Aero Engineering Thermo Dynamics

UNIT I
BASIC CONCEPTS & FIRST AND SECOND LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS

PART A
1. What is meat !" the#m$%"ami& s"stem' H$( %$ "$) &*assi+" it'
Thermodynamic system is defined as the any space or matter or group of matter where the energy
transfer or energy conversions are studied.
It may be classified into three types.
a) Open system
b) Closed system
c) Isolated system
,. What is meat !" &*$se% s"stem' -i.e a e/am0*e.
When a system has only heat and work transfer, but there is no mass transfer, it is called as closed
system. !ample" #iston and cylinder arrangement.
1. De+ie a $0e s"stem. -i.e a e/am0*e.
When a system has heat, work and mass transfer, it is called as open system.
!ample " $ir compressor
2. Disti3)ish !et(ee O0e a% C*$se% s"stems. 4A Ui.. O&t5 6,7
S.N$. C*$se% S"stem O0e S"stem
%,
There is no mass transfer. Only heat and
work will transfer.
&ass transfer will take place, in addition to the heat
and work transfer.
'. (ystem boundary is fi!ed one. (ystem boundary may or may not change.
).
!" #iston * cylinder arrangement, thermal
power plant.
$ir compressor, boiler.
8. De+ie a Is$*ate% S"stem.
Isolated system is not affected by surroundings. There is no heat, work and mass transfer takes place.
In this system total energy remains constant.
9. De+ie s0e&i+i& heat &a0a&it" at &$stat 0#ess)#e.
:EL TECH D#. RR & D#. SR TECHNICAL UNI:ERSITY
%
It is defined as the amount of heat energy re+uired raising or lowering the temperature of unit mass
of the substance through one degree when the pressure kept constant. It is denoted by C
p
.
;. De+ie s0e&i+i& heat &a0a&it" at &$stat .$*)me.
It is defined as the amount of heat energy re+uired to raising or lowering the temperature of unit
mass of the substance through one degree when volume kept constant.
<. What is meat !" s)##$)%i3s'
$ny other matter out side of the system boundary is called as surroundings,
=. What is !$)%a#"'
(ystem and (urroundings are separated by an imaging line is called boundary.
16. What is meat !" the#m$%"ami& 0#$0e#t"' 4MU> A0#. ,6617
Thermodynamic property is any characteristic of a substance which use used to identify the state of
the system and can be measured, when the system remains in an e+uilibrium state.
11. H$( %$ "$) &*assi+" the 0#$0e#t"'
Thermodynamic property can be classified in to two types.
%. Intensive or Intrinsic and
'. !tensive and !trinsic property
1,. De+ie Itesi.e a% E/tesi.e 0#$0e#ties. ?MU>O&t. =9@ O&t. =<A
The properties which are independent on the mass of the system is called intensive properties.
.g" #ressure, Temperature, (pecific -olume etc.
The properties which are dependent on the mass of the system is called e!tensive properties.
g" Total energy Total volume, weight etc.
11. Di++e#etiate Itesi.e a% E/tesi.e 0#$0e#ties. ?MU>A0#. ==@ A0#.,661A
S*.
N$.
Itesi.e P#$0e#ties E/tesi.e P#$0e#ties
%. Independent on the mass of the system. .ependent on the mass system.
'. If we consider part of the these properties If the consider part of the system it will have a lesser value
'
remain same e.g. #ressure, temperature,
specific volume, etc.
e.g. Total energy, Total -olume, weight, etc.
12. What %$ "$) )%e#sta% !" eB)i*i!#i)m $+ a s"stem'
When a system remains in e+uilibrium state, it should not under go any changes to its own accord.
18. Whe a s"stem is sai% t$ !e i CThe#m$%"ami& EB)i*i!#i)mD'
4Aa Ui.. A0#.62 4EEE7@ MU>A0#. =<E MSU>A0#. =97
When a system is in thermodynamic e+uilibrium, it should satisfy the following three conditions
a. &echanical " #ressure remains constant
b. Thermal +uilibrium " Temperature remain constant
c. Chemical e+uilibrium " There is no chemical reaction
19. De+ie Fe#$th *a( a% +i#st *a( $+ the#m$%"ami&s. 4Aa Ui.. N$.. 61 A0#.68 4EEE7@ MU>N$..
=2@ A0#. ,661E BRU A0#. =97
/eroth law of thermodynamics states that when two systems are separately in thermal e+uilibrium with a
third system, then they themselves are in thermal e+uilibrium with each other.
0irst 1aw of thermodynamics states that when system undergoes a cyclic process net heat transfer is
e+ual to work transfer
2 3 W
1;. 4a74i7 State Fi#st La( $+ the#m$%"ami&s a% a" t($ $+ its &$#$**a#ies. ?Aa Ui.. A0#.62
4EEE7A
/eroth law of thermodynamics states that when two systems are separately in thermal e+uilibrium with a
third system, then they themselves are in thermal e+uilibrium with each other.
0irst 1aw of thermodynamics states that when system undergoes a cyclic process net heat transfer is
e+ual to work transfer.
2 3 W
C$#$**a#ies $+ +i#st *a( $+ the#m$%"ami&s
C$#$**a#" I
There e!ists a property of a closed system such than a change in its value is e+ual to the difference
between the heat supplied and the work done any change of state.
)
C$#$**a#" II
The internal energy of a closed system remains unchanged if the system is isolated from its
surroundings.
C$#$**a#" III
$ perpetual motion machine of first kind 4##&5%) is impossible.

1<. What is meat !" CPe#0et)a* M$ti$ Ma&hie $+ Fi#st Gi%D' ?Aa Ui.. A0#. 61 4EEE7A
#&& of first kind delivers work continuously without any input it violates first law of thermodynamics.
It is impossible to construct an engine working with this principle.
1=. P#$.e that +$# a is$*ate% s"stem@ the#e is $ &ha3e i ite#a* ee#3". ?Aa Ui.. A0#. 61
4Me&h7A
0or any isolated system. There is no heat, work and mass transfer.
23W637
$ccording to the first law of thermodynamics,
23W68
837
,6. Dete#mie the m$*e&)*a# .$*)me $+ a" 0e#+e&t 3as at 966 NHm
,
a% 16C. Ui.e#sa* 3as &$stat
ma" !e taIe as <112 JHI3 m$*e G. ?Aa Ui.. A0#. 61 4Me&h7A
-i.e %ataK
# 3 977:;m
'
T 3 )7C3)76'<)3)7)=
>3?)%@ A;kg mole B =
To find"
&olecular volume, -3C
S$*)ti$K
Ideal gas e+uation,
#-3m>T
977 - 3 % ?)%@ )7)
-3@%D?.E< m
)
;kg mole
@
Res)*tK
&olecular volume, -3@%D?.E< m
)
;kg mole
,1. A is)*ate% #i3i% .esse* is %i.i%e% it$ t($ 0a#ts !" a mem!#ae. Oe 0a#t $+ the .esse* &$tais
ai# at 16 M0a a% $the# 0a#t is +)**" e.a&)ate%. The mem!#ae #)0t)#es a% the ai# +i**s the eti#e
.esse*. Is the#e a" heat a% H $# ($#I t#as+e# %)#i3 this 0#$&ess' L)sti+" "$)# as(e#. ?Aa
Ui.e#sit" N$.561 4Ma#&h7A
0or rigid vessel and unrestrained e!pansion
Change in volume d- 3 7
Work transfer. W 3 pd- 3 7
0or insulated vessel, heat transfer, 2 3 7
$ccording to the first law of thermodynamics the sum of work transfer is e+ual to the sum of heat transfer.
W 3 2 3 7
,,. De+ie the te#m 0#$&essK ?MGU NO:5=9A
It is define as the change of state undergone by a gas due to energy flow.
,1. De+ie the te#m &"&*eK ?MGU NO:5=9A
When a system under goes a series of processes and return to its initial condition, it is known as cycle.
,2. What is meat !" $0e a% &*$se% &"&*e'
In a closed cycle, the same working substance will recirculate again and again. In a open cycle, the same
working substance will e!hausted to the surrounding after e!pansion.
,8. What is meat !" #e.e#si!*e a% i##e.e#si!*e 0#$&ess' ?MU A0#5,661E BNU > N$.5=2A
$ process is said to the reversible. It should traces the same path in the reverse direction when the
process is reversed. It is possible only when the system passes through a continuous series of e+uilibrium
state. If a system does not passes through continuous e+uilibrium state, then the process is said to be
irreversible.
,9. What is meat !" 0$it a% 0ath +)&ti$' ?MU>O&t. ,666A
The +uantity which is independent on the process or path followed by the system is known as path
functions.
!ample" Feat transfer, work transfer
E
,;. What is M)asi> stati& P#$&ess' ?MU>O&t. =<@ A0#. ,666@ A0#. ,661A
The process is said to be +uasi B static, it should proceeds infinitesimally slow and follows continuous
series of e+uilibrium states. Therefore the +uasi5static process may be a reversible process.
,<. De+ie the te#m etha*0". ?MU>O&t. ==A
The combination of internal energy and flow energy is known as enthalpy of the system.
&athematically, enthalpy 4h) 3 8 6 p-kA
Where 8 BInternal energy
# B #ressure
- B -olume
In terms of C
p
*T F 3 mC
p
4T
'
B T
%
)=G
,=. De+ie the te#m ite#a* ee#3". ?MGU A0#. =9A
Internal energy of a gas is the energy stored in a gas due to its molecular interactions.
It is also defined as the energy possessed by a gas at a given temperature.
16. What is meat !" the#m$%"ami& ($#I'
It is the work done by the system when the energy transferred across the boundary of the system. It is
mainly due to intensive property difference between the system and surrounding.
11. SIet&h is$the#ma* e/0asi$ $ 0>: %ia3#am a% state the 0#$0e#ties that #emai &$stat. ?Aa
Ui.. A0#. ,662 4EEE7A
The following properties remain constant.
%. Temperature
'. Internal energy
). nthalpy
9
1,. P#$.e that the %i++e#e&e i s0e&i+i& heat &a0a&ities eB)a* t$ C
0
C
.
N R. ?Aa Ui.. A0#. 61
4Me&h7A
Consider a gas heated at constant pressure
(o, heat supplied, 2 3 mC
p
4T
'
B T
%
)
Work done, W 3 p4-
'
B -
%
)3 m > 4T
'
B T
%
)
Change in internal energy, 8 3 mC
v
4T
'
B T
%
)
$ccording to the first law of thermodynamics,
2 3 W 6 8
(o, mC
p
4T
'
B T
%
) 3 m> 4T
'
B T
%
)6 mC
v
4T
'
B T
%
)
C
p
3 r 6 C
v
C
p
B c
v
3 >
33. State the Ge*.i P*a&I statemet $+ se&$% *a( $+ the#m$%"ami&s' ? MU N$.5=2@ O&t 5=;@
O&t5 ,666 MGU N$.5=8@ A0# 5=9 A
=elvin B #lank states that it is impossible to construct a heat engine working on cyclic process, whose
only purpose is to convert all the heat energy given to it an e+ual amount of work.
34. State C*a)si)s statemet $+ se&$% *a( $+ the#m$%"ami&s' ?MU>O&t5=;@ O&t5==@ A0#5,666EMG
N$.5=8A
It states that heat can flow from hot body to cold body without any e!ternal aid but heat cannot flow
from cold body to hot body without any e!ternal aid.
35. W#ite the t($ statemets $+ the Se&$% *a( $+ the#m$%"ami&s. ? Aa Ui..A0#561A
Ge*.i 0*a&I statemetK

It is impossible to construct an engine working on an cyclic process which converts all the heat energy
supplied to it into e+uivalent amount of useful work.
C*a)sis statemet
Feat cannot flow from cold reservoir to hot reservoir without any e!ternal aid. Hut can flow from
reservoir to cold reservoir without any e!ternal aid.
36. State H Ca#$t5s the$#em.
:o heat engine operating in a cyclic process between two B fi!ed temperatures can be more efficient
that a reversible engine operating between the same temperature limits.
<
37. What a#e the C$#$**a#ies $+ Ca#$t the$#ems'
i. $ll the reversible engines operating between the two given thermal reservoirs with fi!ed temperature
have the same efficiency
ii. The efficiency of any reversible heat engine operating between two reservoirs is independent of the
nature of the working fluid and depends only on the temperature of the reservoirs.
38. De+ie PMM $+ se&$% Ii%.
#erpetual motion of second kind draws heat continuously from single reservoir and converts it into
e+uivalent amount of work. Thus it gives %77I efficiency.
39. What is %i++e#e&e !et(ee a heat 0)m0 a% #e+#i3e#at$#'
Feat pump is a device which operating in a cycle process, maintains the temperature of a hot body at
temperature higher that the temperature of surrounding.
$ refrigerator is a device which operating in a cycle process maintains the temperature of a cold body
temperature lower than the temperature of the surrounding.
40. What is mea !" heat e3ie'
$ heat engine is a device which is used to convert the thermal energy into mechanical energy.
41. De+ie the te#m COP.
Coefficient of performance is defined as the ratio of heat e!tracted or reGected to work input
Heat extracted rejected
COP
Work input
42. W#ite the e/0#essi$ +$# COP $+ a heat 0)m0 a% a #e+#i3e#at$#.

COP +$# heat 0)m0
2
HP
2 1
T Heat rejected
COMP
Work input T T

COP +$# #e+#i3e#at$#

1
ref
2 1
T Heat extracted
COP
Heat input T T

43. Wh" Ca#$t &"&*e &a$t !e #ea*iOe% i 0#a&ti&e'

?
i) In a Carnot cycle all the four processes are reversible but in actual practice there is no process is
reversible.
ii) There are two processes to be carried out during compression and e!pansion. 0or isothermal
process the piston moves as fast as possible. This speed variation during the same stroke of the
piston is not possible.
iii) It is not possible to avoid friction between moving parts completely
44. Name t($ a*te#ati.e meth$%s !" (hi&h the e++i&ie&" $+ a Ca#$t &"&*e &a !e i&#ease%.
i) fficiency can be increases as the higher temperature T
'
increases
ii) fficiency can be increases as the lower temperature T
%
decreases
45. Wh" a heat e3ie &a$t ha.e 166P e++i&ie&"'
0or all the heat engines there will be a heat loss between system and surroundings. Therefore we canJt
convert all the heat input into useful work.
46. Whe the Ca#$t e++i&ie&" (i** !e ma/im)m'
Carnot cycle efficiency is ma!imum when the temperature is O=
47. What a#e the 0#$&esses i.$*.e% i Ca#$t &"&*e'
Ca#$t &"&*e &$sist $+
i. >eversible adiabatic compression
ii. >eversible isothermal heat addition
iii. >eversible adiabatic e!pansion
iv. >eversible isothermal heat reGection
48. W#ite the e/0#essi$ +$# e++i&ie&" $+ the Ca#$t &"&*e.
Carnot 3
2 1
2
T T
T
49. Is the se&$% *a( i%e0e%et $+ +i#st *a(' E/0*ai.

Kes. The second law is independent of first law. The second law speaks about the +uality of energy.
50. De+ie et#$0".
ntropy is an inde! of unavailability or degradation of energy.
51. De+ie &ha3e $+ et#$0". H$( et#$0" is &$m0a#e% (ith heat t#as+e# a% a!s$*)te tem0e#at)#e.
D
The measure of irreversibility when the energy transfer takes place within the system or between system
and surrounding is called a change of entropy. It is simple known as unaccounted heat loss.
52. De+ie the te#ms s$)#&e@ siI a% heat #ese#.$i#.
S$)#&eK
The part where the heat to be reGected to absorbing or work developing device is called source
SiIK
The part which receives heat from work absorbing or working developing device is called sink.
Rese#.$i#K
The part which supplies or receives heat
Continuously without change in its temperature is called as reservoir.
53. Wh" the 0e#+$#ma&es $+ #e+#i3e#at$# a% heat 0)m0 a#e 3i.e i te#ms $+ C.O.P. a% $t i
te#ms $+ e++i&ie&"'
The performance of any device is e!pressed in terms of efficiency for work developing machines. Hut
heat pump and refrigerator are work absorbing machines. (o, the performance of those devices based on
C.O.#. only.
54. W#ite %$( the eB)ati$ +$# Ca#$t C.O.P $+ a heat 0)m0 (hi&h ($#Is !et(ee t($ heat
#ese#.$i#s $+ tem0e#at)#e T
1
a% T
,
i+ T
1
QT
,.
Carnot C.O.#. of heat pump 3
1 2
1
T T
T
55. What is meat !" 0#i&i0*e $+ i&#ease $+ et#$0"'

0or any infinitesimal process undergone by a system, change in entropy, d
(
Ld
2
;T
0or reversible d
2
3 7, hence, d
(
37
0or irreversible d
s
L7
(o the entropy of an insolated system would never decrease. It will always increase and remains constant
if the pressure is reversible is called as principle of increase of entropy.
56. What %$ "$) mea !" CCa*)si)s ieB)a*it"D'
%7
It is impossible for a self acting machine working in a cyclic process unaided by any e!ternal
agency to convey heat from a body at a low temperature to a body at a higher temperature.
8;. E/0*ai !#ie+*" &*a)si)s ieB)a*it".
dQ
0
T

is known as ine+uality of clausius
If %.
dQ
0
T

, the cycle is reversible.
'.
dQ
0
T

, the cycle is irreversible and possible
).
dQ
0
T

, the cycle is impossible 4-iolation of second law).
8<. F$# &$m0#essi$ 0#$&ess !et(ee same a% states@ (hi&h ($#I (i** !e m$#e@ #e.e#si!*e $#
i##e.e#si!*e.
Irreversible work will be more in the compressor. Menerally for compression, the actual work given
will be higher than the calculated work 4W
rev
).
8=. A heat 0)m0 0)m0s 16MLHGW (h# t$ the hi3h tem0e#at)#e #ese#.$i#. What is the C.O.P.'
C.O.#. 3
Heat Supplied
Work input
3
10 10
2.!
3"00

96. Fi% the et#$0" $+ )i.e#se (he 1666 GL $+ heat is t#as+e##e% +#$m <66G t$ 866G.
ntropy of universe, uni#
1 2
Q Q
S
T T
+
1000 1000
!00 $00
0.$%&' %

%%
91. -i.e the e/0#essi$s t$ +i% &ha3e i et#$0" %)#i3 &$stat 0#ess)#e a% 0$*"t#$0i& 0#$&ess.
Sh$( $ T>S %ia3#am.
0or constant pressure process,
2
2 1 p
1
T
S S S (C )n
T

0or polytropic process,
2 2
2 1 P)n
1 1
2 2
2 1 #)n
1 1
T P
S S S ( C *)n
T P
or
T +
S S S ( C *)n
T +
1

1
]
1

1
]
9,. E/0*ai the te#m CRe.e#si!i*it"D.
If the process traces the same path during the process is reversed is called as reversibility.
91. Ca et#$0" $+ )i.e#se e.e# %e&#ease' Wh"'
ntropy of universe can not ever decrease. It will be remains constant or will increase due to
irreversibility.
92. What is the esse&e $+ the se&$% *a( $+ the#m$%"ami&s'
%. To know the feasibility of process
'. To know about the +uality of energy
98. I+ Ca#$t e3ie e++i&ie&" is 86P. Fi% C.O.P. $+ Ca#$t #e+#i3e#at$# ($#Ii3 !et(ee same
tem0e#at)#es.
1 2
1
2
1
2 1
1 2
T T
H.,. $0-
T
T
1 0.$
T
T T
0.$ 2
T T

%'
COP $+ #e+#i3e#at$#
2 1
1
1 2
2
T T
T
T T
1
T

1
2 1
1
PART B
1. What a#e the Limitati$s $+ Fi#st La( the#m$%"ami&s'
4%) 0irst 1aw of thermodynamics does not specify the direction of flow of heat and work. i.e., whether
the heat flows from hot body to cold or from cold body to hot body.
4') The heat and work are mutually convertible the work can be converted fully into heat energy but heat
cannot be converted fully into mechanical work. This violates the foresaid statements. $ &achine
which violates the 0irst law of thermodynamics is known as perpetual motion machine 4#&& 5 N) of
the first kind which is
impossible.
#&& B % is a machine which delivers work continuously without any input. Thus, the machine violates first
law of the thermodynamics.
,. A &*$se% s"stem )%e#3$es a &"&*e &$sisti3 $+ t($ 0#$&esses. D)#i3 the +i#st 0#$&ess@ 26 GL $+
heat t#as+e##e% t$ the s"stem (hi*e the s"stem %$es 96 GL $+ ($#I i the se&$% 0#$&ess@ 28 GL $+
($#I is %$e $ the s"stem.
a7 Dete#mie the heat t#as+e# %)#i3 the se&$% 0#$&ess.
!7 Ca*&)*ate the et($#I %$e a% et heat t#as+e# +$# the &"&*e.
S$*)ti$K>
(ystem " Closed (ystem
#rocess " Cycle consisting of two processes
=nown "
To find " 2
'%
, 2, W
%)
$nalysis " %
2
'%
3
'
W
%
6 8
'5%
Where
'
W
%
3 5@E =A.
To find 48
'5%
)
0or cyclic process the algebraic sum of any property of the system must be Oero.
48
%'
) 6 48
'%
) 3 7
48
%'
) 3 48)
%'
3 5 P2
%'
B
%
W
'
Q
3 5P@7 B 97Q
3 6'7 =A
8
'%
3 5@E 6'7
2
'%
3 5'E=A
' :etwork done 3 4
%
W
'
6
'
W
%
)
3 @7 B 'E
3 %E =A
:et heat transfer 3 42
%'
6 2
'%
)
3 97 B @E
3 %E =A.
Comment "
The negative sign indicates 2
'%
that 'E =A of heat is supplied by the system to the surroundings
during the process ' to %.
1. The +$**$(i3 %ata #e+e# t$ a &*$se% s"stem@ (hi&h )%e# 3$es a the#m$%"ami&s &"&*e &$sisti3 $+
+$)# 0#$&esses.
P#$&ess Heat t#as+e# ILHmi W$#I t#as+e# ILHmi
a5b
b5c
c5d
d5a
E7,777
5E,777
5%9,777
5
)@,'77
5','77
5),777
Sh$( that the %ata is &$sistet (ith the +i#st *a( the#m$%"ami&s a% &a*&)*ateK
#rocess 24=A) W4=A)
%5'
'5%
@7
unknown
97
5@E
%@
a7 Net #ate $+ ($#I $)t0)ts is MW
!7 E++i&ie&" $+ the &"&*e
-i.e %ataK
M
a>!
N86@666ILHmi
M
!>&
N86@666ILHmi
M
&>%
N>19@666ILHmi
M
%>a
N6
W
%>a
N6
W
!>&
N12@,66ILHmi
W
&>%
N>,@,66ILHmi
W
%>a
N1@666ILHmi
T$ Fi%
1.
C W and
,. N'
S$*)ti$K
Cyclic heat transfer of the cycle,
23E77775E7775%977767
3'D777kA;min
similarly, cyclic work transfer of the cycle,
W376)@'775''775)777
3'D777kA;min
0rom first law of the thermodynamics 23W
The gives data is consistent with the first law of thermodynamics.
'D777
:et work output, W3 ; sec
97
3@?).)kW
37.@?&W
kJ
Feat supplied, 2
s
3 E7,777kA;min4
Q
Taking the positive heat only)
fficiency of the cycle,3

supplied
'D777
3
E7,777
3E?I
s
W
Work done
Heat Q

Res)*tK
%. Total work output of the cycle, W37.@?&W
'.fficiency of the cycle, 3E?I

%E
2. A &e#tai 3as $+ .$*)me 6.2m
1
@ 0#ess)#e $+ 2.8 !a# a% tem0e#at)#e $+ 116
6
C is heate% i a &"*i%e#
t$ a = !a# (he the .$*)me #emais &$stat. Ca*&)*ate 4i7 Tem0e#at)#e at the e% $+ the 0#$&ess@ 4ii7
the heat t#as+e#@ 4iii7 &ha3e i ite#a* ee#3" 4i.7 ($#I %$e !" the 3as@ 4s.7 &ha3e i etha*0" a%
4.i7 mass $+ the 3as@ ass)me C
0
N 1.668ILHI3 G. a% C
.
N 6.;ILHI3 G.
-i.e %ataK
:
1
N6.2m
1
P
1
N2.8!a#N286INHm
,
T
1
N116
6
CN116R,;1N261G
P
,
N=!a#N=66INHm
,
C
0
N1.668ILHI3 G
C
.
N6.;1 ILHI3 G a%
It is 3i.e that the 0#$&ess i$ &$stat .$*)me 0#$&ess
T$ +i%K
T
,
@M@U@ W@H a% m.
S$*)ti$K
4i) Temperature at the end of the process 4T
'
)"
>elation between p.v.T for constant volume process is
% %
' '
'
' %
%
D77
@7) ?79
@E7
P T
P T
P
T T k
P

Heat t#as+e# 4M7K
23mC
v
4T
'
5T
%
)kA
0irst find out the mass of the gas by using characteristic gas e+uation.
#
%
-
%
3m>T
%
Where
>3C
p
5C
v
3%.77E57.<%37.'DEkA;kg =
% %
%
@E7 7.@
%.E%
7.'DE @7)
PV
m kg
RT

Then, 23%.E% ! 7.<% !4?795@7))

3@)).'kA
4c) Change in internal nergy, 48)"R
0rom 0irst law, 23W68
In this process, W37
Therefore, 238
83@)).'kA.
4d) Work done by gas 4w)"
0or the constant volume process work done by the gas Oero.
W37
%9
4e) Change in nthalpy4F)
F3mC
v
4T
'
5T
%
)
3%.E% ! 7.<% 4?795@7))3@)'.79kA
F3@)'.79kA
4f) &ass of the gas 4m)"
$lready, we find that mass, m3%.E%kg.
Res)*tK
4i) Temperature at the end of the process 4T
'
)3?79=
4ii) The heat transfer, 42)3@)).'kA
.iii/ Change in Internal energy, 48)3@)).'kA
4iv) Work done by the gas, 4W)37
.#/ Change in nthalpy, 4F)3@)'.79kA
4vi) &ass of the gas, 4m)3%.E%kg.
8. , 8I3 $+ ai# at 26
6
C a% 1 !a# is heate% i #e.e#si!*e $>+*$( &$stat 0#ess)#e )ti* the .$*)me is
%$)!*e%. Fi% 4a7 &ha3e i .$*)me 4!7 ($#I %$e 4&7 &ha3e i ite#a* ee#3" a% 4%7 &ha3e i
etha*0".
-i.e %ataK
MN8I3
T
1
N26
6
C
P
1
N1!a# N166INHm
,
:
,
N,:
1
PN&$stat
T$ +i%K
1. :
,
>:
1
,. WN'
3. UN'
4. HN'
S$*)ti$K
0rom ideal gas e+uation
% % %
%
)
E 7.'?< )%)
%77
3@.@Dm
pV mRT
V
The final volume -

'
3'v
%
3'!@.@D
3?.D?m
)
4i) Change in volume"
%<
-
'
5-
%
3?.D?5@.@D
3@.@Dm
)
4ii) Work transfer"
( )
'
%
' %
3%774?.D?5@.@D)
3@@DkA
v
v
W pdv p v v
4iii) change in internal energy"

83mC
v
4T
'
5T
%
)
0or constant #ressure process
' '
% %
'
' %
%
%
%
'-
3)%)
-
39'9=
V T
V T
V
T T
V

,
_

,
83E!7.<%@49'95)%))
3%%%<.@%kA
4iv) Change in enthalpy
F3mC
p
4T
'
5T
%
)
5E!%.77E49'95)%))
3%E<'.?'EkG.
>esult"
%. Change in volume, -
'
5-
%
3@.@Dm
)
'. Work done, W3@@DkA
3. Change in internal energy, 83%%%<.@%kA
0. Change in enthalpy, F3%E<'.?)kA.
9. Oe I3 $+ 3as is e/0a%s at &$stat 0#ess)#e +#$m 6.6<8 m
1
t$ 6.11 m
1
. I+ the iitia* tem0e#at)#e $+
the 3as is ,,8
6
C@ +i% the +ia* tem0e#at)#e@ et heat t#as+e#@ &ha3e i ite#a* ee#3" a% the
0#ess)#e $+ 3as.
-i.e %ataK
MNI3
:
1
N6.6<8m
1
:
,
N6.11m
1
T
1
N,,8
6
CN,8R,;1N2=<G
Ass)me C
0
N1.668ILHI3 IE C
.
N6.;1ILHI3 G.
%?
T$ +i%K
T
,
@M@U&P
S$*)ti$K
4i) 0inal temperature 4T
'
)"
Hy using p, -*T relation
% %
' '
'
' %
%
'
7.%)
@D?
7.7?E
<9%.9
V T
V T
V
T T
V
T K
4ii7 Heat t#as+e#4M7K

23mC
p
4T
'
5T
%
)
3%!7.<4<9%.95@D?)
23'9@.DkA
(iii) Cha3e i Ite#a* ee#3" 4U7K
83mC
v
4T
'
5T
%
)
3%!7.<4<9%.95@D?)
83%?<.%9kA.
4iv) #ressure4p)"
p%
-
%
3m>T
%
%
%
%
'
% '
% 7.'DE @D?
3%.77E57.<%
7.7?E
>37.'DEkA;kg =
%<'?.) ;
p v
p
p p
R C C
mRT
V
kN m
1
1

1
1
]

Q
Res)*tK
4i) 0inal Temperature 4T
'
3<9%.9=
4ii) Feat transfer 42) 3'9@.DkA
.iii/ Change in internal energy 48)3%?<.%9kA
4iv) #ressure, p%3p'3%<'?.)k:;m
'
;. 6.,8I3 $+ ai# at a 0#ess)#e $+ 1 !a# $&&)0ies as .$*)me $+ 6.1m
1
. I+ this ai# e/0a%s is$the#ma**" t$ a
.$*)me $+ 6.=m
1
. Fi% 4i7 the iitia* tem0e#at)#e@ 4ii7 the +ia* tem0e#at)#e 4iii7 e/te#a* ($#I %$e@
4i.7 Heat a!s$#!e% !" the ai#@ 4.7 &ha3e i ite#a* ee#3". Ass)me RN6.,=ILHI3 G.
-i.e %ataK
%D
MN6.,8I3
P1N1 !a# N 166INHm
,
:
1
N6.1m
1
:
,
N6.=m
1
T$ +i%K
1. T
1
N'
,. T
,
N'
1. WN'
2. MN'
5. UN'
S$*)ti$K
0rom ideal gas e+uation.
#%-
%
3 m>T
%
1
100 0.3
T
0.2$ 0.2!
0or isothermal process
T
%
3 T
'
3 @%?.%'=
Work done, W, mp%-, in
1
2
+ p1
orp1#1in
p2 +
_ _

, ,
0.1
100 0.3 in
0.3
_

,
3)'.D9kA
Feat absorbed, 2 3 W
3 )'.D9kA
Change in internal energy, 8 3 7.
Res)*tK
%. Work done, W 3 )'.D9kA
'. Feat absorbed, 2 3 )'.D9kG
3. Change in internal energy, 8 3 7.
<. A mass $+ 1.8I3 $+ ai# is &$m0#esses i a B)asi stati& 0#$&ess +#$m 6.1MPa t$ 6.; MPa +$# (hi&h 0:
N &$stat. The iitia* %esit" $+ ai# is 1.19I3Hm
1
. Fi% the ($#I %$e !" the 0ist$ t$ &$m0#ess the
ai#.
-i.e %ataK
M N 1.8I3
P#$&ess N M)asi stati&@ 0: N C 4is$the#ma*7
P1 N 6.1MPa N 166INHm
,
P, N 6.;MPa N ;66INHm
,
Iitia* %esit" 417 N 1.19I3Hm
1
T$ +i%K
'7
W$#I %$e@ w
S$*)ti$K
( )
( )
( )
( )

1
3
(a22 (
3en2it4 5
+olu(e +
(a22 ( 1.$
+olu(e 1.213(
3en2it4 1 1.1"
-olume 4-
%
) 3 %.'D)m
)
2
1
1
+
6ori2ot7er(alproce228 W p1+in
+
0.1!0
100 1.213 in 2$1."k&
1.213
_

,
45ve sign indicates that the work is done on the system)
Res)*tK
Work done, W 3 5'E%.9kA
=. , I3 $+ 3as at a 0#ess)#e $+ 1.8 !a# $&&)0ies .$*)me $+ ,.8m
1
. I+ this 3as &$m0#ess is$the#ma**" t$
1H1 times the iitia* .$*)me. Fi% 4i7 iitia* tem0e#at)#e 4ii7 +ia* tem0e#at)#e 4iii7 ($#I %$e a% 4i.7
heat t#as+e#. Ass)me R N 6.,<; ILHI3 G.
-i.e %ataK
M N ,I3
P1N1.8 !a# N 186IHm
,
:
1
N,.8m
1
3
2 1
1 1
+ + 2.$ 0.!3( * 0.2!k&' k9%
3 3

T$ +i%K
T
1
@ T
,
@ W a% M
S$*)ti$K
4i7 Iitia* a% +ia* tem0e#at)#e 4T
1
& T
,
7
#%-
%
3 m>T
%
1
1
p1+ 1$0 2.$
T
(* 2 0.2!
T
%
39E).)=
This is a isothermal T
%
3 T
'
3 9E).)=
4ii7 W$#I %$e 4W7K
2
1
1
+
W (*T in
+
0.!3
2 0.2! "$3.3 in
2.$
_

,
'%
W 3 5@%).EkA
:ote" Fere, negative sign indicates that the work is done on the system.
4iii7 Heat t#as+e# 4M7K
0rom 0irst law, 2 3 W 6 8
0or isothermal process, 8 3 7
2 3 W 3 5@%).EkA
:ote" Fere negative sign indicates that the heat is reGected by the system.
Res)*tK
i. Initial and 0inal temperature, T
%
3 T
'
3 9E).)=
ii. Work done 4W) 3 5@%).EkA
iii. Feat transfer 42) 3 5@%).EkA
16. 16I3 $+ 3as at 16 !a# a% 266
6
C e/0a%s #e.e#si!*" a% a%ia!ati&a**" t$ 1 !a#. Fi% the ($#I %$e
a% &ha3e i ite#a* ee#3". 4Ma$maiam S)%a#aa# Ui.. A0#5=97.
-i.e %ataK
M N 16I3
P1 N 16!a# N 1666INHm
,
T
1
N 266
6
C N 266 R ,;1 N 9;1G
P
,
N 1 !a# N 166 INHm
,
T$ +i%
W a% U
S$*)ti$
Hy adiabatic relation,
1
2 2
1 1
10 1
10
2
T p
T p
100
T "3 30!.$!%
1000

,
_

,
Work done,
( )
( )
1 2
(* T T
W
1
10 0.2! "3 30!.$!
232.0k&
1.0 1
Change in internal energy

8 3 m ! C
v
! 4T
'
B T
%
)
3 %7 ! 7.<%? ! 4)@?.E? B 9<))
''
3 5')'<.<@kA
$lternately, from first law, 2 3 W 6 8
In adiabatic process, 2 3 7
W 3 58 3 5')'<.<@kA
Res)*tK
%. Work done, W 3 ')'<.<@ kA
2. Change in internal energy, 8 3 5') '<.<@kA
11. 1.8I3 $+ &e#tai 3as at a 0#ess)#e $+ < !a# a% ,6
6
C $&&)0ies the .$*)me $+ 6.8 m
1
. It e/0a%s
a%ia!ati&a**" t$ a 0#ess)#e $+ 6.= !a# a% .$*)me 6.;1 m
1
. Dete#mie the ($#I %$e %)#i3 the
0#$&ess@ 3as &$stat@ #ati$ $+ the s0e&i+i& heats@ .a*)es $+ t($ s0e&i+i& heats@ &ha3e i ite#a* ee#3"
a% &ha3e i etha*0".
-i.e %ataK
M N 1.8I3
P1 N < !a# N <66INHm
1
:N1

N 6.18m
1
T
1
N,6
6
C N ,6R,;1 N ,=1G
P,N6.=!a# N =6INHm
,
:
,
N 6.;1m
1
T$ +i%K W@R@ C
0
H C
.
@ C
0
@ C
.
@ U a% H
S$*)ti$K
0rom characteristics gas e+uation
#%-
%
3 m>T
%
1
1
p1+
*
(T
!00 0.1$
*
1.$ 213
> 3 7.'<)kA ; kg=

>atio or two specific heat.
p
#
10
1
10
2
C
C
p2
lo9
p1
+
lo9
+

_

,

_

,
')
10
10
10
lo9
!00
0.1$
lo9
0.3
_

,

_

,
( )
p
#
p #
p #
# #
#
#
p
1.3!.
C
1.3!
C
C 1.3!C
* C C
1.3!C C
0.23 C 1.3! 1
0.23
C 0.1!k&k9%
0.3!
C 1.3! 0.! 0.11k&' k9%

Hy using >elation between T * - for isentropic process
1 1
2 1 1
2 1
1 2 2
1.3! 1
2
T + +
T T
T + +
0.1$
T 213 1"0.$1%
0.3

_ _

, ,
_

,
Change in internal energy 48)
83mC
v
4T
'
B T
%
)
3%.E ! 7.<%? ! 4%97.ED B 'D))
F 3 5%D9.9kA
Work done 4W)"
1 2
p1+ p2+ !00 0.1$ 10 0.3
W
1 1.3! 1
W .!1k&

$lternately, from first law of thermodynamics, 2 3 W 6 8

0or isentropic process, 2 3 7
W 3 58 3 %@'.EkA
Res)*tsK
'@
i. Work done 4W) 3 %@'.?DkA
ii. Mas constant 3 7.'<)kA;kg =.
iii. >atio of two specific heat
p
#
C
1.3!
C

iv. -alues of two specific heat, C
p
37.DDkA;kg C
v
3 7.<%?kA;kg =
#. Change in internal energy 48) 3 5%@'.EkA
#i. Change in enthalpy 4F) 3 5%D9.9kA
1,. A &"*i%e# &$tais 1 m
1
$+ 3as at 166 IPa a% 166
6
C@ the 3as is 0$*"t#$0i&a**" &$m0#esse% t$ a
.$*)me $+ 6.,8 m
1
@ the +ia* 0#ess)#e is 966IPa. Dete#mie 4a7 mass $+ the 3as 4!7 the .a*)e $+ i%e/
S5 +$# &$m0#essi$ 4&7 &ha3e i ite#a* ee#3" $+ the 3as 4%7 heat t#as+e##e% !" the 3as %)#i3
&$m0#essi$. Ass)me RN6.,<; ILHI3 a% 1.2.
?Bha#athi"a# )i.@ > N$.5=8A
-i.e %ataK
:
1
N 1m
1
P1 N 166IPa N 166GNHm
,
T
1
N 166
6
C N 166R,;1N1;1G
:
,
N 6.,8m
1
P, N 966IPa N 966INHm
,
R N 6.,<;ILHI3G
N 1.2
T$ +i%K
M@ U a% M
S$*)ti$K
Hy general gas e+uation
#%-
%
3 m>T
%
3333L
1
1
p1+
(
*T
100 1
( 0.13k9
0.2! 33
The value of inde! SnJ is given by

10 10
1
10
10
2
p1 "00
lo9 lo9
p2 100
1.21
1
+
lo9
lo9
0.2$
+
_
_

, ,

_ _

,
,
0rom polytrophic e+uation,
'E
n 1
n
2
1
1
1.21
2
T p2
T p2
"00
T 33 $$!%
100

,
_

,
Change in internal energy.
8 3 m ! C
v
! 4T
'
B T
%
)
3 7.D) ! 7.<%? ! 4EE? B )<))
3%').E)kA
( )
( )
1 2
(* T T
W
n 1
0.13 0.2! 33:$$!
Work done8 5
1.21 1
10.11 1
n
Q W
1
1.0 : 1.1
Heat tran2fer8 5 :10.1 0".!02k&
1.0 : 1

_

,
_

,
Res)*tK
&ass of gas, m 3 7.D)kg
-alue of inde!, n 3 %.'D
Change in internal energy, 8 3 %').E)kA
Feat transfer, 2 3 5@9.?7'kA
11. A i%ea* 3as $+ m$*e&)*a# (ei3ht 16 a% s0e&i+i& heat #ati$ 1.2 is &$m0#esse% a&&$#%i3 t$ the *a(
0:
1.,8
N C +#$m 1 !a# a!s$*)te a% ,;
6
C t$ a 0#ess)#e $+ 19 !a# 4a!s7. Ca*&)*ate the tem0e#at)#e at the
e% $+ &$m0#essi$@ the heat #e&ei.e% $# #eJe&te%@ ($#I %$e $ the 3as %)#i3 the 0#$&ess a%
&ha3e i etha*0". Ass)me mass $+ the 3as as 1 I3.
-i.e %ataK
M$*e&)*a# (ei3ht@ M N 16
p
#
C
1.0
C
( 1k9
p1 1;ar 100k<' (2
p2 1";ar 1"00k<' (2

0
1
1.2$
T 2 C 2 23 300%
P+ C
T$ +i%K
T
,
@ M@ a% W
S$*)ti$K
'9
F$# 0$*"t#$0i& 0#$&ess@ the 0@: a% T #e*ati$

_ _

, ,
_

,
n 1 n 1
n n
2
2 1
1
1.2$ 1
1.2$
2
T p2 p2
T T
T p1 p1
"00
T 300 $22.33%
100
W$#I %$eK
( )
( )
( )
1 2
u
(* T T
W
n 1
* =ni#er2al a2 con2tant
>a2 con2tant8 *5
M (olecular ?ei97t
0.2k&' k9%
( )

1 0.2 300 $22.33
W
1.2$ 1
20".30k&
45ve sign indicates that the work is done on the system) Feat transfer,
_

,
_

,
n
Q W
1
1.0 1.2$
20".30 12.3!2k&
1.0 1
45ve sign indicates that the heat is reGected from the system)
Change in enthalpy"
( )
( )
p 2 1
H ( C T T
1 1.00$ $22.3! 300
233.01k&

Res)*tK
Temperature at the end of the compression, T
'
3E''.)?=
Work done on the system, W 3 5'@9.)@kA
Feat transferred from the system, 2 3 5D'.)<?kA
Change in enthalpy, F 3 '').@DkA
12. Fi.e I3 $+ ai# is &$m0#esse% 0$*" t#$0i&a**" 4>1.17 +#$m 1 !a# a% ,;
6
C t$ 1 !a#. Fi% 4i7 ($#I
t#as+e# 4ii7 heat t#as+e# 4iii7 &ha3e i ite#a* ee#3".
-i.e %ataK
P
1
N1!a#N1166INHm
,
T
1
N,;
6
CN,;R,;1N166G
P
,
N 1 !a# N 166INHm
,
NN1.1
'<
T$ +i%K
1. W$#I t#as+e#@ WN'
,. Heat t#as+e#@ MN'
1. Cha3e i ite#a* ee#3"@ UN'
S$*)ti$K
.uring poly tropic process,
n 1
n
2
2 1
1
1.3 1
1.3
P
T T
P
300
5300
100
53!".$%

,
_

,
( )
( )
1 2
(* T T
Work tran2fer8 W5
n 1
1 .2! 300:3!".$
5
1.3 1
5:!2.!2k&'k9
r:n
7eat tran2fer8 Q5 W
r:1
1.0:1.3
5 !2.!2
1.0:1

