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Morfologia - Processos de formao de palavras Afixao Prefixao Flexional Cohabit {co-}+{habit} Antichrist {anti-}+{christ} Undo {un-}+{do} Books {book}+{-Pl} James {James}+{-Poss} (he) reads {read}+{-3pg} (he) walked {walk}+{-Past} (he had) tested {test}+{-en} (he had) eaten {eat}+{-en} (he is) eating {eat}+{-ing} (john is) nicer (than Kate) {nice}+{-er} (john is the) nicest {nice}+{-est} (no alteram a categoria gramatical da palavra) Sufixao Derivacional Habitant (N) {habit}V+{-ant} Friendly (Adj) {friend}N+{-ly} Happiness (N) {happy}Adj+{-ness} Formulate (V) {formula}N+{-ate} Lexical Photograph {photo-}+{-graph} Geology {geo-}+{-logy} Teapot {tea}+{pot} Inside (Adv) {in}+{side} However {how}+{ever} Composio

(de uma forma geral, os prefixos no alteram a categoria gramatical da palavra)

(podem alterar, ou no, a categoria gramatical da palavra)

(no alteram a categoria gramatical da palavra)

(no alteram a categoria gramatical da palavra)

Morfologia - Processos de formao de palavras Converso total Processo derivacional atravs do qual uma palavra adaptada ou convertida numa outra de classe diferente, sem adio de afixo (chamada afixao zero). Verbo Nome Nouns coming from verbs can express state of mind or state of sensation, like in the nouns 'experience', 'fear', 'feel' or 'hope'. Nouns can also name events or activities, such is the case of 'attack' and 'laugh(s)'. The object of the verb from which the noun is derived can be observed in 'visit' (with the sense of that which visits), 'increase' (that which increases), 'call' and 'command'. In the fourth division the noun refers to the subject of the original verb. Examples of this kind are 'clone' (the living being that is cloned), 'contacts' or 'judge'. Other nouns show the instrument of the primitive verb, like in 'cover' (something to cover with) and 'start'. Finally, a place of the verb can also be nominalised, like in 'turn' (where to turn) or 'rise'. Nome Verbo They can express the action of putting in or on the noun, such as in pocket(ed) (to put into the pocket), 'film(ing)' (to put into a film) and 'practice'. These verbs can also have the meaning of "to provide with (the noun)" or "to give (the noun)", like 'name' (to give a name to somebody), 'shape' (to give shape to something) or 'fuel(s)'. The verbs belonging to the third division will express the action done with the noun as instrument. It can be exemplified with 'hammer' (to hit a nail by means of a hammer), 'yo-yo' (to play with a yo-yo) 'dot' or 'brake' (braking). Another group of verbs has the meaning of to act as the noun with respect to something, as exemplified in 'host(ed)' (to act as the host of a house). Other subclassification has the sense of making something into the original noun, like in 'schedule(d)' (to arrange into a schedule) and 'rule'. The last group means to send by means of the noun, that is the case of 'ship(ped)' or 'telephone(d)' (in an abstract sense). Adjectivo Verbo Adjectives can also go through the process of conversion, especially to verbs. De-adjectival verbs get the meaning of "to make (adjective)". It can be easily seen by means of examples like 'black(ed)' (to make black), 'open', 'slow(ing)' , and so on. Conversion from a closed category to any other category Closed-class categories can also undergo conversion. Although their frequency is much less common, the process is not ungrammatical. All morphologic categories have examples of this kind. Prepositions are probably the most productive ones. They can easily become adverbs, nouns and verbs. This is the case of 'up' and 'out' and. Conversion to noun may as well occur in adverbs like in 'outside' and 'inside'; conjunctions, as regarded in 'ifs' and 'buts'; interjections and non-lexical items, like 'ho ho ho's' and 'ha ha ha'; affixes such as 'mini-' can appear as noun and proper noun... Conversion to verb is frequent in onomatopoeic expressions like 'buzz', 'beep' or 'woo(ing)'. Finally, phrase compounds can appear as adjectives, such as in 'borrow-the-mower', 'down-to-earth' or 'now-it-can-be-told'.

