetids (PenVee-K) (discontinued) Pipracil (discontinued) Pfizerpen Negaban (UK) (discontinued) Ticar (discontinued) Penicillin combinations Wide range of infections; penicillin used forstreptococcal infections, syphilis, and Lyme disease Gastrointe stinal upset and diarrhea Allergy Same mode of action as other beta-lactam with antibiotics: disrupt seriousana the synthesis of phylactic the peptidoglycan l ayer of reactions bacterial cell walls. Brain and kidney damage (rare)

Cloxacillin

Dicloxacillin

Flucloxacillin

Mezlocillin

Methicillin

Nafcillin

Oxacillin

Penicillin G

Penicillin V

Piperacillin Penicillin G Temocillin

Ticarcillin

Amoxicillin/clavula Augmentin nate

The second component

Ampicillin/sulbacta Unasyn m Piperacillin/tazoba Zosyn ctam Ticarcillin/clavulan Timentin ate Polypeptides

prevents bacterial resistanc e to the first component

Bacitracin

Inhibits isoprenyl pyrophosphate, a molecule that carries the building blocks of the peptidoglycan bacterial cell wall outside of the [5] inner membrane Coly-Mycin-S Eye, ear or bladder infections; usually applied directly to the eye or inhaled into the lungs; rarely given by injection, although the use of intravenous colistin is experiencing a resurgence due to the emergence of multi drug resistant organisms. Interact with the Gramnegative bacterial outer Kidney and membrane andcyto nerve damage plasmic (when given by membrane. It injection) displaces bacterial counter ions, which destabilizes the outer membrane. They act like a detergent against the cytoplasmic membrane, which alters its permeability. Polymyxin B and E are bactericidal even in an isosmotic solution.

Colistin

Polymyxin B

Quinolones/Fluoroquinolone Ciprofloxacin Enoxacin Gatifloxacin Gemifloxacin Cipro,Ciproxin, Ciprobay Penetrex Tequin Factive
[6]

Urinary tract infections, bacterial prostatitis, communityacquired pneumonia, bac terial diarrhea, mycoplasmal

Nausea (rare), irreversible damage tocentral nervous system (uncom

inhibit the bacterial DNA gyrase or the topoisomerase IV enzyme, thereby

Levofloxacin Lomefloxacin Moxifloxacin Nalidixic acid Norfloxacin Ofloxacin Trovafloxacin Grepafloxacin Sparfloxacin Temafloxacin

Levaquin Maxaquin Avelox NegGram Noroxin Floxin, Ocuflox Trovan Raxar Zagam Omniflox

infections, gonorrhea

mon), tendinosis (rare)

inhibiting DNA repli cation and transcription.

Withdrawn Withdrawn Withdrawn Withdrawn Sulfonamides

Mafenide Sulfacetamide Sulfadiazine

Sulfamylon Sulamyd, Bleph10 Micro-Sulfon

Silver sulfadiazine Silvadene Sulfadimethoxine Sulfamethizole Di-Methox, Albon Thiosulfil Forte Urinary tract infections (except sulfacetamide, used for eye infections, and mafenide and silver sulfadiazine, used topically for burns)

Sulfamethoxazole Gantanol Sulfanilimide (arch aic) Sulfasalazine Sulfisoxazole Azulfidine Gantrisin

TrimethoprimSulfamethoxazole( Bactrim, Septra Co-trimoxazole) (TMP-SMX)

Folate synthesis inhibition Nausea, . They are competitive vomiting, inhibitors of the and enzymedihydropter diarrhea oate synthetase, Allergy (inc DHPS. DHPS luding skin catalyses the conversion of rashes) PABA (paraCrystals in aminobenzoate) to dihydropteroate, urine a key step Kidney in folatesynthesis. failure Folate is Decrease necessary for the cell to in white synthesize nucleic blood acids(nucleic acids cell count are essential Sensitivity building blocks to sunlight of DNA and RNA), and in its absence cells cannot divide.

Sulfonamidochrys Prontosil oidine(archaic) Tetracyclines Demeclocycline Doxycycline Declomycin Vibramycin Syphilis, chlamydial infec tions, Lyme Gastrointe inhibiting the binding

Minocycline Oxytetracycline

Minocin Terramycin

disease,mycoplasmal infections, acne rickettsialinfections, *malaria *Note: Malaria is caused by a protist and not a bacterium.

stinal upset of aminoacyltRNA to Sensitivity the mRNAto sunlight ribosomecomplex. They do so mainly Potential by binding to toxicity to the 30S ribosomal mother and subunit in fetus the mRNA translation comple during x. pregnancy Enamel hypoplasia (staining of teeth; potentially permanent )

Tetracycline Sumycin,Achrom ycin V, Steclin

transient depression of bone growth

Drugs against mycobacteria Clofazimine Dapsone Capreomycin Cycloserine Ethambutol Ethionamide Isoniazid Pyrazinamide Lamprene Avlosulfon Capastat Seromycin Myambutol Trecator I.N.H. Aldinamide Antileprotic Antileprotic Antituberculosis Antituberculosis, urinary tract infections Antituberculosis Antituberculosis Antituberculosis Antituberculosis Binds to the mostly GramReddishsubunit of RNA positive and mycobacteri orange sweat, polymerase to a tears, and urine inhibit transcription Mycobacterium avium complex rash, discolored urine, GI Inhibits peptide synthesis

Rifampicin (Rifam Rifadin, pin in US) Rimactane

Rifabutin

Mycobutin

symptoms Rifapentine Priftin Antituberculosis As Neurotoxicity,ot other aminoglycosi otoxicity des

Streptomycin

Antituberculosis

Others Arsphenamine Salvarsan Spirochaetal infections (obsolete) meningitis, MRSA, topical use, or for low cost internal treatment. Rarely: aplastic Historic: typhus, cholera. anemia. Gram-negative, Grampositive, anaerobes Inhibits bacterial protein synthesis by binding to the 50S subunit of the ribosome Inactivates enolpyr uvyl transferase, thereby blocking cell wall synthesis

Chloramphenicol

Chloromycetin

Fosfomycin

Monurol

Acute cystitis in women

Fusidic acid

Fucidin Produces toxic free radicals that disrupt DNA and Discolored proteins. This nonurine,headache specific , metallic mechanism is taste, nausea; responsible for its alcoholis activity against a contraindicated variety of bacteria, amoebae, and protozoa. Inhibits isoleucine t-RNA synthetase (IleRS) causing inhibition of protein synthesis

Metronidazole

Flagyl

Infections caused by anaerobic bacteria; alsoamoebiasis, trichom oniasis, Giardiasis

Mupirocin

Bactroban

Ointment for impetigo, cr eam for infected cuts

Platensimycin Quinupristin/Dalfo Synercid pristin Gram-negative, GramRash. Lacks positive, anaerobes. known anemic widely used in veterinary side-effects. medicine. A chloramphenicol analog. May inhibit bacterial protein synthesis by

Thiamphenicol

binding to the 50S subunit of the ribosome Indicated for complicated skin/skin structure infections and Tigecycline Tigacyl complicated intraabdominal infections. || Teeth discoloration. || Tindamax Fasigyn Proloprim, Trimpex upset stomach, bitter taste, and itchiness

Tinidazole

protozoan infections

Trimethoprim

Urinary Tract Infections