,
_

,
Q520.0$k&'k9.
Hy first law of thermo dynamics,
8325W
35'7.<7E54?'.?')
39'.%%EE=A;kg.
Res)*tK
%. Work transfer, W35?'.?'=A;=g
'. Feat transfer, 23'7.<7EkA;=g
). Change internal energy, 839'.%%EkA;kg
18. Ai# ete#s a &$m0#ess$# (ith a .e*$&it" $+ 96 mHs@ 0#ess)#e 166 IPa@ tem0e#at)#e 26C a% *ea.es
the &$m0#ess$# (ith a .e*$&it" $+ =6 mHs@ 866 IPa a% 1,6C. C$si%e# the s"stem as a%ia!ati&. Fi%
the 0$(e# $+ the m$t$# +$# a mass +*$( #ate $+ 26 I3 0e# mi)te. W#ite the ass)m0ti$ ma%e.
S"stem K O0e S"stem
W$#Ii3 F*)i% K Ai#
'?
P#$&ess K Stea%" +*$(@ a%ia!ati&
G$( K
#roperty $t inlet $t e!it
:e*$&it" 96 m H s =6 m H s
P#ess)#e 166 IPa 866 IPa
Tem0e#at)#e
26C 1,6C
a% the mass +*$( #ate N 26 I3 H mi.
Dia3#ams K>

Aa*"sis K P Q Q W m h ke pe + +
& &
&
2 3 7 sincde the flow is adiabatic.
8nless the height from the datum of the inlet and out are mentioned pe 3 7.
Therefore W 3 ( )
' '
% '
% '
'
C C
h h
1
+
1
]
( )
( )
' '
% '
% '
' '
'
97 D7
@7 %77E @7 %'7
'
C C
m Cp T T
1
+
1
]
1
+
1
]
'D
In
Q = 0
Contro
l
Out
&
W
Volume
9
9
).)79 %7
min
).)79 %7
97
EE.% ;
EE.%
J
J
s
KJ s
kW

C$mmet K (ince the working fluid is an ideal gas h
%
5 h
'
is replaced by C
p
4T
%
B T
'
).
19. A steam t)#!ie $0e#ates )%e# stea%" +*$( &$%iti$s #e&ei.i3 steam at the +$**$(i3 stateK
P#ess)#e 18 !a#. S0e&i+i& .$*)me 6.1;m
1
HI3 ite#a* ee#3" ,;66 GLHI3 .e*$&it" 166 mHs. The e/ha)st
$+ steam +#$m the t)#!ie is at 6.1!a# (ith ite#a* ee#3" ,1;8 GLHI3. s0e&i+i& 18 m
1
HI3 a% .e*$&it"
166 mHs. The itaIe is 1 m a!$.e the e/ha)st. The t)#!ie %e.e*$0s 18 IW a% heat *$ss $.e# the
s)#+a&e $+ t)#!ie is ,6 GL HI3. Dete#mie the steam +*$( #ate th#$)3h the t)#!ie.
S"stem K O0e S"stem
P#$&ess K Stea%" +*$( 0#$&ess
G$( K
P#$0e#ties At i*et At e/it
#ressure
%E bar 3 %E %7
)
#a bar 3 7.% %7
)
#a
Internal energy '<77 %7
)
A;=g '%<E %7
)
A;=g
(p. -olume 7.%< m
)
; kg %E m
)
; kg
Feight from the datum )m 7m
-elocity %77 m;s )77 m;s
W$#I $)t0)t W N 18 16
1
W
Heat #eJe&te% ($#I
)
'7 %7 ;
Q
q J kg
m

&
&
Dia3#amK
Aa*"sis K P Q Q W m h ke pe + +
& &
&
4$#7
)7
In
q = 20 10
3
J/Kg
Out
Control Volume
W = 35 10
3
W
( ) ( ) ( )
( )
( )
' ' ' '
' ' ' % % % ' % ' %
) E
) E )
' '
%
4 )
'
'%<E %7 7.%7 %7 %E
4'<77 %7 %E %7 7.%<) '7 %7
%
)77 %77 D.?%4))
'
w
q u p v u p v C C g Z Z
m
w
m
1
+ + + + + +
1
]
1
+
1
1
+ +
1
1
+ +
1
]
&
&
&
&
&
( )
)
)
)
)
')'E777 'DEE777 @777 'D.@) '7 %7
E9D.D<7 %7
)E %7
E9D.D<7 %7
7.79%@ ; .
+ + + 1
]

& &
&
&
&
&
&
wm
m
w
m
m
m kg s
1;. Steam ete#s a $OO*e $0e#ati3 at stea%" state 0#ess)#e $+ ,.8 M0a a% a tem0e#at)#e $+ 166C
4h
1
N 166<.< GLHI37 a% *ea.es at a 0#ess)#e $+ 1.; M0a (ith a .e*$&it" $+ 2;6 mHs. The #ate $+ +*$( $+
steam th#$)3h the $OO*e is 1196 I3Hh#. Ne3*e&ti3 the i*et .e*$&it" $+ the steam a% &$si%e#i3 the
+*$( i the $OO*e t$ !e a%ia!ati&@ +i%K
a) the enthalpy h
e!it
b) the noOOle e!it area, if -
e!it
3 7.%)' m
)
;kg.
S"stem K O0e s"stem
P#$&ess K Stea%" +*$(@ a%ia!ati&
G$( K
P#$0e#ties At i*et At e/it
#ressure '.E m#a 5
Temperature )77C 5
nthalpy )77? =A;kg 5
-elocity negligible @<7 m;s
(p. -olume 5 7.%)' m
)
;kg
The mass +*$( #ate i N 1196 G3Hh#
N
%)97
;
)977
kg s
N 6.1;< I3Hs
T$ +i% K E/it etha*0" h
,
E/it A#ea A
,

Dia3#am K
)%
In
Out
Aa*"sis K [ ]
Q W m h ke kpe + +
& &
&
0low is given as adiabatic hence 7 Q
&
:oOOle will not involve W
&
Change in potential energy can be neglected in noOOles and diffusers
h 3 ke

' '
% '
' '
% '
'
'
C C
C C
h
_

,
_

,
$s the inlet velocity is negligible
h
'
B h
%
3
'
'
'
C
3
'
@<7
'
3 5 %%7@E7 A;kg
h
'
3 h
%

'
'
'
C
3 )77?.? %7
)
B %%7@E7
3 '?D?.@ %7
)
A;kg
3 '?D?.@ =A;kg
b)
' '
'
'
'
'
@ ' '
7.)<? 7.%)'

@<7
%.79' %7 %.79'
A C
m
V
mV
A
C
m or cm

&
&
)'
1<. At the i*et $+ the $OO*e@ the etha*0" a% .e*$&it" $+ the +*)i% a#e 1666 ILHI3 a% 86mHs
#es0e&ti.e*". The#e is e3*i3i!*e heat *$ss +#$m the $OO*e. At the $)t*et $+ the $OO*e etha*0" is ,286
ILHI3. i+ the $OO*e is h$#iO$ta*@ +i% the .e*$&it" $+ the +*)i% at e/it. 4Bha#athi%asa Ui.e#sit" N$.
=27.
-i.e %ataK
h
1
N1666 ILHI3
C
1
N 86mHs
M N 6
O
1
N O
,

h
,
N ,286ILHI3
C
,
>C
1
N 1,<.;<>=6 N ,1<.;<mHs
T$ +i%
:e*$&it" $+ the +*)i% at e/it C
,
N '
S$*)ti$K
The (0 for noOOle
( )
( )
' '
% '
% %
'
' % ' %
' '
'
' '
C '
3 ' )777 '@E7 %7 E7
C %7E7 ;
C C
h h
h h C
m s
+ +
+
+ +
Res)*t K
-elocity of fluid at e!it, C
'
3%7E7 m;s.
1=. A t)#!ie $0e#ates )%e# stea%" +*$( &$%iti$s #e&ei.i3 steam at the +$**$(i3 stateK 0#ess)#e N
1., m0a@ tem0e#at)#e N 1<<C. The steam *ea.es the t)#!ie at the +$**$(i3 state. P#ess)#e N ,6 I0a@
Etha*0" N ,81, ILHs. i+ the #ate $+ steam +*$( th#$)3h the t)#!ie is 6.2, I3Hs@ (hat is the 0$(e# $)t
0)t $+ the t)#!ie i IW'
-i.e %ataK
0
1
N1.,MPa
T
1
N 1<<C
h
1
N ,;<8ILHI3.
C
1
N 11.1mHs
O
1
N1
0
,
N ,6 I0a
h
,
N ,81,ILHI3
C
,
N166mHs
O
,
N 6m
MN>6.,=ILHs.
))
mN6.2,I3Hs.
T$ +i%K
P$(e# $)t0)t WN'
S$*)ti$K
(0
' '
% '
% % ' '
' '
' '
)).) D.?% ) %77
7.@' '<?E 7.'D 7.@' 'E%' 7
'777 %777 '777
C C
m h g Q m h g W
W
_ _
+ + + + + +

, ,
_ _
+ + + + +

, ,
Res)*tK
The power out put of the turbine, W 3 %%'.E'W.
,6. 6.,8I3 $+ ai# at a 0#ess)#e $+ 1 !a# $&&)0ies a .$*)me $ 6.1m
1
. I+ this ai# e/0a%s is$the#ma**" t$ a
.$*)me $ 6.=m
1
. Fi% 4i7 the iitia* tem0e#at)#e @ 4ii7 The +ia* tem0e#at)#e 4iii7 E/te#a* ($#I %$e@
4i.7 Heat a!s$#!e% !" the ai#@ 4.7 &ha3e i ite#a* ee#3" Ass)me RN6.,=ILHG.
-i.e %ataK
MN6.,8I3
P1N1 !a# N166INHm
,
:
1
N6.1m
1
:
,
N6.=m
1
T$ +i%K
1. T
1
N'
,. T
,
N'
1. WN'
2. MN'
5. UN'
S$*)ti$K
0rom ideal gas e+uation,
#%-
%
3m>T
%
1
100 0.3
0.2$ 0.2!
501!.12%.
T

0or isothermal process

T
%
3T
'
3@%?.%'.%'=
)@
1
1 1
2
+ 1
8 1 1 )n
2 +
0.1
100 0.3
0.3
32.1" .
p
Workdon W mp VIn orp v
p
In
k J
_ _

, ,
_

,
Feat absorbed, 23W

3)'.D9kA
change in internal energy ,837.
Res)*tK
%. Work done, w3)'.D9kA
'. Feat absorbed, 23)'.D9kA
3. Change in internal energy ,837.
,1. I a stea%" +*$( s"stem a ($#Ii3 s)!sta&e at a #ate $+ 2I3Hs ete# a 0#ess)#e $+ 9,6 INHm
,
at a
.e*$&it" $+ 166mHs. The ite#a* ee#3" is ,166 ILHI3 a% s0e&i+i& .$*)me 6.1;m
1
HI3. It *ea.es the
s"stem at 0#ess)#e $+ 116INHm
,
@ a .e*$&it" $+ 186mHs@ Ite# ee#3" $+ 1866 ILHI3 a% s0e&i+i& .$*)me
$+ 1.,m
1
HI3. D)#i3 its 0assa3e i the s"stem@ the s)!sta&e has a heat t#as+e# $+ *$ss $+ 16ILHI3 t$ its
s)##$)%i3s. Dete#mie the 0$(e# $+ the s"stem. State that it is +#$m 4$#7 t$ the s"stem.
-i.e %ataK
MN2I3Hs
P
1
N9,6INHm
,
C
1
N166mHs
U
1
N,166ILHI3
:
1
N6.1;m
1
HI3
P
,
N116IHm
,
C
,
N186mHs
U
,
N1866ILHG3
:
,
N1.,m
1
HI3
MN>16ILHI3
T$ +i%K
P$(e# $+ the s"stem@ WN'
S$*)ti$E
SFEE
)E
2 2
1 2
1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2
1 2
2 2
1 2
1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2
2 2
2 2
2 2
300 1$0
0 2100 ."20 0.3/ 30 0 1$00 .130 1.2/
2000 2000
20!."
C C
m u p v Z g Q m u p v Z g W
AssumeZ Z
C C
m u p v Z g Q m u p v Z g W
W
W KW
_ _
+ + + + + +

, ,
_ _
+ + + + + +

, ,
_ _
+ + + + + +

, ,
4R:e si3 i%i&ates that the ($#I is $e !" the s"stem.7

Res)*tK
Work output from the system, W3'<7?.9kW
,,. A #$$m +$# +$)# 0e#s$ has t($ +as@ &$s)mi3 6.1<IW 0$(e# a% th#ee 166W *am0s :eti*ati$
ai# at the #ate $+ <6I3Hh# ete#s (ith the etha*0" $+ <2ILHI3 a% *ea.es (ith a etha*0" a 8=GLHG3.
I+ ea&h 0e#s$ 0)ts $)t heat at the #ate 916ILHh#. Dete#mie the #ate at (hi&h eat is t$ !e #em$.e% !"
a #$$m &$$*e# s$ that stea%" state maitaie% i the #$$m ? N$.>61A
-i.e %ataK
N
0
N40e#s$s7s@
+
N,
W
+
N6.<1IW 4ea&h7
W
1
N166 W4ea&h7
Mass $+ ai#@ mN<6I3Hh#N
!0
0.22 ' 2ec
3"00
kg
Etha*0" $+ ai# ete#i3@ h
1
N<2ILHI3
Etha*0" $+ ai# *ea.i3@ h
,
N8=ILHI3
M
0
N916ILHh# 4ea&h 0e#s$7
T$ +i%K
Rate $+ heat is t$ !e #em$.e% N'
S$*)ti$E
>ate of energy increase 3 >ate of energy inflow5>ate of energy outflow
2 2
1 2
1 1 2 2
......1.33/
2 2
C C
E m h z g Q m h z g W
_ _
+ + + + + +

, ,
$ssuming that,
)9
2 2
1 2
1 2
1 2
1 2
0
2
. / 0
8 e@uation .1.33/ reduce2 to Q5,( .7 /
"30
0
3"00
0. ' 0.
!0
. / .!0 $1/
3"00

p p
C C
z z g
Now the h W
n Q
kJ s kW
m h h
7.EEkA;s37.EEkW
W3 electrical energy input
3n
f
W
f
6n
%
W
100
2 0.1! 3
1000
0.""
0.0.$$" 0.""
111"
kW
Q
kW
+

Res)*tE
>ate of heat to be removed , 235%.D%9kW
,1. A is)*ate% #i3i% .esse* is %i.i%e% it$ t($ &ham!e#s $+ eB)a* .$*)mes. Oe &ham!e# &$tais ai#
at 866 G a% , M0a. The $the# &ham!e# is e.a&)ate%. I+ the t($ &ham!e#s a#e &$e&te% %@ (hat
($)*% !e the et#$0" &ha3e'
(ystem" Closed system
#rocess " 8nresisted e!pansion
=nown" T
%
3 E77=
#
%
3 ' %7
)
k#a
To find " ntropy change
Dia3#amsK

$nalysis "
)<
Air
+acuu(
Air
)nitial State 6inal State
' '
' %
% %
' '
' %
% %
4 )

P
V
T P
! ! C "n R "n or
T P
T V
! ! C "n R "n
T V
_ _

, ,
_
+

,
$fter e!pansion air will occupy the entire volume of the container.
-
'
3 '-
%
$lso
%
W
'
3 7 since it is an unresisted e!pansion
2
%'
3 7 since the vessel is insulated
$pplying the first law of thermodynamics
% '
Q # W +
Therefore 8 3 7
0or air
' %
' %
4 ) 7
. .
V
C
$ T T
% e T T

Fence (
'
B (
%
3 C
-
in
' '
% %

T V
R "n
T V
_
+

,
3 7.'?< In
%
'
'V
V
_

,
3 7.%DD =A;kg=
Comment" Though the process is adiabatic entropy increases as the process involving unresisted e!pansion
is an irreversible process. It also proves the fact that.
4 ) 7
dQ
&s or ds
T
> >
,2. A &*$se% s"stem is taIe th#$)3h a &"&*e &$sisti3 $+ +$)# #e.e#si!*e 0#$&esses. Detai*s $+ the
0#$&ess$#s a#e *iste% !e*$(. Dete#mie the 0$(e# %e.e*$0e% i+ the s"stem is e/e&)ti3 166 &"&*es 0e#
mi)tes.
Tem0e#at)#e 4G7
P#$&ess M4GL7 Iitia* Fia*
% B '
' B )
) B @
@ B %
7
6 %777
7
5
)77
%777
%777
)77
%777
%777
)77
)77
(ystem" Closed
#rocess " The system is e!ecuting cyclic process
G$( K Heat t#as+e# i 0#$&ess 1,@ ,1 a% 12 a% Tem0e#at)#e &ha3e i a** the 0#$&ess.
)?
:o. of cycles per minute.
To find " #ower developed.
Dia3#ams K
$nalysis " To find power developed W
net
per cycle must be known. 0rom I 1aw W
net
3 2
net
which can be
computed from the following table.
#rocess 24=A)
Temperature 4=)
(
Initial 0inal
% B '
' B )

) B @
@ B %
7
%777
7
5
)77
%777
%777
)77
%777
%777
)77
)77
7
%777
%
%777
KJ KJ
k k
7
(
@%
0or a cyclic process 3 7
where is any property
s 3 7
4i.e) (
%'
6 (
)@
6 (
@%
3 7
7 6 % 6 7 6 (
@%
3 7
(
@%
3 %
KJ
K
(ince the process @5% is isothermal

@%
@%
%
)77
)77
Q
Q KJ

Therefore
)D
(K)
%777
300
3
4
2
1
!
%' ') )@ @%
7 %777 7 )77
<77
net
Q Q Q Q Q
KJ per c'c(e
+ + +
+ +
<77
net net
W Q KJ
$nd power developed
sec
%77
<77
97
%%99.<
net
W C'c(e
C'c(e
KW

,8. 1 G3 $+ ai# is &$m0#esse% a&&$#%i3 t$ the *a( 0. :

1.,8
N & +#$m 1 !a# a% 18C t$ 1; !a#. Ca*&)*ate
the &ha3e i et#$0". C
0
N 1.668 ILHG3 G a% C
.
N 6.;, ILHG3 G.
-i.e %ata K
M N 1 G3
0:
1.,8
N CE N 1.,8
P
1
N 1 !a# N 166 INHm
,
P
,
N 1; !a# N 1;66 INHm
,
T
1
N 18C N ,<< G
C
0
N 1.668 ILHI3 G
C
.
N 6.6;, ILHI3 G
R N C
0
C
.
N 1.668 6.;, N 6.,<8 ILHI3 G.
S$*)ti$ K
0rom polytropic relation
n 1
n
2
2 1
1
1.2$ 1
1.2$
2 2
p
T T
p
100
T 2!! T $0.$$ %
100
_

,
_

,
Change in entropy 4()
1 2
p
2 1
p T
S (*)n (C )n
p T
1 $0.$$
S 1 0.2!$ e )n 1 1.00$ )n
1 2!!
S 0.23! k&' k
1 1
+
1 1
] ]
1 1
+
1 1
] ]

@7
Res)*t K
Change in entropy (357.')?kA;=.
,9. A i.et$# &*aims t$ ha.e %e.e*$0e% a e++i&iet h$t e3ie (hi&h ($)*% ha.e a heat s$)#&e at
1666
6
C a% #eJe&t heat t$ a siI at 86
6
C a% 3i.es a e++i&ie&" $+ =6P L)sti+" his &*aim is 0$ssi!*e $#
$t.
-i.e %ataK
0
H
0
B
T 1000 c 5 123k
T $0 C 323k

n 10-
S$*)ti$K
$ccording to Carnot theorem reversible engine gives ma!imum efficiency than other heat engine.
&a!imum efficiency,
7 B
(ax
H
T T 123 323
n 0.0" 0."-
T 123

Ma/im)m e++i&ie&" 4 ;2.9P 7 is *ess tha 0#$0$se% e3ie e++i&ie&" 4 =6P 7. The#e+$#e his &*aim is
im0$ssi!*e. As.
Res)*tK
InventorJs claim is impossible.
,;. A i.et$# &*aims that his 0#$0$se e3ie has the +$**$(i3 s0e&i+i&ati$K
P$(e# %e.e*$0e% N 86 IW
F)e* !)#t N 1 I3Hh#
Ca*$#i+i& .a*)e $+ the +)e* N ;8666 GLHI3
Tem0e#at)#e *imits N ,;
6
C a% 9,;
6
C
Fi% $)t (hethe# it is 0$ssi!*e $# $t.
-i.e %ataK
P N 86IW
F)e* !)#t N 1 I3Hh#
C.:. $+ +)e* N ;8@666 IJHI3
Tem0e#at)#e *imits@
0
B
0
H
T 2 C 300k
T "2 C 100k

S$*)ti$K
Feat supplied to the engine 3 0uel burnt ! C.-
3 ) ! <E777 3 ''E777=A;hr
2(39'.EkA;sec39'.EkW
Work done, p 3 E7kW
0rom Carnot theorem cannot engine gives ma!imum efficiently than any other engine.
@%
H B
carnot (ax
H
T T
Carnot efficienc48 n n
T

100 300
0."" ""."-
100

fficiency of inventorJs claim engine,
actual
2
?orkdone W $0
n 0.! !0-
Heat 2upplied Q "2.$

here the inventorJs claim engine has the higher efficiency than ma!imum engine efficiency which is
possible.
Res)*tK
InventorJs claim is impossible
,<. Dete#mie (hethe# the +$**$(i3 &ases #e0#eset the #e.e#si!*e i##e.e#si!*e $# im0$ssi!*e heat
e3iesK
i7 =66 IW heat a#e #eJe&te%
ii7 896 IW $+ heat #eJe&te%
iii7 16< IW $+ heat #eJe&te%
I ea&h &ase the e3ie is s)00*ie% (ith 11,6 ILHse& $+ heat. The s$)#&e a% siI tem0e#at)#e a#e
maitaie% at 896 I a% ,<6 I.
-i.e %ataK
B *
H *
2 *
T 2!0 k i/Q 100k?
T $"0 ke ii/Q $"0k?
Q 1120%&' 2ec iii/Q 510!k?

S$*)ti$K
0rom Carnot theorem, cannot engine gives ma!imum efficiency than any other engine.
&a!imum efficiency or Carnot efficiency,
H B
(ax
H
T T $"0 2!0
n 0.$ $0-
T $"0

Case4i7
2 *
1
2
1 (ax
Q Q 1120 100
n 0.11" 11."-
Q 1120
n n T7e en9ine i2 po22i;le 7eat en9ine.

<
Case 4ii7
2 *
H
2
Q Q 1120 $"0
n 0.$ $0-
Q 1120

n
%
3n
ma!
Therefore, it is reversible heat engine because by II law all the reversible engines have same efficiency.
@'
Case 4ii7
2 *
(
2
( (ax
Q Q 1120 10!
n 0.10 10-
Q 1120
n n it i2 i(po22i;le

>
Res)*tK
Case 4i) is possible heat engine
( )
1 (ax
n n <
Case 4ii) is reversible heat engine
( )
1 (ax
n n
Case4iii) is impossible heat engine
( )
( (ax
n n >
,=. A i.et$# &*aims t$ ha.e %e.e*$0e% a #e+#i3e#ati3 )it (hi&h maitais the #e+#i3e#ate% s0a&e
at >9
6
(hi*e $0e#ati3 i a #$$m (he#e tem0e#at)#e is ,;
6
C a% has COP <.8. Fi% $)t (hethe# his
&*aim is &$##e&t $# $t.
-i.e %ataK
InventorJs refrigerating unit.
T
F
3'<
7
C
T
1
359
7
C
CO#3?.E
T$ +i%K
.ecision 3 C
S$*)ti$K
%
F
inventor
T
of carnot 3
T
596'<)
3
'<5459)
3?.7D
here, CO#
Fis claim is not correct.
>
)
carnot
C*P
T
C*P
Res)*tK
Fis claim is not correct because CO#
carnot
is less than the inventorJs claimed CO#.
16. A %$mesti& +$$% +#eeOe# maitais a tem0e#at)#e $+ >18C. the am!iet ai# is at 16C. I+ heat
*ea%s it$ the +#eeOe# at a &$ti)$)s #ate $+ 1.;8ILHs@ (hat is the *east 0$(e# e&essa#" t$ 0)m0 the
heat $)t &$ti)$)s*"' ?A0# >61A
-i.e %ataK
T
L
N18CN,;1>18N,8<G
T
H
N16CN,;1R16N161G
@)
M
s
N1.;8IW
T$ +i%K
Least 0$(e#. WN'
S$*)ti$K
Carnot CO#3
2$!
303 2$!
5$.33
L
H L
T
T T

$ctual CO# of refrigerator 3
s
Q
W
0or minimum power re+uired to pump the heat,
Carnot CO# 3 $ctual CO#
E.<))3
1.$
W
W37.)7E kW
Res)*tK
1east power necessary to pump heat, W37.)7EkW
11. A #e.e#si!*e heat e3ie $0e#ates !et(ee a s$)#&e at 966
6
C a% a siI at ,6
6
C. Dete#mie 4a7 the
miim)m #ate $+ heat #eJe&te% i+ the ($#I $)t0)t is , I(. 4!7 Estimate the same i+ the e3ie $0e#ates
at 26P $+ i%ea* e++i&ie&".
-i.e %ataK
T
F
3 977 6 '<) 3 ?<) =
T
1
3 '7 6 '<) 3 'D) =
W 3 ' kW.
S$*)ti$K
4a) Carnot efficiency of heat engine,
@@

.
H.,
!3 213
!3
5"".0-
2
0.""0
3 kW
53:2
51kW

H L
H E
H
crnot
s
s
s
! s
T T
T
W
Q
Q
Q
Q Q W
4b) $t @7I of ideal efficiency,

H,
2
* S
0.""0 0.0
0.2"$"
2
Q
0.2"$"
."k?
Q Q W
." 2.0
$."kW

1,. A #e.e#si!*e heat e3ie $0e#ates !et(ee a s$)#&e at <66C a% a siI at 16C. What I the *east
#ate $+ heat #eJe&ti$ 0e# IW et($#I $)t0)t $+ the e3ie'
-i.e %ataK
T
F
3?77C 3'<)6?773%7<)=
T
1
3)7C 3'<) 6)7 3 )7) =
T$ +i%K
1east rate of heat reGection ; =W of network output, 23C
S$*)ti$E
B
carnot
H
T
Carnot efficienc48 1
T
303
51:
103

@E
37.<%<9
Work Output, W 3%kW
W32
s
52
>
%52
s
52
>
2
s
3%62
>
55555555554'.@9)
Hut efficiency of the engine

1
0.1" 1
0.1" 1
1
0.313$

+
!
s
!
s
!
!
!
Q
Q
Q
Q
Q
Q
Q kW
Res)*tE
1east rate of heat reGection , 2
>
37.)D)E kW
11. B#ie+*" e/0*ai CLAUSIUS INEMUALITY.
Clausius ine+uality states that Twhen a system undergoes a cyclic process, the summation of
dQ
T
around a
closed cycle is less than or e+ual to Oero.
Consider an engine operating between two fi!ed temperature reservoirs T
F
and T
1
. 1et d2
s
. units of heats be
sullied at temperature T
F
and d2
>
units of heat be reGected at temperature T
1
during a cycle.
Thermal efficiency,
s R
s
dQ dQ
dQ
Thermal efficiency of any reversible engine working on the same temperature limit is given by
Thermal efficiency for reversible engine 3
H )
H
T T
T
The efficiency of an actual engine cycle must be less than that of a reversible cycle. (ince no engine can
be more efficient than that of a reversible engine. Fence,

s R H )
s H
dQ dQ T T
dQ T

7
H
R )
s H
s R
)
s R
) H
dQ T
dQ T
dQ dQ
T T
dQ dQ
T T

@9
for the entire cycle,
dQ
0
T

This e+uation is known as Clausius ine+uality. It provides the criterion of the reversibility of a cycle.
If
dQ
0
T

, the cycle is reversible
dQ
0
T
<

, the cycle is irreversible and possible
dQ
0
T
>

, the cycle is impossible.
(ince the cyclic integral
dQ
T

is less than Oero in a cycle, the cycle violates the second law of
thermodynamics. (o, it impossible.
We can apply the e+uality to the Carnot cycle since it is reversible cycle. Then the e+uation becomes,
dQ
0
T

.
12. A i.et$# &*aims that his e( e3ie (i** %e.e*$0 1 IW +$# a heat a%%iti$ $+ ,26 ILHmi. The
hi3hest a% the *$(est tem0e#at)#e $+ the &"&*e a#e 18,;C a% 1,C #es0e&ti.e*". W$)*% "$) a3#ee
his &*aim' Use C*a)si)s ieB)a*it" meth$%.
-i.e %ataK
W B )kW 3 )7 97 3 %?77 kA;min
2
%
3 '@7 kA;min
T
%
3 %E'<C
T
'
3 )'<C
T$ +i% K
$greement his claim 3 C
S$*)ti$K
Hy clausius ine+uality,
1 2
1 2
Q Q dQ
T T T
+

Hut, Work out, W 3 2
%
B 2
'
%?77 3 '@7 B2
'
2
'
3 5%E97kA ; min 3 7
1 2
1 2
Q Q 200 1$"0
2.0 k&' (in.
T T 1!00 "00
+
@<
Fere
dQ
0
T
<

.
(o, we agree his claim.
Res)*tK
Inventor claim is accepted.
18. T($ heat e3ies $0e#ati3 $ Ca#$t &"&*e a#e a##a3e% i se#ies. The +i#st e3ie A #e&ei.es
heat at =,;C a% #eJe&ts heat at a &$stat tem0e#at)#e T
,
. The se&$% e3ie B #e&ei.es the heat
#eJe&te% !" the +i#st e3ie@ a% i t)# #eJe&ts heat t$ a #ese#.$i# at ,;C. Ca*&)*ate the tem0e#at)#e
T
,
@ i %e3#ee Ce*si)s@ +$# the sit)ati$ (he#e 4a7 the ($#I $)t0)t $+ the t($ e3ies a#e eB)a* a% 4!7
the e++i&ie&" $+ t($ e3ies a#e eB)a*.
S"stem K T($ Ca#$t e3ies A & B $0e#ati3 i se#ies !et(ee =,;C a% ,;C
=nown" T
%
3 D'<C 3 %'77 =
T
)
3 '<C 3 )77 =
To find " Intermediate temperature T
'
when
4a) W
$
3 W
H
.;/
$
3
H
Dia3#am K>
Aa*"sis K &ase 4a7
W
$
3 W
H

@?
*e2er#oir at 1200 %
ngine
A
ngine
C
>eservoir at )77 =
3 .a/
W
A
W
C
Q
2 T
2
Q
3
(ince it has been already proved that total work output from any number Carnot engines operating in
series is e+ual to that of a single Carnot engine operating between the same reservoirs.
%
)77
%
%'77
A +
Q W W
_
+

,
(ince W
$
6 W
H
%
'
% %
'
'
'
)77
% '
%'77
' %
%'77
%'77 ' D77
'
%'77 %'77
%'77 D77
%'77
' %'77
<E7
_

,
_
_

,
,
_
A
H
H )
Q W
T T
Q Q
T T
T
T
T K
Case 4b)
When
'
'
%
'
'
'

)77
% %
%'77
4%'77 )77)
977
A +
T
T
T
T K

_
_

,
,

19. T($ Ca#$t #e+#i3e#at$#s a#e a##a3e% i se#ies. Oe #e&ei.es 166 GLH&"&*e +#$m a heat s$)#&e at
166G. The heat #eJe&ti$ +#$m this #e+#i3e#at$# se#.es as the heat i0)t t$ a se&$% #e+#i3e#at$#@
(hi&h %e*i.e#s its $)t0)t heat t$ #ese#.$i# maitaie% at 1666 G. I+ the t($ #e+#i3e#at$#s ha.e the
same COP@ %ete#mie
a7 Heat #eJe&ti$ t$ the 1666 G #ese#.$i#
!7 The ite#me%iate tem0e#at)#e !et(ee the t($ #e+#i3e#at$#s i Ge*.i a%
&7 COP $+ the t($ #e+#i3e#at$#s.
(ystem" Two Carnot refrigerators operating in series
@D
=nown" 2
)
3 )77 =A;Cycle
T
)
3 )77 =
T
%
3 %777 =
To find " 4a) 2
%
B heat reGection to the reservoir at %777 =
4b) T
'
B Intermediate temperature in =
4c) CO#
Dia3#amsK

4b) 4CO#)
>ef%
3 4CO#)
>ef'
) '
' % % '
'
' '
'
' ' '
'
'

)77

)77 %777
)77 %777 )77 )77
)77 %777
E@<.<
T T
T T T T
T
T T
T T T
T
T K
4a7
' '
' % '
E@<.<
%777 E@<.<
Q T
W T T

E7
*e2er#oir 1 D 1000 %
Q
1
W
2
W
1
Q
2
T
2
*ef2
*ef1
Q
3
*e2er#oir 3 D 300
'
'
'
'
% '
% ' ' '
%.'%%
%.'%%
7.?'9
%.?'9
Q
W
Q
W
W Q
A(so Q Q W Q
+
Where 2
'
3 2
)
6 W
%
)
)
'
'

%.'%%
%.'%%
Q
Q
Q
W
+

*ef2 *ef1
2ince COP 5 COP
%
%
%
%
%
%.'%%
)77 %.?'9
E@<.< ;
2 %.?'9 E@<.<
%777.%@ ;
Q
KJ C'c(e
Q KJ C'c(e
_
+

,

4c) CO#
ref%
3 CO#
>ed'
3 %.'%%
1;. A Ca#$t e3ie #e&ei.es =6GL +#$m a #ese#.$i# at 9,;C. It #eJe&ts heat t$ the e.i#$met at
,;C. Oe>+i+th $+ its ($#I $)t0)t is )se% t$ %e#i.e a Ca#$t #e+#i3e#at$#. The #e+#i3e#at$# #eJe&ts 96
GL t$ the e.i#$met at ,;C Fi%K
a7 The ($#I $)t0)t $+ the e3ie.
!7 The e++i&ie&" $+ the heat e3ie
&7 The tem0e#at)#e $+ the *$( tem0e#at)#e #ese#.$i# +$# the #e+#i3e#at$# i %e3#ee Ce*si)s.
%7 The COP $+ the #e+#i3e#at$#.
S"stem K A &"&*i& heat e3ie $0e#ati3 a &"&*i& #e+#i3e#at$# !$th ($#Ii3 $ Ca#$t
&"&*e.
=nown "
Heat e3ie Re+#i3e#at$#
T
F
3 9'<C 3 D77 =
T
1
3 '<C 3 )77 =
W
>ef
3
%
E
W
heat engine
2
out
3 97 =A
E%
2
in
3 D7 =A T
F
3 )77=
To find " 4a) W
heat engine
4b)
heat engine
4c) T
1
refrigerator
4d) CO# >efrigerator
Dia3#ams K>

%
E
heat eng%ne
W
$nalysis " 4a) W
heat engine
3
%
)
%n
H
T
Q
T
_

,
)77
% D7
D77
97 KJ
_

,
4b)
Feat engine
3
%
)
H
T
T
_

,
)77
%
D77
7.99< 499.<I)
_
4c) W
ref
3

%
E
Heat eng%ne
W
E'
Source at 100%
nvironment at
300 %
10 %& "0 %&
H, *ef
Sink at "00 %
>efrigerator space
at T
B
*ef
W
"e#t engine
> >e
>e
>e
%
97
E
%'
97 %'
@?
out e, ,
%n )
, H )
,
KJ
Q Q W
KJ
Q T
T T W

_
_
,
,
"n !e#
@?
@
)77 %'
@4)77 )
'@7
)
)
) )
)
T
T
T T
T K

d) CO#
>ef
3
>e
%n
,
Q
W
_

,
@?
@
%'

<. It is #eB)i#e% t$ maitai a h$)se at a tem0e#at)#e $+ 1;C (he#e the am!iet tem0e#at)#e +a**s t$
6C i (ite#. A %e.i&e ($#Ii3 $ #e.e#se% Ca#$t &"&*e is 0#$0$se% t$ maitai the tem0e#at)#e $+
the #$$m. It heat t#as+e# a&#$ss the (a**s a% #$$+ is estimate% as ,666 GL 0e# %e3#ee tem0e#at)#e
%i++e#e&e !et(ee isi%e a% $)tsi%e@ estimate the 0$(e# #eB)i#e%'
I+ the same %e.i&e is )se% t$ &$$* the #$$m %)#i3 s)mme# !" s)00*"i3 the same am$)t $+ 0$(e#@
(hat is the ma/im)m $)tsi%e tem0e#at)#e )0t$ (hi&h (e &a maitai the #$$m tem0e#at)#e at
1;C'
Case 4i7
(ystem " $ heat pump working on reversed
Carnot cycle
=nown" T
1
3 '<) =
T
F
3 )77 =
'777
h
Q KJ
T h
g
Dia3#am

E)
($oom)
1
%&
('tmo()"ere)
2

%
Q
g
'
Q
g
%n
W
g
Aa*"sis K
%
%
'7774 )
'777 %<
'777 %<

)977
D.@@ ;
HP
%n
Q T
KJ
h
KJ
s
KJ !
Q
C*P
W

g
g
g
where
H
HP
H )
T
C*P
T T

)77
%<.9E
)77 '<)

D.@@
7.E)E
%<.9E
)
%n
HP
Q
W
C*P
KW

g
g
Case 4ii7
(ystem " $ refrigerator working on reversed Carnot cycle.
=nown " T
1
3 )77=
7.E)E
%n
W KW
g
2
'
3 '777 4T
F
B T
1
)
To find " T
F
Dia3#am K
E@
('tmo()"ere)

%
$e*
($oom)

+
Q
1
Q
2
$nalysis " It is given that
'
'
'777 4 )
'777 4 )77)
4 )
)977
H )
H
Q T T
T
Q a

$s reversed Carnot cycle is being followed
'
'
)77
4 )
)77
)
%n H )
H
Q T
C*P
W T T
Q -
T

&
0rom e+uations 4a) and 4b) we get
'
'777 4 )77) )77 7.E)E
)977 4 )77)
)77
4 )77)
'777 7.E)E )977
)%< 4@@ )
H
H
H
H
T
T
T
T K C

1<. T($ #e.e#si!*e heat e3ies A a% B a#e a##a3e% i se#ies. A #eJe&ti3 heat %i#e&t*" t$ B. E3ie
#e&ei.es ,66IL at a tem0e#at)#e $+ 2,1
6
C +#$m h$t s$)#&e@ (hi*e e3ie B is i &$mm)i&ati$ (ith a
&$*% siI at a tem0e#at)#e $+ 2.2
$
C. I+ the ($#I $)t0)t $+ a A is t(i&e that $+ B@ +i%K
i. The ite#me%iate tem0e#at)#e !et(ee A a% B@
ii. The e++i&ie&" $+ ea&h e3ie@ a%
iii. The heat #eJe&te% t$ the &$*% siI. ?A0#>68A
-i.e %ataK
T
F
3 @'%
7
C 3 @'% 6 '<) 3 9D@ =
T
1
3 @.@
7
C 3 @.@ 6 '<) 3 '<<.@ =
2
s%
3 '77kA
W
$
3 W
H
To find"
i. The intermediate temperature between $ and H, T 3 C
EE
%n
W
&
ii. The efficiency of each engine,
$
and
H
3 C
iii. The heat reGected to the cold sink, 2
>'
3 C
S$*)ti$K
Work output from engine $,
W
$
3 2
(%
B 2
>%
3 '77 B 2
>%
0or reversible heat engine,
( )
21 H
*1
*1
Q T
2.0
T Q
"10 200
So8
T Q

T
F
T
1
2
>%
3 7.'??T 555555554'.@?)
(o, W
$
3 '77 B 7.'?? T
Hut W
H
3 %77 B 7.%@@T 555 4'.@D) 4
Q
'W
$
3 W
H
)
and also W
H
3 2
s'
B 2
>'
3 7.'??T B 2
>'
555555 4'.E7) 4
Q
2
s%
B 2
s'
)
+uating e+uations 4'.@D) and 4'.E7)
%77 B 7.%@@T 3 7.'??T B 2
>'
Q
2
>'
3 7.@)'T 5%77 55555554'.E%)
(imilarly, for reversible engine H,
E9
W
A
52W
C
A
C
Q
*1
Q
S2
W
C
Q
*2
( )
2
2
1
2 1
2
2
2
B *
*
2 *
*
*
Q
T
T Q
Q
T
So8 Q Q
2.0 Q
0.2!!T 0.2!!T
Q 0.032T 100
T 01".02%

Q
O>
T 3 %@).@'
7
C
(o, 2
>%
3 7.'?? ! @%9.@' 3 %%D.D) kA
and 2
>'
3 7.@)' ! @%9.@' B %77
3 <D.?D kA
1
1
*
A
S
Q
,(er9enc4 of en9ine A8 1
Q
111.13
1 00.00-
200

( )
2
2
2 1
2
C
*
2 *
Q
,fficienc4 of en9ine A8 1
Q
1.!1
5 1: Q Q
111.13
5 33.31-

Q
Res)*tK
i. The intermediate temperature between $ and H, T 3 %@).@'
7
C
ii. The efficiency of each engine,
$
3 @7.7@I and
H
3 )).)DI
The heat reGected to the cold sink, 2
>'
3 <D.?DkA
1=. A #e.e#si!*e heat e3ie i a sate**ite $0e#ates !et(ee a h$t #ese#.$i# at T
1
a% a #a%iati3 0ae*
at T
,
. Ra%iati$ +#$m the 0ae* is 0#$0$#ti$a* t$ its a#ea a% t$ the +$)#th 0$(e# $+ T
,
. F$# a 3i.e
($#I $)t0)t a% .a*)e $+ T
1
@ sh$( that the a#ea $+ the 0ae* (i** !e miim)m (he
2
1
T
0.$.
T

E<
Fi3)#e
0or the heat engine, the heat reGected 2
'
to the panel 4at T
'
) is e+ual to the energy emitted from the
panel to the surroundings by radiation of $ is the area of the panel,
0
2 2
0
2 2
Q AT
Q %AT ?7ere % i2 a con2tnat
:ow,
1 2
1 1
T T W
Q T

or
0
3 1 2 2
2
1 2 1 2 2
Q Q %AT W
%AT
T T T T T

( )
( )
3
3 0
2 1 2
1 2 2
W W
A
%% T T % TT T

0or a given W and T
%
, $ will be minimum when
( ) ( )
2
2 3 3 0
1 2 2 1 2 2
2
dA W
3TT 0T TT T 0
dT %

since
( )
3 0 2 3
1 2 2 1 2 2
2
1
TT T 08TT 0T
T 3
0.$
T 0

UNIT II
-AS AND :APOUR POWER CYCLES & I.C.EN-INES FUNDAMENTALS
E?
PART A
1. What a#e the ass)m0ti$s ma%e +$# ai# sta%a#% &"&*e aa*"sis' 4A.U. OCT ,66,7
I. $ir is the working fluid and it obeys the laws of perfect gas. #v 3 m>T.
II. :o change in the mass of the working medium.
III. !pansion and compression process are assumed to be adiabatic.
I-. :o chemical reaction take place in the cylinder during the cycle.
-. $ll the process are reversible processes and form a cycle..
,. F$# the same &$m0#essi$ #ati$ a% heat #eJe&ti$@ (hi&h &"&*e is m$st e++i&ietE $tt$ Diese* $# D)a*.
? A.U. OCT ,66,A.
The air standard cycle efficiency of any theoretical cycle is given by
2
r
th 3 % B
2
s
Where 2s 3 Feat (upplied
2r 3 Feat reGected
We know,
r
s
2
%
2

$ll the cycles have the same 2
r.
$s 2
r
is constant, U will increase if 2
s
increases,
2
s
for otto, .ual and .iesel cycles is given by area under curve '5), '595< and '5E respectively.
$rea under '5) L $rea under '595< L $rea under '5E.
Fence
otto dual diesel
> >
ED
1. De+ie &$m0#essi$ #ati$.
It is defined as the ratio of the volume of fluid occupied when the piston reaches the bottom dead
centre position to the volume of the fluid occupied when the piston reaches the top dead centre position.
r
c
or 4r) 3
1
2
s c
c
V V V
V V
+

