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& I'rof. Strhrll. Gllnesan, Df r cc t o r, Real Time Systerns Lab, Oaldand Lln i v e rs tt y (USA)

Or. S.K. Mlttal Organizing Pnndpal Chairman SESCOE, Navalnagar (Dhulo)

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Registrar SESCOE, Nav. Inagar (Ohule)

OPTIMAL PLACEMENT OF CAPACITOR FOR POWER lOSS REDUCTION USING ETAP SOFTWARE
Prof.R.M.Holm ukhe,
Department of Electrical Engineering, College of Engineering. Bharati Vidyapeeth University, Pune,Maharashtra. Mobile:90 II 064868 Mail: rajeshmholmukhe@hotmail.com

inductive load center, the capacitor still provides reactive loading relief, but the system will not gain the full advantages of voltage and loss improvement which would be afforded by proper capacitor placement.

Prof.P.V.Chopade
Department of Electrical Engineering, College of Engineering, Bharati Vidyapeeth University, Pune.Maharashtra.

Prornod Jalamkar
Mtech Electrical Student Department of Electrical Engineering Bharati Vidyapeeth University, Pune,Maharashtra.

INTRODUCTION:
The total power (Apparent Power) in kilovolt-amperes (kVA) delivered by a distribution line to a load consists of two parts, Real Power (kW) and Reactive Power (kVAR). Power factor is a mathematical representotion of the amount of reactive power relative to the amount of real power or apparent power. Reactive energy is required because connected loads (motors, transformers, and other inductive type loads) and associated conductors demand this type of energy along with real energy to do work. As a result. in the absence of any other source, reactive energy has to be supplied by the generator at the power plant. be transformed and transmitted along the transmission grid, and finally be transformed again on the distribution system for delivery to the reactive load that requires it. When the distribution system's reactive load can be canceled by a capacitor placed at the reactive load center, the entire power delivery system will be relieved of this Kvar burden originally supplied from the power supplier's generator; thereby making its full capacity available to serve real power loads. If a capacitor is connected to the distribution system either too far ahead of or too far beyond the system's

ADAVANTAGES OF INSTALLATION OF CAPACITOR:

IMPROVES POWER FACTOR: As a rural power distribution system load grows, the system power factor usually declines. Load growth and a decrease in power factor leads to Voltage regulation problems; Increased system losses; Power factor penalties Reduced system capacity. Capacitors offer a means of improving system power factor and helping to correct the above conditions by reducing the reactive kilovar load corried b the utilit s stem

IMPROVES FEEDER VOLTAGE PROFILE One of the greatest advantages gained by the proper sizing end location of distribution capacitors is voltage improvement. By placing

leading volt-amperes reactive (VAR) loads {copacitors} near logging VAR load centers (motors for' example), the logging VARs on a system basis are cancelled with on associated increase in voltage. In addition to improving the system Power Factor, capacitors also provide some voltage drop correction. Because of a copccitors leading current this flows through the system's logging inductance, capacitors couse a voltage riseon the system.
REDUCES POWER AND ENERGY LOSSES

CAPACITOR
LIGHT LOAD CONDITIONS

SIZING:

Distribution capacitors can reduce system line losses, as long as the system power factor is not forced into a leading mode. Line losses at 80 percent leading power factor are just as detrimental as line losses at 80 percent logging power factor.
INCREASES SYSTEM CAPACITY

. As will be seen, capacitors will provide improvement on the bulk facilities as a by-product of the improvements they bring about on the distribution feeder.
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Selecting capacitor locations for the lightest load requires determining the expected minimum load from the lowest peak month's historical load data. Capacitor or kVAR needs may also be determined by tracking minimummaximum load readings from a feeder's bus-by-bus metering records or from SCADA (Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition) loading data.
PEAK LOAD CONDITIONS

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Automatic controls can track various parameters and switch the capacitor bonks as needed to optimize the system power factor. The additional capacitors should be switched either as an entire bank or in steps in order to keep the power factor from becoming significantly leading at any time. In addition, proper switching prevents over voltage, undesirable voltage flicker and helps the capacitors perform the task they were installed to do. Voltage spikes or surges occur when switching capacitors because the switch usually closes when the system voltage is not at a zero voltage crossing point. Non-zero current switching causes a capacitor to abruptly charge to the system voltage and generally creates wide ranging overswings. This transient will toke several cycles to decoy end can affect industrial loads with

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Maximum benefits are obtained by locating the capacitors os near the inductive reactance kVAR loads os possible and by matching the magnitude of the inductive reactance kVAR requirement. Practical considerations of economics and availability of a limited number of standard kVAR sizes necessitate that capacitors be clustered near load centers. Computer modeling or rigorous evaluation of considerable load metering data are absalutely necessary to make the proper capacitor placement decision and keep line losses os low as possible For industrial loads, it is best to correct the power factor at the load. Optimum benefits (To ?btain maximum benefits in voltage Improvement and reduction of loss on such a line)are derived by locating capacitors at industrial loads and at a feeder's consumer load density center for residential load. The residential load center is normally 1/2 to 2/3 the distance from the substation to the end of the line for uniformly loaded feeders. Thus, the following method is recommended for locating capacitors: Use a computer model of your electric system and allow the computer program to place the capacitors on the system in blocks of the largest size that can be used to limit the voltage changes to 3 volts per switched bank. There are several suppliers of good engineering analysis software and many engineering consultants offer computer service.