Morfologia - Processos de formao de palavras Converso Parcial Quando uma palavra de uma classe aparece numa funo que caracterstica de uma outra classe de palavras. Ex.: the wealthy (=wealthy people) ou the wicked (=wicked people) O adjectivo parcialmente convertido em substantive, pois a sua posio sinttica caracterstica de substantivos (ncleo de sintagma nominal) no entanto no pode variar em nmero nem caso. No ser correcto dizer I met a wealthy ou Those wealthies are my friends. Nome Adjectivo Adjectivo Nome There are some clues, though, to make sure conversion has taken place. Adjectives can also shift into nouns, though it is not very frequent. It mainly In the case of adjectives coming from nouns, the hints are quite easy: happens in well-established patterns of adjective plus noun phrase. they can be considered as cases of conversion only when they can Nominalisation occurs when the noun is elided and the adjective is widely appear in predicative as well as in attributive form. If the denominal used as a synonym of an existing set pattern. This could be the case of 'a adjective can be used attributively, we can affirm conversion has Chinese favorite'. The adjective nature in cases of partial conversion is happened. If it can only appear predicatively, it is merely a case of evident, though. They are nouns from the point of view that they appear in partial conversion. 'Mahogany music box' can be used in an attributive the same syntactic position. Their grammatical nature, though, is a different way, "the music box is mahogany". This implies 'mahogany' is a one. These adjectives can still be changed to the comparative and denominal adjective. However, in the predicative phrase 'antiques superlative form (adjective nature). This can be exemplified in 'worst' and dealers' we cannot treat 'antiques' as an adjective because the 'merrier'. However, these adjectives cannot behave as nouns: if their attributive form of this expression is ungrammatical (*dealers are number or case is changed, they will produce ungrammatical sentences. antique). Another way to make sure we are in front of a case of This can be seen in the case of 'more' in cases like "*the mores we get". If conversion is to change a word for another similar one. For example, in the '-s' for the plural is added to any of these items, we would get 'Dutch Auction' we are sure the word 'Dutch' is an adjective because it ungrammatical sentences. The case of 'cutie' , though, could be argued. It has the specific form of adjective. Therefore, in 'South Jersey Auction' or seems to be much used and established within certain groups. This could 'Texas Auction' we can affirm these are cases of denominal adjectives. have converted it into a lexicalised example of adjective to noun. Ateno: What is the difference between predicative and attributive use of an adjective, since many can have both uses, depending on the context. Attributive: when they premodify the head of a noun phrase. Ex.: a small garden popular ballads The adjectives expresses an attribute of the noun, hence the attributive use. It is not a sentence element of its own as is the case with predicative use. Predicative: functions as subject complement or object complement. Ex.: He seems careless. (subject complement) || I find him careless. (object complement) Here, the adjective is a sentence element of its own, either a subject or an object complement.

Flexo

Derivao Sufixal (ou Sufixao Derivacional) Derivao Prefixal (ou prefixao derivacional)

Derivao parassinttica ou parassntese Prefixao Lexical Sufixao Lexical Composio Amlgama (composio por aglutinao)

Definies Na gramtica, flexo ou inflexo a modificao de uma palavra para expressar diferentes categorias gramaticais, como modo, tempo, voz, aspecto, pessoa, nmero, gnero e caso. A conjugao a flexo dos verbos; a declinao a flexo de substantivos, adjectivos e pronomes. Ex.: Nome + Plural House + {-Pl} = Houses Verbo no passado Question + {-Past} = Questioned A uma base, geralmente lexical, adiciona-se um sufixo: morfema derivacional que sempre preso - pode mudar de significado ou de classe gramatical. Ex.: Polite (Adj) + {-ness} = Politeness (N) A uma base, geralmente lexical, adiciona-se um prefixo: morfema derivacional que sempre preso, alterando o sentido da palavra. Ex.: {a-} + moral = amoral (Este prefixo, por ex, no alteram a classe da palavra!) {en-} + large (adj) = enlarge (verbo) Acrscimo simultneo de prefixo e sufixo. Originam-se de substantivos ou de adjectivos. Formam nomes e sobretudo verbos. Ex.: un-whole-some-ness A uma base adiciona-se prefixo lexical: um morfema lexical preso. Ex.: {in-} + legal = illegal {un-} + kind = unkind A uma base adiciona-se sufixo lexical: um morfema lexical preso. Ex.: intro + {-vert} = introvert So palavras que apresentam dois ou mais radicais livres. Ex.: tea + pot = teapot Fuso de duas palavras, geralmente uma perdendo a parte final e a outra perdendo a parte inicial. Ex.: smoke + fog smog spoon + fork spork