2. De+ie mea e++e&ti.e P#ess)#e.
It is defined as the theoretical constant pressure acting on the piston during the entire power stroke,
that will produce the same amount of work as that produced by the actual varying pressure during the entire
cycle.
Work done during a cycle in :5m
&ep 3
(troke volume in m
)
.
8. What is 0)#e s)!sta&e'
#ure substance is a substance which has a fi!ed chemical composition throughout its mass.
!amples" Water, nitrogen, carbon dio!ide, and helium. $ pure substance does not have to be of a single
chemical element or compound. $ mi!ture of various chemical elements or compounds also called as a pure
substance as long as the mi!ture is homogeneous.
9. What is sat)#ati$ tem0e#at)#e a% sat)#ati$ 0#ess)#e'
97
$t a given pressure, the temperature at which a li+uid boils is called the saturation temperature. $t a
given temperature, the pressure at which the li+uid boils is called the saturation pressure. It is also called as
vapour pressure.
;. De+ie *atet hea% $+ .a0$#iOati$. 4MU A0#5,6667
The amount of heat added during heating of water from boiling point or dry saturated stage is called
as latent heat $+ .a0$#iOati$ $# etha*0" $+ .a0$#iOati$ $# *atet heat $+ steam.
<. Fi% the sat)#ati$ tem0 a% *atet heat $+ .a0$#iOati$ $+ steam at M0a. 4MU O&t5 ,6667
0rom steam table of % &#a or %7 bar
(aturation temperature, T
sat
3 %<D.??
7
C
1atent heat of vaporiOation, h
fg
3 '7%).9 kA;kg
=. De+ie the te#ms SB$i*i3 0$it5 a% SMe*ti3 0$it5. 4AU A0#,6687
B$i*i3 0$itK
It is the temperature at which the li+uid starts to change its state from li+uid to vapour.
Me*ti3 0$itK
It is the temperature at which the solid starts to change its state from solid to li+uid.
16. What is meat !" s)0e# heate% steam a% i%i&ate its )se' 4MU A0#5,6667
If the dry steam is further heated, the process is called superheating and the steam obtained is known
as super heated steam.
UsesK
%. (uperheated steam has more heat energy and more work can be obtained using it.
'. Thermal efficiency increases as the temperature of superheated steam is high.
). Feat losses be to condensation of steam an cylinder wall is reduced.
11. De+ieK Sesi!*e heat $+ (ate#.
The amount of heat re+uired to raise the temperature of unit mass of water from 7
7
C to the saturation
temperature under a constant pressure. It is denoted by h
f
.
1,. De+ie the te#m CS)0e# heat etha*0"D.
The heat supplied to the dry steam at saturation temperature to convert it into superheated steam at
the temperature T
sip
is called superheated or heat of superheat.
9%
11. What a#e (et a% %#" steam'
The steam which partially evaporated and having water particles in suspension is called wet steam.
The steam which fully evaporated state and is not having any water particles is called dry steam.
12. De+ie %#"ess +#a&ti$ $+ steam. 4MU A0# 5=9@ A0# S=;@ & A0# S ,6617
What is B)a*it" $+ steam' 4AU A0#i* ,6687
It is defined as the ratio of the mass of the total steam actually present to the mass of the total steam.
.ryness fraction 3
(a22 of dr4 2trea(
(a22 of toal (ixture
18. E/0*ai the te#msK De3#ee $+ s)0e# heat@ De3#ee $+ s)!&$$*i3' 4AU A0#i* ,6687
De3#ee $+ s)0e#heatK
It is the difference between superheated temperatures and saturated temperature at the same pressure.
De3#ee $+ s)!&$$*i3K
It is the amount of which the water is cooled beyond the saturated temperature at the same pressure.
19. De+ie t#i0*e 0$it a% &#iti&a* 0$it +$# 0)#e s)!sta&e. 4MUOCT5=8@ OCT 5=9 OCT5=;7
T#i0*e 0$itK
Triple point is the state at where all the three phases i.e. solid, li+uid and vapour to e!ist in
e+uilibrium.
C#iti&a* 0$itK
It represents the highest pressure and temperature at which the li+uid and vapour phases coe!ist in
e+uilibrium. $t the critical point the li+uid and vapour phases are indistinguishable i.e. 1i+uid directly
converted into vapour.
1;. Whe sat)#ati$ 0#ess)#e i&#eases@ (hat ha00es t$ sat)#ati$ tem0e#at)#e a% +#eeOi3 0$it'
4MU A0#5,6667
When saturation pressure increases then the saturation temperature is increasing and the freeOing
point decreasing.
1<. E/0*ai the 0#$&ess $+ steam 3ee#ati$ a% h$( the .a#i$)s sta3es $ T>s %ia3#am 4MU OCT
5=87
9'
In the T5s diagram, the region left of the water e!ists as li+uid. In the right of the dry steam line, the
water e!ists as a superheated steam. In between water and dry steam line, the water e!ists as a set steam.
Therefore, the dryness fraction lines are represented in these region. The value of various +uantities can be
directly read from the diagram.
It can be noted from the figure that the water line and steam line are converging with the increase in
temperature. $t a particular point, the water is directly converted into dry steam without formation of wet
steam. This point is called SC#iti&a* P$it5.
Fi3)#e. Tem0e#at)#e Et#$0" %ia3#am
1=. D#a( the h>s %ia3#am +$# steam a% sh$( a th#$tt*i3 0#$&ess $ it 4MU>OCT5=;7.
,6. W#ite the +$#m)*a +$# &a*&)*ati3 et#$0" &ha3e +#$m sat)#ate% (ate# t$ s)0e#heat steam
&$%iti$. 4MU>A0# 5==7
9)
sup
sup
ntropy of (uperheated steam, ( log
g ps c
s
T
! C
T
_
+

,
where
(
g
B entropy of dry steam
T
sup
5(uper heated temperature
T
s
5(aturated temperature
C
ps
5(pecific heat of super heated steam
,1. Dete#mie the &$%iti$ $+ steam $+ , !a# (h$se et#$0" is 9.,; GLHI3.4MU>APR5==7
0rom steam Table at ' bar s
g
3<.%'9? =A;=g =
(ince entropy of given steam of pressure ' bar is less than entropy of dry steam at that pressure, the steam is
in wet condition.
,,. Dete#mie s0e&i+i& etha*0" a% s0e&i+i& et#$0" $+ 1,6
6
C sat)#ate% steam.4MU>A0#5,6667
0rom steam table at %'7
7
C
(pecific enthalpy, h
g
3'<79kA;kg
(pecific entropy, s
g
3<.%'D) kA;kg =
,1. Fi% the mass $+ 6.1 m
1
$+ (et steam at a tem0e#at)#e $+ 196
6
a% 6.=2 %#". 4MU>O&t5=<7
0rom steam table at %97
7
C
-
g
37.)79<9 m
)
;kg
(pecific volume of wet steam 3 !,v
g
37.D@!7.)79<9 m
)
;kg
37.'??@ m
)
;kg
-olume of given west steam 7.%
of steam, m3
volume of wet steam 7.'??@
7.)E
$ass
!pec%,%c
$ kg
,2. Oe I3 $+ steam at 16 !a# has a etha*0" $+ ,866ILHI3. Fi% its B)a*it".

F3'E77kA;kg
F3h
r
6! h
fg
$t %7 bar from steam tables
F
f
3 <9'.9kA;kg,h
fg
3'7%).9kA;kg
'E773<9'.96!6'7%).9
'E77 <9'.9
7.?9'
'7%).9
.

9@
,8. Dete#mie (hethe# (ate# at the +$**$(i3 states is a &$m0#esse% *iB)i%@ a s)0e# heate% .a0$# $# a
mi/t)#e $+ sat)#ate% (ate# steam. 4a7 1< M0a@ 6.661m
1

HI34!7116
6
C@,66IPa.
Case4a)
#3%?&pa
-37.77)m
)
;kg
0rom steam table, corresponding to %?&pa, read
-
g
37.77<@D< m
)
;kg
(ince v3v
g
, the steam is in wet condition i.e mi!ture of li+uid and steam.
Case 4b)
T3%)7
7
C
#3'77k#a
0rom steam table, corresponding to '77kpa, read
T
sat
3%'7.'
7
C
(ince TV T
sat.
the steam is in superheated condition.
,9. De+ie s0e&i+i& steam &$s)m0ti$ $+ a i%ea* RaIie C"&*e.
It is defined as the mass flow of steam re+uired per unit power output.
(pecific steam consumption 3
2tea( flo? in k9'7r
po?er in kW
,;. What is meat !" ($#I #ati$' What is the im0$#ta&e $+ ($#I #ati$ i .a0$)# &"&*es'
Work ratio is defined as the ratio of network transfer to the positive work transfer.
Work ratio affects the actual cycle efficiency comparing two cycles with the same ideal efficiency, the cycle
having smaller work ratio would have smaller actual efficiency.
Figher the work ratio, the ((C is lower, resulting in smaller siOe plant for the given output.
,<. Name the %i++e#et 0#$&ess $+ RaIi3 C"&*e $ T s %ia3#am.
P#$&ess
% 5 '" isentropic e!pansion
' B )" constant pressure and temperature heat reGection
) 5 @" water is pumped to boiler pressure
@ B E" constant pressure heat addition in boiler up to saturation Temperature
E B %" content pressure and Temperature in boiler
9E
,=. What a#e the e++e&ts $+ &$%ese# 0#ess)#e $ the RaIie &"&*e'
Hy lowering the condenser pressure, we can increase the cycle efficiency. The main disadvantages
lowering the back pressure increase the wetness of steam isentropic compression of a very wet vapour is
very difficult.
16. A .a0$)# &"&*e ihe#et*" has t($ a%.ata3es $.e# 3as 0$(e# &"&*e' What a#e the"' 4MU O&t5
=87
4i) Isothermal heat transfer 4evaporation and condensation) is possible in practice.
4ii) The work ratio is high compared to the gas power cycles.
11. What a#e the *imits $+ ma/im)m a% miim)m tem0e#at)#es i a steam 0$(e# &"&*es' 4MU O&
5=87
The limit of ma!imum temperature of steam is its critical temperatures i.e )<@.%E
7
C.
1,. Meti$ the im0#$.emet ma%e t$ i&#ease the i%ea* e++i&ie&" $+ RaIi3 C"&*e.
%. 1owering the condenser pressure
'. (uperheated steam is supplied to the turbine.
). Increasing the boiler pressure to certain limit
@. Implementing reheat and regeneration in the cycle.
11. SIet&h the +*$( %ia3#am $+ RaIi3 &"&*e i%i&ati3 the mai &$m0$ets'4MUN$. ,66,7
99
12. Name the %i++e#et &$m0$et i steam 0$(e# 0*at ($#Ii3 $ a RaIi3 &"&*e.
4MUO&t5=;7
Hoiler, Turbine, Cooling, Tower or Condenser and #ump
18. Dis&)ss the e++e&ts $+ steam 0#ess)#e a% tem0e#at)#e at i*et t$ the t)#!ie Ia RaIie &"&*e.
4MU>O&t5=87
$t the higher pressure the heat reGection is less and this results in increase in efficiency. The cycle
efficiency does not increase continuously with boiler pressure up to the critical pressure. The increase in
pressure increases the wetness of the steam after e!pansion, which decreases the adiabatic efficiency, and
reason is that latest heat decreases at high pressure. The increase the cost of boiler, and turbine and also it
erodes the turbine blades.
Increase in temperature of steam supplied to turbine increases the work done by the turbine and also
increases the net cycle efficiency. The efficiency of the superheated cycle continuously increase with
pressure. (uper heating reduces the specific steam consumption. It also increases the dryness fraction of
steam at the end to the e!pansion. We can reduce the back pressure, which increases the work done.
19. What a#e the e++e&ts $ &$%ese# 0#ess)#e $ the RaIi3 C"&*e'
Hy lowering the condenser pressure, we can increase the cycle efficiency. The main disadvantages is
lowering the backpressure increases the wetness of steam Isentropic compression has to deal with a non5
homogeneous mi!ture of water and stem. Hecause of the large specific volume of li+uid vapour is very
difficult.
1;. Wh" Ca#$t &"&*e &a$t !e #ea*iOe% i 0#a&ti&e +$# .a0$)# 0$(e# &"&*es'
The main difficulty to attain the cycle in practice is that isothermal condensation is topped before it
reaches to saturated li+uid condition. Therefore the compressor has to deal with a non5homogeneous mi!ture
of water and stem. Hecause of the large specific volume of li+uid vapour mi!ture before compression, the
compressor siOe and work input have to be a large. The higher power re+uirement reduces the plant
efficiency as well as work ratio.
1<. Meti$ the im0#$.emets ma%e t$ i&#ease the i%ea* e++i&ie&" $+ RaIi3 C"&*e.
9<
,oiler
4MU>A0# 5=<7
%. lowering the condenser pressure
'. (uperheated steam is supplied to the turbine
). Increasing the boiler pressure to certain limit
@. Implementing reheat and regeneration in the cycle.
1=. D#a( the !*$&I %ia3#am $+ #eheat &"&*e a% i%i&ate its )se. 4MU>O&t5=<7
8se" The main purpose of reheating is to increase the dryness fraction of steam at e!haust so that
blade erosion due to water particles as well as frictional losses reduced.
H.P. T)#!ie L.P.T)#!ie
Reheate#
C$%ese#
Fee% 0)m0
26. Wh" #eheat &"&*e is $t )se% +$# *$( !$i*e# 0#ess)#e' 4MU>AP5=87
$t the low reheat pressure the reheat cycle efficiency may be less that the >ankin cycle efficiency.
(ince the average temperature during heating will then be low.
21. What a#e the %isa%.ata3es $+ #eheati3'
The cost of the plant increases due to the reheater and its long connections. It also increases the
condenser capacity due to increased dryness fraction.
2,. List the a%.ata3es $+ #eheat &"&*e. 4MU>O&t5=;7
%. &arginal increase in thermal efficiency
'. Increase in work done per kg of steam which results in reduced siOe of boiler and au!iliaries for the
same output.
). We can prevent the turbine from erosion.
21. D#a( the .a0$)# 0$(e# #eheat &"&*e $ T>s %ia3#am a% (#ite i%ea* e++i&ie&" $+ that &"&*e
ite#ms $+ etha*0" 4MU A0#5=<7
1
9?

)
9 '
E
@
s
1 2 3 0
1 0 3 2
. / . /
8
. / . /
rehet
#
h h h h
E##"c"enc$
h h h h
+
22. D#a( the #e3ee#ati.e &"&*e $ T>s %ia3#am a% sh$( that its e++i&ie&" is eB)a* t$ Ca#$t &"&*e
e++i&ie&" $ the %ia3#am.
@ %
T
)
)
@ ' '

s
The regenerative cycle is represented by %5'5)5@5% whereas the Carnot cycle I by %5', 5@W 5%. The
area under both the curve is e+ual and also the area under the heat addition and heat reGection curves for both
the cycles are e+ual, therefore the >egenerative cycle efficiency is e+ual that of >anking cycle.
28. SIet&h the s&hemati& %ia3#am $+ &*$se% a% $0e t"0e +ee% (ate# heate#s i a&t)a* #e3ee#ati.e
&"&*e +$# steam 4MU> A0#5=87
9D
T)#!ie

C$%es$#
Fee% (ate#
heate#

Fee% 0)m0 Fee% 0)m0
T)#!ie

C$%ese#

Fee% heate# Fee% heate#

Fee% 0)m0
29. What is the +)&ti$ $+ +ee% (ate# heate#s i the #e3ee#ati.e &"&*e (ith !*ee%i3'
4MU>O&t 5==7
The main function of feed water heater is to increase the temperature of feed water to the saturation
temperature corresponding to the boiler pressure before it enters into the boiler.
2;. Whe (i** !e the e++i&ie&" $+ the #e3ee#ati.e &"&*e attais ma/im)m'
The temperature of the bled steam is appro!imately halfway between the e!treme temperatures of the
primary flow cycle.
2<. What a#e the a%.ata3es $+ !*ee%i3'

<7
,oiler
,oile
r
It increases the thermodynamic efficiency as the heat of the bled steam is not lost in the condenser
but it utiliOed in feed heating.
Hy bleeding the volume flow at the low pressure end is considerably reduced this reduces the design
difficulties of blades and also condenser siOe is reduced.
2=. What a#e the %isa%.ata3es $+ !*ee%i3'

Cost of the plant increases and the wor9%. .efine the term compression ratio.
AsK C$m0#essi$ #ati$ is the #ati$ !et(ee t$ta* &"*i%e# .$*)me t$ &*ea#a&e .$*)me. It is %e$te%
!" the *ette# S#5
86. What is the #a3e $+ &$m0#essi$ #ati$ +$# SI a% %iese* e3ie'
AsK 0or petrol of (I engine 9 to ?
0or diesel engine %' to %?.
81. Whi&h &"&*e is m$#e e++i&iet +$# the same &$m0#essi$ #ati$ a% heat i0)t@ Ott$ &"&*e $# Diese*
&"&*e'
AsK Otto cycle is more efficient than diesel cycle
8,. W#ite the e/0#essi$ +$# e++i&ie&" $+ the $tt$ &"&*e'
AsK
%
fficiency n 3% 5 555555555
4r)
r5%
81. The e++i&ie&" $+ the %iese* &"&*e a00#$a&hes the $tt$ &"&*e e++i&ie&" (he the &)t $++ #ati$ is
TTTTTT
AsK reduced
82. Whi&h %e.i&e is )se% t$ &$t#$* the Ai# +)e* #ati$ i the 0et#$* e3ie'
AsK Ca#!)#ett$#
88. Whi&h %e.i&e is )se% t$ &$t#$* the Ai# +)e* #ati$ i the %iese* e3ie'
AsK IJe&ti$ $OO*e
89. The s0ee% $+ a +$)# st#$Ie I.C. e3ie is 1866#0m. What (i** !e the s0ee% $+ the &am sha+t'
<%
AsK ;86 #0m.
8;. A** the +$)# $0e#ati$s i t($ st#$Ie e3ie a#e 0e#+$#me% i TTTTTTTT )m!e# $+ #e.$*)ti$ $+
&#aI sha+t.
AsK $e
8<. A** the +$)# $0e#ati$s i +$)# st#$Ie e3ie a#e 0e#+$#me% i TTTTTTT )m!e# $+ $0e#ati$s'
AsK T($
8=. I $tt$ &"&*e the &$m0#essi$ #ati$ is TTTTTTT t$ e/0asi$ #ati$.
AsK EB)a*
96. I %iese* e3ie@ the &$m0#essi$ #ati$ is TTTTTTTTTT tha e/0asi$ #ati$'
AsK -#eate#
91. What is meat !" &)t$++ #ati$'
As" Cutoff ratio is defined as the ratio of volume after the heat addition to before the heat addition. It is
denoted by the letter SpJ
9,. What a#e the ass)m0ti$s ma%e +$# ai# sta%a#% &"&*e.
AsK
%. $ir is the working substance.
'. Throughout the cycle, air behaves as a perfect gas and obeys all the gas laws.
). :o chemical reaction takes place in the cylinder
@. Hoth e!pansion and compression are strictly isentropic
E. The values of specific heats of the air remain constant throughout the cycle.
91. What is the %i++e#e&e !et(ee $tt$ a% Diese* &"&*e.
Ott$ C"&*e Diese* C"&*e
%. Otto cycle consist of two adiabatic and
two constant volume process.
%. It consists of two adiabatic, one constant
volume and one constant pressure
processes.
'. Compression ratio is e+ual to e!pansion
ratio
'. Compression ratio is greater than
e!pansion ratio.
<'
). Feat addition takes place at constant
volume.
). Feat addition takes place at constant
pressure
@. Compression ratio is less. It is varies
from 9 to ?.
@. Compression ratio is more. It varies
from %' to %?.
92. What is the $the# ame 3i.e t$ $tt$ &"&*e'
AsK Constant volume cycle.
98. What is meat !" ai# sta%a#% e++i&ie&" $+ the &"&*e'
AsK It is defined as the ratio of work done by the cycle to the heat supplied to the cycle.
Work done
fficiency n 3 555555555555555555
Feat supplied
99. De+ieK Mea e++e&ti.e 0#ess)#e $+ a I.C. e3ie.
AsK &ean effective pressure is defined as the constant pressure acting on the piston during the working
stroke. It is also defined as the ratio of work done to the stroke volume or piston displacement volume.
9;. What (i** !e the e++e&t $+ &$m0#essi$ #ati$ $ e++i&ie&" $+ the %iese* &"&*e'
AsK fficiency increases with the increase in compression ratio and vice B versa.
9<. What (i** !e the e++e&t $+ &)t $++ #ati$ $ e++i&ie&" $+ the %iese* &"&*e.
AsK fficiency decreases with the increase of cut off ratio and vice B versa.
9=. The the#ma* e++i&ie&" $+ a t($ st#$Ie &"&*e e3ie is TTTTTTT tha the +$)# st#$Ie &"&*e e3ie.
AsK 1esser.
;6. De+ieK S0e&i+i& +)e* &$s)m0ti$.
AsK (0C is defined as the amount of fuel consumed per brake power hour of work.
;1. What is meat !" &a*$#i+i& .a*)e $+ a +)e*.
AsK Calorific value of a fuel is defined as the amount of heat liberated by the compete combustion of unit
+uantity of a fuel.
<)
;,. -i.e the e/0#essi$ +$# e++i&ie&" $+ the D)a* &"&*e.
% =pr 5 %
fficiency n 3 % 5 5555555 55555555555555555
4r)r5% 4=5%) 6 y=4p5%)
where,
r B Compression ratio
k B pressure or !passion ratio
p B cut off ratio and
y B adiabatic inde!
;1. The e++i&ie&" $+ the D)a* &"&*e is TTTTTTT tha the %iese* &"&*e a% TTTTTT tha the $tt$ &"&*e +$#
the same &$m0#essi$ #ati$.
AsK greater, less.
;2. What a#e the +a&t$#s i+*)e&i3 $+ the D)a* &"&*e'
AsK %. Compression ratio '.cut off ratio ). pressure ratio and @. heat supplied at constant volume and
constant pressure.
;8. The B#a"t$ &"&*e is mai*" )se% i TTTTTTT
AsK Mas turbine power plant.
;9. -i.e the e/0#essi$ +$# e++i&ie&" $+ the B#a"t$ &"&*e.
%
fficiency n 3 % 5 5555555555 where >
p
B pressure ratio.
4>
p
)
y5%
;;. The t($ st#$Ie &"&*e e3ie 3i.es TTTTTT the )m!e# $+ 0$(e# st#$Ies as &$m0a#e% t$ the +$)#
st#$Ie &"&*e e3ie@ at the same e3ie s0ee%.
As K double.
;<. I 0et#$* e3ie@ the &ha#3e is i3ite% (ith the he*0 $+ TTTTTTTT
As K (park plug
;=. The %iese* e3ie %#a(s the mi/t)#e $+ %iese* a% ai# %)#i3 s)&ti$ st#$Ie 4T#)e H Fa*se7
<@
As K 0alse.
<6. What is the +)e* iJe&t$#'
As K 0uel inGector is used in diesel engine to inGect and atomiOe the diesel at the end of the compression
stroke.
<1. What is meat !" SI e3ie ' Wh" it is &a**e% s$'
As K (I engine means spark ignition engine. In (I engine air fuel mi!ture is ignited by spark plug hence it is
called spark ignition engine. It is also called as petrol engine.
<,. -i.e +$)# maJ$# %i++e#e&e !et(ee t($ st#$Ie a% +$)# st#$Ie IC e3ie.
N$ T($ st#$Ie &"&*e e3ie F$)# St#$Ie &"&*e e3ie
% One cycle is completed in two stroke of the
piston or one revolution of the crank shaft.
One cycle is completed in four stroke of the piston
or two revolution of the crank shaft.
' 0or the same speed, twice the number of power
strokes are produced than @ stroke engine.
0or the same speed, half of the number of power
strokes are produced than ' stroke engine.
) Turning moment is more uniform and hence
lighter flywheel is used.
Turning moment is not uniform and hence bigger
flywheel is used.
@ It contains ports which is operated by the piston
movement.
It contains valves which is operated by valve
mechanism.
<1. What is meat !" CI E3ie' Wh" it is &a**e% s$'
As K CI engine means compression ignition engine. In CI engine the fuel is inGected by a fuel inGector in
atomiOed form because of high compressed air it gets ignited automatically. Fence it is called as
compression ignition engine.
<2. What is a t($ st#$Ie e3ie'
As K $ two stroke engine is an engine in which one cycle of operation is completed in two stroke of the
piston or one revolution of the crank shaft.
<8. What is a +$)# st#$Ie e3ie '
As K $ four stroke engine is an engine in which one cycle of operation is completed in four stroke of the
piston or two revolution of the crank shaft.
<9. Name the +$)# st#$Ies $+ a IC e3ie'
As K (uction, compression, power and e!haust stroke.
<E
<;. Di++e#etiate 0et#$* a% Diese* e3ies.
Pet#$* $# SI e3ies Diese* $# CI e3ie
%. Combustion of air fuel mi!ture takes
place by spark produced by sparkplug.
%. Combustion takes place by high
compressed air.
'. Carburetor is used to mi! the air fuel
mi!ture.
'. 0uel inGector is used to inGect the fuel in
atomiOed form.
). Compression ratio varies from 9 to ?. ). Compression ratio varies from %' to %?.
@.It works on Otto cycle. @. It works on .iesel or .ual cycle.
k done per kg of steam is reduced which results in higher boiler capacity for given output.
PART B
1. A ai# sta%a#% $tt$ &"&*e has a &$m0#essi$ #ati$ $+ ; a% the tem0e#at)#e a% 0#ess)#e at the
!e3ii3 $+ &$m0#essi$ a#e ,6
$
C a% 1!a#. Heat a%%e% at &$stat .$*)me is 1<66 GLHI3 &a*&)*ate
the ma/im)m 0#ess)#e a% tem0e#at)#e $+ the &"&*e a% the ai# sta%a#% e++i&ie&". I+ the
&$m0#essi$ #ati$ is &ha3e% +#$m ; t$ < %ete#mie the i.e#se i $)# sta%a#% e++i&ie&". TaIe
N
1.2@ (N6.;1< ILHI3G a% C
0
N 1.668 ILHI3I.
S$* K
-i.e " p
%
3 % bar
T
%
3 '7oC 3 'D) =
2
%
3 %?77 =A;=g
r 3 <
<9
%
$ir standard efficiency, 4) 3 % 5
4-
c
)
%
3 % 5 3 7.E@7?
4<)
3 E@.%I
-
%
r 3 3 <.
-
'
>T
%
'?<! 4 '7 6 '<) )
-
%
3 3
#
%
% ! %7
E
for ideal 9a2 P + 5 (*T
&
for air8 * 5 2! 8 ( 5 1 k9
k9%

Assumed
3 7.?@7D m
)
; kg
7.?@7D
-
'
3 3 7.%'7% m
)
; kg
<
p
'
-
%

3

3 4 < )
7.@
3 %E.'@E
p
%
-
'
#
'
3 %7
E
! %E.'E 3 %E.'E ! %7
E
:;m
'
.
T
'
-
%

3

3 4 < )
7.@
3 '.%<?.
T
%
-
'
<<
: 1
0.0
- .

- .
/1

T
'
3 'D) ! '.%<? 3 9)? k
2
%
3mC
v
4T
)
5T
'
) 3 %?77 kA;kg P m 3 % kg assumedQ

%?77
T
)
59)? 3 3'E79.D=Pfor air C
v
37.<%? kG;kg kQ
7.<%?
T
)
3 'E79.D 6 9)? 3 )%@E k
&a! temperature of the cycle , T
ma!
3 )%@E k. &a!imum pressure of the cycle
#
)
-
)
p
'
-
'

3 and -
'
3 -
).
T
)
T
'
%E.'@E ! %7
E
! )%@E
#
)
3 3 <E.%E ! %7
E
:;m
'
.
9)?
W.=.T., for an otto cycle
1
1
1

r
&a!imum #ressure of the cycle, #
ma!
3 <E.%E ! %7
E
:;m
'
.
When compression ratio r 3 <, 3 E@I
Compression ratio r 3 ?, 3 E9.E I
Increase in efficiency 3 E9.E 5 E@.%
3 '. @ I
,. I a ai# sta%a#% $tt$ &"&*e@ the ma/im)m a% miim)m tem0e#at)#es a#e 1266
$
C a% 18
$
C
#es0e&ti.e*". The am$)t $+ heat s)00*ie% i <66 ILHI3@ +i% the &$m0#essi$ #ati$ a% the#ma*
e++i&ie&". Fi% a*s$ the #ati$ $+ ma/im)m t$ miim)m 0#ess)#e i the &"&*e.
S$* K
T
%
3 %E
o
C 3 '?? =
T
)
3 %@77
o
C 3 %9<) =
2
%
3 ?77 k A; kg
2
%
3 mC
v
4T
)
5T
'
) 3 ?77 kA ; kg Passume, m 3 %kgQ
?77
T
)
5T
'
3 3%%%@ =. Pfor air, C
v
3 7.<%? =A;kg =Q
7.<%?
T
'
3 EED =
T
'
-
%
3
T
%
-
'
-
%

3 E.'E
-
'

<?
- .
/1
Compression ratio -
%
; -
'
3 E.'E
% %
Cycle efficiency, 3 % 5 3 %5
4 E.'E )
3 7.@?E
3 @?.E I
p
'
-
%

3

3 4 E.'E )
%.@
3 %7.%D
p
%
-
'
p
'
3 %7.%D ! #
%
.
#
)
p
'

3
T
)
T
'
#
'
#
)
3 ! %9<)
EED
>atio of ma!imum to minimum pressure.
(ubstitute #
'
3 %7.%D ! #
%
in the above e+uation.
1
3
10.11
1"3
$$1
%
%

#
)
3 3 )7.@D
#
%

1. A &$m0#essi$ i3iti$ e3ie ($#Ii3 $ a ai# sta%a#% %iese* &"&*e has the +$**$(i3 0a#ti&)*a#
&"*i%e# !$#e N 18&m@ st#$Ie N ,8 &m. &*ea#a&e .$*)me N 266 &m
1
. The +)e* iJe&ti$ taIe 0*a&e at
&$stat 0#ess)#e $+ 8P $+ st#$Ie. Fi% the ai# sta%a#% e++i&ie&".
-i.e K
b 3 %E cm
1 3 'E cm
<D
/ 1
0.4 /1
- .

-
c
3 @77 cm
)
.

(troke volume, -
s
3 ! b
'
! 1
@

3 ! %E
'
! 'E 3 @@%<.? cm
'
.
@
-
%
Compression ratio 3
-
'
-
%
5 -
'
3 (troke -olume
-
% 5
@77 3 @@%<.? cm
)
.
-
%
3 @?%? cm
)
.
r 3 @?%? 3 %'
@77
Cut off takes place at EI of stroke
-olume at cut off,
-
)
3 -
'
6 EI of stroke volume
3 @77 6 4 7.7E ! @@%? )
-
)
3 9'% cm
)
.
-
)
9'%
3 3 3 %.EE
-
'
@77
Fere SJ is row
% #

5%
$ir standard efficiency 3 %5
4r)
5%
#5%
% %EE
7.@
5%
?7
- .
$ir standard efficiency 3%5
%5@4%')
7.@
%.@ 4%.EE 5% )
3 7.@'<
3 @'.< I
2. A %iese* &"&*e $0e#ati3 $ a sta%a#% &"&*e has a &$m0#essi$ #ati$ $+ 18. The 0#ess)#e a%
tem0e#at)#e at the !e3ii3 $+ the &$m0#essi$ a#e 1.62 !a# a% 18$C. I+ the ma/ tem0e#at)#e $+ the
&"&*e is ,116
$
G@ %ete#mie the the#ma* e++i&ie&" a% the mea e++e&ti.e 0#ess)#e.
-i.e K
r 3 %E
#
%
3 %.7@ bar
T
%
3 %EoC 3 '?? =.
T
)
3 '))7 =.
S$*)ti$ K
-
%
3 %E.
-
'
m>T% %!'?< ! '??
-
%
3 3 3 7.<DE m
)
;kg.
#% %.7@ ! %7
E
7.<DE
-
'
3 3 7.7E) m);kg.
%E
T
'
-
% 5%
3 3 4%E)
7.@
3 '.DE
T
%
-
'
T
'
3 '.DE ! '?? 3 ?E% =.
-
)
T
)
'))7
Cut off ratio 3 3 3 3 3 '.<@
-
'
T
'
?E%
$ir standard efficiency get the formula from page %7
?%
- .
% '.<@
7.@
5%
3 % 5
%.@4%E)
7.@
%.@ 4'.<@ 5% )
3 7.E9D 4or) E9.D I
P m 3 % kgQ
Feat supplied 2
%
3 mC
p
4T
)
5T
%
)
3 %.77E 4'))7 B ?E%) 3 %@?9 .@ kA;kg
:et work done W
net
3 2
%
!
cycle
.
3 %@?9 ! 7.E9D 3 ?@E.? kG;kg
W
net
&ean effective pressure 3
r 5 %
?@E.?
3
%E5%
3 97.@% k#a.
8. I a $tt$ &"&*e ai# at 1;
$
C a% 1 !a# is &$m0#esse% a%ia!ati&a**" )ti* the 0#ess)#e is 18 !a#. Heat
is a%%e% at &$stat .$*)me )ti* the 0#ess)#e #ises t$ 26 !a#. The s(e0t .$*)me is 6.;11m
1
. Ca*&)*ate
the ai# sta%a#% e++i&ie&" the &$m0#essi$ #ati$ a% the mea e++e&ti.e 0#ess)#e. 4A.U APR ,6627.
S$* K
#rocess %5 '.
-
%
p
'
r3 3
-
'
p
%

-
%
3 9.D%
-
'
%
?'
- .
- .
1

3%5 3 E).D I
4 r )
p
'
-
'
T
'
3 T
%
3 9'D.E =
p
%
v
%
#rocess '5) "
#
)
T
'
T) 3 3 %9<?.<=
#
'
Feat (upplied 2 3 m3 C
v
4T
)
5T
'
) 3 <E'.) =G;kg
Work done 3 ! heat supplied
3 @7E.E kG;kg
work done
&ean effective pressure 3
4r B %)
3 E.9? bar
9. A e3ie ($#Ii3 $ $tt$>&"&*e has a .$*)me $+ 6.8 m
1
. P#ess)#e 1 !a# a% tem0e#at)#e ,;
$
C at
the !e3ii3 $+ the &$m0#essi$ st#$Ie. At the e% $+ the &$m0#essi$ st#$Ie@ the 0#ess)#e is 16 !a#.
,16 GL $+ heat a#e a%%e% %)#i3 &$stat .$*)me heati3 0#$&ess. Ca*&)*ate the 0#ess)#es@
tem0e#at)#es a% .$*)mes at sa*iet 0$its i the &"&*e. A*s$ +i% the 0e#&eta3e &*ea#a&e@ e++i&ie&"@
et ($#I %$e 0e# &"&*e a% mea e++e&ti.e 0#ess)#e. I+ the )m!e#s $+ ($#Ii3 &"&*es 0e# mi)te is
,66. Fi% the 0$(e# %e.e*$0e% !" the e3ie.
Ass)me the &"&*e is #e.e#si!*e.
S$* K The given data are
p
%
3 % bar , p
'
3%7bar
-
%
3 7.E m
)
, T
%
3 '<6 '<) 3 )77 =
?)
/1
#
'
-
%
3 3 >
c
#
%
-
'
#
'
r
o
3 3 4 %7)
%;@
3 E.%?
#
%
-
%
T
'
3 T
%
3 )77 4E%?)
7.@
3 E<D.'
o
=
-
'
-
%
7.E
-
'
3 3 3 7.7D9E m
)
.
r
o
E.%?
4b) The heat supplied during the process '5) is given by
2
s
3 mC
v
4T
)
5T
'
)
#
%
v
%
% ! %7
E
! 7.E
Where m 3 3 3 7.E? kg
>T
%
'?< ! )77
'%7 3 7.E? ! 7.<%?< 4T
)
5 E<D.' )
'%7
T
)
3 E<D.' 6 3 %7?@ =
7.E? ! 7.<%?
0or the constant volume process '5)
p
)
p
'
3
T
)
T
'
T
)
%7?@
p
)
3 . p
'
3 ! %7 3 %?.<' bar
T
'
E<D.'
-
)
3 -
'
3 7.D9E m
)
.
4c ) 0or the isentropic process )5@
p
@
v
)
3
p
)
v
@
?@
( )

( )
( )
1

/ 1
( )

% %
p
@
3 p
)
3 %?.<' 3 %.?< bar
>
c
E.%?
T
@
v
)
3
T
)
v
@
% %
T
@
3 T
)
3 %7?@ 3 E9%.@ bar
>
c
E.%?
The percentage clearance is given by
-c -' 7.7D9E
3 ! %77 3 ! %77 ! %77 3 '@I
-s -%5-' 7.E 5 7.7D9E
It can also found by
-
c
-
c
%
3 3 3 3 '@.'I
-
s
4r
c
5 %)-
c
E.%? B %
The heat reGected per cycle is given by
2
r
3 mC
v
4T
@
5T
%
) 3 7.E? ! 7.<%? 4 E9%.@ B )77 ) 3 %7?.D kA; cycle
The air5 standard efficiency of the cycle is given by
2
s
B 2
r
'%7 5 %7?.D
s
3 ! %77 3 !%773@?.%@I
2
s
'%7
It can also be calculated as
% %
a
3 % 5 3 i 5 3 7.@?' or @?.'I
4rc) 4 E.%? )
7.@
The mean effective pressure is given by
W 4 '%7 5%7?.D ) ! %7
)
%7%.% ! %777
pm 3 3 3 3 '.E% bar
-s 47.E77 5 7.7D9E ) ! %7
E
7.@7)E ! %7
E
Work done per sec.
3 Work done per cycle ! :umber of working cycles per sec.
'77
3 4 '%7 B %%7.E) ! '77 3 %7%.% ! 3 ))< kA;sec
?E
( ) ( )

1.4
/1
( )
( )
( )
0.4
0.4
/1
97
3 ))< kW.
;. A e3ie ($#Is a Ott$ &"&*e. The 0#ess)#e a% tem0e#at)#e $+ the ai# at the !e3ii3 $+ the
&"&*e a#e 1 !a# a% 26
$
C. The &$m0#essi$ #ati$ is 9. Ass)mi3 the 0eaI 0#ess)#e is *imite% t$ 86 !a#@
a% &$m0#essi$ a% e/0asi$ +$**$( the 0.
1.,8
N &$stat. Fi% $)t the +$**$(i3 K
1. The the#ma* e++i&ie&" $+ the &"&*e.
,. Mea e++e&ti.e 0#ess)#e $+ the &"&*e.
I+ the ($#Ii3 &"&*es 0e# mi)te a#e 166 a% &"*i%e# %iamete# a% *e3th $+ the st#$Ie a#e 1, &m a%
,6&mE +i% the 0$(e# %e.e*$0e% !" the e3ie i IW. W$#Ii3 +*)i% is ai#.
S$* K
#
%
3 bar , T
%
3 @7 6 '<) 3 )%) =
>
c
3 9 and p
)
3 E7 bar
-
%
3 -
c
6 -
s

-
(
3
2
0
d L
3 ! %@@ ! '7 3 ''9' Cm

)
.
@
-s ''9'
-
c
3 3 3 @E'.@ cm
)
.
4>
c
5% ) E
-
%
3 ''9' 6 @E'.E 3 '<%@.E cm
)
.
8sing the gas law p
%
v
%
3 m>T
%
#%v% % ! %7
E
! '<%@.E !%7
59
?9
m 3 3 3).7''!%7
5)
kg;cycle
>T% '?< ! )%)
4a) 0or the polytrophic process % to '
-
%
p
'
3 p
%
3 p
%
>
c
n
3 % ! 9
%.'E
3 D.@ bar
-
'
-
%
T
'
3 T
%
3 T
%
4>
c
)
n5%
3 )%) ! 9
7.'E
3 @D7 bar
-
'
4b) In the constant volume process ' to )
p
)
p
'
3
T
)
T
'
#
)
E7
T
)
3 T
'
3 @D7 ! 3 '979
#
'
D.@
4c) 0or the polytrophic process ) B @
p
)
E7
p
@
3 3 3 E.)' bar
>
c
n
9.
%.'E
T
)
'979
T
@
3 3 3 %99E =.
>
C
n5%
9.
7.'E
'
.
Work

done per cycle is given by 4 in this case work cannot be calculated using 2
%
52
'
)
p)-) B p@v@ p'-' 5 p% v%
W 3 5 3 pm-s where pm is mean
n5% n5%
effective pressure
% p
)
v
)
B p
@
v
@
p
'
v
'
5 p
%
v
%
p
m
3 5
-
s
n5% n5%
-
'
3 -
)
3 -
c
-
%
3 -
@
3 >
c
-
c
-
s
3 4 >
c
B %) -
c
%
pm 3 p)-c5p@>c-cBp'-c6 p%>c-c
-c 4 >c 5 %) 4 n 5% )
?<
( )
n
( )
n/1
- .
- .
P4p)5p')5>c4p@ 5p%)Q P4E75D@) B 94 E.)'5%)Q %@.9?
Canceling -c 3 3 3 3%%.<E bar
4>c 5% ) 4 n5%) 4 95% )4 %.'E5% ) E!7.'E
%' '7
-s 3 d
'
! 1 3 ! 3 '.'9 !%7
5'
m
)

@ @ %77 %77
Work done per cycle
3 p
mvs
3 %%.<E !%7
E
! '.'9' ! %7
5)
3 '9EE.E :m;cycle 3 '.9E9 kA;cycle
Feat supplied per cycle
3 mC
v
4T
)
5T
'
) 3 ).7'' !%7
5)
! 7.<%? 4 '979 B @D7 ) 3 @.ED kA;cycle
W '.9E9
a 3 3 3 7.E<?9 or E<.?9I
2% @.ED
Work done per minute
)77
3 '.9E9 ! 3 %).) kA;sec.
97
#ower of the engine 3 %).) kA;(ec.
Important :ote. Work done, cannot be calculated from the relation 42
s
52
r
) as compression and e!pansion
processes are not isentropic and heat flow also occurs during these processes.
<. Sh$( that the &$m0#essi$ #ati$ +$# ma/im)m ($#I t$ !e %$e 0e# I3 $+ ai# i a Ott$ &"&*e
!et(ee )00e# a% *$(e# *imits $+ a!s$*)te tem0e#at)#e T
1
a% T
1
is 3i.e !"
1
2. 1/
3
c
1
T
*
T

_

,

4!7 Fi% the ai# sta%a#% e++i&ie&" $+ the &"&*e (he the &"&*e %e.e*$0s ma/im)m ($#I (ith the
tem0e#at)#e *imit $+ 166 G a% 1,66 G a% ($#Ii3 +*)i% is ai#. What (i** !e the 0e#&eta3e &ha3e
i the e++i&ie&" a% ($#I %$e i+ he*i)m is )se% as ($#Ii3 +*)i% istea% $+ ai#' The &"&*e $0e#ates
!et(ee the same tem0e#at)#e *imit +$# ma/im)m ($#I %e.e*$0met.
Ass)me i%ea* &$%iti$s.
S$*
The work done per =g of fluid in the cycle is given by
W 3 2
s
52
r
3 mC
v
4T
)
5 T
'
) B mC
v
4T
@
5T
%
)
$ssume, m 3 % kg

Hut T
'
3 T
%
>
c
XXX.. 4%)
??
( )
2
/ 1
/ 1
$nd T
)
3 T
@
>
c
XXX.. 4')
T
)
W 3 mC
v
P T
)
5T
%
>
c
5

5 6 T
%
Q XXX.. 4)) >
c
This e!pression is a function of >
c
when T
)
and T
%
are fi!ed. The value of W will be ma!imum when
dW
3 7
d>c
dW
3 5 T
%
4 5 %) >
c
5 T
)
4 %5 ) >
5
c
3 7
d>c
T
)
>
c
3 T
%
>
c
T
)
3 >
c
'

T
%
T
)
>
c
3
T
%
4b) 0or air 3 %. @
T
)
T
)
%'77
>
c
3 3 3 3 E.99
T
%
T
%
)77
The air standard efficiency is given by
% % %
?D
/ 1
/ 1
/ 2
/ / 2
( / 1)
( )

( )
1
2 1
0 ( 1.4 / 1)
1.25 1.25
a
3 % 5 3 %5 3 %5 3 7.E or E7I
>c 4E.99)
7.@
'
Work done per kg of air is given by the e!pression 4))
%'77
W 3 7.<%? P %'77 B )77 ! E.99 5 6 )77 Q
E.99
3 7.<%?P%'77 B 977 B9776)77Q37.<%?!)773'%E.@ kA;kg
4b) If the Felium is used, then the values of
C
p
3 E.'E and C
v
3 ).%E kA ; kg5=
C
p
E.'E
3 3 3 %.9<
C
v
).%E
The compression ratio for ma!imum work for the temperature limit T
%
and T
)
is given by
T
)
%'77
>
c
3 3 3 4@)
7.<@9
3 '.?'
T
%
)77
The air standard efficiency is given by
% %
a 3 % 5 3 % 5 5 3 %57.E 3 E7I
>
c
4'.?')
7.9<
There is no change in the efficiency. :ote that compression ratio is much
1ower and still the efficiency is the same because of the higher value of .
The work done is given by + 4)) as
T
)
0or Felium W 3 C
v
T
)
5 T
%
>
c
5 6 T
%
>
c
%'77
3 ).%E %'77 B )77 ! 4'.?')
7.9<
5 6 )77 3 D@E kA;kg
4'.?<)
7.9<
#ercentage increase in the work per kg of fluid
D@E 5 '%7
3 ! %77 3 )E7 I
'%7
D7
( / 1)
0.4
0.4
( )
( )
0 ( / 1) 0 ( 1.12 / 1)
/ 1
( / 1)
( / 1)
- .
- .
4:ote. Feat added will increase by the same percentage).
=. A e3ie ($#Ii3 $ Ott$>&"&*e i (hi&h the sa*iet 0$its a#e 1@,@1 a% 2 has )00e# a% *$(e#
tem0e#at)#e *imits T1 a% T1. I+ the ma/im)m ($#I 0e# I3 $+ ai# is t$ !e %$e@ the sh$( that the
ite#me%iate a% $)t*et tem0e#at)#e is 3i.e !".
T
,
N T
2
N T
1
T
1
4!7 I+ a e3ie ($#Is $ Ott$>&"&*e !et(ee tem0e#at)#e *imit 1216 G a% 166 G@ Fi% the
ma/im)m the$#eti&a* 0$(e# %e.e*$0e% !" the e3ie ass)mi3 the &i#&)*ati$ $+ ai# 0e# mi)te is 6.2
I3.
S$* K 4a7 Usi3 the eB)ati$ S15 $+ the *ast 0#$!*em a% a*s$ the same 0#$&e%)#e
T
)
>
c
3
T
%
T
'
3 T
%
>
5%
c
and T
@
3
3
1
c
T
!