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ABOUT ETAP:
ETAP PowerStation is a fully graphical power systems analysis program that runs on Microsoft Windows 98, NT 4.0, 2000, Me, and XP environments. The Windows 2000 and XP Professional platforms provide the highest performance level for demanding applications, such as large network analysis requiring intensive computation and online monitaring and control applications. Windows 2000 and XP Professional also provide the highest levels of reliability, protection, and security of critical applications, especially for large PowerStation projects (approximately 500 buses and larger). P<:,werStationallows you to work directly With graphical one-line diagrams, underground cable raceway systems, ground grid systems and cable pulling systems. The program hos been designed according to three key concepts:

PRINCIPLE OF OPTIMAL CAPACITOR PLACEMENT USED IN ETAP:

OPTIMAL CAPACITOR PLACEMENT

Most power systems that operate at a logging power factor due to loads and delivery apparatus (lines and ransformers) are inductive in nature. Therefore. power systems require additional var flow. This results in reduced system capacity, increased losses and decreased voltage. To place shunt capacitors in power systems. you must perform the following tasks: Determine the bank size in kvor Determine the connection location Determine a control method Determine a connection type (wye or delta) You can determine the capacitor size and the proper location for voltage support and power factor correction in different ways. One common method is based on applying "rules of thumb" techniques. followed by running multiple load flow studies for fine-tuning the size and location. This method may not yield the optimal solution. It can also be very time consuming and impractical for large systems. Minimizing the cost while determining the capacitor size and location mathematically is an optimization problem. Therefore. you should employ an optimization approach. The ETAP Optimal Capacitor Placement (OCP) module is an extremely powerful simulation tool that is specifically designed for this application. The OCP module helps you place capacitors for voltage support and power factor correction while minimizing total cost. The advanced graphical interface gives you the flexibility to control the capacitor placement process and allows you to view the results graphically. The precise calcu!ation approach automatically determines the

best location and bonk sizes. In addition, it reports the branch capacity release and the savings during t e planning period due to vor loss reduction.

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USING

ETAP:

ET AP currently utilizes the genetic algorithm for optimal capacitor placement. The genetic algorithm ison optimization technique based on the theory of natural selection. A genetic algorithm storts with a generation of solutions with wide diversity to represent choracteristics of the whole search space. By mutation and crossover, good characteristics ore selected and corried to the next generation. The optimal solution can be reached through generations. OCP uses the present worth method to perform alternative comparisons. It considers initial installation and operating casts. which include maintenance. depreciation, and loss reduction savings. It also provides interest rate and inflation consideration. Objective Function of OCP: The objective of optimal capacitor . placement is to minimize the cost of the system. The cost includes four parts: fixed capacitor installation cost capacitor purchase cost capacitor bonk operating cast (maintenance and depreciation) cost of real power losses

RESULT:
The optimal capacitor placement calculation results are reported on the one-line diagram and in the Crystal Reports format. The graphical one-line diagram displays the resuits of calculations such os bus voltages, branch flows and voltage drops, and load power consumption for maximum, minimum, or overage load.

Use the Display Options editor to specify the content you want to display. The one-line diagram flags abnormal operating conditions in different colors. These inctoce .overloaded cables and over- or under-voltage buses. The oneline diagram also displays new capacitor information, which includes the total number of banks, rated kV, rated kvor. operating kvor. and amps. The Crystal Reports format provides you with reports containing detailed information about capacitor installation and load flow analysis. You can use the OCP Report Manager to view the output report.

centers. Computer modeling or rigorous evaluation of considerable load metering data ore 6bsolutely necessary ;0 make the proper capacitor placement decision and keep line losses os low as possible. The loss reduction benefits possible with capacitor use can be significant enough to economically justify feeder metering or a large shore of SCADA system costs. According to the results obtained , placement of capacitor at sub 3b gives optimum benefits.

Acknowledgement:
Bharoti Vidyapeeth University for providing all the facilities and purchasing ETAPsoftware.

CONCLUSION:
Capacitors can thus be used effectively for reactive power compensation which helps in improvin.g the power factor, reducing system losses, improving voltage, increasing the capacity of feeders etc. Maximum benefits ore obtained by selecting the optimum size of the capacitor and by locating the capacitors as neor the inductive reactance kVAR loads as possible and by matching the magnitude of the inductive reactance kVAR requirement. Practical considerations of economics and availability of a limited number of standard kVAR sizes necessitate that capacitors be clustered near load
ONE-LINE

BIBLIOGRAPHY:
& Y.Tamura (1981),IEEE trans. On power apparotus & systems 2. D.Rajicic & Y.Tamura( 1988) IEEEtrans. on power systems volume 3. Aoki k.tchimod T, Kanezoshi M. (1985). "Normal state optimallood allocation in distribution systems". IEEETrans Power Deliv. Volume 3 (issue I), pp.147155. 4. Aoki K, Kuwabara H. Satoh t. Konezoshi M (1988). "An efficient algorithm for load balancing of transformers and feeders". IEEETrans Power Deliv, Volume 3 (issue 4), pp.1865-1872. D.M.Tagore Reactive power management McGraw Hill 2000 5. Rani and Vijaya, "Distribution system loss reduction by capacilors",Proc. of Notional Conference on Emerging Trends in Engineering(2000). Husur

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