2010 2nd IEEE International Symposium on Power Electronics for Distributed Generation Systems

A Study on Dynamic Power Flow Caused by the Grid-Connected PV Systems

Yan Li, Panpan Jing, Yulei Luo, Buhan Zhang, Chengxiong Mao, Xinbo Ruan
College of Electrical and Electronic EngineeringHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhan 430074 Hubei ProvinceChina Email: liyanhust@mail.hust.edu.cn AbstractThe grid connected PV systems represent the future growing market segment today; their influence on the utility is emphasized in this paper. A power balanced model of a grid-connected PV system is developed on PSASP, this model focuses on the injection power of the PV system, the dynamic relationship between the injection power and the solar radiation is mathematically described, the dynamic power flow of the PV system caused by the typical days in different weather mode is simulated, the fluctuations of the utility voltage caused by the change of the injection power are analyzed, load characteristics influenced by the PV Systems are explored in detail. Index Termsdynamic power flow, the Grid-connected PV System, voltage fluctuations, load characteristics.

I. INTRODUCTION Photovoltaic PV systems have many advantages, such as high efficiency, zero or low emission (of pollutant gases), and flexible modular structure. The annual grow rate of PV utilization in the world was 20% in 1994 , increased to 40% in 2000. Total 1330MW of PV capacity was installed worldwide in 2002[1]. The majority of 2002 growth was in Japan (29%), Germany (30%), &USA (21%). PV industry in US is projected to provide up to 15% (3 GW) by 2020, cumulated of 15 GW in US and 70 GW worldwide is anticipated [1] .In China A Bright Program in China will be started to install solar power stations in the border area, desert, grass lands, etc. to meet the 23 million population requirements for electricity in northern west China with 100W per capita by 2010[2]. Grid-Connected PV represents the future growing market segment today (about 40% of the current PV sales and grows at a rate yearly 25%-30%)[3]. Interconnecting a PV system with utility is the current design trend[4]-[6], the Grid-Connected PV plants make good economic sense to maximize the amount of power generated by PV arrays, they have become one of the important applications of solar energy. Since the penetration of the grid-connected photovoltaic (PV) systems in the distribution network is
The authors would like to acknowledge that this research project is supported by the Key Project of National Natural Science Foundation of China (50837003) and the National Basic Research Program of China (2009CB219702).

increasing, the need to model the contribution of the PV systems to the utility is becoming an important issue [7][10]. The overall configuration of the grid-connected PV distributed generator (DG) system was presented in [11], as well as the controller design methodologies for the control of power flow from the PV power plant to the utility grid. A l kWp (peak kilowatt) grid-connected PV interface was presented in [12]. The main functions of that interface are shunt active filtering and VAR compensation for nonlinear load. The controller algorithms are based on maximum power point tracking (MPPT). The indirect current control technique is used, and the validity of the control strategy under environmental and load changes and compliance with power quality requirement of IEEE 519-1992 are discussed in detail. Detailed analysis, simulation and hardware results of the grid-connected inverter with MPPT and power factor control in Malaysian climate were presented in [13]. A six-switch inverter with symmetrical pulse width modulation (PWM) technique is used. A low pass filter is incorporated in the circuit to filter out unwanted harmonics and produce a sinusoidal ac current. Low total harmonic current distortion at the inverter output can be achieved. Most of the above studies emphasize the design and control of the PV system itself, and the aim is to acquire the good behavior of this DG. This paper emphasizes the PV systems influence on the utility. A power balanced model of the grid-connected PV system is developed based on the Power System Analysis Software Package (PSASP), and this model focuses on the injection power of the PV system, and explores dynamic relationship between the injection power and the solar radiation. PSASP can be used for power flow calculation, short-circuit calculations, optimal power flow analysis, harmonics analysis, power system transient stability analysis and so on, and it has good compatibility through user-defined module (UD) or user programming language(UPI). This paper studies the dynamic grid-connected PV System through UD on PSASP, including calculation of the typical distributed power system, simulation of the dynamic power flow of the PV system caused by the typical days in different weather mode, as well as the fluctuations of the utility voltage caused by the change of the injection power, and