(ubstituting the value of >
c
in the above e+uations,
T
)

T
'
3T
%
3 T
%
T
)
3 T
%
T
)
T
%
T
%
T) T)
(imilarly, T@ 3 3 3 T%T)
T) T)

T% T%
T
'
3 T
@
3 T
%
T
'
W 3 mC
v
P 4 T
)
5T
'
) B 4 T
@
5T
%
) Q
T
'
3 T
@
3 )77 ! %@)7 3 9EE =
W 3 7.<%? P 4%@)7 5 9EE) B 49EE 5 )77) Q
3 )7%.9 kA;kg.
With variable compression ratio, the ma!imum temperature of the Otto5cycle can be maintained by
varying the supply of heat. This is illustrated by representing the processes on T5s diagram
16. The &$m0#essi$ #ati$@ the ma/im)m tem0e#at)#e $+ the Ott$>&"&*e is <. At the !e3ii3 $+
&$m0#essi$ 0#$&ess the 0#ess)#e is 1!a# a% the tem0e#at)#e is 166 G. The heat t#as+e# t$ the ai#
0e# &"&*e is 1=66 IJHI3 $+ ai#. Ca*&)*ate K
4a7 The 0#ess)#e a% tem0e#at)#e at the e% $+ ea&h 0#$&ess $+ the &"&*e E
4!7 The#ma* e++i&ie&" E
4&7 The mea e++e&ti.e 0#ess)#e
D%
( )
0 . : 1/
( )
( ) - .
0 ( / 1)
/ 1
0
( )
( )
- .
0 ( / 1)
/ 1
0
TaIe C
0
N 1.668 GJ H I3 GE
C
.
N 6.;1< IL H I3 GE
%.77E
(ol "
%
3 % bar, T
%
3 )77 =, 3 3 %.@
7.<%?
Consider % =g as working fluid
>T
%
7.'?< ! )77 ! %7
)
-
%
3 3 3 ?.9% ! %7
5)
p
%
% ! %7
E
3 7.?9% m
)
; kg
T
'
3 T
%
. >
c
3 )77 ! ?7.@ 3 )77 ! '.'D<) 3 9?D.'' =
'
3
%
. >
e
3 % ! ?%.@ 3 %?.)?
-
%
7.?9%
-
'
3 3 3 7.%7<9 m);kg
>
c
?
Feat added during constant value process '5) is
2
s
3 mC
v
4T
)
5T
'
) 3 %D77, assume m 3 % kg
%D77
T
)
B T
'
3 3 '9@9.'@ , T
)
3 )))E.@9 =
7.<%?
T
)
)))E.@9
)
3
'
. 3 %?.)? ! 3 ??.DE bar
T
'
9?D.''
T
)
)))E.@9
T
@
3 3 3 %@E%.?@ =
>
c
?
7.@
D'
/ 1
/ 1
/1

)
??.DE
@
3 3 3 @.?@ bar
>
c
?
%.@
% %
a 3 % 5 3 %5 3 %5 7.@)E) 3 7.E9@< or E9 .@< I
>c ?
7.@

Feat reGected during constant volume process @5% is
2
r
3 mC
v
4T
@
5 T
%
) 3 7.<%? 4%@E%.?@ 5 )77) 3 ?'<.7' kA;kg.
Wnet 3 2s B 2r 3 %D77 B ?'<.7' 3 %7<'.D? kA;kg 3 mep. 4 -% 5-' )
Wnet %7<'.D?
mep 3 3 3 %@'@.%) k: ; m
'

v% 5v' 7.?9% B 7.%7<9
3%@.'@ bar.
Check for efficiency
2
s
5 2
s
%7<'.D?
3 3 3 7.E9@<.
2
s
%D77
11. A 3as t)#!ie 0*at $0e#ates $ the B#a"t$ &"&*e !et(ee T
mi
N 166 I a% T
ma/
N 16;1 G. Fi%
the ma/im)m ($#I %$e 0e I3 $+ ai# a% the &$##es0$%i3 &"&*e e++i&ie&". C$m0a#e this
e++i&ie&" (ith &a#$t e++i&ie&". C$m0a#e this e++i&ie&" (ith &a#$t e++i&ie&" $0e#ati3 !et(ee the
same t($ tem0e#at)#es.
( )
( )
2
(ax P (ax (in
2
(in
c4cle
(ax
(in
carnot
(ax
W C T T
1.00$ 103 300 231.2! kj'k9
T 300
1 1 0.0or 0-
T 103
T 300
1 1 0.2or 2-.
T 103

1,. C$m0a#e the$#eti&a* a% a&t)a* &"&*es $+ 2 st#$Ie S.I a% C.I. E3iee#i3.
THEORETICAL AND ACTUAL CYCLES FOUR STROGE PETROL EN-INE
D)

/ 1
THEORETICAL CYCLE ACTUAL CYCLE
E% 5 (uction %' 5 Compression
') 5 Constant volume combustion )@ 5 !pansion
@% 5 (udcen fall in pressure %E 5 !haust
Theoretical Work .one 3 area %')@% 3 $
$ctual Work .one 3 area @J')@@J B areaJE%@ 3 $
I
5$
'
#umping #ower 3 area @JE%@J 3 a
'
$ctual Work .one V Theoretical work done
THEORETICAL CONDITIONSK
I. (uction and e!haust takes place at atmospheric pressure
)). (uction and e!haust takes place through %?7 of crank rotation
))). Compression and e!pansion takes place through %?7 of crank rotation
I-. Compression and e!pansion are isentropic
-. The combustion takes place instantaneously at constant volume at the end of compression
-I. #ressure suddenly falls to atmospheric pressure at the end of e!pansion
ACTUAL CONDITIONSK
I. The suction of mi!ture is possible only if the pressure inside the cylinder is below atmospheric
pressure.
II. Hurnt gases can be pushed out only if the pressure of the e!haust gas is above atmospheric
pressure.
III. The compression and e!pansion are not isentropic
I-. (udden pressure raise is not possible after ignition as combustion takes some time for
completion.
-. $ctual pressure raise is less than the theoretical.
-I. The pressure increase takes place through some crank rotation.
-II. (udden pressure release after opening of e!haust valve is not possible as it takes place through
some crank rotation.
D@
THEORETICAL AND ACTUAL CYCLES FOUR STROGE DIESEL EN-INE
THEORETICAL CYCLE ACTUAL
CYCLE
E% 5 (uction %' 5
Compression
') 5 Constant pressure combustion )@ 5 !pansion
@% 5 (udden fall in pressure %E 5 !haust
THEORETICAL CONDITIONS
I. (uction and e!haust takes place at atmospheric pressure
)). (uction and e!haust takes place through %?7 of crank rotation
))). Compression and e!pansion takes place through %?7 of crank rotation
I-. Compression and e!pansion are isentropic
-. The combustion takes place instantaneously at constant volume at the end of compression
-I. #ressure suddenly falls to atmospheric pressure at the end of e!pansion
ACTUAL CONDITIONS K
I. The suction of mi!ture is possible only if the pressure inside the cylinder is below atmospheric
pressure.
II. Hurnt gases can be pushed out only if the pressure of the e!haust gas is above atmospheric
pressure.
III. The compression and e!pansion are not isentropic
I-. (udden pressure raise is not possible after ignition as combustion takes some time for
completion.
-. $ctual pressure raise is less than the theoretical.
-I. The pressure increase takes place through some crank rotation.
-II. (udden pressure release after opening of e!haust valve is not possible as it takes place through
some crank rotation.
DE
11. C$m0a#e the$#eti&a* a% a&t)a* &"&*es $+ , st$Ie S.I. a% C.I. e3iee#i3.
THEORETICAL AND ACTUAL CYCLES>TWO STROGE PETROL EN-INE
THEORETICAL CYCLE ACTUAL CYCLE
%' 5 Compression ') 5 Constant -olume Combustion
)@ 5 !pansion @% 5 (udden fall in #ressure
%9, 9% 5 !haust E9, 9E 5 Charging and (cavenging
AIR STANDARD EFFICIENCY OF TWO STROGE EN-INES
00CTI- Compression ratio 3 r
e
2
1
0
1
1
se c
e
c
se e
e
V V
r
V
&
V L
r

THEORETICAL AND ACTUAL CYCLE>TWO STROGE DIESEL EN-INE
D9
%' 5 Compression ') 5 Constant #ressure combustion
)@ 5 !pansion @% 5 (udden fall in pressure
%9, 9% 5 !haust E9,9E 5 Charging and (cavenging
12. I%eti+" the state $+ H
,
O +$# the +$**$(i3 &$%iti$s.
a7 8 !a#@ 16
6
C
!7 8 !a#@ ,==
6
C
&7 8 !a#@ 181.=
6
C
%7 ,86 IPa@ 8 *itHI3
e7 , M0a@ 1666 IJHI3 s0. Etha*0"
+7 , M0a@ 8.<< IJHI3 s0. Etha*0"
a7 -i.e 0 N 8 !a#
T N 16
6
C
T given is less than T saturation. Fence it is compressed li+uid. $t E bar T saturation is %E%.D
7
C which is
greater than the given temperature hence it is compressed li+uid.
b) Miven temperature is '77
7
C which is greater than the saturation temperature and hence it is a
superheated vapor.
c) Miven temperature is e+ual to the saturation and hence it may be saturated li+uid, saturated vapor or
vest steam.
d) 0or the given pressure 4see $ppendi! $% B % saturated steam B pressure table)
-
%
3 %.79< lit ; kg
-
g
3 <%?.<kG;kgk
Miven sp. ntropy is greater than (
r
and less than (
g
therefore it should be a wet steam
e) 0or the given pressure 4(ee $ppendi! $% B % saturated steam pressure table)
h
f
3 %.79< lit ;kg
h
g
3<%?< kG;kgk
D<
Miven (p. ntropy is greater than h
g
and hence it is a superheated steam.
f) 0or given pressure
(
%
3 %.<'<E kg;kg=
(
g
3 9.D@7E kG;kg=
18. C$m0*ete the +$**$(i3 ta!*e $+ P#$0e#ties +$# 1 I3 $+ H
,
O.
S.*. N$. P4!a#7 T4
6
C7 :4m
,
HI37 U h4I3HI37 S4I3HI37 U4I3HI37
% %.E 55 7.E 55 55 55 55
' '.7 '77
7
C 55 55 55 55 55
) E.7 'E 55 55 55 55 55
@ 55 %'7 55 55 55 '.7 55
E 9.7 55 55 55 55 55 55
Case" % $t %.E bar -
r
3 7.77%7E)m
)
;kg
-
g
3%.%ED)m
)
;kg=
(ince -
f
V-
given
Y %.E bar the given condition is wet steam. 0or wet steam other properties can be found only
if the dryness fractions known. It can be found from the following e+uation.
:
3i.e
N:
#
R/:
+3
V1.8 bar
7.E 7.77%7E)
7.@)%
%.%ED) 7.77%7E)
g%ven g
g ,
V V
/
V V
.
0or wet steam temperature will be the saturation temperature.

T3T
sat Y %.E bar

3%%%.)<
7
C
(pecific enthalpy energy
3h
f
!h
g
Y %.E bar
3@9<.<5%E7!'''9.E
3%@'9.<kA;kg
(pecific entropy
(
f
R/S
+3V1.8 bar
3%.@))967.@'%4<.''))5%.@))9) since (
fg
5 (
f
3).D) =A;kg =
(pecific internal energy
3h5 pv where p should be in k#a
3%@'9.< kA;kg =
D?
3%)E%.< kG;kg
Case'" Miven #3' bar
T3h3pv
When pressure and temperature are known, comparing the given temperature with the saturation
temperature. The state can be identified.
(ince (
given
L T
saturation
the state is superheated vapor referring appendi! $% other properties can be found
-3%.7?7) m
'
;mkg
F3'?<7.EkA;kg
(3<.E799kA;=A=
83h5pv
3'?<7.E5'77!%.7?7)
3'9E@.@@kA;kg
Case )" Miven #3' bar
T3h5pv
$t E bar T
sat
3%E%.?9
7
C
(ince T
given
V T
saturation
it is a sub cooled li+uid
--
f
Y T
given
37.77%m
'
;kg
F3h
f
Y T
given
3 %7@.?D kG;kg
Y
%E%.?9 '<)
%.?97< @.%?9
'E '<)
7.)<97 ;
Y
s
, p g%ven pt
g
, g%ven
T
! ! C %n
T
%n
k0 kgk
u u T

+ _

+
,
3h3pv
3%7@.?D5E777.77%
3%7@.)DkG;kg
Case @" Miven #3%'7bar
T3'kG;kg
$t T
given
(
f
3%.E'<9kG;kg =
(
g
3 <.%'D9kG;kg =
7
Y%'7 Y%'7
g%ven g
, C g C
! ! ! ! < < <
Fence it is a wet steam
(3(
f
6Z(
fg
for wet steam
DD
' %.E'<9
<.%'D9 %.E'<9
7.7?@)
,
g ,
! !
/
! s
/
0or wet steam pressure will be saturation pressure corresponding to given temperature.
i.e, p3%.D?E bar
h3h
f
6 !h
fg
3E7).<%67.7?@) '%??.E
39??.'kG;kg
v3v
f
6!v
fg
37.77%797)67.7?@) 7.?D%D
37.7<9'E
v3v
f
6!v
fg
37.77%797)67.7?@)7.D?%D
37.7<9'Em
)
;kg
uu3h5pv
39??.'5%D?.E7.7<9'E
39<).kG;kg
Case E" Miven #397 bar
-37.7m
)
;kg
-
given
L-
gY97bar
therefore it is super heated steam. >eferring superheated table for 97 bar at E@7
7
C specific
volume is appro!imately e+ual to the given value therefore.
F3)E@<.7kG;kg
(59.DDDkG;kg =
83h5pv
3)E%<597777.79
3)%E<kG;kg
S.*. N$. P4!a#7 T4
6
C7 :4m
,
HI37 U h4I3HI37 S4I3HI37 U4I3HI37
% %.E %%%.)< 7.E 7.@)% %.@'9< ).D'?D %)E%.<
' '.7 '77
7
C %.7?7) :ot applicable '?<7.E <.E799 '9E@.@
) E.7 'E 7.77% :ot applicable %7@.?D 7.)9<@ %7@.)D
@ %.D?E %'7 7.7<9'E :ot applicable 9??.' '.7 9<).%
E 9.7 E@7 7.79 :ot applicable )E%< 9.DDD )%E<
19. Dete#mie the state $+ steam at a 0#ess)#e $+ 1, !a#s (ith its s0e&i+i& .$*)me $+ 6.1;8m
1
HI3.
-i.e %ataK
PN1,!a#
:N6.1;8m
1
HI3
%77
T$ +i%K
State $+ steam 4(hethe# %#"@ (et $# s)0e# heate%7
S$*)ti$K
0rom steam table of pressure scale at %' bar, specific volume of dry steam, v
g
37.%9)'%m
3)
;kg, T
s
3%??
o
C.
(ince vLv
g
, the steam is in super heated condition.
:ote"
-L-
g
(uper heated
-3v
g
dry steam
-V-
g
Wet steam
We know that
2up
2up 9
2
2up
2up 2
9
o
2up
T
T
0.1$
T T 1!!
0.1"321
T 201.$! C
_

,
The steam is super heated to '7%

.E?
o
C
Res)*t K
The state of steam is super heated
1;. Dete#mie the &$%iti$ $+ steam at a tem0e#at)#e $+ ,,6
$
C a% etha*0" $+ ,;86ILHI3.
-i.e %ataK
TN,,6
$
C
HN,;86GLHG3
T$ +i%K
State $+ steam
S$*)ti$K
0rom steam Table of temperature scale at ''7
o
C
F
f
3D@).<kA;kg
F
fg
3%?E9.'kA;kg
F
g
3'<DD.DkA;kg
(ince hVh
g
, the steam is in wet condition
N$teK
hLh
g
(uper heated steam
h3h
g
dry steam
hVh
g
wet steam
h
wet
3h
f
6!h
fg
%7%
?et f
f9
7 7
x
7
2$0 103.
0.13
1!$".2

Res)*tK
The given steam is wet steam of 7.D<) dry.
1<. Fi% the s0e&i+i& .$*)me a% etha*0" $+ steam at = !a# (he the &$%iti$ $+ steam is 4a7 (et (ith
%#"ess +#a&ti$ 6.=<4!7 %#" sat)#ate% a% 4&7 s)0e# heate%@ the tem0e#at)#e $+ steam ,26
$
C.
-i.e %ataK
#3Dbar
4i) !37.DE4ii)!3%
4ii) super heated T
sup
3'@7
o
C
S$*)ti$K
0rom steam table at D bar
T
s
3%<E.@
o
C
-
g
37.'%E7%m
)
;kg
F
r
3<@'.9kA;kg
F
fg
3'7'D.EkA;kg
F
g
3'<<'.%=A;kg
4a7 Wet steam@ /N6.=8
wet
3!
g
37.DE 7.'%E7%37.'7@m
)
;kg
h
wet
3h
f
6!h
fg
3 <@'.967.DE'7'D.E
h
wet
3'9<7.9'EkA;kg
b) .ry steam
v
g
37.'%E7%m
)
;kg
h
g
3'<<'.%=A;kg
c) (uper heated steam T
sup
3 '@7
o
C
2up
2up 9
2
3
2up
T
T
200
0.21$01
1$.0
# 0.210( ' k9
_

,
_

,
Corresponding to p3D bar and T 3'@7

o
C from the superheated enthalpy table
F
sup
3'D').'D=A;kg
Res)*tsK
4a) Wet steam v37.'7@m
)
.kg
%7'
h3'.9<7.9'E=A;kg.
4b) .ry saturated v3 7.'%E7%m
)
;kg
h3'<<'.%kA;kg
4c) (uper heated v37.'D@m
)
;kg
h3'D').'DkA;kg
1=. Fi% the ite#a* ee#3" $+ )it mass $+ steam at a 0#ess)#e $+ ; !a# 4i7 (he its B)a*it" is 6.<4ii7
(he its %#" a% sat)#ate% a% 4iii7 s)0e# heate%@ the %e3#ee $+ s)0e#heat !ei3 98
$
C. The s0e&i+i&
heat $+ s)0e# heate% steam at &$stat 0#ess)#e is ,.,;;ILHI3.
-i.e %ataK
#3<bar
4i) Z37.?7
4ii) .ry saturated and
4iii) (uperheated, 4T
sup
5T
s
)39E
o
C
Fi% K
Internal energy
S$*)ti$K
0rom steam table at < bar
T
s
3%9@.D
o
C, -
g
37.'<'??m
)
;kg
F
r
39D<.%kA;kg, h
fg
3'79@.DkA;kg
F
g
3'<9'kA;kg, s
f
3%.DD'kA;kg=
(
fg
3@.<%)kA;kg= s
g
39.<7EkA;kg=
4i7 Whe /N6.<
h
wet
3h
f
6!h
fg
39D<.%67.?'79@.D
h
wet
3')@D.7'kA;kg
wet
3!
g
37.?7.'<'??
wet
37.'%?)m
)
;kg
Work done,
W3%77p v
wet
W3%77<7.'%?)
W3%E'..?kA;kg
Internal energy,
83h5W
83')@D.7'5%E'.?
8
wet
3'%D9.''kA;kg
ii7 Whe it is %#" a% sat)#ate%
h
g
3'<9'kA;kg
W
dry
3%77p
g
%7)
3%77<7.'<'??
3%D%kA;kg
u
g
3h5W
3'<9'5%D%
3'E<7.D?@kA;kg
iii7 Whe s)0e# heate%
h
sup
3h
g
6C
p
4T
sup
5T
sat
)
3'<9'6'.'<<49E)
h
sup
3'D%7GF.kg
W
sup
3%77p-
sup
3%77<7.'<'??
221.1 23
1"0.1 23
+ _

+
,
2up 2
2up 2
o
2up
T T "$
T T "$
51"0.1E"$
T 221.1 C

+
Q
3'%D.)9kA;kg
8
sup
3h3W
3'D%75'%D.)9
8
sup
3'9)'.%?DkA;kg
Res)*tsK
4i) When steam is wet, u
wet
3'%D9.'kA;kg.
4ii) When stem is dry, 8
dry
3'E<7.D?@kA;kg
4iii) When super heated, 8
sup
3'9D7.9kA;kg
,6. Dete#mie the &$%iti$ $+ stem (hethe# it is (e@ %#" $# s)0e# heate% +$# the +$**$(i3 &ases !"
)si3 stem ta!*es $*".
4i7 Steam has a 0#ess)#e $+ 16 !a# a% s0e&i+i& .$*)me 6.,,m
1
HI3
4ii7 Steam has a 0#ess)#e 18 !a# a% tem0e#at)#e ,,8
$
C
4iii7 Steam has a tem0e#at)#e ,66
$
C a% etha*0" ,;=6.=ILHI3.
4i.7 Steam has tem0e#at)#e $+ 1,6
$
C a% et#$0" ;ILHI3 G.
-i.e DataK
4i) p3%7bar v37.''m
)
;kg
4ii) p3%Ebar T3''E
o
C.
4iii) T3'77
o
C h3'<D7.DkA;kg
4iv) T3%'7
o
C s3kA;kg=
T$ +i%K
Conditions of steam
%7@
S$*)ti$K
4i) p3%bar,v37.''m
)
;kg 0rom (.T. at %7bar, v
g
the steam is super heated.
4ii) #3%Ebar,t3''E
o
C 0rom (.T. at %E bar, T
s
3%D?.)
o
C since T
s
VT
s
the stem is super heated .
4iii) T3'77
o
C,h3'<D7.DkA;kg 0rom (.T. at '77
o
C,h
g
3'<D7.DkA;kg since h3h
g
the steam is dry
saturated.
4iv) T3%'7
o
C, s3<kA;kg= 0rom (.T. at %'7
o
C s
g
3<.%'DkA= since sVs
g
, the steam is in wet condition.
Res)*tsK
4i) (tem is super heated
4ii) (team is super heated
4iii) (team is dry saturated and
4iv) (team is wet.
,1. Te I3 $+ (ate# $+ 28C is heate% at a &$stat 0#ess)#e $+ 16 !a# )ti* it !e&$mes s)0e#heate%
.a0$)# at 166C. Fi% the &ha3e i .$*)me@ etha*0" ite#a* ee#3" a% et#$0".
?A0#i* ,668A
-i.e DataK
& 3 %7 kg
#
%
3 p
'
3 %7 bar
T
'
3 )77C
T$ +i% K
-, h, ( and 8
S$*)ti$K
0rom steam tables, corresponding to @EC, read v
v
, * h
f
-
%

3 v
f%
3 7.77%7%7 m
)
; kg.
h
%
h
f%
3 %??.@ kA;kg
(
%
3(
f%
3 7.9)? kA;kg =
0rom steam tables, corresponding to %7 bar and )77C read
F
'
3 )7E'.% kA;kg. s
'
3 <.%'E kA;kg =
-
'
3 7.'E? m
)
;kg.
Change in volume, - 3 m 4v
'
3 v
%
)
3 %747.'E? B 7.77%7%7)
3 '.E9DD m
)
Change in volume, - 3 m 4h
'
3 h
%
)
3 %74)7E'.%5 %??.@)
3 '?9)< =A
Change in entropy, - 3 m4s
'
3 s
%
)
3 %7 4<.%'E B 7.9)?)
3 9@.?< =A;=
Change in internal energy, - 3 m 4u
'
3 u
%
)
%7E
[ ]
[ ]
[ ]
2 1 2 2 1 1
2 1 1 2 1 1 2
3
( .7 7 / .p # p # /
( .7 7 / p .# # / p p
10 .30$2.1 :!!.0/ :1000 .0.2$! : 0.001010/
*e2ultF
1. C7an9e in #olu(e8 + 5 2.$"11 (
2. C7an9e in #olu(e8 7 5 2!"3 %&
3. C7an9e in entrop48 S 5

1
]
"0.! %&'%
0. C7an9e in internal ener948 = 5 2"0".1 k&
,,. Steam at ,6 !a# a% 196C e/0a%s i a steam t)#!ie t$ 6.6< !a#. It is the &$%ese% i a
&$%ese# t$ sat)#ate% (ate#. The 0)m0 +ee%!a&I the (ate# t$ !$i*e#. Ass)me@ i%ea* RaIie &"&*e
a% %ete#mieK
4i) :et workdone;kg of steam
4ii) >ankine efficiency.
S$*)ti$K
-i.eK p
%
3 '7 bar, T
sup )
3 )97 C, p
b
37.7?E bar.
>efer 0ig").% $ssume, mass flow steam, m3% kg.
Fi3. 1.1
W$#I%$eHI3 $+ steamK
0rom steam table at p
b
37.7? bar
h
%
3h
f%
3 %<).D =A;kg
%79
( )
1 ;
p 2 1
p p
? 7 7
10
20:0.0!
5 1.112 %&'k9
10
h
'
3h
%
6W
p
3%<).D6%.DD' 3 %<E.?D' =A;kg
h
)
3 )%97.9' kA;kg 4from steam tables at '7 bar, )97C)
and, (
)
3 9.DD@ kA;kg
0or isentropic process 4)5@)
(
)
3(
@
34(
f@
6Z
@
.s
fg@
)
Or 9.DD@37.ED) 6 !
@
. <.9)<
Or, !
@
3 7.?)?'
h
@
3h
f@
6!
@
. h
fg@
XX.4at p3 7.7? bar)
3 %<).D 67.?)?' '@7).' 3'%??.%E kA;kg
4i7 Net ($#I %$eK
W
s
3W
T
BW
p
or, W
s
34h
)
Bh
@
) 5W
p
34)%97.9' 5'%??.%E)5%.DD' 3 D<7.@<? kA;kg
4ii7 RaIie e++i&ie&"K
( )
2 2
*
in 3 2
W W 10.0!
0.32$1 or 32.$1-
@ 7 7 31"0."2 1$.!12

A!$.e 0#$!*em &a a*s$ !e s$*.e% !" )si3 M$**ie#5s 4h>S7 %ia3#am sh$( i Fi3.1.,
0rom &ollierJs diagram,
h
)
3)%97 kA;kg
h
@
3 '%?E kA;kg
0rom above h
%
3 %<).D kA;kg
h
'
3 %<E.?D' kA;kg
%7<
Fi3. 1.,
:et work done,
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
2 3 0 2 1
2 2
*
in 3 2
W 7 7 7 7
5 31"0:21!0 1$.!12 13.1 1!1.11 k&'k9
W W 1!1.11
0.3211 or 32.11-
@ 7 7 31"0 1$.!12

:ote" There will difference in answers by solving the problem by calculations with the help of steam tables
and by solving with the help of &ollierJs diagram because of the errors involved in reading the value of
enthalpies from 4h5() diagram.
,1. A steam t)#!ie $+ a 0$(e# 0*at $0e#ati3 $ i%ea* RaIie &"&*e@ #e&ei.es steam at ,6 !a#@
166C at the #ate $+ 1 I3Hs a% it e/ha)sts at 6.1!a#. Dete#mie the +$**$(i3.
4i7 Net 0$(e# $)t0)t 4ii7 Steam #ate
4iii7 Heat #eJe&ti$ i &$%ese# i IW. 4i.7 RaIie &"&*e e++i&ie&"
4.7 A&t)a* the#ma* e++i&ie&" $+ the 0*at i+ the !$i*e# e++i&ie&" is =6P
S$*)ti$K
>efer fig ).)
-i.e
p
%
3 '7 bar T
sup)
3 )77C,
m 3 ) kg;s, p
b
3 7.% bar
4i7 Net 0$(e# $)t0)tK
0rom steam Table 5) at
p
%
3'7 bar,
T
sup)
3 )77 C, we get,
Fi3@ 1.1
h
)
3 )7'E.7 kA;kg, (
)
39.<< kA;kg =
%7?
0rom steam Table5' at p
b
3 7.% bar, h
%
3h
f%
3h
f@
3 %D%.? kA;kg
h
fg@
3 ')D'.? kA;kg (
f@
3 7.9@D kA;kg =, (
fg@
3 <.E7% kA;kg =
0or isentropic e!pansion in turbine 4)5@), we have,
(
)
3(
f@
6!
@
. h
fg@
9.<< 3 7.9@D 6 !
@
<.E7%
!
@
3 7.?%9
h
@
3 h
f@
6 !
@
. h
fg@
3 %D%.? 6 7.?%9 ')D'.? 3 '%@@.) kA;kg
Turbine work, W
T
34h
)
5h
@
) 3 )7'E.7 B '%@@.) 3 ??7.< kA;kg
#ump work, W
p
3
1 ;
p p 20 0.1
2.0 k&' k9
10 10

:et work output, W
s
3W
T
5W
p
3 ??7.< 5'.7 3 ?<?. < kA;kg
:et work output for steam flow rate of ) kg;s.
W
s
3 m W
s
3 ) ?<?.< 3 '9)9.% kA;s or kW
4ii) (team rate" ( )
3"00
S.*. 0.01"$ k9'kW7
!!.!

4iii) Feat reGection in condenser in kW"
2
r
3 (.> 4h
@
B h
%
) 3 @.7D9E 4'%@@.) B %DD%.?) 3 <DD?.@ kW
4iv) >ankine cycle efficiency"
2
*
i
W
@

Hut, Feat supplied, +
i
3 4h
)
5h
'
) 34h
)
Bh
%
) B4h
'
5h
%
) 3 4h
)
5h
%
) 5W
p
3 4)7'E.7 B %D%.?)5'3 '?%).' kA;kg
2
*
i
W !!.
0.3100 or 31.00-
@ 2!31.2

4v) $ctual thermal efficiency if boiler efficiency is D7I"
$ctual heat supplied,
i
i
;oiler
@ 2!13
@ 310$.! k&' k9
0.1

$ctual plant efficiency,

2
i
W !!.!
0.210 or 2.10-
@ 310$.!

,2. I a RaI*ie &"&*e@ the steam at i*et t$ t)#!ie is sat)#ate% at a 0#ess)#e $+ 18 !a# a% e/ha)st
0#ess)#e is 6.1 !a#. Dete#mieK
4i) The pump work 4ii) Turbine work
4iii) >ankine efficiency 4iv) .ryness at the end of e!pansion.
$ssume flow rate of %'kg;s and v
f
at 7.) bar as 7.77%7'' m
)
;kg. 8se the following table"
P#ess)#e Sat)#ati$ S0. Etha*0" 4ILHI37 S0. Et#$0" 4ILHI3 G7
%7D
4!a#7
Tem0. C
h
+
h
+3
h
3
S
+
S
+3
S
3
7.) 9D.%' '?D.) '))9.% '9'E.@ 7.D@@ 9.?'E <.<9D
%.' %7@.? @)D.@ ''@@.% '9?).@ %.)9% E.D)< <.'D?
'' '%<.' D)%.7 %?9?.% '<DD.% '.@D' ).?7D 9.)7%
)7 ')).? %77?.7 %<DE.7 '?7).7 '.9@9 ).E)? 9.%?@
)E '@'.E %7@D.< %<E'.) '?7'.7 '.<'E ).)D? 9.%''?
S$*)ti$K
-i.eK p
%
3)E bar, dry saturated p
b
3 7.) bar, m3%' kg;s
-
f
at 7.) bar 3 7.77%7'' m
)
;kg 3 v
f%
.
The cycle is shown on 4T5() diagram in figure ).@
4i7 P)m0 ($#IK

1
;
p
p
p
W #.dp

&agnitude of pump work,
W
p
3 v
f
4p
%
Bp
b
)

( )
$
3
0.001022 3$ 0.3 10
k&' k9
10

Fi3 1.2"
3 ).E@9 kA; kg
#ump power, W
p
3 m w
p
3 %' ).E@9 3 @'.EE9 kW
4ii7 T)#!ie ($#IK
Consider isentropic process 4)5@)
(
)
3(
f@
6!
@
.(
fg@
9.%?@ 3 7.D@@ 6 !
@
9.?'E
Z
@
3 7.<E??
.ryness at the end of e!pansion,
h
@
3 h
f@
6!
@
h
fg@
3 '?D.) 67.<E?? '))9.% 3 '79%.D kA;kg
Turbine work, W
T
3 m W
T
3m 4h
)
Bh
@
)
3%' 4'?7'.7 B '79%.D) 3 ???%.' kW
4iii7 RaIie e++i&ie&"K
W
p
3 h
'
Bh
%
).E@9 3 h
'
B '?D.)
h
'
3 'D'.?@9 kA;kg
Total heat supplied, 2
i
3 m 4h
)
Bh
'
)
3 %' 4'?7'.7 B 'D'.?@9) 3 )7%7D.?E kW
%%7
>ankine efficiency,
T p
*
i
W W
!!!1.2 02.$$"
0.213$ or 21.3$-
Q 30101.!$

UNIT III
AIR COMPRESSORS
PART A
1. What is a +)&ti$ $+ &$m0#ess$#s' C*assi+" the .a#i$)s t"0es.
Compressors are used to compress air, gas or vapour. Compressed air has wide applications in industry as
well as in commercial application.
T"0es
%. >eciprocating compressors
'. >otary compressors
,. What a#e the a%.ata3es $+ m)*ti sta3e &$m0#essi$ (ith ite# &$$*i3 $.e# si3*e sta3e
&$m0#essi$ +$# the same 0#ess)#e #ati$ ' 4A.U.7
%. The work done on the air is reduced.
'. It increases the efficiency of the compressor.
1. De+ie +#ee ai# %e*i.e#e% i ai# &$m0#ess$#.
The free air delivered in the actual volume delivered at the stated pressure, reduced to a standard pressure
and temperature and e!pressed in cubic meter per minute.
2. De+ie .$*)met#i& e++i&ie&" $+ the &$m0#ess$# 4A.U.7
The ratio of actual free air delivered by the compressor to the displacement of the compressor is known as
volumetric efficiency of the compressor.
8. Dis&)ss the e++e&t $+ &*ea#a&e )0$ the 0e#+$#ma&e $+ a ai# &$m0#ess$#.
The clearance volume does not affect the work of compression ; kg of air. It reduces the volumetric
efficiency of the compressor.
9. De+ie the e++e&ti.eess 47 $+ ite# &$$*e# i ai# &$m0#ess$#.
$ctual drop in temperature of air
%%%
3 5555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555
&a!imum possible drop in temperature of air
PART B
1. Dete#mie the siOe $+ the &"*i%e# $+ %$)!*e a&ti3 ai# &$m0#ess$# $+ 1,I( IP i (hi&h ai# is %#a(
i at 1!a# a% &$m0#esse% t$ 19 !a# a&&$#%i3 t$ the *a( P:
1.,8
N C RPM N 166@ Pist$ S0ee% N 1<6
mHmi 1 .$*)met#i& e++i&ie&" N 6.<.
S$*)ti$K
The I# of the double acting Compressor is given by
n #' ' ! >#(
I# 3 p%-a 5%
n B % #% %777
)77
>#( 3 3 E
97
%.'E ' ! E
)' 3 ! % ! %7
E
! -a %9
7.'E % %777
-
a
3 7.77?9)9 m
)
; stroke.
#iston (peed 3 '1 ! >#& 3 %?7
%?7
1 3 3 7.)m 3 )7 cm
' ! )77
-s 3 4 ; @) .
'
1 3 %7.<DE ! %7
5)

. 3 '%.@ cm
,. A si3*e sta3e si3*e a&ti3 &$m0#ess$# %e*i.e#s is m1 $+ +#ee ai# 0e# mi)te +#$m 1 !a# t$ < !a# . the
S0ee% $+ &$m0#ess$# is 166 #0m. Ass)mi3 that &$m0#essi$ a% e/0asi$ +$**$( the *a( P
.
1.1 N
&$stat a% &*ea#a&e is 1H19
th
$+ s(e0t &$m0#ess$#. TaIe LHD N 1.8. The tem0e#at)#e a% 0#ess)#e
$+ ai# at the s)&ti$ a#e same atm$s0he#i& ai# 4A.U. N$. ,6617.
-
c
#
'
-olumetric efficiency v 3 % 5 5 %
-
s
#
%
% ?
3 % B 5 % 3 7.<E)
%
%%'
-( ) .
-( )/1.
n-1
n
0.25
1.25
-( ) .
1
1.3
3 <E.)% I
The free air delivered per minute is given by
-s !
-
! )77 3%E
%E
(troke -olume , -
s
3
)77 ! 7.<E)%
3 7.799@ m
)
.
-s 3 .
'
1
@
3 7.799@

.
'
! %. E . 3 7.799@.
@
. 3 7.)?)@m
1 3 %.E ! )?.)@
3 E<.E% cm.
The I# of the compressor is given by
n p' %
I# 3 p%-a 5 % !
n 5% p% %777
%.) %E ? %
3 ! % ! %7
E
! 5 % !
7.) 97 % %777
3 99.<' kw.
1. A si3*e sta3e %$)!*e a&ti3 ai# &$m0#ess$# $+ 9,.8 I( IP #)i3 at 1,6#0m taIes ai# at 1 !a# a%
%e*i.e#s at 16 !a#. Ass)mi3 the *a( $+ e/0asi$ a% &$m0#essi$ as P:1.18 N &$stat@ +i% the
%iamete# a% st#$Ie $+ the &"*i%e#.
Take piston speed 3 '77 m;min.
-olumetric efficiency 3 D7I. $lso find the clearance volume as percentage of stroke volume.
n p' >#&
(ol " I# 3 'p%-a !
n 5% p% 97 ! %777
$s -a 3 - ! -s.
%%)
-( ) .
-( ) .
n-1
n
0.3
1.3
-( ) /1.
-( ) .
n-1
n
n-1
n
: p' >#&
I# 3 '#% 4-s - ) 5 % !
n5% p% 97 !%77
(ubstituting the values
-
s
3 7.7EE%' m
)
.
#iston (peed 3 '1 ! >#& 3 '77
'77
1 3 3 7.?)) m 3 ?).) cm
' ! %'7

-s 3 .
'
1
@
@ 7.7EE%'
.
'
3 ! , . 3 7.'D m.
7.?))
the volume efficiency is given by
-
c
#
'
-3%5 5 %
-
s
#
%
-
c
7.D 3 %5 %7 5 %
-
s

-c
3 7.%
-s
3 7.7 ''' 3 '.''I 4 %7 5 %)
2. E/0*ai the a%.ata3e a% *imitati$ $+ #$ta#" a% #e&i0#$&ati3 &$m0#ess$#s 4A.U.7
>eciprocating compressors are suitable for low discharge at very high discharge pressure. The speed
of reciprocating compressor is very low compared with rotary compressors due to inertia of reciprocating
parts.
%%@
-( ) .
1
n
-( ) .
1
1.35
1
1.35
>otary compressors are suitable for delivering of large volumes at low discharge pressure. The
ma!imum free air discharge can be as high as )777 m);min and ma!imum delivery pressure is about %7 bar.
The speed of the rotary compressor can be as high as E7,777 rpm.
$ir supply is continuous in rotary compressors and therefore no receiver is re+uired. Hut receiver is
an essential re+uirement of a reciprocating compressor.
>otary compressors are small in siOe for the same discharge compared with reciprocating
compressors.
There is no balancing problem in rotary compressor whereas it is one of the maGor problem in
reciprocating compressor.
The air delivered by rotary compressor is more clean as it does not come in contact with lubricating
oil.
1ubricating system is more complicated in reciprocating compressor where as it is very simple in
rotary compressor.
8. The +#ee ai# %e*i.e#e% $+ a si3*e &"*i%e# si3*e sta3e #e&i0#$&ati3 ai# &$m0#ess$# is ,.8 m1Hmi.
the am!iet ai# is at STP &$%iti$ &*ea#a&e. .$*)me is 8P $+ the st#$Ie .$*)me a% *a( $+
&$m0#essi$ a% e/0asi$ is P:
1.,8
N C. I+ LN1.,D a% the &$m0#ess$# #)s at 186 #0m@ %ete#mie
the 0$(e# #eB)i#e% a% me0 a% siOe $+ the &"*i%e#. De*i.e#" 0#ess)#e is ; !a#.
S$*)ti$K
#-
The mass of free an delivered per second is given by ma 3
>T
Where > 3 '?< G ; kgi
%.7%) ! %7
E
! '.E %
m
a
3 ! 3 7.7E@ kg;s
'?< ! '<) 97
n #'
4 i ) Work done, w 3 ma >T, 5 %
n 5% #%

%.'E <
3 7.7E@ ! ! 7.'?<!'<) 5 %
7.'E %.7%)
A#3 D.D? =A ; ( or kw.
%%E
-( ) .
n-1
n
-( ) .
0.25
1.25
4ii) This work e+uals indicated power, which is given by
#m1$:
I# 3
%777
n p
'
p
m
3 p%
-
5 %
n5% p
%
-
Where is given by
= p
'
-
3 5 %
%77 p
%
E <
3 5 % 3 7.?%E)
%77 %.7%)
%.'E <
pm 3 %.7%)7.?%E) 5% 3 %.DE bar
7.'E %.7%)

.isplacement volume3 .
'
! 1
@
'.E
3 .
'
! %.'. 3
@ %E7 ! 7.?%E)
'.E ! @
.
)
3
%E7 ! 7.?%E) ! ! %.'
. 3 7.'<?D m 3 '<.?D cm.
1 3 %.' ! '.?D 3 )).@< cm.
9. The +$**$(i3 0a#ti&)*a#s #e+e#s t$ t($ sta3e si3*e a&ti3 ai# &$m0#ess$# t($ sta3e si3*e a&ti3 ai#
&$m0#ess$# &a0a&it" 2.8 m1H mi meas)#e% )%e# +#ee &$%iti$s at 18
$
C a% 1.611 !a# !a#. De*i.e#"
0#ess)#e N 1;., !a#E +)&ti$ 0#ess)#e N 6.=< !a#.
Tem0e#at)#e at the sta#t $+ &$m0#essi$ N 16
$
C
C*ea#a&e .$*)me $+ LP &"*i%e# N 9 P
%%9
-( ) .
n-1
n
-( ) .
n-1
n
-( ) .
1
1.25
-( ) .
0.25
1.25
I%e/ $+ &$m0#essi$ N 1.,8 @ S0ee% N 1,6 #0m.
Ass)mi3 that ite# &$$*i3 is 0e#+e&t a% the ite#&$$*e# 0#ess)#e is &h$se s)&h that the ($#I is
sha#e% eB)a**" !et(ee the t($ &"*i%e#. Ca*&)*ateE 4i7 The i%i&ate% 0$(e# 4ii7 the %imesi$s $+ the
LP &"*i%e# i+ the !$#e N st#$Ie.
S$* K #-
&ass of the air handled ; min 3
>T
%.7%) ! %7
E
! @.E
3
'?< ! '??
3 E.E' kg ; min
0or the work to be e+ually should between the cylinders, we have
p
'
3 p
%
! p
9
3 7.D? ! %<.' 3 @.%% bar
p' p) p' p) p' '
$lso 3 4or) ! 3
p% p' p% p' p%
p' p9 %<.'
3 3 3 @.%D
p% p% 7.D?
T' p' p)
3 4or) T' 3 )7) !
T% p% p%
%<.'
3 )7) !
7.D?
3 @7).E) =
'n
Work done ; kg3 > 4T
'
5T
%
)
n5%
' ! %.'E
3 ! 7.'?< 4@7).E) B )7) )
7.'E
3 '?<.D kG;kg
'??.E' ! E.E'
3 3 '9.@? kw
97
%%<
( )
( )
0
( )
( )
n:1
2n
0.2$
2x1.2$
1
1.25
%
'
-olumetric efficiency3%5 7.79 P 4 @.%D ) 5% Q
3 7.?<%'.
-olume handled at inlet condition
%.7%) )7) %
3 @.E ! ! ! 7.?<%'
7.D? '??
3 E.9%<) m
)
; min
ie ;@ ! d
%
'
! @ ! : 3 E.9%<)
;@ ! d
%
)
! %'7 3 E.9%<)
d% 3 7.)D79 m
ie dia of 1# cylinder 3 )D7 .9 mm
and stroke of 1# cylinder 3 )D7.9 mm
;. E/0*ai the 0#i&i0*e $+ $0e#ati$ $+ a #e&i0#$&ati3 ai# &$m0#ess$#. 4A.U. APR ,6627
$ reciprocating compressor consists of cylinder, piston, inlet and outlet valves. .uring the
downward motion of the piston, the pressure inside the cylinder falls below the atmospheric pressure and the
inlet valve opens due to the pressure difference. $ir is drawn into the cylinder until the piston reaches the
bottom dead centre position.
$s the piston starts moving upwards, the inlet valve closes and the pressure starts increasing
continuously until the pressure inside the cylinder is above the pressure on the delivery side which is
connected to the receiver. Then the delivery valve opens and the air is delivered to the receiver during the
remaining upward motion of the piston. $t the end of the delivery stroke, small volume of high pressure air
is left in the clearance space. The high pressure is left in the clearance space. The high pressure air left with
the clearance space e!pands as the piston starts moving down wards and the pressure of the air falls until it
is Gust below the atmospheric pressure. The inlet valve opens as the pressure inside the cylinder falls below
atmospheric pressure and the air from the outside is taken and the cycle is repeated. The function,
compression and delivery of the air take place during two strokes of the piston or one revolution of the
crank.
<. E/0*ai the 0#i&i0*e $+ $0e#ati$ $+ a &et#i+)3a* &$m0#ess$#. 4A.U. APR ,6627
Centrifugal compressors are used to supply large +uantities of air but at a lower pressure ratio. It
consist of a rotating impeller, diffuser and casing.
The impeller consist of a disc on which radial blades are attached. The impeller of a centrifugal
compressor can be run at speeds of '7,777 to )7,777 rpm. The diffuser which surrounds the impeller and
provides diverging passages for air flow thus increasing the air is collected in the casing and taken out from
the diffuser is collected in the casing and taken out from the outlet of the compressor.
%%?
The air enters the eye of the compressor at low velocity and atmospheric pressure. The air moves
radically outward passing through the impeller and is guided by the impeller vanes. The impeller increases
the momentum of the air flowing through it, causing a rise in pressure and temperature of the air. The air
leaving the impeller enters the diffuses where its velocity is reduced by providing more cross sectional area
for the air flow part of the kinetic energy of the air is converted into pressure energy and pressure of the air
is further increased.
:early half of the total pressure rise is achieved in the impeller and remaining half in the diffuser.
The impellers which are generally used are of two type, (ingle eye type and double eyed type.
=. E/0*ai the ($#Ii3 0#i&i0*e $+ a/ia* +*$( &$m0#ess$#s.
In a!ial flow compressor, the air essentially flows parallel to the a!is. It consist of a number of
rotating blade rows fi!ed on a rotating drum and stator blades rows fi!ed on casing.
ach stage consist of one moving row of blades and one fi!ed row of blades. The enthalpy and
pressure of air rises as it passes through the rotating blades. This happens at the e!penses of a reduction in
relative velocity of the air. The absolute velocity of the air increases along the a!is of the rotor due to the
work input. This increase into the pressure energy as the air passes through the diverging stator blades.
0i!ed blade also help to guide the air into the ne!t stage of rotating blades to reduce the losses caused by
shock at entry.
The blades are of crofil section to reduce the losses caused by turbulence and boundary separation.
This types of compressor can give a pressure ratio of %.' to %.)I . $ pressure ratio of %7 can be obtained by
using multistage compression. The number of stage used vary from @ to %9.
16. A si3*e sta3e %$)!*e a&ti3 &$m0#ess$# has a +#ee ai# %e*i.e#" 4FAD7 $+ 12m
1
Hmi meas)#e% at
1.611 !a# a% 18
$
C. The 0#ess)#e a% tem0e#at)#e i the &"*i%e# %)#i3 i%)&ti$ a#e 6.=8 a% 1,
$
C
#es0e&ti.e*". The %e*i.e#" 0#ess)#e is ; !a# a% i%e/ $+ &$m0#essi$ a% e/0asi$@ N1.1. the
&*ea#a&e .$*)me is 8P $+ the s(e0t .$*)me. Ca*&)*ate the i%i&ate% 0$(e# #eB)i#e% a% the
.$*)met#i& e++i&ie&". 4 AU APR ,6627.
S$* K
p-
&ass of air delivered; min m 3 3%<.%9 kg;min
>T
T
'
p
'
3 3
T
%
p
%
%%D
T
'
3 @?).E =
n
Indicated power 3 m > 4T
'
5T
%
)
n5%
3 9).@D kw
-
@
p
)
3
-
)
p
@
-
@
3 7.')) -
s
.
-
%
B -
@
3 -% B 7.')) -s
3 %.7E -s B 7.')) -s
3 7.?%< -s
p- p
%
4-
%
5-
@
)
m 3 3
>T >T
%
.
T p
%
Ie 0$.; cycle - 3 4-
%
5-
@
) .
T
%
p
- 3 7.<') -s.
-olumetric efficiency ,
-ol
3 <'.)I.
11. A t($>sta3e &$m0#ess$# %e*i.e#s ,m
1
+#ee ai# 0e# mi)te. The tem0e#at)#e a% 0#ess)#e $+ ai# at
the s)&ti$ a#e ,;
$
C a% 1 !a#. The 0#ess)#e at the %e*i.e#" is 86 !a#. The &*ea#a&e is 8P $+ the
st#$Ie i L.P &"*i%e# as (e** as i H.P. C"*i%e#. Ass)mi3 0e#+e&t ite#>&$$*i3 !et(ee the t($
sta3es@ +i% the miim)m 0$(e# #eB)i#e% t$ #) the &$m0#ess$#.
I+ the &$m0#ess$# is t$ #) t$ ,66 #.0.m +i% the %iamete#s a% st#$Ies ass)mi3 the st#$Ies $+
!$th &"*i%e#s a#e eB)a* t$ the %iamete# $+ LP &"*i%e#. What is the #ati$ $+ &"*i%e# .$*)mes' La( $+
&$m0#essi$ a% #e>e/0asi$ i !$th &"*i%e# is 0...
1.18
N C
A*s$ ass)me that the am!iet ai# &$%iti$ is same as s)&ti$ &$%iti$.
S$* K
#ower of : stages compressor is given by 4as clearance does not affect the work ; kg)
# p: 6 % %
I.# 3 . #%-%: 5 % ! kW.
n 5% p% %777
$s it is two stage compressor " :3'.
p: 6 % 3 p
)
3 E7, p
%
3%
%'7
( )
1
n
-( ) .
n/1
n/3

%.)E ! ' % ! %7
E
! '
I# 3 . 4E7) 5 % 3 %9.D? kW
7.)E %777
p
'
3 p
%
p
)
3 % ! E7 3 <.7<% bar
-c% p' E
s% 3 % 5 5% 3 % 5 4<.7<%) 5 % 3 7.?)<% 3?).<%I
-s% p% %77
The volumetric efficiency of the 1.#. cylinder is the same as that of 1.#. cylinder.
p) p' -c' -c%
3 and 3 4given)
p' p% -s' -s%
0ree air or air at suction condition delivered per minute is given by
0ree air 3 -
a%
! >.#.& ! -
s%
!
s%
! >.#.&
3 -
sl
! 7.?)<% ! '77
'
-sl 3 m
)
.
7.?)<% ! '77

.
%
'
1
%
3 %%.D@9 ! %7
5)
m
)
as . 3 1
@
(olving. .
%
31
%
31
'
3 7.'@<? m or '@.<? cm
8sing the e+uation
.
%
'
p
%
3 d
'
'
p
'
%
.
'
'
3 4'@.<?)
'
!
<.79
.
'
3 D.)) cm.
$s the points % and ) are on the isothermal line, we can write down
p
%
v
%
3 p
'
-
)
Where -
%
and -
)
are the cylinder volume of 1.# and F.#
-
%
p
'
<.79
3 3 3 <.79.
-
)
p
%
%
%'%
- .
0.35
241.35
-( ) .
- .
1
n
1
1.35
1,. A %$)!*e a&ti3 t($ sta3e &$m0#ess$# %e*i.e#s ai# at ,8 !a#. The 0#ess)#e a% tem0e#at)#e $+ the
ai# at the !e3ii3 $+ &$m0#essi$ i L.P. &"*i%e# a#e 1 !a# a% ,6
$
C. The tem0e#at)#e $+ ai#
&$mi3 $)t +#$m the ite#>&$$*e# !et(ee the t($ sta3es is 26
$
C a% the 0#ess)#e is ; !a#. The
%iamete# a% st#$Ie $+ L.P. &"*i%e# a#e 96 &m a% <6 &m #es0e&ti.e*" a% R.P.M $+ the &$m0#ess$# is
166. The .$*)met#i& e++i&ie&" $+ !$th sta3es is <6P. Ne3*e&ti3 the 0#ess)#e *$sses i the s"stem@ +i%
the H.P. $+ a e*e&t#i& m$t$# #eB)i#e% t$ %#i.e the &$m0#ess$# ass)mi3 me&hai&a* e++i&ie&" $+ <8P.
TaIe the *a( $+ &$m0#essi$ a% e/0asi$ i !$th sta3es as 0.
1.18
N &$stat.
S$*)ti$
T
)
3 @76'<)3)%)=, T
%
3 '7 6 '<) 3 'D)=, p
%
3%, p
'
3 <,
p
)
3 'E.
The I.# of compressor is given per second.
n p' p)
I.# 3 . ma > T% 5 % 6 T) 5%
n5% p% p'
where ma is the mass of air delivered per second.
p- %!%7
E
!!7.9
'
!7.?!7.?!%77!'
ma 3 3 3 7.<%<@ kg;s
>T @ ! '?< ! 'D) ! 97

7.)E 7.)E
%.)E %.)E
%.)E < 'E
I#3 7<%<@ '?< 'D) % )%) %
7.)E % <
_ _

, ,
1
_ _
1
+
' ; ' ;

1
, ,

1 ]

2 100
"0 1000
I.# '@DD
H.#. 3 3 3 'D@ k.W.
m 7.?E
The mass per stroke delivered by 1.# and F.# cylinder must be same.
11. A t($ sta3e si3*e>a&ti3 ai# &$m0#ess$# %e*i.e#s ai# at ,6 !a#. The 0#ess)#e a% tem0e#at)#e $+
the ai# !e+$#e the &$m0#essi$ i L.P. &"*i%e# a#e 1 !a# a% ,;
$
C. The 0#ess)#e $+ ai# *ea.i3 the
ite#>&$$*e# is =8P $+ the et#" 0#ess)#e a% the ai# is &$$*e% t$ ,;
$
C. The %iamete# a% st#$Ie $+ L.P.
&"*i%e# a#e 26 &m a% 86&m. #es0e&ti.e*". The &*ea#a&e .$*)me is 2P $+ st#$Ie i !$th &"*i%e#s.
The s0ee% $+ the &$m0#ess$# is ,66 #.0.m. Ass)mi3 the i%e/ $+ &$m0#essi$ a% #e>e/0asi$ i
!$th &"*i%e# is 1.1 +i%.
4a7 The miim)m I.P. #eB)i#e% t$ #) the &$m0#ess$#.
%''
- 5( ) 6 5( ) 6.
n/1
n
n/1
n
2
"0 1000
!%'
0.3$
1.3$
0.3$
1.3$
4a7 The 0#$&ess a#e sh$( 0>. a% T>s %ia3#am.
p%p) % ! '7
#'
'
3 3 p' 3 @.E??) bar
C 7.DE
p' @.E??) p) '7
3 3 @.E??) 3 3 @.)E?D
p% % p' @.E??)
-
1p 3 %5 7.7@ 4@.E??)) 5% 3 7.D%7D
-
hp 3 %5 7.7@ 4@.)E?D) 5% 3 7.D%ED
-olume of air taken in the 1# cylinder per second
3 7.D%7D ! ;@ ! 7.@' ! 7.E ! '77 ; 97 m;s 3 7.%D7? m
)
; s.
&ass of air ;s 3 4% ! %7
E
! 7.%D7?) ; 4'?< ! )77) 3 7.''%9 kg;s
%.) '?< ! 7.''%9 ! )77
Work in 1#cyl inder;s 3 ! P4@.E??))5%QkA;s3)@.?)kW
7.) %777
Work done in F# cylinder
%.) '?< ! 7.''%9 ! )77
3 ! P4@.E??)) 5%QkA;s3)).@E kW
7.) %777
#ower re+uired 3 9?.'? kw
Feat reGected in the intercooler per minute
mC# PT
'
5 T
E
Q but T
E
3 T
%
T
'
3 )77 ! @.E??) 3 @'9.)D =
2 3 mC 4T
'
B T
E
)
2 3 7.''%9 ! 97 ! %.77E P @'9.)D B )77 Q 3 %9?D kA;min.
12. A th#ee sta3e ai#>&$m0#ess$# %e*i.e#s 8., m1 $+ ai# 0e# mi)te. The s)&ti$ 0#ess)#e a%
tem0e#at)#e a#e 1 !a# a% 16
$
C. The 0#ess)#e a% tem0e#at)#e a#e 1.61 !a# a% ,6
$
Cat the +#ee ai#
&$%iti$. The ai# is &$$*e% t$ 16
$
C a+te# ea&h sta3e $+ &$m0#essi$. The %e*i.e#" 0#ess)#e $+ the
&$m0#ess$# is 186 !a#. The R.P.M $+ the &$m0#ess$# is 166. The &*ea#a&e $+ L.P.@ I.P.@ a% H.P.@
&"*i%e#s a#e 8P $+ the #es0e&ti.e st#$Ies. The i%e/ $+ &$m0#essi$ a% #e>e/0asi$ i a** sta3es is
1.18. Ne3*e&ti3 0#ess)#e *$sses@ +i% the B.P. $+ the m$t$# #eB)i#e% t$ #) the &$m0#ess$# i+ the
me&hai&a* e++i&ie&" is <6P.
S$*.
%')
- .
1
1.3
- .
1
1.3
0.3
1.3
0.3
1.3
T
%
3 )7 6 '<) 3 )7) =.
$s the perfect inter5cooling is given.
p' p) p@
3 3 3 3C
p% p' p)
p@ %E7
Where C 3 3 3 E.)%
p% %
The mass of air delivered per minute is given by
#o-o %.7) ! %7
E
! E.'
m 3 3 3 9.)< kg;min.
>To '?< ! 'D)
I.# of the compressor is given by
n %
I.#. 3 m>T%: 4c ) 5% !
n B % %777
%.)E 9.)< %
3 ! ! '?< ! )7) ! ) 4E.)%) 5% ! 3 E<.D kW ,
7.)E 97 %777

E<.D
H.#. 3 <'.) kW.
7.?
18. A +$)#>sta3e>a&ti3 &$m0#ess$# %e*i.e#s ,m
1
$+ +#ee ai# 0e# mi)te at ,66 !a#. The s)&ti$>
0#ess)#e a% tem0e#at)#e a#e 6.=8 !a# a% 2;
$
C. The 0#ess)#e a% tem0e#at)#e $+ am!iet ai# a#e
1.61 !a# a% ,;
$
C. The ai# is &$$*e% t$ 16
$
C i the ite#>&$$*e# a+te# e.e#" sta3e. Fi%.
The B.P $+ the m$t$# #eB)i#e% t$ #) the &$m0#ess$# ass)mi3 me&hai&a* e++i&ie&" $+ <6P a%
t#asmissi$ e++i&ie&" $+ =6P.
R.P.M N 166
La( $+ &$m0#essi$ a% #e>e/0asi$ is 0.
1.1
N &$stat.
Ne3*e&t the 0#ess)#e *$sses i the s"stem
Ma/im)m tem0e#at)#e at a" 0$it sh$)*% $t e/&ee% a!$.e 186
$
C.
S$*
The inlet temperature for the first stage is higher. Fence the pressure ratio in this stage is limited by the
ma!imum temperature.
#
)
3 7.DE, T
)
3 @< 6 '<) 3 )'7=,T
%
3%E7 6 '<) 3 @')=
%'@
( )
( )
- .
n/1
n
- .
0.35
1.35
( )
n/1
n

T
%
p
%
3 3
T
)
p
)
T
%
@')
p
%
3 p
)
3 7.DE 3 ).%?) bar
T
'
)'7
T
%
3 T
)
3 T
E
3 )7 6 '<) 3 )7) =.
$fter the first stage, perfect inter5cooling is used in subse+uent stages, therefore the intermediate pressure
for minimum work are to be found.
p' p) p@
3 3 3C
p% p' p)
p@
Where C 3 and : 3 )
p%
'77
C 3 3 ).D<E
).?%)
$s e+ual work is done in the second, third and fourth stages.
n p% p'
I.# ! m> Ts 5% 6)T% 5% !
n 5% p) p%
The mass of air delivered per minutes is given by
p
7
-
o
m 3
>T
o
Where suffi! Oero represent the condition of free air.
%.7) ! %7
E
! '
m 3 3 '.)< kg;min
'?< ! )7)
(ubstituting the values in the above e+uation
%.) '.)< ).%?) %
I.#. 3 ! ! '?< )'7 5% 6 ) ! )7) 4).D<E) 5%
7.) 97 7.DE
%'E
( )
( )
n/1
n
( )
( )
1
3
1
3
0.3
1.3
"0 1000
!%'
- 5( ) 6 5( ) 6.
- 5( ) 6 5( ) 6.
n/1
n

n/1
n

n/1
n

0.3
1.3

0.3
1.3

300
"0 100
3 '%.E9 kW.
19. A t($ sta3e a#e &$m0#ess$# (ith 0e#+e&t ite# &$$*i3 taIes i ai# at 1 !a# a% ,;
$
C. The
&$m0#essi$ 0#$&ess is 0$*"t#$0i& $+ i%e/ 1.1. The &$m0#esse% ai# is %e*i.e#e% at = !a#. Ca*&)*ate 0e#
I3 $+ ai#@ the miim)m ($#I #eB)i#e% a% heat #eJe&te% t$ the ite#&$$*e#. 4AU De& ,66<7.
n 1
2n
3
(( 1
1
0.3
2 1.3
2 1 3
n 1
0.3
n
1.3
2 2
1 1
2 1
P
W 2 (*T 1
1 P
1.3 1
2 1 0.2! 300 1 210.1" kj'k9.
0.3 1
P PP 1 1 3 ;ar
T P 3
1.21
T P 1
T 1.21 T 1.21 300 3!"."k
1
_
1

1
,
1
]
1
_
1

1
,
]

_
_

,
,

Feat reGected to inter cooler 3 m C
#
4T
'
5T
%
)

( ) 1 1.00$ 3!".":300
!".11 %j'k9

1;. C$m0a#e #e&i0#$&ati3 a% #$ta#" ai# &$m0#ess$#s.

COMPARISON OF RECIPROCATIN- AND ROTARY AIR COMPRESSORS
F$**$(i3 a#e the mai 0$its $+ &$m0a#is$ $+ #e&i0#$&ati3 a% #$ta#" ai# &$m0#ess$#K
S.N$ Re&i0#$&ati3 Ai# C$m0#ess$# R$ta#" Ai# C$m0#ess$#s
%
The ma!imum delivery pressure may be as high as
%777 bar.
The ma!imum delivery pressure is %7 bar only.
' The ma!imum free air discharge is about )77 m
)
;min. The minimum free air discharge is as high as )777 m
)
;min.
)
They are suitable for low discharge of air at very high
pressure.
They are suitable for large discharge of air at low pressure
@ The speed of air compressor is low The speed of air compressor is high.
E The air supply is intermittent The air supply is continuous.
9
The siOe of air compressor is large for the given
discharge.
The siOe of air compressor is small for the given discharge.
< The balancing is a maGor problem. There is no balancing problem.
%'9
? The lubricating system is complicated. The lubricating system is simple.
D
The air delivered is less clean, as it comes in contact
with the lubricating oil.
The air delivered is more clean, as it does not comes in
contact with the lubricating oil.
%7
Isothermal fficiency is used for all sorts of
calculation.
Isentropic fficiency is used for all sorts of calculation.
1<. What a#e the im0$#tat t"0es $+ #$ta#" ai# &$m0#ess$#s'
TYPES OF ROTARY AIR COMPRESSORS
Though there are many types of rotary air compressors, yet the following are important types.
i) >oots blower compressor
ii) -ane blower compressor
iii) Centrifugal blower compressor
iv) $!ial flow compressor
The first two compressors are popularly known as #ositive displacement compressor, whereas the last two as
:on5#ositive displacement compressor.
i7 ROOTS BLOWER COMPRESSOR
II7 :ANE BLOWER COMPRESSOR
III7 CENTRIFU-AL COMPRESSOR
%'<
I:7 AUIAL FLOW COMPRESSOR
1=. C$m0a#e &et#i+)3a* a% a/ia* +*$( &$m0#ess$#s.
COMPARISON OF CENTRIFU-AL AND AUIAL FLOW AIR COMPRESSORS
S. N$ Re&i0#$&ati3 Ai# C$m0#ess$# R$ta#" Ai# C$m0#ess$#s
%
The flow of air is perpendicular to the a!is of
compressor
The flow of air is parallel to the a!is of compressor
' It has low manufacturing and running It has high manufacturing and running cost.
) It re+uires low starting tor+ue It re+uires high starting tor+ue.
%'?
@ It is suitable for multi5staging It is suitable for multi5staging
E
It re+uires large frontal area for a given rate
of flow.
It re+uire less frontal area for a given rate of flow. It
makes the compressor suitable for air crafts.
UNIT I:
REFRI-ERATION & AIR CONDITIONIN-
PART A
1. De+ie t$ $+ #e+#i3e#ati$ a% COP $+ #e+#i3e#at$#. ?AU APR ,662A
$ ton of refrigeration is defined as the amount of refrigeration effect that can freeOe % tonne of water
at 7[C with ice at 7[C in '@ hours.
% tonne of refrigeration 3 ).E >G;(
:et refrigerating effect
4CO#)
>
3
Work input
,. List %$( the a00*i&ati$s $+ &#"$3ei& +*)i%s. ? AU APR ,662A
%'D
%. (toring food, medicine etc
'. Cryo engines
). Cryo treatment of metals.
1. List the im0$#tat i%)st#ia* a% &$mme#&ia* a00*i&ati$s $+ #e+#i3e#ati$.
%. Ice making
'. 0ood #reservation.
). &ilk preservation
@. Industrial air conditioning
E. Comfort air conditioning.
9. Chemical and related industries
2. What a#e the 0#$0e#ties $+ a i%ea* #e+#i3e#at'
%. 1ow boiling point.
'. Figh critical temperature.
). Figh latent heat of vapourisation.
@. 1ow specific heat of li+uid.
E. :on5flammable and non e!plosive.
9. 1ow cost
<. :on to!ic
8. List $)t s$me &$mm$ #e+#i3e#ats )se%.
$ir, >
%%
, >
%'
, >
''
, $mmonia, CO
'
etc.
9. E/0*ai the me#its a% %eme#its $+ ai# #e+#i3e#ati$ s"stem.
Me#its K
$s air is non flammable, there is no risk of fire as that of a machine using :F
)
as the refrigerant.
It is cheaper and easily available than other refrigerant.
$s compared to the other refrigeration system the T> is +uite low, because of this reason this system is
employed in air crafts.
<. List $)t the mai &$m0$ets $+ a #e+#i3e#ati$ s"stem.
%. vaporator '. Compressor ). Condenser
@. !pansion valve.
%)7
=. De+ie Ps"&h#$met#".
#sychrometry is a study of properties of moist air.
16. De+ie (et !)*! tem0e#at)#e.
It is the temperature of air measured by a thermometer when its bulb is covered with wet cloth and is
e!posed to a current of rapidly moving air. It is denoted by t
w.
11. De+ie %#" !)*! tem0e#at)#e.
The temperature of moist air as indicated by an ordinary thermometer is called as .HT. It is denoted
by t
d
.
1,. De+ie %e3#ee $+ sat)#ati$.
.egree of saturation is the ratio of actual specific humidity to the saturated specific humidity both at
the same temperature of moisture.
11. De+ie De( 0$it tem0e#at)#e.
The temperature at which the water vapour present in air begins to condense when the air is cooled,
is known as dew point temperature. It is denoted by t
dp
.
12. De+ie Re*ati.e h)mi%it".
>F is the ratio of the mass of water vapour in a certain volume of moist air at a given temperature to
the mass of water vapour in the same volume of saturated air at the same temperature.
18. De+ie S0e&i+i& h)mi%it".
(pecific humidity is the ratio of mass of water vapour to the mass of associated dry air in a given
volume of moist air.
19. H$( %$es the h)mi%it" a++e&t h)ma &$m+$#t'
If the humidity is above a certain level, water vapour from human body, cannot be absorbed by the
atmospheric air.
1;. What a#e the .a#i$)s s$)#&es $+ heat 3ai $+ a ai# &$%iti$e% s0a&e'
%)%
i. (olar gain through glass panels
ii. (olar gain through roof and walls
iii. Feat gain from occupants
iv. .uct leakage
v. Infiltration
1<. What a#e the #eB)i#emets $+ &$m+$#t aH&'
%. (upply of O
'
and removal of CO
'
'. >emoval of heat of occupants
). >emoval of moisture of occupants
@. Mood air distribution
1=. What is H)mi%i+i&ati$'
The addition of water vapour to the air is known as Fumidification.
PART B
1. E/0*ai the +)&ti$ $+ .a#i$)s &$m0$ets $+ a :a0$)# &$m0#essi$ #e+#i3e#ati$ s"stem. ? AU
APR ,662 A
%)'
-apour compression refrigerator is an improved type of air refrigerator with different working
substance called S >efregerantJ. The refrigerant condenses and evaporates alternatively at temperatures close
to atmosphere. The system works as closed system and hence the refrigerant does not leave the system.
The schematic diagram of vapour compression refrigeration system is shown in fig.E.% It consist of
i) compressor ii) condenser iii) e!pansion valve and iv) evaporator.
The compressor draws the low pressure and temperature vapour from the evaporator through the
function valve and compresses it to high pressure and temperature and delivery value H. In the condenser,
the compressed vapour is cooled by the circulating water to form high pressure and low temperature li+uid.
The evaporator consists of coils which provides a heat transfer surface through which heat from the brine
solution is e!tracted. The cold bourine solution is circulated through coils around the cold chamber from
which it e!tracts heat and become hot refrigerant at low pressure and low temperature. The low pressure low
temperature vapour is converted to low pressure high temperature vapour by absorption of latent heat
evaporation from the brine.
,. Dis&)ss the 0#i&i0*e $+ $0e#ati$ $+ a .a0$)# a!s$#0ti$ #e+#i3e#ati$ s"stem. 4AU AP ,6627.
%))
In this type of refrigeration system. The refrigerant vapour is absorbed in a absorbing medium
instead of compressing it in the compressor. The absorbing medium is the mi!ture of ammonia and water.
The following figure shows the schematic arrangement of the essential elements of a vapour absorption
refrigeration system.
S&hemati& %ia3#am $+ NH
1
R H
,
O 0a#ti&*e .a0$)# a!s$#0ti$ s"stem
In this ammonia is the refrigerant and water is the refrigerant and water is the absorbent. This is
known as a+ua ammonia vapour leaving the evaporator enters the absorber and it is absorbed in the weak
ammonia solution. This process is taking place at a temperature slightly above, that of the surroundings. In
this process some heat is reGected to the surroundings.
Then the strong ammonia solution is pumped through heat e!changer and is heated in the generator
to higher pressure and temperature. .ue to reduced solubility of ammonia in water at the higher pressure and
temperature the vapour is removed from the solution. The vapour then passes to the condenser where it
condensed in the same way as in the vapour compression system. Then the condensed high pressure low
temperature refrigerant is passed through the e!pansion value where it is brought to low pressure and low
temperature.
%)@
1. ,< t$es $+ i&e +#$m a% 6
$
& is 0#$%)&e% 0e# %a" i a amm$ia #e+#i3e#at$#. The tem0e#at)#e
#a3e i the &$m0#ess$# is +#$m ,8
$
C t$ >18
$
C. The .a0$)# is %#" a% sat)#ate% at the e% $+
&$m0#essi$ a% a e/0asi$ .a*)e is )se%. Ass)mi3 $+ C$>e++i&iet $+ 0e#+$#ma&e $+ 9,P $+ the
the$#eti&a*@ &a*&)*ate the 0$(e# #eB)i#e% t$ %#i.e the &$m0#ess$#. The 0#$0e#t" $+ amm$ia a#e 3i.e
i the +$**$(i3 ta!*e. 4AU APR ,662 7.
Tem0e#at)#e
$
C
Etha*0" ILHG3
Et#$0" $+ LiB)i% ILHG3G
Et#$0" $+ :a0$)#
ILHG3G
1i+uid -apour
'E %77.@ %)%D.'' 7.)@<) @.@?E'
5%E 5E@.E9 %)7@.DD 5'.%))? E.7E?E
S$* K
h
'
B h
%
Theoretical CO# 3
h
)
B h
'
h
)
3 %)%D.'' kA;kg
h
%
3 h
@
3 %77.@ kA;kg
(
g)
3 (
f'
6 !
'
(f
g'
!
'
3 7.D'
h
'
3 h
f'
6 !
'
hf
g'
3 %%D9.') kA;kg
CO# Theoretical 3 ?.D%
$ctual refrigeration effect ; kg
3 CO# 4actual) ! work done
3 E.E' ! 4h
)
B h
'
)
3 9<?.D kA;kg
'? ! %777 ! ))E
Feat to be e!tracted 3
'@ ! )977
3 %7?.E9 kA;s
&ass of refrigerant circulated 3 7.%EDD kg;s
Total work done by compressor ; sec 3 7.%EDD 4h
)
5 h
'
)
3 %D.9< kA;s
#ower re+uired to drive the compressor 3 %D.9< kw.
2. A .a0$)# &$m0#ess$# #e+#i3e#ati$ s"stem )si3 R1, has a &$%esi3 tem0e#at)#e $+ 86
$
C a%
e.a0$#ati3 tem0e#at)#e $+ 6
$
C. The #e+#i3e#ati$ &a0a&it" is ; t$s. The *iB)i% *ea.i3 the &$%ese#
%)E
i sat)#ate% *iB)i% a% &$m0#essi$ is iset#$0i&. The .a0$)# *ea.i3 the e.a0$#at$# is %#" sat)#ate%.
Ass)me that etha*0" at the e% $+ iset#$0i& &$m0#essi$ N ,16 ILHI3. Dete#mie.
4i7 The #e+#i3e#ati$ +*$( #ate.
4ii7 The 0$(e# #eB)i#e% t$ #) the &$m0#ess$#.
The heat #eJe&te% i the 0*at.
COP $+ the s"stem.
The properly of r%' are listed below
Tem0 P#ess)#e h+ h3 S+ S3
4
$
C7 !a# GJHG3 GJHG3 GJHG3G GJHG3G
E7 %'.%DD ?@.?9? '79.'D? 7.)7)@ 7.9<D'
7 ).7?9 )9.7'' %?<.)D< 7.%@%? 7.9D97
h
%
3%?<.)D< kA;=g
h
'
3 '%7 kG;kg.
h
)
3 h
@
3 ?@.?< kG;kg
>efrigeration flow rate 3 7.'@ kg;s
Compressor power re+uired 3 E.@ kw
Feat reGected in the plant 3 'D.D kw.
CO# 3 @.E@.
8. Dis&)ss the a%.ata3e a% %isa%.ata3e $+ .a0$)# a!s$#0ti$ #e+#i3e#ati$ s"stem $.e# .a0$)#
&$m0#essi$ s"stem. 4AU OCT ,6617
S$ Pa#ti&)*a# :a0$)# C$m0#essi$
:a0$)#
a!s$#0ti$
% Type of energy supplied &echanical high grade energy &ainly heat 5 low grade energy.
' nergy (upply 1ow Figh.
) Wear (upply &ore 1ess
@ #erformance at part loads poor (ystem not attached by load
variation
E suitability 8sed where high grade
mechanical energy is available
Can also be used at remote places,
even works with sample kerosene
lamp
9 Changing of refrigerant simple .ifficult
< 1eakage of refrigerant &ore chances :o chances
? .amage 1i+uid traces in function may
damage the compressor
:o damage
%)9
D CO# Figh 1ow
%7. &aintenance &ore 1ess
9. A amm$ia #e+#i3e#at$# 0#$%)&es 18 t$s $+ i&e +#$m a% at 6
$
C i a %a". The tem0e#at)#e #a3e
$+ the ($#Ii3 &"&*e is ,8
$
C a% >19
$
C. The amm$ia .a0$)# is %#" a% sat)#ate% at the e% $+
&$m0#essi$. Ass)me a&t)a* C$0 is 88P $+ the the$#eti&a* .a*)e. Ca*&)*ate the 0$(e# #eB)i#e% t$
%#i.e the &$m0#ess$# a% mass +*$( #ate i I3Hmi. TaIe *atet heat $+ i&e N 118 ILHI3 a% C
0
4(ate#
N 2., ILHI3
$
C.
S$*)ti$ K
0orm the table h
'
3 %)%D.'% kA;kg.
h
)
3 h
@
3 )?7.<@ kA;kg.
>efrigeration effect re+uired
3 4mass of ice ; sec ) ! 1atent heat
%E ! %777
3 ! ))E 3 E?.%9 kA;s 3 E?.%9 kW.
'@ ! )977
>efrigeration effect ; kg of refrigerant 3 h
%
B h
@
$s the process %5' is isentropic compression, we can write
(f
%
6 !
%
(fg
%
3 (g
'
7.'%)@ 6 !
@
6 !
%
! 4E.7E?E B 457.'%)@) 3 @.@?D@
Z
%
3 7.?D'
h% 3 5E@.E9 67.?D' P4%)7@.DD B 45E@.?9)Q
3 %%E?.' kA;kg.
>efrigeration effect 3 %%E?.' B )?7.<@
3 <<<.@9 kA;kg.

>e+uired refrigeration effect
&ass flow rate3
>efrigeration effect ; kg of refrigerant
E?.%9
3 3 7.7<@? kg;sec
<<<.@9
3 @.@D kg ; min
h
%
5 h
@
%%E?.' 5 )?7.<@
Cop 3 3 3 @.?)
h
'
5 h
%
%)%D 5 %%E?.'
%)<
$ctual CO# 3 @.?) ! 7.EE 3 '.99.
>e+uired refrigeration effect
#ower re+uired 3
$ctual CO#
E?.%9
3 3 '%.?9 kw.
'.99
;. Re+#i3e#ati$ 0*at )si3 C$
,
as #e+#i3e#at ($#Is !et(ee ,8
$
C a% >8
$
C. The %#"ess $+ C$
,
is 6.9
at the et#" $+ the &$m0#ess$#. Fi% the i&e +$#me%H%a" i+ the i&e is +$#me% at 6
$
C a% +#$m the (ate#
at 116
$
CE M)atit" $+ C$
,
&i#&)*ate% N 16 I3Hmi. TaIe #e*ati.e e++i&ie&" N 6.9.
C04(ate#7 N 2., ILHI3@ Latet heat OF i&e N 118 GJHG3.
Tem0
$
C
LiB)i% heat
ILHG3
Latet heat IJHI3 Et#$0" $+ *iB)i% IJHI3I
'E ?%.'E %'%.9 7.'E%)
5E 5<.E) '@E.? 57.7@%D
S$* K
Miven 3 T
%
3 E
o
C
Z
%
3 7.9
T
'
3 'E
o
C
%7
Tem0
$
C
Etha*0" Et#$0"
h+ h3 S+ S3
'E )?7.<@ %)%D.'% 7.)@<) @.@?D@
5 %E 5E@.E9 %)7@.DD 57.'%)@ E.7E?E
%)?
m 3 3 7.%9< kg;s
97
h
%
3 hf
%
6 !
%
hf
g%
3 5 <.E) 6 7.9 ! '@E.?
3 %)D.DE kA;kg
h
)
3 ?%.'E kA;kg
The compression process %5' is isentropic
(f
'
6 !
'
3 sf
%
6 !
%
Z
'
3 7.9)
h
'
3 hf
'
6 !
'
hfg
'
3 ?%.'E 6 7.9) ! %'%.9 3 %E<.?9 kA;kg
>efrigeration effect re+uired ; kg of ice formed
3 Cp
w
T
w
6 4 h
fg
)
ice
3 @.' ! %7 6 ))E 3 )<< kA;kg.
>efrigeration effect produced by the plant; min
3 m 4h
%
B h
@
) 3 %7 4%)D.DE B ?%.'E) 3 E?< kG;min as h
@
3 h
)
>efrigeration effect ; day 3 E?< ! 97 ! '@ kA;day
E?< ! 97 ! '@
Ice formed ; day 3 3 ''@' kg
)<<
Ice formed ; day 4considering plant efficiency 9E I )
3 ''@' ! 7.9 3 %)@E.) kg.
h% 5 h@ %)D.DE 5 ?%.'E
Theoretical CO# 3 3 3 ).'?
h' 5 h% %E<.?9 5 %)D.DE
<. A .a0$)# &$m0#essi$ #e+#i3e#ati$ s"stem )si3 R1, has a &$%esi3 tem0e#at)#e $+ 86
$
C a%
e.a0$#ati3 tem0e#at)#e $+ 6
$
C. The #e+#i3e#ati$ &a0a&it" is ; t$s. The *iB)i% *ea.i3 the &$%ese#
is sat)#ate% *iB)i% a% &$m0#essi$ is iset#$0i&. The .a0$)# *ea.i3 the e.a0$#at$# is %#" sat)#ate%.
Ass)me that etha*0" at the e% $+ iset#$0i& &$m0#essi$ N ,16 ILHI3. Dete#mie.
i7 The #e+#i3e#at +*$( #ate.
ii7 The P$(e# #eB)i#e% t$ #) the &$m0#ess$#
iii7 The heat #eJe&te% i the 0*at
i.7 COP $+ the s"stem.
Tem0
$
C LiB)i% heat
ILHG3
h+
IJHI3
h3
IJHI3
S+
IJHI3
S3 IJHI3
E7 %'.%DD ?@.?9? '99.'D
?
7.)7)@ 7.9<D'
7 ).7?9 )9.7'' %?<.)D 7.%@%? 7.9D97
%)D
<
S$*
h
)
3 h
@
3 ?@.?9 kA;kg
h
%
3 %?<.)D< kA;kg
h
'
3 '%7 kG;kg
< ! ).E < ! ).E
4i) >efregerant flow rate 3 3 3 7.'@ kg;sec
h% B h@ %?<.)D< B ?@.?9?
4ii) Compressor power re+uired 3 m 4h
'
B h
%
)
3 7.'@ 4'%7 B %?<.)D<) 3 E.@ kw
4iii) Feat reGected in the plant 3 m 4h
'
B h
)
)
3 7.'@ 4'%7 B ?@.?9?) 3 'D.D kw
h
%
B h
@
%?<.)D< 5 ?@.?9?
Cop 3 3 3 @E.@
h
'
5h
%
'%7 5 %?<.)D<
=. A 8 t$ #e+#i3e#ati$ 0*at )si3 R1, has sat)#ate% s)&ti$ at >8
$
C &$%esati$ taIes 0*a&e at 1,
$
C
a% the#e is $ )%e# &$%i3 $+ #e+#i3e#at *iB)i%. Ass)mi3 iset#$0i& &$m0#essi$@ +i% i7 COP $+
the 0*at ii7 Mass +*$( #ate $+ #e+#i3e#at. Ii7 P$(e# #eB)i#e% t$ #) the &$m0#ess$# i I(.
P !a# T
$
C H+ IJHI3 H3 IJHI3 S3 IJH I3I
<.?E )' %)7.E '9@.E %.E@'
'.9% 5 E 5 '@D.) %.EE<.
S$*
h
%
3 '@D.) kA;kg
h
)
3 h@ 3 %)7.E kA;kg
h
'
%
3'9@.E kG;kg
(
%
3 %.EE< kA;kgk
The process %5' is isentropic
(
%
3 (
'
3 (
g'
6 C
p
log
e
4 T
'
;T
'
%
)
%.EE< 3 %.E@' 6 7.9%E loge 4T
'
; )' 6 '<))
T
'
3 )%'.E =
h
'
3 h
'
%
6 C
p
4T
'
5T
'
%
)
3 '9@.E 6 7.9%E 4)%'.E B )7E) 3 '9D.%% kG;kg
h
%
B h
@
'@D.) B %)7.E
%@7
4i) CO# 3 3 3 9
h
'
5h
%
'9D.%% B '@D.)
E ! )E %<E
4ii) mass flow rate 3 3 3 7.%@<) kg;sec
h% 5 h@ '@D.) B %)7.E
4iii) #ower re+uired to run the compressor 3 m 4h
'
5 h
%
)
3 7.%@<) 4 '9D.%% B '@D.)) 3 '.D' kw.
16. A .a0$)# &$m0#essi$ ma&hie is )se% t$ maitai a tem0e#at)#e $+ >,1
$
C i a #e+#i3e#at$# s0a&e.
The am!iet tem0e#at)#e is 1;
$
C. The &$m0#ess$# taIes i %#" sat)#ate% .a0$)# $+ R1,. A miim)m
16
$
C tem0e#at)#e %i++e#e&e is #eB)i#e% at the e.a0$#at$# as (e** as at &$%ese#. The#e is $ s)!>
&$$*i3 $+ *iB)i%. I+ the #e+#i3e#at +*$( #ate is 1 I3Hmi @ Fi%.
4i7 T$a3e $+ #e+#i3e#ati$
4ii7 P$(e# #eB)i#emet.
4iii7 Rati$ $+ COP $+ this &"&*e t$ COP $+ &a#$t &"&*e.
S$*)ti$K
$s per the given condition, the cycle on T5s and p 5 h charts
The vaporator and condensers have to operate with the re+uired temperature difference.
T
r
4refrigerated temp) 3 5')
o
C 3 'E7 =
T
a
4$mbient temp) 3 )<
o
C 3 )%7 =
T
e
3 T
%
4vaporator temp) 3 'E7 5 %7 3 '@7 =
T
c
3 T
)
4Cooler Temp) 3 )%7 6 %7 3 )'7 =
>epresent the process on p5F chart 4difference will be there between different charts as different Oero
reference is being used)
:ow from p5h chart for >%', we can read.
h
%
3 ))9.? kA;kg, h
'
3 )?@ kA;kg
h
)
3 h
@
3 '@E.< kA;kg
m4h' 5h% ) % 4 ))9.?5'@E.< )
4i)Tonnage of >efrigeration3 3 ! 37.@)@
).E 97 ). E
%
4ii) #ower re+uired 3 m4h
'
5 h
%
) 3 4 ).@ B ))9.? ) 3 7.<D kW
97
h% 5h@ ))9.? B '@E.< D%.%
4iii) CO# 3 3 3 3 %.D)
h' 5 h% )?@ 5 ))9.? @<.'
Tr '@7
Carton CO# 3 3 3 )
%@%
Ta B Tr )'7 B '@7
%.D)
>elative CO# 3 3 7.9@.)) or 9@.))I
1
11. A sim0*e sat)#ati$ &"&*e R1, is %esi3e% +$# a 16 t$s. The #e+#i3e#at$# a% am!iet
tem0e#at)#es a#e 6
$
C a% 16
$
C #es0e&ti.e*". A miim)m tem0e#at)#e %i++e#e&e $+ 8$C is #eB)i#e%
i e.a0$#at$# a% &$%ese# +$# heat t#as+e#. Fi% 4i7 Mass +*$( #ate th#$)3h the s"stem@ 4ii7 P$(e#
#eB)i#e% i G( 4iii7 C"*i%e# %imesi$ ass)mi3 LHD N 1., +$# si3*e &"*i%e#@ si3*e a&ti3
&$m0#ess$# i+ it #)s at 166 R.P.M (ith .$*)met#i& e++i&ie&" N 6.=.
S$* K
The cycle is represented on p5h chart for the given condition as
T
r
4refrigerator temp) 3 5 7
o
C
Operating temperature of evaporator
T
%
3 7 B E 3 5E
o
C
T
a
4ambient temp)
Operating temperature of condenser
T
)
3 )7 6 E 3 )E
o
C
$ll the enthalpies are read from p5h chart for >%'
h
'
3 )<) kA;kg
h
%
3 )@D kA;kg
h
)
3 ')' kA;kg
-
s
l 3 7.79? kA;kg
4i) &ass flow rate 4m)
%7 ! ).E )E
3 3 3 7.'DD' kg;s
h% B h@ )@D B ')'
4ii) #ower re+uired
3 m 4h
'
5 h
%
) 3 7.'DD' 4)<) 5 )@D) 3 <.%D kW.
h% 5 h@ )@D 5 ')'
4iii) CO# 3 3 3 @.?<E.
h' 5 h% )<) B )@D
:
4iv) m.vs 3 d
'
1 ! v !
@ 97
)77
%@'
7.'DD' ! 7.79? 3 ! %.' d
)
! 7.D !
@ 97
7.'DD' ! 7.79?
d) 3 3 7.77@?%
! %.' ! 7.D ! E
d 3 7.%9?< m 3 %9.?< cm and 1 3 %.' ! %9.?< 3 '7.'@ cm
1,. A #e+#i3e#ati3 0*at )si3 CO
,
as #e+#i3et ($#Is !et(ee ,=< G a% ,9< G.T %#"ess +#a&ti$ $+
CO
,
is 6.< at the et#" t$ &$m0#ess$#. Dete#mie the i&e +$#me% 0e#>%a" i+ the #e*ati.e e++i&ie&" is 86
P. I&e is +$#me% at 6
$
C +#$m the (ate# at 16
$
C. The B)atit" $+ CO
,
&i#&)*ate% N 9 I3Hm.
Ass)me the +$**$(i3 %ata K
C
0
4(ate#7 N 2.1<; ILHI3@ h
+3
4i&e7 N 118 ILHI3.
P#$0e#ties $+ CO
,
.
Tem0 G
LiB)i% Heat
ILHG3
Latet Heat
ILHI3
Et#$0" $+
LiB)i%
ILHI3G
'D? ?%.'E '79.9 7.'E%)
'9? 5<.E) '@E.? 57.7@%?<
S$*)ti$K
The cycle of operation
nthalpy at point % 3 5 <E) 6 7.? ! '@E.? 3 %?D% kA;kg
$s compression %5' is isentropic
(
%
3 (
'
7.? ! '@E.? !' ! '79.9
5 7.7@%?< 6 3 7.'E%) 6
'9? 'D?
Z
'
3 7.D
nthalpy at point S ' J
3 ?%.'E 6 7.D ! '79.9 '9<.' kA;kg
Work done 3 enthalpy at '5 enthalpy at %
3 '9<.' B %?D.% 3 <?.% kA;kg
Cooling effect 3 enthalpy at % B enthalpy at @ as process )5@ is throtting process.
Cooling effect 3 %?D.% B ?%.'E 3 %7<.?E kA;kg.
Cooling effect %7<.?E
C.O.#. 3 3 3 %.)?
Workdone <?.%
%@)
$ctual C.O.# 3 %.)? ! 7.E 3 7.9D
<?.% ! 9
Work done per second 3 3 <.?% kA;sec
97
Feat carried to form each kg of ice 3 %7 ! @.%?< 6))E 3 )<< kA.
%7<.?E 9
Ice formed each per hour 3 ! !)977 3 %7) kg;hr
)<< 97
11. A .a0$)# &$m0#ess$# #e+#i3e#at$# )ses meth"* &h*$#i%e as #e+#i3e#at a% $0e#ates !et(ee the
0#ess)#e *imits $+ 1;; INHm, )se% =9; INHm,. At et#" t$ the &$m0#ess$# the meth"* &h*$#i%e is %#"
sat)#ate% a% a+te# iset#$0i& &$m0#essi$ has a tem0e#at)#e $+ 16,
$
C. The !$#e a% st#$Ie $+ the
&$m0#ess$# a#e ;.8 &m ea&h a% #)s at 2<6 R.P.M. The .$*)met#i& e++i&ie&" $+ the &$m0#ess$# is <6
P. The *iB)i% #e+#i3e#at *ea.es the &$%ese# at 18
$
C. TaIe C
0
4*iB)i% #e+#i3e#at7 N 1.9, IJHI3G.
Dete#mie 4a7 the C.O.P $+ the #e+#i3e#at $#@ 4!7 the mass +*$( $+ #e+#i3e#at i I3Hh$)#@ 4&7 the
&$$*i3 (ate# &i#&)*ate% th#$)3h the &$%ese# i I3 0e# h$)# i+ the #ise i tem0e#at)#e $+ the &$$*i3
(ate# is *imite% t$ 1,
$
C.
Ass)me the s0e&i+i& heat $+ the s)0e# heate% .a0$)# #emais &$stat
TaIe the +$**$(i3 0#$0e#ties $+ meth"* &h*$#i%e.
P#ess)#e
INHm
,
Sat)#ate%
tem0
O
C
S0e&i+i& .$*)me
m
1
H I3
S0e&i+i&
etha*0" ILHI3
S0e&i+i& et#$0"
IJHI3 G
:
+
:
3
h
+
h
3
S
+
S
3
%<< 5%7 7.77%7' 7.')) @E.@ @97.< 7.%?) %.<9'
D9< @E 7.77%%E 7.7@9 %)E.7 @?).9 7.@?E %.E?<
S$*)ti$ K
The cycle of operation
4a) h% 3 @97.< kA;kg 4 from given table)
$s the compression is isentropic
(
%
3 (
'
T'
3 () 6 Cpv loge
T)
)<E
%.<9' 3 %.E?< 6 Cpv loge
)%?
C
pv
3 %.79 kA;kg=
h
'
3 h
)
6 C
#v
4 T
'
5 T
)
)
3 @?) 6 %.79 4 )<E B )'? ) 3 E@@ kA;kg.
%@@
h
E
3 h
@
B C
p
%
4T
@
5T
E
) 3 %)) B %.9' 4@E B )E)
3 %%9.? kA;kg.
h
E
3 h
9
3 %%9.? 4 as it is throttling process)
h
%
5 h
9
@97< B %%9.?
C.O.# 3 3 3 @.%)
h
'
B h
%
E@@ 5 @97.<
4b) ffective swept volume of the compressor per hour at the entry 4suction condition)

3 d
'
1. v ! :v ! 97 4 where : is >#&)
@
<.E <.E
3 ! 7.? ! @?7 ! 97 3 <.9)@ m
)
; hr
@ %77 %77
&ass flow of refrigerant per hour
<.9)@
3 4 where -
%
is specific volume at condition % )
<.9)@
3 3 )'.<9 kg
7.'))
Feat transferred in condenser to the water per kg of refrigerant
3 h
'
5h
E
3 E@@ B %9.? 3 @'<.' kA;kg
Feat lost by refrigerant per hour 3 Feat carried by cooling water per hour
@'<.' ! )'.<9 3 m
w
C
pw
T
(olving m
w
3 '<?.E kg ; hr
12. A .a0$)# &$m0#essi$ #e+#i3e#at$# )ses R,, a% ($#Is !et(ee 18
$
C a% 16
$
C. The .a0$)# is
%#" sat)#ate% at the &$m0#ess$# et#". Dete#mie the COP a% 0$(e# 0e# t$ $+ #e+#i3e#ati$. The
0#$0e#t" .a*)es a#e 3i.e the ta!*e !e*$(. A*s$ %ete#mie the .$*)me 1 t$.
P.!a# Tem0
$
C :
3
m
1
HI3 h
+
h
3
S
+
S
3
C
+
C
.
'.D9)E 5%E 7.7<<E% %?'.9< )DD.7E 7.D)E) %.<<)9 %.%)E 7.9?E
%@E
%%.D'@ )7 7.7%D9? ')9.9D @%).D) %.%'E@ %.<%7% %.'?' 7.D%D
S$* K
The cycle is shown on #5h co ordinates
0rom tabulated data
h
%
3 )DD.7E kA;kg
(
%
3 %.<<)9 kA;kg=
h
@
3 h) 3 ')9.9D kA;kg
nthalpy after compression is determined using (
'
3 (
%
T
'
%.<%7% 6 7.D%D in 3 %.<<)9 kA;kg =
)7)
(olving T
'
3 )'@.< =
h
'
3 @%).D) 6 7.D%D 4 )'@.< B )7))
3 @)E.9) kA;kg.
h
%
5 h
@
)DD.7E B ')9.9D
CO# 3 h
'
5h
%
3 @)E.9) B )DD.7E 3
%9'.)9
@.99
)@.?'

).E
#ower ; ton 3 3 7.<E@ kW
@.99
)
).E
-ol. flow rate ; ton 3 7.7<<E% %777 %.9<% %;s or 9.7' m ;
)DD.7E5')9.9D
hr
1

1
]

18. Ai# has a %#" !)*! tem0e#at)#e $+ ,8C a% !)*! tem0e#at)#e $+ 18C. I+ the !a#$mete# #ea%s 1
!a#@ &a*&)*ate
1. :a0$)# 0#ess)#e
,. S0e&i+i& h)mi%it"
1. Sat)#ati$ #ati$
2. Re*ati.e h)mi%it"
8. D#e( 0$it tem0e#at)#e
9. :a0$)# %esit"
;. Etha*0" $+ mi/t)#e
-i.e %ataK
.ry bulb temperature, t
d
3 'EC
Wet bulb temperature, t
w
3 %EC
%@9
Harometric pressure, #
b
3 % bar
T$ +i%K
:a0$)# 0#ess)#e4P
:
7
s0e&i+i& h)mi%it" 4W7
sat)#ati$ #ati$ 47
#e*ati.e h)mi%it" 47
%e( 0$it tem0e#at)#e 4t
%0
7
.a0$)# %esit" 47
etha*0"4h7
S$*)ti$K
%. -apour pressure
we know that,
#
v
3 #
sw
3
( ) ( )
; 2? d ?
?
P P t t
f
1$2.0 1.3t

Pfrom e+uation 4%))Q

Where
#
b
3 Harometric pressure 4or) atmospheric pressure
T
d
3 .ry bulb temperature
T
w
3 wet bulb temperature
#
sw
3 (aturation pressure corresponding to wet bulb temperature
0rom steam table, we find that for %EC wet bulb temperature corresponding saturation pressure #
sw
is
7.7%<7@
( ) ( )
( )
#
#
1 0.0100 2$ 1$
P 0.0100
1$2.0 1.3 1$
P 0.010$;ar

,. S0e&i+i& h)mi%it"
we know that,
W 3 7.9''
; #
P
P P
P0rom +uation 49)Q
3 7.9'' !
0.010$
1 0.010$
w 3 9.9 ! %7
)
kg;kg of dry air
1. Sat)#ati$ #ati$ 4$#7 De3#ee $+ sat)#ati$K
; 2 #
2 2 2
P P P
P P P
_

,
P0rom e+uation 4?)Q
Where
%@<
#
s
B (aturation pressure corresponding to dry bulb temperature
0rom steam table, we find that for that for 'EC dry bulb temperature, corresponding saturation pressure is
7.7)%99 bar
i.e. #
s
3 7.7)%99bar
0.010$ 1 0.031""
0.031"" 1 0.010$
0.320
_

,

2. Re*ati.e h)mi%it"K
( )
#
2
P
....... 10
P
0.010$
5
0.031""
5 0.33 5 33-

8. De( 0$it tem0e#at)#e 4t

%0
7K
0rom steam table, we find that for partial pressure 4#
v
) 3 7.77E bar, corresponding specific volume t
dp
is ?C
T
dp
3 ?C
9. :a0$)# %esit" 4
.
7K
0rom steam table, we find that for 'EC dry bulb temperature, corresponding specific volume, 4-
g
) is
@).@7m
'
;kg
-
g
3 @).@7m
'
;kg
-apour density,
v
3 %;vg 3 %;@).@7 3 7.7')7
v
3 7.7')7kg;m
)
of saturated steam
Fence vapour density at 3 ))I
37.')7 ! ))
v
3 7.77<Ekg;m
)
;. Etha*0" $+ mi/t)#eK
h 3 C
#
t
d
6 Wh
g
where,
c
p
3 (pecific heat at constant pressure 3 %.77E=A;kgk
h
g
3 (pecific enthalpy of air corresponding to dry bulb
Tem0e#at)#e
0rom steam table, for 'EC dry bulb temperature, corresponding specific enthalpy is 'E@<.)=A;kg
i.e. h
g
3 'E@<.)=A;kg
3
7 1.00$ 2$ "." 10 2$0.3
7 01.1%&' k9

%@?
Res)*tsK
1. -apour pressure,
v
3 7.7%7Ebar
'. specific humidity, W 3 9.9 ! %7
5)
kg;kg of dry air
3. saturation ratio, 3 7.)'@
0. relative humidity, 3 7.))
$. dew point temp, 4t
dp
) 3 ?C
". vapour density,
v
3 7.77<Ekg;m
)
<. nthalpy of mi!ture, h3@%.D=A;kg
19. A ai# (ate# mi/t)#e at ,6C a% 1 !a# has #e*ati.e h)mi%it" <6P.
Ca*&)*ate
%. #artial pressure of the vapour and the air
'. (pecific humidity
). (aturation ratio
@. .ew point temperature
E. .ensity of the air
". If the mi!ture is cooled at constant pressure to a temperature of %7C, find the amount of water B
vapour condensed pr kg of dry air.
-i.e %ataK
D#" !)*! tem0e#at)#e@ t
%
N ,6C
Ba#$met#i& 0#ess)#e@ P
!
N 1!a#
Re*ati.e h)mi%it"@ N <6P N 6.<
T$ +i%K
1. #artial pressure of the vapour and the air 4
v
and p
a
)
'. specific humidity 4W)
3. saturation ratio 4)
@. dew point temperature 4t
dp
)
$. density of the air 4
a
)
". amount water vapour condensed 4Temperature %7C)
S$*)ti$K
%. >elative humidity
We know that
>elative humidity 3 3
( )
#
2
P
....... 10
P
Where,
v
5-apour pressure
#
s
B (aturation pressure corresponding to dry bulb temperature
%@D
0rom steam table, we find that for '7C dry bulb temperature corresponding saturation pressure is 7.7'))<
bar
i.e. #
s
3 7.7'))<bar
#
#
P
0.0233
P
0.!
0.0233

partial pressure of the vapour,
v
3 7.7%?9 bar
we know that,
Harometric pressure 3 #artial pressure of the vapour 6 partial pressure of the air
b
3
v
6
a
3 7.7%?9 6 #
a

partial pressure of the air, #
a
3 7.D?%bar
,. S0e&i+i& h)mi%it"K
; #
P 0.01!"
W 0."22
P P 1 0.01!"
W 0.011k9' k9 a dr4 air

1. Sat)#ati$ #ati$K
( )
; 2 #
2 ; #
Gfro( ,@uation ! H
0.01!" 1 0.0233
0.12
0.233 1 0.01!"
_

,
_

,
%0
7
0rom steam table, we find that for partial pressure,
v
3 7.7%?9, corresponding temperature %9C
(o, dew point temperature t
dp
3 %9C
8. Desit" $+ the ai# 4
a
7
F#$m 3as *a(@ (e I$( that
#
a
v
a
3 >
a
T
a
(pecific volume of air
a 2
a
a
3
* T 0.2! 213
+
0.1!10 100
0.!$"( ' k9
Mas constant >37.'?< =A;kgk

T
a
3 t
d
6 '<) 3 '7 6 '<) 3 'D)
a
3 7.D?%@bar 3 7.D?%@ ! %77k:;m
)
.ensity of the air
%E7
3
a
3
1 1
1.1"k9' (
+ 0.!$"
1.1"k9' (

9. 0rom steam table, for %7C corresponding pressure is 7.7%'<<bar.
i.e.
v
3
a
3 7.7%''<bar
(pecific humidity
W37.9''
#
; #
3
0.0122
0."22
1 0.0122
. 10 k9' k9 of dr4 air

$mount of water vapour condensed
3<.< ! %7
)
kg;kg of dry air
Res)*tK
1. #artial pressure of the vapour,
v
3 7.7%?9bar
#artial pressure of the air,
a
3 7.D?%@bar
'. (pecific humidity, W37.7%%< kg;kg of dry air
3. (aturation >atio, 3 7.<D'
0. .ew point temperature, t
dp
3 %9C
$. .ensity of the air,
a
3 %.%9kg;m
)
9. $mount of water vapour condensed3 <.< ! %7
5)
kg;kg of dry air
1;. The atm$s0he#i& ai# has a %#" !)*! tem0e#at)#e $+ ,6C a% s0e&i+i& h)mi%it" $+ 6.66=8 I3HI3 $+
%#" ai#. I+ the !a#$mete# #ea%s ;96mm $+ H3@
Dete#mie
1. Pa#tia* 0#ess)#e $+ .a0$)#
,. #e*ati.e h)mi%it"
1. %e( 0$it tem0e#at)#e
-i.e %ata
D#" !)*! tem0e#at)#e@ t
%
N ,6C
S0e&i+i& H)mi%it"@ W N 6.66=8 I3HI3 $+ %#" ai#
Ba#$met#i& 0#ess)#e N ;96mm $+ H3 N 1!a#
T$ +i%K
1. Pa#tia* 0#ess)#e $+ .a0$)# 4
.
7
2. Re*ati.e h)mi%it" 47
%0
7
S$*)ti$K
%. (pecific humidity
We know that, W 3 7.9''
#
; #

%E%
( )
( )
#
#
# #
# #
#
0.01$
1
1 0.001$ 0."22
0.001$ 0."22 0.001$
0.001$ 0."22 0.001$

+
+
#artial pressure of vapour
v
3 7.7%E'bar
'. >elative humidity
3
#
2
Where,
s
B saturation pressure corresponding to dry bulb temperature
0rom steam table, for '7C dry bulb temperature corresponding pressure is 7.7'))<bar
i.e. saturation pressure,
s
3 7.7'))<bar
0.01$2
0.233
0."$

%0
7
0rom steam table, we find that for partial pressure,
v
3 7.7%E'bar, corresponding temperature is %@C
(o, dew point temperature, 4t
dp
) 3 %@C
Res)*tsK
1. #artial pressure of vapour,
v
3 7.7%E'bar
2. relative humidity, 3 9EI
3. dew point temperature, 4t
dp
) 3 %@C
1<. The si3 0s"&h#$mete# is a *a!$#at$#" test #e&$#%e% the +$**$(i3 #ea%i3.
D#" !)*! tem0e#at)#e N ,8C
We !)*! tem0e#at)#e N 18C
Ba#$mete# #ea%i3 N;96mm $+ H3
Pa#tia* 0#ess)#e $+ the .a0$)# N 16mm H3
Dete#mie s0e&i+i& h)mi%it" a% sat)#ati$ #ati$.
-i.e %ataK
D#" !)*! tem0e#at)#e@ t
%
N ,8C
Wet !)*! tem0e#at)#e t
(
N 18C
Ba#$mete# 0#ess)#e N ;96mm $+ H3
!
N 1 !a#
Pa#tia* 0#ess)#e $+ the .a0$)#@
.
N 16mm $+ H3
.
N 6.6111!a#
%E'
?1mm $+ H3 N 6.66111!a#E 16mm $+ H3 N 6.6111 !a#A
T$ +i%
1. S0e&i+i& h)mi%it"@ W
2. Sat)#ati$ #ati$@
S$*)ti$K
%. (pecific humidity
w 3 7.9'
#
; #
0.0133
0."22
1 0.0133

w 3 ?.) ! %7
5)
kg;kg of dry air
'. (aturation ratio"

; 2 #
2 ; #
_

,
where
s
3 (aturation pressure corresponding to dry bulb temperature
0rom steam table, we find that for 'EC dry bulb temperature, saturation pressure is 7.7)%99bar
i.e.
s
3 7.7)%99bar
0.0133 1 0.031""
0.031"" 1 0.0133
0.01
_

,

Res)*tsK
%. (pecific humidity, W 3 ?.) ! %7
5)
kg;kg of dry air
2. (aturation ratio, 3 7.@%
1=. A mi/t)#e $+ ai# a% (ate# .a0$)# 0$ssesses a .$*)me $+ ;66m
1
at 1!a# 0#ess)#e a%
tem0e#at)#e 18C. Its #e*ati.e h)mi%it" is ;8P. Fi% the s0e&i+i& h)mi%it"@ %e( 0$it tem0e#at)#e@
mass $+ ai# a% mass $+ .a0$)# i the mi/t)#e.
-i.e %ataK
:$*)me@ . N ;66m
1
Ba#$met#i& 0#ess)#e@
!
N 1!a#
D#" !)*! tem0e#at)#e@ t
%
N 18C
Re*ati.e h)mi%it"@ N ;8P N 6.6;8
T$ +i%
1. S0e&i+i& h)mi%it"@ W
,. De( 0$it tem0e#at)#e@ t
%0
1. Mass $+ ai#@ m
a
2. Mass $+ .a0$)#@ m
.
%E)
S$*)ti$K
1. Re*ati.e h)mi%it"K
we know that,
#
2
where,
v
3 #artial pressure of the vapour
s
3 (aturation pressure corresponding to dry bulb temperature
0rom steam table, we find that for )EC dry bulb temperature, corresponding pressure is 7.7E9''bar
i.e.
s
3 7.7E9''
#
2
#
0.$
0.0$"22
-apour pressure,
v
3 7.7@'%bar
(pecific humidity, W37.9''
#
2 #
0.0021
0."22
1 0.0021

W37.7'<kg;kg of dry air
0rom steam table, we find that for vapour pressure,
v
3 7.7@'%bar, corresponding temperature is )7C
so, dew point temperature, t
dp
0rom gas law,
a
-3m
a
>
a
T
2
2
a
2
a
#
(
* T
00
(
0.2! 30!
_

,

P-olume, -3<77m
)
gas constant, >a 3 7.'?<=A;kgk
temperature, )E6'<) 3 )7?kQ
; a #
a ; #
a
a 00
(a
0.2! 30!
G?e kno? H
1 0.0021
0.1$1;ar

+

%E@
[ ]
( )
a
2
a
#
a
#
#
0.1$1 100kpa 1;ar5100kpa
0.1$1 100 00
(
0.2! 30!
Ma22 of air8 ( $!.$$k9
(
Specific 7u(idit48? 5 6ro( ,@uation 1
(
(
0.02
$!.$$
Ma22 of #apour8 ( 20.0!k9

1
]

Res)*tK
(pecific humidity, W3 7.7'<kg;kg of dry air
.ew point temperature, t
dp
3 )7C
&ass of air, m
a
3 <E?.Ekg
&ass of vapour, m
v
3 '7.@? kg
,6. Atm$s0he#i& ai# at ;9&m $+ H3 has ,8C %#" !)*! tem0e#at)#e a% 18C (et !)*! tem0e#at)#e
)si3 0s"&h#$met#i& &ha#t@ &a*&)*ate the +$**$(i3.
a. >elative humidity
b. Fumidity ratio
c. .ew point temperature
d. nthalpy
e. #artial pressure of vapour
f. (pecific volume of air
g. (aturation pressure corresponding to
dry bulb temperature
h. (aturation pressure corresponding to
wet bulb temperature
-i.e %ataK
Harometric reading 3 <9cm of Fg 3 <97mm of Fg 3 %bar
.ry bulb temperature 3 'EC
Wet bulb temperature 3 %EC
T$ +i%K
4a7 Re*ati.e h)mi%it"
%EE
4!7 H)mi%it" #ati$
4&7 De( 0$it tem0e#at)#e
4%7 Etha*0"
4e7 Pa#tia* 0#ess)#e $+ .a0$)#
4+7 S0e&i+i& .$*)me $+ ai#
437 Sat)#ati$ 0#ess)#e &$##es0$%i3 t$ %#" !)*! tem0e#at)#e
4h7 Sat)#ati$ 0#ess)#e &$##es0$%i3 t$ (et !)*! tem0e#at)#e
S$*)ti$K
4a) >elative humidity 4)
mark point 4%) on the psychrometic chart by given dry bulb temperature 4'EC) and wet bulb temperature
4%EC)
>eflective humidity passing through point 4%) is )EI
(o, 3 )EI
4!7 S0e&i+i& h)mi%it" 4W7K
0rom point 4%) draw horiOontal line to the right till it cuts specific humidity line.
0rom the chart we know that specific humidity.
W 3 7.77< kg;kg of dry air
4&7 De( 0$it tem0e#at)#e 4t
%0
7E
0rom point 4%) draw a horiOontal line to the left till it cuts saturation curve. $t this point temperature
is ?
o
C.
4%7 Etha*0" 4h7K
.raw a inclined line along the constant wet bulb temperature line till it cuts enthalpy line. $t this
point enthalpy is @) =A;kg
%E9
!
)
.
"
u
m
i
7
i
t
8

(
W
)
9r8 :ul: em)er#ture (t
7
);
o
C
W
e
t

:
u
l
:

t
e
m
)
.

1
5
o

C
!#tur#tion Cur<e
.002
.001
.005
10
15 20 25
i.e. h 3 @) =A;kg
4&7 De( 0$it tem0e#at)#e 4t
%0
7 K
4e7 Pa#tia* 0#ess)#e $+ .a0$)# 4
.
7 K
.raw a horiOontal line to the left till it cuts vapour presence line. $t this point vapour pressure is ?.7
mm of Fg
v
3 ?.7 mm of Fg.
4+7 S0e&i+i& .$*)me $+ ai# 4.7K
(pecific volume line passing through point 4%) is 7.?E m
)
;kg. (o v 3 7.?E
)
;kg
%E<
4g) (aturation pressure corresponding to dry bulb temperature.
.raw a horiOontal line form point 4') till it cuts partial pressure line. $t this point pressure is %'mm
of Fg
s
4t
w
) 3 %' mm of Fg
Res)*tsK
a. >eflective humidity, 3 )EI
b. (pecific humidity, W 3 7.77< kg;kg a dry air
c. .ew point temp, t
dp
3 ?
o
C
d. nthalpy, h 3 @) kA;kg
e. #artial pressure of vapour,
v
3 ? mm of Fg
f. (pecific volume, v 3 7.?Em
)
;kg
g. (aturation pressure corresponding dry bulb temperature 3 ') mm of Fg
h. (aturation pressure corresponding wet bulb temperature 3 %'mm of Fg
,1. Atm$s0he#i& ai# at 1 !a# 0#ess)#e has 16
O
C %#" !)*! tem0e#at)#e a% 86P e*ati.e h)mi%it".
Usi3 0s"&h#$meti& &ha#t &a*&)*ate %e( 0$it tem0e#at)#e@ etha*0" a% .a0$)# 0#ess)#e
-i.e %ataK
Ba#$met#i& 0#ess)#e@
!
N 1 !a#
%E?
D#" !)*! tem0e#at)#e@ t
%
N 16
$
C
Re*ati.e h)mi%it" N 86P
T$ +i%K
1. De( 0$it tem0e#at)#e@ t
%0
,. Etha*0h"@ 4h7
1. :a0$)# 0#ess)#e@ 4
.
7
S$*)ti$K
1. De( 0$it tem0e#at)#eK
&ark point 4%) on the psychrometric chart by given dry bulb temperature 4)7
o
C) and relative
humidity 4E7I).
0rom point 4%), draw a horiOontal line to the left till it cuts saturation curve. $t that point temperature
is %?
o
C
,. Etha*0" 4h7K
0rom point 4%) draw a inclined line along the constant wet bulb temperature line till it cuts enthalpy
line. $t this point enthalpy is 9EkA;kg
i.e. h 3 9EkA;kg
%ED
1. :a0$)# 0#ess)#e 4
.
7K
.raw a horiOontal line from point 4%) till it cuts vapour pressure line. $t that point pressure is %<mm
of Fg.
v
3 %<mm of Fg
Res)*tsK
%. .ew point temperature, t
dp
3 %?
o
C
'. nthalpy, h 3 9EkA;kg
3. -apour pressure,
v
3 %<mm of Fg
%97
UNIT :
BASICS OF COMPRESSIBLE FLUID FLOW AND LET PROPULSION
PART A
1. De+ie Let 0#$0)*si$.
When o!ygen is obtained from the surrounding atmosphere for combustion process, the system is
called as Aet propulsion.
,. List $)t the &$m0$ets $+ ai#&#a+t 3as t)#!ie.
The components of aircraft gas turbines are"
i. Compressor
ii. Combustion chamber
iii. Turbine
iv. Tail pipe 4or) :oOOle
v. $fter burner
1. List the %i++e#et t"0es $+ Jet e3ies.
i. Turbo Get engine
ii. Turbo prop engine
iii. >am Get engine
iv. #ulse Get engine
v. Turbo fan engine.
2. De+ie Th#)st.
The force which propels the aircraft forward at a given speed is called thrust 4or) propulsive force.
8. Disti3)ish !et(ee R$&Iet a% Jet 0#$0)*si$.
S.N$ R$&Iet P#$0)*si$ Let P#$0)*si$
%. The e!haust Get consists of e!haust gases only. Aet consists of air and combustion products.
'.
#ropulsion unit consist of its own o!ygen supply
for combustion purpose.
O!ygen obtained from the surrounding atmosphere
for combustion purpose.
). :o altitude limitation $ltitude limitation
@. Thrust improves with altitude Thrust decreases with altitude.
%9%
E. &echanical devices not used. &echanical devices are also used.
9. What a#e the 0#$&esses i.$*.e% i Jet e3ie &"&*e'
The processes involved in Get engine cycle are"
i. Isentropic deceleration through a diffuser
ii. Isentropic compression in compressor.
iii. Constant pressure heat addition in a combustion chamber.
iv. Isentropic e!pansion in a turbine
v. Isentropic e!pansion in a noOOle.
vi. Constant pressure heat reGection.
;. -i.e the e/0#essi$ +$# 0#$0e**e# th#)st.
0 3 m
a
4C
G
B u)
Where
0 B Thrust
8 B 0light speed
C
G
B Get velocity.
<. De+ie e++e&ti.e s0ee% #ati$.
It is defined as ratio between flight speed to Get velocity.
0light speed u
3
\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\
3
\\\\\\
Aet velocity CG
=. -i.e the e/0#essi$ +$# Jet th#)st.
The e!pression for Get thrust is given by
:et thrust 3 momentum thrust 6 #ressure thrust
0 3 0
mom
6 0
pr
0 3 m
a
4C
2
B u) 6 4#
e
B #
a
) $
c
16. De+ie s0e&i+i& th#)st.
It is defined as thrust produced per unit flow rate through propulsive device.
0
0
sp
3
\\\\\\
&
0 B thrust
%9'
m B mass flow rate of air fuel mi!ture.
11. De+ie s0e&i+i& Im0)*se.
(pecific impulse is defined as the thrust developed per unit weight flow rate through propulsive
device.
0
I
sp
3
\\\\\
W
1,. De+ie th#)st 0$(e# 4$#7 0#$0)*si.e 0$(e#.
It is define as the power developed by the thrust of the engine is called thrust power which is the
thrust force times the distance moved by air craft per unit time.
#th 3 0 . 8
#
th
3 m 4C
G
B 8 ) ! u
Where
& B flow rate of air fuel mi!
C
G
B Aet velocity
8 B flight velocity
11. De+ie s0e&i+i& +)e* &$s)m0ti$ 4SFC7.
(pecific fuel consumption is defined as the fuel consumption rate per unit thrust.
m
f
T(0C 3
\\\\
0
12. De+ie 0#$0)*si.e e++i&ie&".
It is the ratio of propulsive or thrust power to power output of the engine.
#ropulsive power 4or) thrust power
p
3
\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\
#ower output of the engine
18. De+ie the#ma* e++i&ie&".
It is the ratio of power output of the engine to power input to the engine through the fuel.
#ower output of the engine
th
3
\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\
#ower input to the engine
] m 4C
G'
B u
'
)
%9)
th
3
\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\
m
f
. 2
f
where, m B mass flow rate of air fuel on mi!ture
C
G
B Aet velocity
u B flight velocity
m
f
B mass rate of fuel
2
f
B calorific value of fuel
19. De+ie $.e#a** e++i&ie&".
It is defined as the ratio of propulsive power to power input to the engine through fuel.
#ropulsive #ower
7
3
\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\ \\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\
#ower input to the engine through fuel
m 4CG B u) . u
7
3
\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\
m
f
2
f

7
3
p
! n
th
1;. -i.e a e/0#essi$ that #e*ati.es $.e#a** e++i&ie&" a% TSFC.
u
7
3
\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\
T(0C ! 2
f
1<. De+ie 0#$0)*si.e e++i&ie&" as a00*ie% t$ Jet 0#$0)*si$ s"stem.
Thrust power
#ropulsive efficiency 3
\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\
Thrust #ower 6 =. losses
1=. De+ie ai# sta%a#% e++i&ie&" $+ i%ea* &"&*e.
$ir standard efficiency is defined as the ratio of work to the heat supplied
2r
G
3 % 5
\\\\\

2
s
% %
G
3 % 5
\\\\
3 % 5
\\\\\\\\\
t 4r5%);r
%9@
,6. De+ie Ram e++e&t.
The pressure rise takes place due to the conversion of kinetic energy of incoming air into pressure
energy by the diffuser. This type of compression is called as >am effect.
,1. -i.e the e/0#essi$ +$# i%ea* e++i&ie&" $+ #am Jet e3ie.
% %
ideal
3 % 5
\\\\\
3 % 5
\\\\\\\\\\\

t r 4r5%;r)
where r B pressure ratio
,,. De+ie 0)*se Jet e3ie.
#ulse Get engine is defined as the thrust producing device without turbine and compressor.
Compression is achieved in the diffuser due to the same effect.
,1. Wh" the e3ie is &a**e% as 0)*se Jet e3ie'
The short burst of e!pansion of gases create a vacuum in the combustion chamber, due to which the
thrust is unsteady and produced in short pulses. Fence it is termed as pulse Get engine.
,2. List $)t the &$m0$ets $+ 0)*se Jet e3ie.
i. Inlet diffuser
ii. Inlet valve under automatic control.
iii. Combustion chamber
iv. !it noOOle
,8. De+ie &$m0#essi!*e +*$(.
The flow in which the relative change in density of the fluid 4from point to point) is appreciable is
known as compressible flow.
,9. De+ie Th#)st.
The force which propels the air craft forward at a given speed is called Thrust or #ropulsive force.
,;. De+ie s0e&i+i& Im0)*se a% s0e&i+i& Th#)st.
%9E
(pecific impulse is defined as the thrust developed per unit weight flow rate through the propulsive
device.
(pecific Thrust is defined as the Thrust produced per unit mass flow rate through the propulsive
devices.
%99
PART B
1. What a#e the mai &$m0$ets $+ a 3as t)#!ie e3ie )se% +$# t)#!$Jet Ai# &#a+t' E/0*ai.
#rincipal components of an air craft gas turbine engine are described in the following sections"
C$m0#ess$#K
$mbient air is sucked by the compressor 4a!ial or centrifugal type) through an inlet diffuser, the
pressure of the air is raised by the compressor besides a small rise through the diffuser. This adiabatic
compression is
Mas turbine power plant for aircraft propulsion
La"$)t $+ the 0#i&i0a*
&$m0$ets i a ai#&#a+t 3as t)#!ie e3ie
(imple open circuit Goules or
Hraytom cycle 4ideal)
%9<
represented by % B 's on the T B s or h B s diagram, suffi! s represents isentropic or constant entropy
process. The irreversible compression and e!pansion processes and the static pressure drop in the
combustion chamber are depicted in fig.
A&t)a* L$)*e $# B#a"t$ &"&*e
C$m!)sti$ Cham!e#K
Figh pressure air from the compressor supports 4's B )) in the combustion chamber, this occurs at
constant pressure in the ideal cycle. The air is supplied in three streams 4a) primary air which is about %E per
cent of the total, initiates the combustion of the atomiOed fuel entering the combustion chamber. $bout )7
percent of air 4secondary air) is introduced to complete the combustion, the remaining +uantity of air 4about
EE percent) known as tertiary air is used only to dilute the high fuel B air ratio mi!ture and lowering down its
temperature to safe limits for the turbine. The air B fuel ratio of the high pressure and temperature gases
entering the turbine may appro!imately vary from E7 to %E7.
The fuel B air mi!ture is ignited by means of a high voltage device at the time of starting the engine.
Once a flame is established it propagates to other section of the combustion chamber. -arious methods are
employed to stabiliOe the flame.
T)#!ieK
The hot gases from the combustion chamber at the designed pressure and temperature e!pand 4) B
@s) adiabatically through one or more turbine stages and the e!haust noOOle. In the turboprop engine the
turbine stages drive the compressor and the propeller respectively. In the turboGet engine the entire turbine
%9?
output is consumed in driving one or more compressors. In the turbo fan engine different turbine stages
drive the fan and the compressors separately.
Tai* Pi0eK
Fot gases after e!panding through the turbine enter the e!haust pipe which is also known as Get pipe
or tail pipe. This is provided with a convergent type e!haust or propelling noOOle where the gases e!pand
further to the ambient pressure. The velocity at the e!it is very high corresponding to higher values of the
pressure ratio across the noOOle, thus the thrust caused by the e!haust gases is high which is the case in the
turboGet engines. In the turbo prop engines the thrust due to the e!haust gases is much smaller compared to
that produced by the propeller.
Feat reGection during the e!haust 4@s 5 ) does not occur within the engine, therefore this is not a
closed circuit cycle.
A+te# B)#e#K
!haust gases from the last turbine stage have a large +uantity of o!ygen which can support the
combustion of additional fuel. If the thrust of the engine is desired to be increased without changing the
physical dimensions f the compressor, turbine etc. additional +uantity of fuel can be burnt in a section of the
Get pipe to increase the velocity of the Get, this process is known as reheating. In order to obtain favourable
conditions for efficient combustion the velocity of the gases is reduced in the reheat section by providing a
diffuser after the turbine e!it as shown in fig.
Let 0i0e (ith a+te# !)#e#
>eheating can also be used for a
short time to obtain increased thrust for special purposed such as military operations and take B off. It should
be possible to increase or decrease the cross B sectional area of the propelling noOOle corresponding to the
variation of volume flow rate due to reheat.
,. E/0*ai 4a7 T)#!$ 0#$0 e3ie 4!7 T)#!$ Jet e3ie 4&7 T)#!$ +a e3ie.
The T)#!$ P#$0 E3ieK
%9D
$s stated before the gas turbine engine drives the propeller 4through a reduction gear) in a turboprop
engine. Therefore the turbine develops enough power to be able to drive the propeller besides the
compressor. Thrust is produced by the increase in the momentum flu! of a large mass of air passing through
the propeller. The velocity differential between the upstream and downstream flows is comparatively small.
(ince turboprop engines are used in smaller aircraft at comparatively lower speeds 4 u V ?77 kmph)
the gas turbine employed are small. 0or low power and flow rates one or two stage centrifugal compressors
are commonly used. The turbine is of the a!ial type, separate turbine stages are sometimes employed to
drive the compressors and the propeller.
The turbine e!haust is allowed to e!pand in the propelling noOOle but the Get thrust is much smaller
compared to the propeller thrust.
The large diameter propellers cannot run at high speeds on account of mechanical and aerodynamic
limitations. $s will be seen later the propulsive efficiency of propellers falls at high speeds.
S$me a%.ata3es $+ the t)#!$0#$0 e3ies a#eK
%. On account of higher thrust at low speeds the take B off roll is short re+uiring shorter runway.
'. The specific fuel consumption 4T(0C) based on thrust is low.
). #ropulsive efficiency within the range of operation is high.
@. Thrust reversal is easily achieved with variable pitch propeller blades.
The %isa%.ata3es a#eE
%. $pplication is limited to lower speeds and altitudes.
'. On account of large diameter propeller the landing gears have to be longer.
). ngine is heavier and more complicated.
@. Figher weight per unit thrust.
E. 8se of centrifugal compressor stages increases the frontal area.
4!7 The t)#!$Jet e3ieK
The gas turbine 4below fig) employed in the turboGet engine has already been described in section.
The entire engine is housed in a cylindrical shell like casing 4below fig) which is attached to the wings or the
nacelle.
The power developed in the turbine stages is wholly consumed in driving the compressor or
compressors and the au!iliaries. The high pressure and temperature gas from the combustion chamber
e!pands through the turbines and the propelling noOOle with considerable pressure drop. If the gases do not
e!pand to the ambient pressure 4under e!pansion) in the propelling noOOle the engine will e!perience a
pressure thrust in addition to the large thrust produced by the increase in the momentum flu! through the
engine.
%<7
On account of the large overall pressure ratio re+uired across the turbine stages and the propelling
noOOle the compressor section has many stages, in some designs the low pressure and high pressure
multistage compressors are driven separately by separate turbine stages. (ince the turbo Get engine is
employed in high speed aircrafts the static pressure rise through the inlet diffuser is significant.
The turboGet engine handles comparatively smaller +uantities of air flow through a large velocity
differential.
%. (uitable for long distance flights at higher speeds and altitudes.
'. 1ower frontal area and shorter landing gears.
). 1ower weight per unit thrust at design speed and altitude.
@. #ressure rise through the inlet diffuser is significant.
E. >eheat can be employed for increased thrust.
The disadvantages are"
%. Take B off roll is longer re+uiring longer runway.
'. T(0C is comparatively higher at lower speeds and altitudes.
). 8neconomical on short distance flights.
@. 1ower thrust and propulsive efficiency at lower speeds.
4&7 The t)#!$+a e3ieK
The turbofan engine is a combination f the turboprop and the turboGet engines combining the
advantages of both. In the turbo B prop system the +uantity of air flowing through the propeller 4low
pressure fan) is much greater than that passing through the engine while in the turboGet system the entire air
passes through the engine.
0ig shows a turbofan engine system employing a low pressure ducted fan. The air passing though the
fan is divided into two streams" 4a) the primary stream 4m
h
) goes through the conventional turboGet engine
consisting of the compressors, combustion chamber, turbines and the e!haust noOOle, 4b) the secondary
stream or the bypass air 4m
c
) at relatively lower pressure is ducted around the before mentioned turboGet
engine 4core engine) for e!pansion through the annular fan noOOle. Thus the thrust is developed by the
bypass air issuing as a cold Get at lower velocity and by the primary air issuing as a hot Get of gas at much
higher velocity. In some engines the two stream mi! at the rear. The ratio of the mass flow rates of cold air
and the hot air streams is known as the bypass ratio 4H 3 m
c
;m
h
). In modern turbofan engines the byratio is
high 4of the order of ?.7 or higher). Therefore a large fraction of the total thrust is developed by the cold Get
at lower velocity which reduces the noise level and increases the propulsive efficiency.
The arrangement in fig shows the low pressure turbine driving the fan. In a large engine a multistage
turbine consisting of a new stages drives the fan or fan stages, here the compressor is driven by the high
pressure turbine.
%<%
0ig shows a turbofan engine with a fan mounted at the rear of the engine. The fan blades are an
e!tension of the low pressure turbine rotor blades. The air enters the core engine compressor and the adt
fan separately. -arious configurations of fans and compressor drives have been employed. >ecently
unducted fans have also been used in some engines. I some ducted fans inlet guide vanes are not provided in
order to reduce fan noise. (ome advantages of the turbofan engines are"
%. (hort take5off roll due to increased thrust at low speeds.
'. Comparatively +uieter engine.
). &ore efficient flow in fan noOOle on account of short length and low speed.
@. Weight per unit thrust is lower than the turboprop system.
E. Thrust is higher than that in turboGet engine.
The disadvantages are"
%. Increased frontal area and drag.
'. (eparate thrust reversers are needed for the hot and cold Gets, if they are separate.
). T(0C is higher compared to the turboprop engine.
@. ngine is heavier and more complicated compared to the turboGet engine.
E. 1ower speed limit 4&V%) than that of the turboGet engine.
T)#!$+a e3ie (ith
+#$t +a
%<'
T)#!$ +a e3ie (ith a a+t +a
1. E/0*ai ee#3" #e*ati$s i .a#i$)s 0#$&esses i a t)#!$ Jet e3ie.
Ee#3" Re*ati$sK
-arious processes occurring in a turboGet engine have been depicted in fig and described in section.
The energy e+uations for these processes are written and discussed in this section.
I*et Di++)se#K
The state of air at the compressor inlet is denoted by % instead of %s.
h
oi
3 h
7%
h
i
6 ] C
i
'
3 h% 6 ] C
%
'
4%'.%)
C
i
'
C
%
'
T
i
6
\\\\\\\
3 T% 6
\\\\\\\\
' C
p
' C
p
T
%
p
%
45%);

\\\\\
3
\\\\\
T
i
p
i
p
%
T
%
;5%
#ressure ratio,
\\\\\
3
\\\\\
4%'.')
p
i
T
i
C$m0#ess$#K
Work w
c
3 h
7's
B h
7%
3 C
p
4T
7's
B T
7%
) 555 4%'.))
%<)
#
'
T
's
;5%
#ressure ratio,
\\\\\
3
\\\\\\
4%'.@)
#
%
T
%
C$m!)sti$ Cham!e#K
Feat supplied is given by
2
s
3 2
f
3 h
7)
B h
7's
3 cp 4T
7)
B T
7's
) 4%'.E)
T)#!ieK
Work 3 w
T
3 h
7)
B h
7@s
3 c
p
4T
7)
B T
7@s
) 4%'.9)
#
)
T
)
;5%
#ressure ratio,
\\\\\
3
\\\\\\
4%'.<)
#
@
T
@s
E/ha)st N$OO*eK
h
7@s
3 h
oes
h
@s
6 ] c
'
@s
3 h
es
6 ] c
'
es
c
'
@s
c
'
es
T
@s
6
\\\\\\\
3 T
es
6
\\\\\\
4%'.?)
' c
p
' C
p
#
@
T
@s
;5%
#ressure ratio,
\\\\\
3
\\\\\\
4%'.D)
#
e
T
es
Ai# sta%a#% e++i&ie&"K
The thermal efficiency or the air standard efficiency of the ideal cycle % B 's B ) B @s 4fig) is given
by
Work
A
3
\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\
Feat supplied
Feat supplied B heat reGected 2
s
5 2
r
3
\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\
3
\\\\\\\\
Feat supplied 2
s

2
r
A
3 % 5
\\\\\\\
4%'.%7)
2
s
%<@
C$si%e#i3 stati& tem0e#at)#es i the &"&*e@ 1 ,s 1 2s.
2
s
3 c
p
4T
)
B T
's
)
2
r
3 c
p
4T
@s
B T
%
)
Therefore e+uation 4%'.%7) gives
T
@s
B T
%
A
3 % 5
\\\\\\\\\\
4%'.%%)
T
)
B T
's
The pressure ratio in the compressor and turbine is same
p
'
p
)
r 3
\\\\
3
\\\\
4%'.%')
p
%
p
@
Therefore, the corresponding temperature ratios are given by
T
's
T
)
r 3
\\\\
3
\\\\
3 r
45%);
4%'.%))
T
%
T
@s
+uation 4%'.%)) in 4%'.%%) gives
% %

A
3 % 5
\\\\
3 % 5
\\\\\\\\\\\\
4%'.%@)

t r
45%);

The actual work that is considered in aircraft propulsion work 3 thrust ! aircraft speed
Therefore the efficiency in e+u 4%'.%@) is used only for turboshaft and turboprop engines. The
efficiencies of various components besides the propulsive efficiency and thermal efficiency of the actual
power plant are of greater importance in aerospace propulsion.
2. De#i.e the .a#i$)s &$m0$et e++i&ie&ies $+ a t)#!$ Jet e3ie.
C$m0$et E++i&ie&iesK
The departure of actual processes from the ideal in various components of the turboGet engine is
shown in fig. fficiencies of the inlet diffuser, compressor, combustion chamber, turbine and the e!haust or
the propelling noOOle will be separately considered in this section.
I*et Di++)se#K
$diabatic compression of air through the inlet diffuser 4 i B %) and the compressor 4% B ') is shown in
fig.
%<E
$mbient air enters the diffuser at pressure pi, temperature T
i
and velocity c
i
3 u. The pressure rises to
p
%
at the diffuser e!it where the velocity is reduced to c
%
. There is no energy transfer, only energy
transformations take place here. The performance and diffuser efficiency can be considered in different in
different ways. Only two methods of analysis are presented here.
4a7 Sma** 0#ess)#e RiseK
Fere the static pressure rise in the diffuser for a given change in the kinetic energy ] 4c
i
'
B c
i
'
) is
considered. The efficiency is defined as
C$m0#essi$ th#$)3h the i*et %i++)se# a% the &$m0#ess$#
(tatic pressure rise in
the actual process

.
3
\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\
(tatic pressure rise in the isentropic process
p
%
5 p
i

%<9
.
3
\\\\\\\\\\
4%'.%E)
p
%ss
5 p
i
Considering incompressible flow, 3 constant
p
%
B p
i
3 p
7%
B ] c
%
'
B p
7i
6 ] c
i
'
p
%
B p
i
3 ] 4c
i
'
B c
%
'
) B 4p
7i
B p
7%
) 4%'.%9)
(tagnation pressure loss across the diffuser
4 p
7
) 3 p
7%
B p
7%
4%'.%<)
0or the isentropic process I B %ss,
p
%ss
B p
i
3 p
7i
B ] c
%
'
B p
7i
6 ] c
i
'
p
%ss
B p
i
3 ] 4c
i
'
B c
%
'
) 4%'.%?)
+uations %'.%E) and 4%'.%?) give
p
%
5 p
i
.
3
\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\
4%'.%D)
] 4C
i
'
B c
i
'
)
$bove e!pression are fairly accurate for subsonic flows. 0or higher mach numbers at entry following
definition may be adopted.
4!7 La#3e 0#ess)#e #iseK
nthalpy change in isentropic diffusion

.
J 3
\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\
nthalpy change in actual diffusion for the same !it pressure
h
%s
5 h
i
T
%s
5 T
i

.
J 3
\\\\\\\\\\\\
3
\\\\\\\\\\
4%'.'7)
h
%
5 h
i
T
%
5 T
i
Fere the e!it velocity in the isentropic process is greater than that in the actual process.
C
%s
L c
%
The values of the diffuser efficiency in e+u 4%'.%D) and 4%'.'7) are nearly the same for small pressure rise in
the diffuser.
fficiency e+uation 4%'.'7) can be e!pressed as a function of the mach number at the diffuser inlet or
the flight &ach number.
PT
%s
;T
i
B %Q
.
J 3
\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\
%<<
PT
%
;T
i
B %Q
$ssuming T
%
3 T
7%
3 T
7i
T
%
T
7i
5 %

\\\\\
5 % 3
\\\\\\
5 % 3
\\\\\\\
&
i
'
, therefore
T
i
T
i
'
4p
%
;p
i
)
5%;
5 %

.
J 3
\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\
5%;' &
i
'
C$m0#ess$#K
$ir enters the compressor at a reduced velocity 4c
%
) and mach number 4&%). Its pressure and
enthalpy are raised to p' and h' in the actual process 4% B '). (tagnation pressures and enthalpies at the e!it
in the isentropic and actual processes are also shown in fig, both energy transformation and transfer occur in
this process.
The actual work done by the compressor on the air is
W
ac
3 h
7'
B h
7%
3 c
p
4T
7'
B T
7%
)
Work or energy transfer in the isentropic process 4%5's) is lesser than the actual on account of losses, this is
given by
W
sc
3 h
7's
B h
7%
c
p
4T
7's
B T
7%
)
The efficiency of the compressor based on e+uations 4%'.'') and 4%'.')) is known as the total to total
efficiency, this is given by
w
sc
h
7's
5 h
7%
T
7's
B T
7%
c
3
\\\\\\
3
\\\\\\\\\\\\\
3
\\\\\\\\\\\\\\
w
ac
h
7'
B h
7%
T
7'
B T
7%
The stagnation pressure ratio for the compressor assuming p
7's
3 p
7'
is
p
7'
r
oc
3
\\\\\\\
p
7%
T
7%
4r
7c

45%);
5 %)
Therefore,
c
3
\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\
T
7'
B T
7%
C$m!)sti$ &ham!e#K
%<?
$ir enters the combustion chamber from the compressor at pressure p
'
, temperature T
'
and velocity
c
'
. The combustion of the fuel increases the enthalpy of the air5fuel mi!ture. The mass of high temperature
gases flowing from the combustion chamber to the turbine and the propelling noOOle is m kg;s.
m 3 m
a
6 m
f
m 3 m
a
4% 6 f )
$ll the energy of the fuel is not available for increasing the enthalpy of gases in the combustion
chamber, this is on account of incomplete combustion and heat losses. The efficiency of the combustion or
fuel burning is defined as
Increase in the enthalpy of gases
H
3
\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\
nergy supplied in the fuel
4m
a
6 m
f
)h
7)
B m
a
h
7'
H
3
\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\
m
f
2
f
This can be appro!imated to the following e!pression for very small values of fuel air ratio"
h
7)
B h
7'
H
3
\\\\\\\\\\\\\\
f. 2
f
Combustion efficiency can also be defined by
Theoretical fuel5air ratio
H
3
\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\
actual fuel5air ratio
fJ
H
3
\\\\\
f
T)#!ieK
The products of combustion from the combustion chamber enter the turbine at pressure p
)
,
temperature T
)
and velocity c
)
. #roperties 4,c
p
etc) of these gases are different from those of air flowing
through the inlet diffuser and the compressor. !pansion of the gases through the turbine and the propelling
noOOle is shown in fig. The actual stagnation enthalpy change across the turbine 4)5@) appears as actual
work. Hoth energy transformation and transfer occur in this process. The values of turbine work in actual
and ideal processes are"
w
aT
3 h
7)
B h
7@
3 c
p
4T
7)
B T
7@
)
w
sT
3 h
7)
B T
7@s
3 c
p
4T
7)
B T
7@s
)
Total to5total efficiency of the turbine is given by

w
aT
h
7)
B h
7@
T
7)
B T
7@
%<D

T
3
\\\\\
3
\\\\\\\\\\\\\
3
\\\\\\\\\\\\
w
sT
h
7)
B h
7@s
T
7)
B T
7@s
!pansion through the turbine and the propelling noOOle
The stagnation pressure ratio for the
turbine assuming p
7@s
3 p
7@
is r
7T
3 p
7)
;p
7@
.
Therefore,
T
7)
B T
7@
T
3
\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\
T
7)
P%5 %;r
7T
45%)
Q
!haust gases from the turbine enter the propelling noOOle at pressure p
@
temperature T
@
and velocity
c
@
. The gases e!pand adiabatically to the e!it pressure p
e
. There is no energy transfer, only energy
%?7
transformation occurs here. $s stated before only convergent noOOles are employed. Mases e!pand either to
the ambient pressure 4p
a
) or a slightly higher value. :oOOle efficiency is defined as the ratio of actual and
isentropic values of the enthalpy drop between pressures p
7@
and p
e
.
h
7@
B h
e
T
7@
B T
e
G
3
\\\\\\\\\\\\
3
\\\\\\\\\\
h
7@
B h
es
T
7@
B T
es

T
7@
B T
e
G
3
\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\
T
7@
P% B 4p
e
;p
7@
)
5%;
Q
If the velocity at the noOOle entry is small, T
7@
3 T
@,
therefore,
T
@
B T
e
G
3
\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\
T
7@
P% B 4p
e
;p
@
)
5%;
Q
nergy e+uation gives
h
7@
3 h
7e
3 h
e
6 ] c
e
'
] c
'
e
3 h
7@
B h
e
3
G
4h
7@
B h
es
)
c
e
'
3 '
G
c
p
4T
7@
B T
es
)
c
e
'
3 '
G
c
p
T
7@
P %5 4p
e
;p
7@
)
5%;
Q
8. E/0*ai the ($#Ii3 0#i&i0*e $+ RamJet e3ie.
RamJet E3ieK
When the flight speed of a turboGet engine is very high, say in the range of &ach number ' to @ the
pressure rise in the diffuser 4ram pressure) is very high, at this flight speed the contribution of the
compressor to the total static pressure rise is insignificant. Therefore, it can be removed from the engine
along with its prime mover B the turbine. In this manner a thrust producing device 4engine) is obtained
which does not have compressor and turbine.
Mai C$m0$ets a% O0e#ati$K
0ig shows such a device known as ramGet engine. On account of high flight speed 4generally
supersonic) the static pressure rise in the inlet diffuser is high enough to support combustion of fuel in the
combustion Oone. The diffuser must decrease the velocity of incoming to a sufficiently low value so that
addition of the re+uired +uantity of heat is possible before choking 4see section), low velocity also increases
the stability of the flame. The high pressure and temperature gas then e!pands to very high velocity in the
noOOle. $ high thrust is developed on account of large change in the momentum flu! through the engine.
A s)!s$i& #amJet e3ie
%?%
-ariation of
pressure and velocity
of the air and gas through the engine is also shown in fig. The pressure drop across the noOOle is lower that
the ram pressure on account of decrease in the static pressure in the combustion chamber due to heat
addition.
!perience and tests have shown that a subsonic flow system is not the right choice for ramGet
engine. (ince the pressure rise in the engine is wholly due to the Tram effectW, it can be increased to
employing supersonic flow of high &ach number at the diffuser entry. 0ig shows such an arrangement with
supersonic diffuser and noOOle. Characteristics of supersonic flow discussed in section and effect the design
and performance of such an engine.
A s)0e#s$i& #amJet e3ie
It has been
e!plained in the
earlier chapters that
supersonic flows through diffusers and around bodies give rise to normal and obli+ue shocks. Therefore, the
inlet of the supersonic ramGet engine is designed carefully in order to reduce losses. .ifferent configurations
can be employed in obtaining diffusion at supersonic flight speeds. 0ig shows one such arrangement. Fere
%?'
diffusion takes place in many stages, first the flow is decelerated through a conical shock at the nose of the
engine, then it is diffused in the subsonic diffuser after passing through normal shock. (tatic pressure rise
occurs across the obli+ue and normal shocks besides supersonic and subsonic diffusion of flow in the
diffuser passages as shown in the fig.
On account of the absence of the turbine and compressor high temperatures of the order of '777C
can be employed in the combustion chamber to obtain very high values of thrust at high &ach numbers.
>amGet engines are ideal for missiles and propulsion of hypersonic aircrafts.
S)0e#s$i& #amJet e3ie (ith Os(atits&h t"0e a)*a# %i++)se#
The stagnation
temperature at the diffuser e!it is
very high corresponding to very high inlet &ach numbers, as a result the high combustor temperatures lead
to the dissociation of fuel and failure of the vehicle structure. The remedy lies in keeping the stagnation
temperature low at the diffuser e!it by restricting the deceleration of the flow within the supersonic range. In
this case the flow enters the combustor at supersonic velocity and comparatively lower temperature. This
prevents the aforementioned problems but the combustion at supersonic velocity re+uires greater care. The
static pressure is high enough to provide the re+uired e!pansion in the noOOle.
This device is called as Tsupersonic combustion ramGetW or in short scramGet.
The main advantages of the ramGet engine are"
%. Figh temperatures can be employed.
'. In the absence of rotating machinery its construction s very simple and cheap.
). It can operate efficiently at high supersonic &ach numbers.
@. It is not very sensitive to the +uality of fuel.
E. It provides high thrust per unit weight and frontal area.
Its main disadvantages are"
%. It re+uires a launching device at supersonic speed.
'. It is unsuitable for subsonic speeds.
). It has low thermal efficiency and high T(0C.
@. Its ma!imum operating altitude is limited.
%?)
I%ea* E++i&ie&"K
-arious processes occurring in the ramGet engine can also be represented by an open circuit Hrayton
cycle. This cycle is considered here with the following assumptions"
%. (teady one B dimensional flow.
'. Isentropic compression and e!pansion, s 3 7, p
7
3 7.
). #erfect gas.
I%ea* B#a"t$ &"&*e +$# #amJet e3ie
@. Constant pressure heat addition in the
combustion chamber,
p
'
3 p
)
E. -ery low &ach number in the combustion number.
p
'
3 p
7'
3 p
7)

9. E/0*ai the ($#Ii3 0#i&i0*es $+ a 0)*se Jet e3ie.
P)*seJet E3ieK
#ulseGet engine is also a thrust producing device without turbine and compressor. Compression is
achieved in the diffuser due to the ram effect.
Therefore, it offers favourable conditions for employing high temperatures. This engine is shown in
fig. The engine consists of an inlet diffuser which supplies air after compression, to the combustion
chamber. 0uel is supplied to the high pressure air in a mi!ing Oone upstream of the combustion chamber.
The fuel5air mi!ture enters the combustion chamber through a bank of valves.
The fuel B rich mi!ture is e!ploded by a spark plug in the combustion chamber, this generates high
pressure and temperature. The valves close due to the momentary pressure rise and the gases e!pand to high
velocity in the noOOle and the tail pipe. The short burst of e!pansion of gases creates a vacuum in the
combustion chamber, therefore the high pressure fuel Bair mi!ture upstream forces the valves open starting a
%?@
new cycle of recharging the combustion chamber, e!plosion, e!pansion and suction. Thus the thrust is not
steady, it is produced in short pulses, hence the name TpulseGetW. The combustion can be considered to occur
at constant volume though the actual process deviates considerably from this. The fre+uency of e!plosions
can be as high as )77 per second.
#ulseGet engine once started can work at any flight speed. Its performance does not improve at high
speeds, the ma!imum flight speed is about %777 kmph On account of two air density its performance
deteriorates with altitude.
#ulse engine has the following main advantages"
%. It is simple in construction and cheap, therefore, it can be mass produced in a short time.
'. It does not have the turbine and compressor, allowing it to employ high temperatures;
). It is suitable for one B time military use. It was used by Mermany in the world war as buOO5bomb or -5I
missile.
Its chief disadvantages are"
%. Figh vibration and noise level.
'. 1imited altitude and flight speed.
;. A t)#!$0#$0 e3ie $0e#ates at a a*tit)%e $+ 1666 mete#s a!$.e mea sea *e.e* a% a ai#&#a+t
s0ee% $+ 8,8 Im0h. The %ata +$# the e3ie is 3i.e !e*$(K
I*et %i++)se# e++i&ie&" N 6.<;8
C$m0#ess$# e++i&ie&" N 6.;=6
:e*$&it" $+ ai# at &$m0#ess$# et#" N =6 mHs
Tem0e#at)#e #ise th#$)3h the &$m0#ess$#N ,16
6
C
P#$0e#ties $+ ai#K N 1.2@ c
0
N 1.668 ILHI3 G
F#$m the a!$.e %ata &a*&)*ate 4a7 0#ess)#e #ise th#$)3h the i*et %i++)se# 4b7 0#ess)#e #ati$
%e.e*$0e% !" the &$m0#ess$# 4c7 0$(e# #eB)i#e% !" the &$m0#ess$# 0e# )it +*$( #ate $+ ai# a% 4d7
the ai# sta%a#% e++i&ie&" $+ the e3ie.
S$*)ti$. $t / 3 )777 m
T
i
3 '9?.9EK, p
%
3 7.<7%, p
%
3 7.D7D kg;m
)
a
%
3 )'?.< m;s
u 3 E'E;).9 3 %@E.?)) m;s
$
%
3 u;a
%
3 %@E.?));)'?.< 3 7.@@)9
T
o%
5%
555 3%6 5555 $
i
'
3 %6 7.' ! 7.@@)9'3 %.7)D)9
T
%
'
T
oi
3 T
o%
3 %.7)D)9 ! '9?.9E 3 '<D.'@@ =
T
%
3 T
7%
B c
%
'
;'c
p
3 '<D.'@@5?%77;'!%77E 3 '<E.%D@ =
%?E
F$# the i*et %i++)se#@
T
%s
B T
i
3
&
4T
%
B T
i
)
T
%s
T
%
p
%s

45%);
p
%
4 5%);
55555 3 % 6
&
5555% 3 555555 3 5555
T
i
T
i
p
i
p
i

4 %) ;
%
%
p
p

_

,
3 N 6 7.?<E
'<E.%D@
% %.7'%)
'9?.9E
_

,
p
%
;p
i
3 4%.7'%))
).E
3 %.7<99
p
%
3 %.7<99 7.<7% 3 7.<E@< bar.
4a) #ressure rise through the inlet diffuser
#
%
5#
i
3 7.<E@<57.<7%737.7E)<bar $ns
4b) Compressor efficiency is given by
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
% ;
7% 7' 7%
% ;
7 7' 7%
7%
%
%
c oc
c
T r T T
c
r T T
T

+
7.<D ')7
% %.9E7<
'<D.''@
+
( )
).E
7'
7%
%.9E7< E.<<D $ns
oc
P
r
P

4 c) power re+uired by the compressor is
( )
( )
7' 7%
% %.77E ')7
')%.%E ; ; .

a p
m c T T
kw kg s Ans
4d) $ir standard efficiency of the engine for the pressure ratio of E.<<D is
( ) ( )
( )
7.'?9
7
% %
% %
% ;
E.<<7
7.)D@' .
c
0
r
0 Ans

<. The %iamete# $+ the 0#$0e**e# $+ a ai#&#a+t is ,.8mE It +*ies at a s0ee% $+ 866 Im0h at a a*tit)%e $+
<666m. F$# a +*i3ht t$ Jet s0ee% #ati$ $+ 6.;8 %ete#mie 4a7 the +*$( #ate $+ ai# th#$)3h the 0#$0e**e#@
4!7 th#)st 0#$%)&e%@ 4 &7 S0e&i+i& th#)st@ 4%7 s0e&i+i& im0)*se a% 4e7 the th#)st 0$(e#.
S$*)ti$K $rea of cross5section of the propeller disc
%?9
' ' '
)
'.E @.D7?
@ @
density at /3 ?777m is
37.E'Ekg;m
A d m
A%r

G
0light speed u 3E77 %)?.?Dm;s
^3u;cG37.<E
c 3%)?.?D;7.<E3%?E.%?m;s
4a) velocity of air flow at the propeller disc is
( )
( )
%
'
7.E %)?.?D %?E.%? %9'.)E ;
0
c u c
c m s
+
+
Theoretical value of the flow rate is given by
( )
( )
a
)
7.E'E @.D7? %9'.7)E
@%<.E%9 ; $ns
4b) 03m
@%<.E%9 %?E.%? %)?.?D %7
%D.)'9? $ns
a
a
0
m Ac
m kg s
c u
2
2 kN
( )
s
%D)'9.?
4 ) @9.'D ;
@%<.E%9
@9.'D
4 ) I @.<%? $ns.
D.?%
4e) Thrust power is #30 u
#3%D.)'9? %)?.?D3'9?@.)kW $ns

s
a
a a
2
c 2 N kg s Ans
m
2 2
d s
w m g
=. A ai#&#a+t +*ies at =96 Im0h. Oe $+ its t)#!$Jet e3ies taIes i 26 I3Hs $+ ai# a% e/0a%s the
3ases t$ the am!iet 0#ess)#e. The ai# +)e* #ati$ is 86 a% the *$(e# &a*$#i+i& .a*)e $+ the +)e* is 21
MLHI3. F$# ma/im)m th#)st 0$(e# %ete#mie 4a7 Jet .e*$&it" 4!7 th#)st 4&7 s0e&i+i& th#)st 4%7 th#)st
0$(e# 4e7 0#$0)*si.e@ the#ma* a% $.e#a** e++i&ie&ies a% 4+7 TSFC7.
S$*)ti$K
u3D97 Z %777;)9773'99.<m;s
4a) 0or ma!imum thrust power
; 7.E
0
u c

'99.< ; 7.E E)).@ ;
0
c m s
%?<
( )
G
)
4 ) %
%
@7 % @7.? ;
E7
0 mc
@7.? E)).@ @7 '99.< %7
%%.7D@ $ns.
1
+ + +
1
]
1
+
1
]

a , a
a
m,
- %n m m m
ma
m kg s
m u
2
2 KN
4 c) specific thrust based on air intake

( )
p
;
;
%%7D@; @7 '<<.)E ;
4 ) power p3 0 u
p3%%.7D@ '99.<3'DE?.<<kw $ns
% '
4e) 7.999 99.9I $ns
% % )
! a
s
0 u
2 2 m
2 N kg s Ans
d Thrust
or
c

+ +
( )
( )
' '
' '
9
%
'
% @7
7.? ;
E7 E7
7.E @7.? E)).@ '99.<
7.? @) %7

0
a
m c u
th
m,Q,
m, m kg s
th
7
7
G
7.%'9E or %'.9EI $ns
7.999 7.%'9E
7.7?@' or ?.@'I $ns
T(0O3m )977;
7.? )977;%%7D@
7.'ED9 ; $ns
p
th
th
2
kg kN
16. A t)#!$Jet e3ie 0#$0e*s a ai#&#a+t at a Ma&h )m!e# $+ 6.< i *e.e* +*i3ht at a a*tit)%e $+ 16
Im. The %ata +$# the e3ie is 3i.e !e*$(.
%??
Sta3ati$ tem0e#at)#e at the t)#!ie i*etN 1,66G
Sta3ati$ tem0e#at)#e #ise th#$)3h the &$m0#ess$# N1;8G
Ca*$#i+i& .a*)e $+ the +)e*N21MLHI3@
C$m0#ess$# e++i&ie&" N 6.;8
C$m!)sti$ &ham!e# e++i&ie&" N 6.=;8
T)#!ie e++i&ie&" N 6.<1
Me&hai&a* e++i&ie&" $+ the 0$(e# t#asmissi$ !et(ee t)#!ie a% &$m0#ess$# N6.=<
E/ha)st $OO*e e++i&ie&" N 6.=;.
S0e&i+i& im0)*se N,8 se&$%s.
Ass)mi3 the same 0#$0e#ties +$# ai# a% &$m!)sti$ 3ases &a*&)*ateK
4a7 +)e*>ai# #ati$@
4!7 C$m0#ess$# 0#ess)#e #ati$
4&7 T)#!ie 0#ess)#e #ati$
4%7 E/ha)st $OO*e 0#ess)#e #ati$@ a%
4e7 Ma&h )m!e# $+ e/ha)st Jet.
S$*)ti$ K
Temperature and velocity of sound at the engine entry at /3%7km are.
'
7%
'
7%
7' 7% 7'
'').%E , 'DD.9 ;
%
%
'
%.@ %
% 7.? '').%E 'E%.<%
'
%<E, %<E 'E%.<% @'9.<%

1
+
1
]
1
+
1
]
+
% %
o% % %
T K a m s
T T $ T
T k
T T T K
4 a) 0or the combustion chamber,
( )
7) 7'
7) 7'
% %
% ;
+
_
+

,
a , p a p , ,
, ,
m m c T m c T +m Q
T T +m Q cp
, ,
( )
9
% 7.D<E @) %7
%'77 @'9.<% %'77
%77E
7.7%D7? $ns

,
a
,
m
,
m
4!7 F$# the &$m0#ess$#@
%?D
( ) % ;
7% 7'
7' 7%
7%
%
T P
T T
c P

_

,
Sta3ati$ 0#ess)#e #ati$ a&#$ss the &$m0#ess$#
N
7' 7%
;
oc
P P r
the#e+$#e
( )
( )
%
7' 7%
7%
).E
).E
%
7.<E %<E
% %.E'%@
'E%.<%
@.)@@

+
' ;

+
' ;

oc c
oc
oc
T T
r
T
r
r Ans
4 &7 C$m0#ess$# 0$(e# #eB)i#e% N 0$(e# s)00*ie% !" the t)#!ieE the#e +$#e
( ) ( )
( )
( )
7) 7@ 7' 7%
7) 7@
% ;
7)
7
; %
%<E; 7.D? %.7%D7? %<E.''?
%
% %<E.''?
%<E.''?
% '.77E
%'77 7.?%
+

_

,

' ;

m a ,
'
T
oT
m m cp T T T T
T T
T r
r
T Ans
%
%
;
7.? 'DD.9 ')D.9? ;
_

,

s
% %
% %
u
"
g
u a $
u $ a m s
4%7
')D.9? %
'E %
D.?%
; 7.@D@'
')D.9?; 7.@D@' @?@.D) ;
1

1
]

e
e
u c
c m s
F$# the e/ha)st $# 0#$0e**i3 $OO*e.
%D7
'
7@
7@
'
; '
%'77 %<E.''? %7'@.<<'
%7'@.<<' @?@.D) ; ' %77E
D7<.<<?
+

oe e e p
e
T T T c c
T k
Te
T K
( ) ( )
( )
7@ 7@ 7@
7@
%
% %
%
%7'@.<<' D7<.<<? 7.D< %7'@.<<' % %
%.EE
e n es n
n
n
n
e
T T T T T
r
r
p
r Ans
P

' ;

' ;

4 e7 .e*$&it" $+ s$)% at the $OO*e e/it
( ) ( )
%; ' %; '
%.@ '?< D7<.<<? 97).D@ ;
e e
a RT m s
The e/it Ma&h )m!e# is 3i.e !"
; @?@.D); 97).D@
7.?7)
e e e
e
$ c a
$ Ans

The &ach number corresponding to the isentropic flow will be higher than this value. 8sing
isentropic flow tables for 3%.@
& 3 7.?%9 at p
e
;#
7@
3%.EE37.9@E
11. A #amJet e3ie $0e#ates at MN1.8 at a a*tit)%e $+ 9866m. The %iamete# $+ the i*et %i++)se# at
et#" is 86 &m a% the sta3ati$ tem0e#at)#e at the $OO*e et#" is 1966G. The &a*$#i+i& .a*)e $+ the
+)e* )se% is 26 MLHI3. the 0#$0e#ties $+ the &$m!)sti$ 3ases a#e same as th$se $+ ai# 4 N1.2@ RN,<;
LHG3 G.. The .e*$&it" $+ ai# at the %i++)se# e/it is e3*i3i!*e.
Ca*&)*ate 4a7 the e++i&ie&" $+ the i%ea* &"&*e 4!7 +*i3ht s0ee% 4&7 ai# +*$( #ate 4%7 $OO*e Jet
Ma&h )m!e# 4h7 0#$0)*si.e e++i&ie&" 4i7 a% th#)st. Ass)me the +$**$(i3 .a*)esK
7.D7, 7.D?, 7.D9
+ 0
&
sta3ati$ 0#ess)#e *$ss i the &$m!)sti$ &ham!e# N66,0
6,

S$*)ti$
>efer to 0igure
$t O39E77m the properties of air are
%D%
)
% %
%
i '
%
'@E.D7 , % 7.@@7, )%@.E7 ;
7.9'@ ;
4 ) cycle efficiency
' %
%
%
1
+
1
]
T K P a m s
kg m
a %dea(
$
%
'
%
%
' %
% 7.)%7.
%.@ % %.E
4 )
%.E )%@.E7 @<%.<E ;
%9D?.) .
%
Ans
u
- $
a
u m s
u kmph Ans
1
+
1
4 &7 A#ea $+ &#$ss se&ti$ $+ the %i++)se# i*et

' '
%
7.E 7.%D9)
@
A m

%
%
7.9'@ @<%.@? 7.%D9)
E<.<E' ;
a
a
a
m uA
m
m kg sAns

4%7 F$# e3*i3i!*e .e*$&it" at the %i++)se# e/it 0

6,
N0
,
( ) ( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
%
' %
' '
% %
%
' '
%
).E
' 7' %
% %
' '
% %.@ %
% % 7.D %.E
' '
%.@7E ).'?<E.
. ).'?<E 7.@@7 %.@@9

+ +

p s
c T T r&
&
c $
r& & $
r& Ans
p p r& P
%D'
4 e 7
( )
( )
( )
' ' 7%
%
%
7' 7%
7) 7'
7) 7'
%
% % 7.' %.E %.@E
'
%.@E '@E.D7 )E9.EE
.
%.77E %977 )E9.EE ; 7.D? @7777
7.7)%??
+ +

a p , ,
,
p
a
T
$
T
T T K
$ c T T +m Q
m
, c T T +Q,
m
,
, Ans
4+7
7) 7' 7' 7'
7)
7.7' 7.D?
7.D? %.@@9 %.@%<
P P p p
P -ar

N$OO*e 0#ess)#e #ati$
7)
@
%.@%<
).''
7.@@7
0
p
r Ans
p

4g)The mach number at the noOOle e!it for a pressure ratio of ).'' in an isentropic e!pansion would be &
@s
3%.@%, however on account of irreversible e!pansion 4
G
37.D9) the e!it velocity and mach number will be
slightly lower.
( ) ( )
( )
( )
' ' 7@
@
@
@
7@ @ 7@ @
@
'
7@ @ @
'
@ 7@ @
@
%; '
@
%
% % 7.' %.@% %.)D<9
'
%977;%.)D<9 %%@@.?'
7.D9 %977 %%@@.?'
%977 @)9)D<) %%9).7'<
; '
' ' %77E @)9.D<)
D)<.%?E ;
%.@ '?< %%9).7'< 9?).
!
s
s
0 s
p
p
T
$
T
T K
T T T T
T K
T T c c
C c T T
c m s
a
+ +

+

@
@
@
ED ;
D)<.%?E
%.)<%
9?).ED9
m s
c
$ Ans
a

%D)
) ; @ @<%.@?; D)<.%?E 7.E7)
' ' 7.E7)
7.99D)
% % 7.E7)
4 ) E<.<E' 7.7)%?? %.?@% ;

+ +

p
,
h u c
Ans
% m kg s
( )
@
)
E<.<E' %.?@% ED.ED) ;
ED.ED) D)<.%?E E<.<E' @<%.<E %7
'?.9%@ .
+ +

a ,
a
m m m Kg s
2 mc m u
,
2 kN Ans
1,. A t)#!$ Jet e3ie taIes i 86 I3Hse& $+ ai# a% 0#$0e*s a ai#&#a+t (ith )i+$#m +*i3ht s0ee% <<6
ImHh#. Iset#$0hi& etha*0h" &ha3e +$# $OO*e is 1<< IJHI3 a% its .e*$&it" &$>e++i&iet is 6.=9. the
+)e* ai# #ati$ is 1.,P. &$m!)sti$ e++i&ie&" is =8P@ &a*$#i+i& .a*)e $+ +)e* is 22666 IJHI3. +i% $)t@
i. The#ma* e++i&ie&" $+ the e3ie
ii. F)e* +*$( i I3Hh#
iii. P#$0)*si.e e++i&ie&"
i.. O.e#a** e++i&ie&"
Miven data "
f
u
a
f
a
!!0
$0 k92I u5 200.000 '
3."
(
1!!.10 ' I C 0.1"I 0.012
(
0.1$I C.+500000 kj'k9
(
0.012 $0 5 0." k9'2
(
n
m m s
( kh
nC)

2
0.1" 2 1!! 1000 5 $!!."" ('2
e v
C C h

0uel flow in kg;hr 3 7.9 Z )977 3 '%97 kg;hr
(ince the e!pansion in the noOOle I isentropic,
%D@
j
$!!."" ('2
2u
np5 $!."!2-
c
$0." k9'2
" c
#
CC
u
m m m
+
+
The#e+$#e the .e*$&it" $+ Jet.
Thrust power 3 Pmc
G
5m
a
uQu
3 E7.9 Z E??.99 B E7 Z '@@.@@@) '@@.@@@
3 @'D).@%)@ kw
O.e#a** e++i&ie&"
3
o 3
T7ru2t po?er
Heat 2upplied
0213.0130 10
5 n 1.11!!-
0." 00000 10 0.1$

Thermal efficiency of the engine
21.111-
th
no
n
np

Res)*t K
i. Thermal efficiency of the engine n
th 3
'D.%<%DI
ii. 0uel flow in kg;hr 3 m
%
3 '%97 kg;hr
iii. #ropulsive efficiency 3 n
p
3 E?.9?'<I
iv. Overall efficiency 3 n
7
3 %<.%%??I
11. A t)#!$ Jet has a s0ee% $+ ;86 ImHh# (hi*e +*"i3 at a a*tit)%e $+ 16666m. the 0#$0)*si.e
e++i&ie&" $+ the Jet is 86P a% the $.e#a** e++i&ie&" $+ the t)#!ie 0*at is 19P. The %esit" $+ the ai#
at 16666m a*tit)%e is 6.1;1 I3Hm
1
. the %#a3 $ the 0*ae is 9,86 N. &a*$#i+i& .a*)e $+ the +)e* is 2<666
IJHI3. Ca*&)*ate@
i. A!s$*)te .e*$&it" $+ the Jet
ii. Diamete# $+ the Jet a%
iii. P$(e# $)t0)t $+ the )it i I(.
Miven data "
%DE
p 0
3
$0
20!.333 ('2
3."
J510000(I n 0.$I n 0.1"
0.13 k9'( I 6535"2$0<
C.+ 50!000 kj'k9
u
%

j
0
0
j
2 2 20!.3333
5 !33.3333 ('2
0.$
C "2$ '
T7ru2t po?er
Heat2upplied
.
"2$0 20!.3333
5 0.1"1$021 k9'2
0.1" 0!000 1000
a;olute #elocit4 of t7e jet 5 C 01"."""" ('2
p
(
(
#
u
n c u
c u
m s
n
* u
n
m# c v
m
u
+
+

a
a
. / 5 (
. /
. /
"2$0 .0.1"$021 "2$/
5 10.0$"!" k9'2
01".""""
(5( 5 10.11$22! k9'2
# ( ( # (
# (
(
#
* m m C m u C m u mC
* m C
m
C u
m
+ +

+
3
1
3
( 10.11$22!
+olu(e of 9a2 ' 2ec 5 !".21$11 '
P 0.13
Cut #olu(e Q5Area of t7e jet C
0.131003
(
(
m s
Q
A m
C

%D9
i
3ia(eter of t7e jet d 0.011
T7ru2t po?er
Propul2i#e efficienc4 5
Po?er output of t7e en9ine
"2$0 20!.33333
Po?er output of t7e en9ine 5 5 2"00.1""""k?
0.$
m
Res)*t K
i. $bsolute velocity of the Get c 3 @%9.9999< m;s
ii. .iameter of the Get d
G
3 7.@%D m
iii. #ower output of the engine #
out
3 '97@.%999 kw
12. F$# a t)#!$ Jet (ith a +*i3ht .e*$&it" $+ <66 ImHh at a am!iet $+ 96 IPa@ the 0#$0e#ties $+ 3as
ete#i3 the $OO*e a#e 166 IPa a% ,66C. The mass +*$( #ate $+ ai# is ,6I3Hse&. ass)mi3 ai# 4YN1.2
a% RN,<; LHI37 as ($#Ii3 +*)i%@ +i% a7 th#)st %e.e*$0e%@ !7 th#)st 0$(e# a% &7 0#$0)*si.e
e++i&ie&".
-i.e Data K

+
a
0 0
!00
22.2222 ('2I P "0
3."
300 kPaI T 200 23 03
u k%
% k
20 ' I 451.0
*52!&'k9k
m kg s
$ssuming that, the e!pansion of gases in the noOOle is isentropic.
1
0 0
0.0
1.0
e
0
"0
03 21!."0$ k a2u(e P
300
2 . /
2 1000.$.03 21!."0$/ 5 $11.!03!1 ('2
$
(
$
e e
e
e p e
T %
T %
T %
C C T T
_

,
_

,

a
Since ( i2 not 9i#en 5 ( (
. /
(
m C u

Thrust developed 3 '74ED%.?@)?D B '''.'''')

%D<
0 3 <)D'.@))@ :
3 0 Z u
Thrust power 3 %9@'.<9) kw
#ropulsive efficiency 3
2
$0.$1$-
p
(
u
n
C u

+
18. The %iamete# $+ the 0#$0e**e# $+ a ai#&#a+t is ,.8 m. it +*ies at a s0ee% $+ 866 Im0h at a a*tit)%e
$+ <666 m +$# +*i3ht t$ Jet s0ee% #ati$ N 6.;8. %ete#mie i7 The +*$( $+ ai# th#$)3h the 0#$0e**e#@ ii7
Th#)st 0#$%)&e%@ iii7 S0e&i+i& th#)st@ i.7 S0e&i+i& im0)*se@ .7 Th#)st 0$(e#.
-i.e %ata K
$00
2.$ I u5 13!.!!!1 '
3."
0.$I J5!000 (
d m m s
j
j
jEu
u
5 I C 1!$.1!$1 '
c
#elocit4 of air flo? at t7e propeller di2c8
c
c5 1"2.03 ('2
2
u
m s
0rom gas Table / 3 ?777 m, p 3 7.E'E m
)
.
0rom continuity e+uation, m
a
3 p$c kg
2
a
2p
2p
0.$2$ .2.$/ 1"2.03 5 01.$!3$ k9'2
0
T7ru2t produced 65( . / 5 11332.$212 <
T7ru2t po?er 5 6 = 5 2"!$.03 kW
Specific t7ru2t 6 0".21"2 <.k9'2/
)
Specific i(pul2e 5 0.112! 2ec
(
sp
C u
*
m
*
*
W g

Res)*t K
i. 0low of air through the propeller m
a
3 @%<.E?)E kg;s
ii. Thrust produced 0 3 %D.))'E =:
%D?
iii. (pecific thrust 0
sp
3 @9.'D9n :;4kg;s)
iv. (pecific impulse I
sp
3 @.<%D'? sec.
v. Thrust power # 3 '9?E.7<)< kw.
19. A t)#!$ Jet e3ie is t#a.e*i3 at a s0ee% $+ ,19.11 mHse& )%e# &$%iti$s ,<<G a% 1.611 !a#.
The #am e++i&ie&" is <8P. Ca*&)*ate the t$ta* 0#ess)#e a% t$ta* tem0e#at)#e $+ ai# a+te# i*et
%i++)se#. TaIe C
0a
N 1.668@ Y
a
N1.2.
F$# the a!$.e e3ie@ the t$ta* tem0e#at)#e a% t$ta* 0#ess)#e at the i*et t$ the $OO*e is <69I
a% ,.1,2 !a#. The +*$( th#$)3h $OO*e is a%ia!ati& (ith Jet e++i&ie&" 4t$ta*>t$>stati&7 =8P. Ca*&)*ate
the et s0e&i+i& th#)st a% th#)st s0e&i+i& +)e* &$s)m0ti$ 4TSFC7 i+ +)e* ai# #ati$ is 6.61,,. taIe
C
03
N1.19 a% "
3
1.11.
-i.e %ata K
U N ,19.11 mHs
T
i
N ,<< GE P
i
N 1.611 !a#.
R
N 6.<8E C
0a
N 1.668E "
a
N 1.2
t
62
N<69IE P
62
N,.1,2 !a#
p9 9
2
01
2
01
. / 0.0122I C 1.1" K 1.33
. /
2
.23".11/
6ro( t7e fi9ure8 T 2!! 5 31$.3$2 k
2 100$
#
t
p
m
n s # $
m
u
C T T

+
a5% isentroic .iffusion

1
01 01
1.0
1
1.0
01
01
01
01
*
01
31$.3$2
5
2!!
1.31$0" ;ar
n
$
$

$
$ %
T %
T %
T
% K
T
%
% %
% %
1
]
1
1

1
1
]
]
>am efficiency #
7%
3 %.))D?9 bar
@5e
Isentropic e!pansion
%DD

1
00
00
0.33
1.33
1.013
!0"
2.120
$
$
e e
e
T %
T %
T

,
_

,
Fi3.
T
e
39<7.<)?@ =
00
00
e
!0"
0.1$ T ".$01$ k
!0" "0.3!0
e
(
e
e
T T
n
T T
T
0rom the figure

2
00
00
. /
2
. / 5 $0" ('2
(
pg e
( pg e
C
C T T
C C T T

The specific gross thrust is given by,
0
g
3 0
net
6 u
0
net
3 EE'.99%9 B ')9.%% 3 )%9.EE%9 :4kg;s) of air flow
T$ta* s0e&i+i& +)e* &$s)m0ti$
3"00
5 0.13!0$ k9 of fuel ' <:7r
net
#
T+*C
*
Res)*t K
i. #ressure after the inlet diffuser #
7%
3%.))D?9 bar.
ii. Temperature after the inlet diffuser T
7%
3)%E.<)E' =
iii. :et specific thrust 0
net
3)%9.EE%9 :4kg;s) of air.
iv. T(0C 3 7.%)?<@E kg fuel :5hr.
1;. De#i.e the a#ea .e*$&it" #e*ati$ +$# iset#$0i& +*$( $+ a 0e#+e&t 3as.
Consider a +uasi5one5dimensional flow, allowing the streamtube area $ to vary with !, as shown in figure
).E.
'77
Fi3 1.8K M)asi>$e>%imesi$a* +*$(.
1et us assume that all flow properties are uniform across any given cross5section of the streamtube,
and hence are functions of ! only for steady flows. (uch a flow, where $3$4!), #3#4!), 34!), and c3c4!)
for steady flow, is defined as +uasi5one dimensional flow.
C3C 4!)
0or any streamtube of area $, the continuity e+uation is given by
$C 3 constant 4).%)
.ifferentiating with respect to C, we obtain
( ) ( ) d AC d C
dA
+ A 0
dc dc dC

+
The second term of the right5hand side in the above relation can be written as
( ) d C
d dP
A A C
dC dP dC
_
+

,
Hy Hernoulli e+uation, we have
2
C dP
con2tant
2
+
.ifferentiating and rearranging, we get

dP
C
dC

'7%
8sing this, and replacing
2
d
;4 a 8 ?e o;tain
d
( )
( )
( )
( )
2
2
2
d C
A A 1 M
d+
T7erefore8
dA
+ A 1 M 0
d+
or
dA A
1 M ....3.2/
dC C

+

The e+uation 4).') is an important result. It is called the area5velocity relation.
1<. What a#e the ite#+e#e&es +#$m the a#ea>.e*$&it" #e*ati$ +$# a Iset#$0i& +*$('
The following can be inferred from the area5velocity relation.
0or incompressible flow limit, i.e. for & 7, +.).% show that $C 3 constant. This is the famous
volume conservation or continuity e+uation for incompressible flow.
0or 7V&V%, a decrease in area results in an increase in velocity and vice versa. Therefore, the
velocity increases in a convergent duct and decreases in a divergent duct. This result for
compressible flows is the same as that for incompressible flow.
0or &L %, an increase in area results in an increase in velocity and vice versa, i.e. the velocity
increases in a divergent duct and decreases in a convergent duct. This is directly opposite to the
behaviour of subsonic flow in divergent and convergent ducts.
0or &3%, by +. 4).%), d$;$ 37, which implies that the location where the &ach number is unity,
the area of the passage is either minimum or ma!imum. We can easily show that the minimum in
area is the only physically realistic solution.
'7'
Fi3 1.9 F*$( i &$.e#3et a% %i.e#3et %)&ts
The above results are shown schematically in figure.).'. 0rom the above discussion, it is clear that
for a gas to e!pand isentropically from subsonic to supersonic speeds, it must flow through a convergent5
divergent duct, as shown in figure ).<. The minimum area that divides the convergent and divergent section
of the duct is called the throat. 0rom inference @ above, we se that the flow at the throat must be sonic with
&3%.
Fi3 1.; F*$( i a &$.e#3et>%i.e#3et %)&t
Conversely, for a gas to get compressed isentropically from supersonic to subsonic speeds, it must
again flow through a convergent5divergent duct, with a throat where the flow speed reduces to sonic level.
'7)
1=. De#i.e the e/0#essi$ +$# the #ati$s $+ sta3ati$ t$ stati& .a*)es $+ tem0e#at)#e@ 0#ess)#e a%
%esit" i a iset#$0i& +*$( $+ a i%ea* 3as i te#ms $+ Ma&h )m!e# M a% s0e&i+i& heat #ati$ .
$ gas is said to be thermally perfect when its internal energy and enthalpy are functions of
temperature alone. 0or thermally perfect gases, C
p
and C
v
are functions of temperature only.
The perfect gas is still more a specification than a thermal perfect gas. 0or a perfect gas, both C
p
and
C
v
are constants and independent of temperature. (uch a gas with constant C
#
and C
v
is called a calorically
perfect gas. Therefore, a perfect gas should be thermally as well as calorically perfect. The perfect gases are
also called ideal gases.
It is possible to e!press the ratios of stagnation to static values of temperature, pressure, and density
of an ideal gas in terms of the &ach number & and specific heats ratio .
The energy e+uation for an adiabatic process can be e!pressed as
2
0
c
7 7
2
+
0or perfect gases, h3 C
#
T and h
7
3C
p
T
7
, where the subscript 7 refers to the stagnation state. Therefore, we
have
2
0
P
2
0
P
c
T T
2C
or
T c
1
T 2C T
+
+
0or perfect gases, C
#
3>;45%) and a
'
3>T. With these relations, the above energy e+uation can be written as
2
2 0
T 1 c 1
1 1 M
T 2 *T 2

+ +

since, &
'
3-
'
;a
'
3-
'
;>T
8sing +.
'7@
( )
( )
' 1
2 0
' 1
2 0
P 1
1 M
P 2
and
1
1 M
2

_
+

,
_
+

,
,6. What a#e &#iti&a* 0#$0e#ties a% &#iti&a* #ati$s'
The properties of a fluid at a location where &3%4at throat) are called critical properties, denoted by the
superscript asterisk 4_). With &3%, +s. Hecome
( )
( )
0
' 1
0
' 1
0
T L 2
T 1
PL 2
P 1
PL 2
1

+
_

+
,
_

+
,
The above ratios in +uations are called critical ratios.
,1. He*i)m +*$(s stea%i*" th#$)3h a .a#"i3 &#$ss se&ti$a* a#ea %)&t@ sh$( i the +i3)#e !e*$(.
He*i)m ete#s the %)&t at 16 atm a% 196
$
C (ith a *$( .e*$&it"@ a% it e/0a%s i the %)&t t$ a
0#ess)#e $+ ,;6 IPa. T#eati3 the +*$( i the %)&t t$ !e iset#$0i&@ &a*&)*ate the &#iti&a* 0#ess)#e a%
tem0e#at)#e $+ he*i)m.
'7E
Fi3.
S$*)ti$K
0or helium, the specific heats ratio 3%.99< at room temperature. 8sing this value of , the ratios of critical
to stagnation temperature and pressure, respectively, from +uations. Hecome.
( )
0
' 1
1."" ' 0.""
0
T L 2 2
0.$
T 1 2.""
PL 2 2
0.0!
P 1 2.""

+
_
_

+
,
,
Miven that #
7
3%7atm, and T
7
3%97
o
C3%976'<).%E3@)).%E=, we have
TL 0.$ 033.1$ 320.!"%
and
PL50.0! 105 0.! at(

,,. Des&#i!e the iset#$0i& +*$( $+ a i%ea* 3as th#$)3h a &$.e#3et $OO*e.
:oOOles, in general, are passages to accelerate the flow of fluids. The flow condition in the noOOle,
for any given upstream pressure, is dedicated by the pressure applied at the noOOle discharge region, called
the back pressure. We will now discuss the effects of back pressure on the e!it velocity, the mass flow rate,
and the pressure distribution along the noOOle.
Consider a fluid a stagnation conditions #
7
and T
7
from a large reservoir e!panded through a
convergent noOOle, shown in fig. since the reservoir is large, the flow velocity at the noOOle inlet can be
taken as negligible. :ow let us begin to reduce the back pressure #
b
. when #
b
3#
%
3#
7
, there will be no flow
and the pressure distribution will be uniform along the noOOle. When #
b
is reduced to #
'
, the e!it pressure #
e
also comes down to #
'
, causing the pressure along the noOOle to decrease in the direction of flow, as shown
in fig. up to pressure level #
)
at the noOOle e!it, the flow in the noOOle continues to be subsonic.
'79
Fi3. P#ess)#e %ist#i!)ti$ a*$3 a &$.e#3i3 $OO*e
When #
e
is reduced to #
)
, which is the choking condition, the mass flow reaches a ma!imum value and the
flow is said to be choked, and the flow is said to be froOen. 0urther reduction in #
b
below #
)
does not
influence the noOOle flow field.
8nder steady5flow conditions, the mass flow rate in is constant and given by
( )
P
( A+ A M *T PAM
*T *T

_

,
&
In terms of T
7
and #
7
, this can be e!pressed, using +s. $s
( )
( ) ( )
0 0
1 ' 2 1
AMP ' *T
(
1
1
2

1 +
]
_
+

,
&
0or choked flows, &3% and $3$_, and if the fluid is air with 3%.@, +. simplifies to
'7<
0
(ax
0
0."!0 P A L
(
*T
&
Thus, for any given ideal gas,
(ax
(
&
through a noOOle is fi!ed by #
7
and T
7
. The flow rate through a
given noOOle can be controlled by changing #
7
and T
7
, and thus a convergent noOOle can be used as a flow
meter.
The effect of #
7
and T
7
on (
& through a convergent noOOle is plotted in fig.
Fi3. E++e&t $+ P
6
a% T
6
$ mass +*$( #ate th#$)3h a &$.e#3et $OO*e.
,1. Des&#i!e the Iset#$0i& +*$( $+ a i%ea* 3as th#$)3h a &$.e#3et Di.e#3et $OO*e.
To accelerate the flow through a noOOle, a favourable pressure gradient must be e!erted across the
noOOle. Therefore, in order to establish a flow through any duct, the pressure at the e!it must be lower than
the inlet pressure, i.e. #
e
;#
7
V %. (upersonic velocity can be reached only if #
e
;#
7
V7.E'?. 0or such pressure
ratios, the convergent portion of the noOOle accelerates the flow up to &3%, and the divergent portion further
accelerates the flow beyond &3%.
$ variety of flow fields can be generated in a convergent B divergent noOOle by independently governing #
b
.
Consider the flow through a convergent B divergent noOOle as shown in fig.
'7?
Fi3. F*$( i a &$.e#3et %i.e#3et $OO*e.
When #
e
3 #
7
, there will be no flow through the noOOle. 1et the e!it pressure be reduced to a value
4#
e%
) slightly below #
7
. This small favourable pressure gradient will cause a flow through the noOOle at low
subsonic speeds. The local &ach number will increase continuously through the convergent portion of the
noOOle, reaching a ma!imum at the throat. In other words, the static pressure will decrease continuously in
the convergent portion of the noOOle, reaching a minimum at the throat, as shown by the curve SaJ in the
figure. $ssume that #
e
is reduced further to #
e'
. Then the pressure gradient will become stronger, flow
acceleration will be faster, and variation of &ach number and static pressure through the duct will become
larger, as shown by the curve SbJ. (imilarly, if #
e
is reduced continuously, at some value of #
e
, the flow will
reach sonic velocity at the throat, as shown by the curve ScJ. 0or this case, $
t
3$_. :ow, the sonic flow at the
throat will e!pand further in the divergent portion of the noOOle as supersonic flow if #
e
;#
t
V%, and will
decelerate as a subsonic flow as shown by the curve ScJ, for #
e)
;#
t
L%.
0or the cases discussed above, the mass flow through the duct increases as #
e
decreases. This mass
flow can be calculated by evaluating +. at the throat, (
&
3
t
$
t
-
t
. When #
e
is e+ual to #
e)
, where sonic flow
'7D
is attained at the throat, (
&
3_$_a_. $lso, the &ach number at the throat is unity. Fence, the flow
properties at the throat, and indeed throughout the subsonic section of the duct, become TfroOenW when #
e
V#
e)
, i.e. the subsonic flow in the convergent potion of the noOOle remains unaffected and the mass flow
remains constant for #
e
V#
e)
. This condition for sonic flow at the throat is called choked flow. 0or any
further reduction in #
e
below #
e)
, after the flow becomes choked, the mass flow remains constant.
0rom the above discussion, it is clear that in the convergent portion of the duct, the flow remains
unchanged for back pressures below #
e)
. Hut in the divergent portion of the duct the flow e!pands as a
supersonic flow for #
e
V #
e)
. Fowever, #
e
should be ade+uately reduced to a specified low value, #
ec
, for an
isentropic e!pansion of flow in the divergent portion of the noOOle, resulting in a shock B free supersonic
flow, the variation of pressure for such an isentropic e!pansion is shown by the curve SdJ in fig.
0or values of e!it pressures between #
ec
and #
e)
, a normal shock wave e!ists inside the divergent
portion of the noOOle. The flow rear of the normal shock is subsonic, hence the static pressure increases to
#
e@
at the e!it. The normal shock moves downstream with reduction in #
e
below #
e@
and will stand precisely
at the e!it when #
e
3#
eE
, where #
eE
is the static pressure rear of the normal shock at the design &ach number
of the noOOle. When #
e
is further reduced such that #
e
c V #
b
V #
eE
, the flow inside the noOOle is fully
supersonic and isentropic. $ndy further reduction in back pressure below #
ec
, results in e+uilibration of the
flow across compression and e!pansion waves outside the duct. 0or #
ec
V #
b
, the flow is said to be over
e!panded, since the pressure at the e!it has e!panded below the back pressure. When #
ec
L #
b
, the flow is
said to be under e!panded, since the e!it pressure is higher than the back pressure.
,2. Des&#i!e the i%ea* ai#&#a+t Jet 0#$0)*si$ s"stem a% sh$( the &"&*e $ a T> S %ia3#am.
The gas turbine power plants employed in aircraft and missile propulsion systems operate as open
cycle with the process of heat reGection physically not taking place. In an open cycle plant, the products of
combustion, after e!pansion is discharged to the atmosphere and fresh atmospheric air is taken for
compression to complete the cycle. ven though, thermodynamically, the open and closed are identical,
there are a number of significant differences in the actual hardware.
$ simple gas turbine power plant widely used in propulsion system is shown in figure. The
arrangement of principle component in a Get propulsion system in shown in figure. The ideal cycle is shown
in figure. The following are the deviations of the gas turbine plant for propulsion from the conventional
closed cycle gas turbine plant.
'%7
Fi3)#eK -as t)#!ie 0*at +$# 0#$0)*si$ s"stems
Fi3)#eK Stati$ )m!e#i3 +$# B#a"t$ &"&*e.
In an aircraft propulsion system, the air enters the system at high velocity, which is the same as the
velocity of the vehicle in the still atmosphere. (ince the entering air is at a high velocity it must be diffused
before being allowed to pass to the compressor. In order to have a satisfactory performance for the turboGet
engine, the air entering the inlet face of its compressor should have a &ach number less than 7.@ with a
fairly uniform flow pattern, while undergoing only smallest possible decrease in stagnation pressure.
The flow passage that converts the kinetic energy of the entering air into a static pressure rise is the
intake diffuser of the propulsion system. If the inlet flow is subsonic, a subsonic diffuser is employed for
diffusion and if the flow is supersonic, then a supersonic diffuser is employed. The process of diffusion is
represented by i B 7% in figures. The compression process that follows diffusion is similar to the one that
occurs in the closed cycle plant. The process is represented y 7% 5 7' in the figures.
'%%
In a propulsion system, the heat addition is carried out by an internal combustion process within a
burner or combustion chamber. The combustion is assumed to take place at constant stagnation pressure
4process 7' B 7)) in an ideal cycle. (ince internal combustion is taking place, instead of air, the products of
combustion pass through the remainder of the system.
8nlike the gas turbine power plant, in the turbine of the propulsion system, the adiabatic e!pansion
of the products of combustion 4process 7) 57@) takes place only to cater the need of the compressor or
propeller and other accessories, that is, the gases are allowed to e!pand partially in the turbine. The
remaining part of the e!pansion is reserved for the e!pansion in the e!haust noOOle.
$fter passing through the turbine, combustion products enter the e!haust pipe of the propulsion
system. The e!haust pipe is also known as Get pipe or tail pipe. The Get pipe is a provided with a noOOle. In
conventional Get engines, the noOOle employed is of convergent type. $t altitudes, the noOOle operate in
choked condition. In advanced engines convergent B divergent type noOOle is used, where the e!haust Get is
supersonic. 0urther e!pansion of hot combustion products takes place in the noOOle 4process 7@ B e). The
increase in kinetic energy of the e!haust gases by converting its enthalpy aids in producing thrust by
reaction. .ue to high pressure ratio across the noOOle, the velocity at the e!it is very high and thus the thrust
generated by the e!haust gases is also very high.
0rom the above discussion, it can be inferred that, in a propulsion system, the compression and
e!pansion process takes place in two stages. The compression takes place in the diffuser and compressor
and the e!pansion occur in the turbine and e!haust noOOle. 0igure shows the ideal Get propulsion cycle.
Fi3)#eK I%ea* B#a"t$ &"&*e +$# 0#$0)*si$ s"stems.
,8. De#i.e e/0#essi$s +$# Th#)st@ Th#)st P$(e# a% $.e# a** e++i&ie&" $+ a i%ea* ai#&#a+t Jet
0#$0)*si$ s"stem.
'%'
The unbalanced force owing to the difference between the movements of the low B velocity air
entering the compressor and the high B velocity e!haust gases leaving the noOOle is called the Thrust. The
met Thrust 40) developed by the engine is given by"
034inC)
G
B 4in C)
f
3 in 4C
G
B C
f
) 4k:) where C
G
is the Get velocity 4or the velocity of e!haust gases at
noOOle e!it) and C
f
is the flight or air craft velocity. The in is taken as mass flow rate of air through the
engine, since the air B final ratio in Get engines is usually very high and thus fuel mass can be neglected.
The power that is developed from the Thrust of the engine is called Thrust #ower 40
#
) and is given
by
0
#
3 0C
f
4kw) XXX..
4some authors refer this as propulsive power)
The overall efficiency 4
7
) of the Get propulsion system is the ratio of Thrust power to the energy
input 2 in which is the thermal energy of the find released during the combustion process.
P
o
in
6
Q

4some authors refer this as propulsive efficiency)
,9. A t)#!$Jet ai#&#a+t +*"i3 (ith a .e*$&it" $+ ,96 mHs is at a a*tit)%e (he#e the atm$s0he#i&
0#ess)#e a% tem0e#at)#e a#e 88 IPa a% 1<
6
C@ #es0e&ti.e*". The &$m0#ess$# has a 0#ess)#e #ati$
$+ <@ a% the tem0e#at)#e $+ the 3ases at the t)#!ie i*et is 1666
6
C. Ai# ete#s at the #ate $+ 26 I3 Hs.
Usi3 the &$*% ai# sta%a#% ass)m0ti$s@ %ete#mie 4a7 the tem0e#at)#e a% 0#ess)#e $+ the 3ases
at the t)#!ie e/it@ 4!7 the .e*$&it" $+ the 3ases at the $OO*e e/it@ a% 4&7 the 0#$0)*si.e e++i&ie&" $+
the &"&*e.
S$*)ti$K
The T B s diagram of the cycle is shown below
'%)
8nder the cold B air B assumptions, all the processes are assumed to be internally reversible, and the
working fluid air is assumed to be an ideal gas with constant specific heats evaluated at room temperature,
that is, C
#
3 %.77@E kA;4kg =) and 3 %.@. The combustion process is replaced by a heat addition process
from an e!ternal source.
To begin with, let us find T and # at all the states. 1et us assume the aircraft to be stationary and the
air to be moving over the aircraft with velocity of '97 m;s. $lso, assume the velocity of the air leaving the
diffuser to be negligibly small.
#rocess % B ' is isentropic compression of an ideal gas in a diffuser. Therefore, by energy e+uation,
we have
2 2
2 1
12 12 2 1
C C
@ ? 7 7
2
+
where the subscripts % and ' refer to inlet and e!it states of the diffuser. $lso, +
%'
3 7, w
%'
3 7, and -
'
7.
Thus, we have
( )
2
1
P 2 1
C
0 C T T
2

or
2 2
1
2 1
P
C 2"0
T T 2$$.1$ 2!!.!%
2C 2 1000.$
+ +
and
( )
( )
1
1.0 ' 1.0
2
2 1
1
T 2!!.!
P P $$ !0.!$kPa
T 2$$.1$

_
_

,
,
#rocess ' B ) is isentropic compression of an ideal gas in a compressor, therefore,
#
)
3 r
#
#
'
3 ? ?@.?E 3 9<<?.? k#a
'%@
$lso, #
@
3 #
)
, thus, we get
( ) 1 '
0.0 ' 1.0 3
3 2
2
P
T T 2!!.!! $23.1$%
P

_

,
#rocess @ B E is isentropic e!pansion of an ideal gas in a turbine.
4a) :eglecting the changes in kinetic energy across the compressor and turbine and assuming the turbine
work to be e+ual to the compressor work, we can find T and # at the turbine e!it as follows"
w
comp, in
3 w
turb, out
or
h
)
B h
'
3 h
@
B h
E
or
C
#
4T
)
B T
'
) 3 C
#
4T
@
B T
E
)
Or
T
E
3 T
@
B T
)
6 T
'
3 %'<).%E B E').%E 6 '??.?
103!.!%
( ) ' 1
1.0 ' 0.0
$
$ 0
0
T 103!.!
P P "!.! 333.0"kPa
T 123.1$

_
_

,
,
4b) #rocess E B 9 is isentropic e!pansion of an ideal gas in a noOOle. Thus,
( ) 1 '
0.0 ' 1.0
"
" $
$
P $$
T T 103!.! "20."3%
P 333.0"

_
_

,
,
:ote that the noOOle e!it pressure #
9
is a assumed to be the ambient atmospheric pressure. This
implies correct e!pansion of flow at the noOOle e!it, which is always true for subsonic flows. When the flow
at the noOOle e!it is transonic 4i.e. the flow velocity is e+ual to the speed of sound) or supersonic 4i.e. the
flow velocity is greater than the speed of sound), the e!it pressure can be less than or e+ual to or greater than
the ambient pressure depending on whether the flow through the noOOle is over e!panded or correctly
e!panded or under e!panded, respectively.
:ow, by energy e+uation, we have
2 2
" $
$" $" " $
C C
@ ? 7 7
2
+
Hut +
E9
3 7, w
E9
3 7, and -
E
7. Thus, we get
( )
2
"
P " $
C
0 C T T
2
+
or
'%E
-
9
3 ( )
P $ "
2C T T
3 ( ) 2 1000.$ 103!.! "20."3
3 11".$ ('2
The speed of sound is
a *T 1.0 2! 2$$.1$ 320.11 ('2
Thus, the noOOle e!it velocity is more than a and hence, the flow is supersonic at the noOOle e!it.
4c) The propulsive power developed by the engine is
( )
( )
.
p j f f
6 ( C C C
5 00 11".$:2"0 2"0
5 "!82!832! &'25 "8!2!.32! k&'2

:ow,
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
. .
in 0 3 P 0 3
Q ( 7 7 (C T T
5 00 1000.$ 123.1$ $23.1$
5 30813$8000 &'2530813$k&'2

Therefore, The propulsive efficiency is
P
P
in
6 "!2!.32!
0.22"" 22."" per cent
Q 3013$.00

,;. A t)#!$Jet e3ie $0e#ates !et(ee the 0#ess)#e *imits $+ 18 IPa a% 186 IPa. The i*et ai#
tem0e#at)#e is 26
6
C a% the )00e# tem0e#at)#e *imit is 11;6 G. Ca*&)*ate the s0e&i+i& m$met)m
th#)st $+ the e3ie ass)mi3 iset#$0i& &$m0#essi$ a% e/0asi$ a% a i*et .e*$&it" $+ 166 mHs.
A*s$@ %ete#mie the heat i0)t a% the 0$(e# %e*i.e#e% 0e# )it mass. TaIe the 3as t$ !e eB)i.a*et
t$ ai# a% the .e*$&it" at the $OO*e i*et t$ !e e3*i3i!*e. 4AU A ,66=7
S$*)ti$K
The schematic of the engine and the T B ( diagram are as shown in the figure below.
0or the compression process, we have
'%9
( ) 1 '
2
2 1
1
0.2!"
P
T T
P
3$0
5233 0$0 %
3$

_

,
_

,
(ince the compressor and turbine work are e+ual, we have
h
'
B h
%
3 h
)
B h
@
i.e.
T
'
B T
%
3 T
)
B T
@
Or
T
@
3 T
)
B T
'
6 T
%
3 %)<7 B @E7 6 '))
3 %%E) =
0or the isentropic e!pansion,
0.2!"
$
$ 3
3
0.2!"
P
T T
P
3$
5130 0 %
3$0
_

,
_

,
0or the noOOle flow,
2 2
$ 0
0 $
C C
7 7
2 2
+ +
Miven C
@
3 7, Thus,
'%<
( ) ( )
( )
$ 0 $ P 0 $
+ 2 7 7 2C T T
5 2 100$ 11$3:01 100.(' 2

The momentum thrust is given by
( )
.
1 $
T7 ( C C
The specific thrust becomes
( ) T7 100 100. !00.<
The negative sign indicates that the thrust is in the direction opposite to the inlet flow. The heat addition per
unit mass is
( ) ( )
( )
7 3 2 p 3 2
@ 7 7 C T T
5 100$ 11$3:0$0
5 0".$2kW

The power delivered by the engine is
#ower 3 4Th)-
%
3 ?@@.< %77 3 ?@@<7W 3 ?@.@< kw
B.E.HB.Te&h. DE-REE EUAMINATION@ APRILHMAY ,66<
Thi#% Semeste#
Ae#$a)ti&a* E3iee#i3
AE 1,61 AERO EN-INEERIN- THERMODYNAMICS
4Re3)*ati$ ,6627
PART A
%. (tate the =elvin5#lank statement of the second law of thermodynamics.
'. $ carnot heat engine operates between the temperatures of )77 = and D77 =. If the heat received
from the higher temperature source is %777 kA, calculate the work output.
). Compare Otto and .iesel cycles on the basis of compression ratio and ma!imum temperature in the
cycle.
@. What is the physical significance of mean effective pressureC
E. .efine compression ratio used in Otto cycle analysis and pressure ratio used in Hrayton cycle
analysis.
'%?
9. Write the area5velocity relation for an isentrophic flow in a variable area duct. What is the effect of
&ach number on area5velocity relationC
<. .istinguish between simple vapour compression and vapour absorption refrigeration systems.
?. What is the differences between Feat pump and >efrigeratorC
D. Why is clearance provided in a reciprocating compressorC
%7. !plain the difference in the operation of valves of an I.C. engine and a reciprocating compressor.
PART B
%%. 4a) $ir is compressed in a reversible process in a cylinder from %77 k#a,
'77 = to E77 k#a, according to #-
%.)
3 Constant. Calculate the work done and heat transfer
per kilogram. $lso calculate the change in the entropy. $ssume air to be an ideal gas C
pair
3
%.77EkA;kgk 3%.@.
Or
4b) Two reversible heat engines $ and H are arranged in series, $ reGecting heat directly to H.
ngine $ receives '77 kA at a temperature of '%
o
C from a hot source, while engine H is in
communication with a cold sink at a temperature of @.@
o
C. If the work output of $ is twice
that of H find the efficiency of each engine.
%'. 4a) (how the Otto cycle on #5- and T5( diagrams. .erive e!pressions for
the efficiency and mean effective pressure and plot their variator with compression ratio.
Or
4b) In an air standard .iesel cycle, the compression ratio is %9, and it the
beginning of isentropic compression, the temperature is '?? = and the pressure is 7.% m#a.
The ma!imum temperature in the cycle is %.E) =. Calculate
4i) The pressure and temperature at all the four important points in the cycle
4ii) The m.e.p. and
4iii) The cycle efficiency.
%). 4a) (team at '7 bar, 9)) = is e!panded in a steam turbine to 7.7? bar. It
then enters a condenser, where it is condensed to saturated li+uid water. The pump feeds the
water into the boiler. $ssuming ideal processes, find per kg of steam, the network and cycle
efficiency.
Or
4b) $ simple turboGet is being tested under laboratory conditions at static position. #ressure ratio
across the compressor is E.%, ma!imum temperature in the cycle is %'77 =. $ssume a
'%D
convergent noOOle is employed. Calculate the total thrust and s.f.c $mbient conditions are %
bar and )77 =. $ir fuel ratio E7"%, C.-. of fuel @7 mA;kg.
%@. 4a) With the help of a block diagram, e!plain the working of the simple
vapour compression refrigeration system. (how the cycle on T5( and p5h diagrams. .erive
e!pression for C.O.#. in terms of the enthalpy.
Or
4c) Write notes on properties of >efrigerants.
%E. 4a) With the help of neat sketch e!plain he construction and working of a reciprocating air
compressor. .erive an e!pression for the work of compression in terms of pressure ratio and
clearance ratio.
Or
4b) .erive an e!pression for the optimum intermediate pressure of two stage reciprocating
compressor with perfect intercooling.
WWWWW
B.E.HB.Te&h. DE-REE EUAMINATION@ NO:ERMBERHDECEMBER ,66<
Thi#% Semeste#
Ae#$a)ti&a* E3iee#i3
4Re3)*ati$ ,6627
PART A
%. .ifferentiate between intensive and e!tensive properties giving e!amples.
'. What is meant by +uasi5static processC
). Hriefly e!plain the term mean effective pressure.
@. What are the assumptions in air standard cyclesC
E. What is meant by triple point of steamC
9. .efine specific impulse and e!plain its importance.
<. Fow the cooling capacity of a refrigeration system is definedC
?. What are the important parameters to be considered in the selection of a refrigerantC
D. What is the advantage of multistage compression with intercoolingC
''7
%7. >epresent the presses in an idealiOed reciprocating compressor by #5- diagram.
PART B
%%. 4a) 4i) Feat and work are the energy in transit and ine!act differentials.
!plain.
4ii) $ reversible heat engine in a satellite operates between a hot reservoir at T
%
and a radiating
panel at T
'
. >adiation from the panel is proportional to its area and to the fourth power of T
'
.
0or a given work output and value of T
%
show that the area of the panel will be minimum
when
2
1
T
0.$.
T

Or
4b) 4i) (tate =elvin5#lanck and Clausius statements of second5law of
Thermodynamcis.
4ii) (how that both the above statements are e+uivalent in all respects.
4iii) $ heat engine operates between a source at 977
o
C and a sink at '7
o
C. .etermine the
minimum rate of heat reGected if the work output is ' kW. stimate the same if the engine
operates at @7I of ideal efficiency.
%'. 4a) $n ideal diesel cycle using air as the working fluid has a compression
ratio of %9 and a cut off ratio of '. The intake conditions are %77 k#a, '7
o
C and '777 cm
)
.
.etermine"
4i) The net work output
4ii) Thermal efficiency of cycle
4iii) The mean effective pressure.
Or
4b) 4i) >epresent the processes of Hrayton cycle by #5- and T5( diagram.
4ii) .erive an e!pression for thermal efficiency of Hrayton cycle as a function of pressure
ratio.
4iii) $ gas turbine plant operates on the Hrayton cycle between T
min
3)77= and T
ma!
3
%7<)=. 0ind the ma!imum work done per kg of air and the corresponding cycle
efficiency. Compare the efficiency with carnot efficiency operating between the same
two temperatures.
%). 4a) Consider a steam power plant operating on the ideal regenerative
>ankine cycle with one open feed water heater. (team enters the turbine at ) &#a and @77
o
C
and is condensed in the condenser at a pressure of %7 k#a. (ome +uantity of steam leaves the
turbine at a pressure of 7.9 &#a and enters the open feed water heater. Computer the fraction
of the steam e!tracted from the turbine and the thermal efficiency of the cycle.
Or
4b) 4i) .erive the area5velocity relation and show that a convergent divergent
''%
noOOle is needed for supersonic flow.
4ii) $ turboGet engine operates between the pressure limits of )E k#a and )E7 k#a. The inlet air
temperature is 5@7
o
C and the upper temperature limit is %)<7 =. Calcualte the momentum
thrust of the engine per unit mass flow rate assuming isentropic compression and e!pansion
and inlet velocity to be %77 m;s. The noOOle inlet velocity may be taken to be Oero.
%@. 4a) With a neat sketch e!plain the function of an ideal vapour5compression
>efrigeration cycle. >epresent the process by T5( and #5h diagrams and derive the
e!pression for CO#.
Or
4b) In an aircraft cooling system, air enters the compressor at 7.% &#a, @
o
C and is compressed to
7.) &#a with an isentropic efficiency of <'I. $fter being cooled to EE
o
C at constant
pressure in a heat e!changer the air then e!pands in a turbine to 7.% &#a with an isentropic
efficiency of <?I. The low temperature air absorbs a cooling load of ) tonnes of
refrigeration at constant pressure before reentering the compressor which is driven by the
turbine. $ssuming air to be ideal gas determine the CO# of refrigerator. >epresent the
system schematically and by T5( diagram. $lso estimate the driving power re+uired and the
air mass flow rate.

%E. 4a) .iscuss in detail various types of $ir Compressors with suitable
diagrams.
Or
4b) $ two stage air compressor with inter cooling takes in air at % bar and '<
o
C. The compressor
process is polytropic of inde! %.). The compressed air is delivered at D bar. Calculate per kg
of air, the ma!imum work done and heat reGected to the intercooler.
WWWWWWWWWWWW
B.E. H B.Te&h. DE-REE EUAMINATION@ MAYH LUNE ,66=
Thi#% Semeste#
AERONAUTICAL EN-INEERIN-
4Re3)*ati$ ,6627
PART > A
%. .efine Intensive property giving two e!amples.
'. Write the =elvin B #lanck statement of second law of thermodynamics and briefly e!plain.
'''
). >epresent Otto cycle in T B ( diagram and briefly e!plain the processes involved.
@. .efine &ean ffective pressure and briefly e!plain.
E. What is meant by critical point of steamC
9. .efine specific impulse and e!plain its significance.
<. .efine the cooling capacity of a refrigerator.
?. What are the widely used refrigerantsC Hriefly e!plain why they are used.
D. !plain the advantage of inter cooling in compressors.
%7. What is the need to provide clearance in reciprocating compressorsC
PART B
%%. 4a) $ir is compressed from % bar at %E deg C to 9 bar at %%7 deg C, in a steady B flow device.
4i) .etermine the entropy change for the air.
4ii) If there is heat transfer between the air and the environment at %E deg C, and the
actual shaft work input is '77 kA;kg, determine the entropy change for the overall
process.
Or
4b) 4i) #rove the e+uivalence of =elvin B #lanck and Clausius statements of the second law
of thermodynamics.
4ii) $ heat engine operates between a source at 977 deg C and sink at '7 deg C.
.etermine the least rate of heat reGection per kW net output of the engine.
%'. 4a) $n ideal air B standard Hrayton cycle operates with air. $t the compressor inlet, the air is at
)77 = and at the turbine inlet the gas is at %%77 =. The pressure ratio of the cycle is 9.
$ccounting for the variation of specific heats with temperature, determine 4i) the gas
temperature at the compressor and turbine e!its and 4ii) the thermal efficiency of the cycle.
Or
4b) 4i) !plain the operating principle of two and four stroke engines with neat sketches and
highlight the basic differences between the two.
4ii) .erive an e!pression for the thermal efficiency of .iesel cycle and discuss its
implications.
%). 4a) 4i) .erive the relation ( )
2
dA d+
M 1
A +
for one dimensional Isentropic flow.
4ii) #lot the # B T diagram of steam and e!plain its salient features.
4iii) With a neat sketch e!plain the principle of operation of >amGets.
Or
'')
4b) 4i) What is meant by superheated steamC
4ii) .escribe a simple ideal >ankine cycle with a schematic diagram. !plain the
processes involved by T B ( diagram.
4iii) $ (team power plant operates between a boiler pressure of @ &#a and )77 deg C and
a condenser pressure of E7 k#a. .etermine the thermal efficiency of the cycle
assuming the cycle to be a simple ideal >ankine cycle.
%@. 4a) $ >efrigerator working on an ideal vapour B compression refrigeration cycle uses refrigerant
B %' as the working fluid. The minimum and the ma!imum pressures of the cycle are 7.%E
&#a and 7.D &#a, respectively. If the mass flow rate of the refrigerant is 7.7@E kg;s,
determine 4i) the rate of heat removal from the refrigerated space and the power input to the
compressor 4ii) the rate of heat reGection to the environment and the 4iii) CO# of the
refrigerator.
Or
4b) 4i) What are the desirable properties of refrigerantsC
4ii) .escribe a Feat pump cycle with a reversing valve with a neat sketch.
4iii) $n absorption refrigeration system receives heat from a source at %)7 deg C, and
maintains the refrigerated space at B %? deg C. If the environment temperature is )7
deg C, determine the ma!imum possible CO# for this system.
%E. 4a) $ir is compressed adiabatically from %7% k#a and '7 deg C to <E7 k#a in a compressor. If
the mass flow rate is steady at 7.%? kg;s and the adiabatic efficiency of the compressor is
?EI, determine the re+uired power input to the compressor and the e!it temperature of the
air. Treat air to be an ideal gas.
Or
4b) 4i) .escribe in detail the functioning of various types of compressors with neat sketches.
4ii) $ir is compressed adiabatically in a piston B cylinder device from %E deg C and %7%
k#a to )77 deg C in a reversible manner. .etermine the compression ration of the
device.
__________________
''@

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UNIT I

BASIC CONCEPTS & FIRST AND SECOND LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS

42. W#ite the e/0#essi$ +$# COP $+ a heat 0)m0 a% a #e+#i3e#at$#.

COP +$# #e+#i3e#at$#

43. Wh" Ca#$t &"&*e &a$t !e #ea*iOe% i 0#a&ti&e'

49. Is the se&$% *a( i%e0e%et $+ +i#st *a(' E/0*ai.

55. What is meat !" 0#i&i0*e $+ i&#ease $+ et#$0"'

:EL TECH D#. RR & D#. SR TECHNICAL UNI:ERSITY

Then, 23%.E% ! 7.<% !4?795@7))

The final volume -

4iii) change in internal energy"

4ii7 Heat t#as+e#4M7K

Change in internal energy

> 3 7.'<)kA ; kg=

$lternately, from first law of thermodynamics, 2 3 W 6 8

The value of inde! SnJ is given by

0or isothermal process

Feat absorbed, 23W

4R:e si3 i%i&ates that the ($#I is $e !" the s"stem.7

(ince the process @5% is isothermal

,8. 1 G3 $+ ai# is &$m0#esse% a&&$#%i3 t$ the *a( 0. :

4b) $t @7I of ideal efficiency,

,2. Oe I3 $+ steam at 16 !a# has a etha*0" $+ ,866ILHI3. Fi% its B)a*it".

3 ! %@@ ! '7 3 ''9' Cm

0or wet steam temperature will be the saturation temperature.

The steam is super heated to '7%

Corresponding to p3D bar and T 3'@7

$ctual plant efficiency,

1;. C$m0a#e #e&i0#$&ati3 a% #$ta#" ai# &$m0#ess$#s.

Pfrom e+uation 4%))Q

8. De( 0$it tem0e#at)#e 4t

:EL TECH D#. RR & D#. SR TECHNICAL UNI:ERSITY

Mas constant >37.'?< =A;kgk

4 &7 A#ea $+ &#$ss se&ti$ $+ the %i++)se# i*et

4%7 F$# e3*i3i!*e .e*$&it" at the %i++)se# e/it 0

Thrust developed 3 '74ED%.?@)?D B '''.'''')

a5% isentroic .iffusion

0rom the figure

.ifferentiating and rearranging, we get

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43. Wh" Ca#$t &"&e &a$t !e #eaiOe% i 0#a&ti&e'

49. Is the se&$% a( i%e0e%et $+ +i#st a(' E/0*ai.

,2. Oe I3 $+ steam at 16 !a# has a etha0" $+ ,866ILHI3. Fi% its B)ait".

4%7 F$# e3i3i!e .e*$&it" at the %i++)se# e/it 0