978-1-4244-5670-3/10/$26.00 2010 IEEE

76

I pv
Cpv
DC / AC

Lac Rac
iac

Ls Rs
1: N

Cac

vac

vs
(a)

k cos(t + )iac

Fig.1 Equivalent circuit of the grid connected PV system

analysis of the load characteristics influenced by the PV Systems. The study of the grid-connected PV Systems on PSASP will provide the basis for the PV systems practical application in China. II. GRID-CONNECTED PV SYSTEMS MODELING AND ANALYSIS A. Dynamic Model for Grid-Connected PV systems The overall circuit of the proposed three-phase gridconnected inverter system consists of a solar array, dc-dc boost converter acting as MPPT, power conditioning unit, a low pass LC filter, and a step up transformer. The equivalent circuit of this chain, where power is exchanged, is shown in Fig. 1, where Ipv is the net delivered (PV) array output current of dc loop, Cpv is the DC link capacitor, Lac is the filter inductor at ac side of the inverter, Rac is the equivalent resistor of the filter, Cac is the filter capacitor, vac is the ac voltage at the output terminals of the inverter, N is the turns ratios of the ac transformer, and Ls and Rs are the equivalent inductor and resistor, respectively. In Fig.1 the two loops (dc and ac) are coupled through an assumed perfect inverter. Assuming that the power factor of the inverter stage is unity and the energy stored in the conditioning elements (filter and inverter) is negligible, it is obtained that the instantaneous input power is equal to the instantaneous power output. This leads to the equivalent circuits shown in Fig. 2. Suppose that the output current from the inverter only contains fundamental frequency, i.e., iac = I ac cos( t + ) , and power balance is considered, then kI cos ( ) (1) I pv = ac 2 where k is the modulation index of the inverter, and is the phase-modulated. From Fig. 2, we have di Lac ac + iac Rac + v ac = kV pv cos(t + ) (2) dt dv Cac ac + Nis = iac (3) dt di Ls s + is Rs + 2Vs cos(t + ) = Nvac . (4) dt (4) Only considering the fundamental components, the phasor model can be built based on the steady state response, i.e.,

k cos(t + )V pv
(b)

Rs

Nvac

Vs cos(t + )

(c) Fig. 2. Decomposed equivalent circuits. (a) PV Array to the output of the inverter. (b) Output of the inverter to ac transformer. (c) AC transformer to the utility

jCac V ac + NI s = I ac

(6)

( j Ls + Rs ) I s + Vs = N V ac .

(7)

Then the injection current of the PV system Is can be expressed as

TM 2 + TM 22 4TM 1 TM 3 (8) . 2TM 1 where TM 1 = aA + Cb , TM 2 = aB + nA + Cd + bD , TM 3 = nB + dD 2V pv I pv , and Is =
N Vs 2Cac LacVs , B = CacVs sin Rac + N 2 C ac Ls Lac C ac Rs Rac + Ls , C = ( + NLac + ) N N C ac RacVs cos + Vs sin D= 2 C ac LacVs sin , N C ac Rs , 2 C ac Ls C acV s sin , b= a= +N , n= N N N C acV s cos . d = N A = (

2 C ac Ls
N

+ N ) Rac

2 C ac Ls Rs Rs ,

is the phase difference between the voltage and the injection current. If the power factor is unity, =0. Then we have 2 2 2 2 Cac Rs2 Rac + 4 Cac Ls Rac TM 1 = 2 2Cac Ls Rac + N 2 Rac + Rs 2
TM 2 =
N 2 C Rac RsVs
2 2 ac

+ Vs , TM 3 =

2 2Cac RacVs 2

N2

2Vpv I pv .

( j Lac + Rac ) I ac + V ac = kVpv

(5)

The proposed model has been verified in [14], and the measurement data are well in agreement with the simulation results from a real PV system. This dynamic model is studied by UD on PSASP, a new circuit element module is realized in order to study the contribution of

77

100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0%
7: 15 8: 00 8: 45 9: 30 10 :1 5 11 :0 0 11 :4 5 12 :3 0 13 :1 5 14 :0 0 14 :4 5 15 :3 0 16 :1 5 17 :0 0 17 :4 5 18 :3 0

A1 A3 D18

A2
G

220kV

A4 D19 B1 B2

110kV
C1 D1
PV

C2 D2

C3 D3

C4

C5

C6 C7 D6 D7

C8

C9

C10

C11

C12

C13

time

10kV

PV

5 D 4D PV

PV

PV

D8 D 9

11 D10 PV D

PV

D12

D13
G

Fig.3 The fluctuation of the solar radiation in a sunny day

8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
the AC power injected into grid the DC power from PV array

Fig.5 Distribution network with PV systems

1.01 Voltage (p.u.) 1 0.99 0.98 0.97 0.96
7: 15 8: 15 9: 15 10 :1 11 5 :1 12 5 :1 13 5 :1 14 5 :1 15 5 :1 16 5 :1 5 17 :1 18 5 :1 5
A4 B2 C10 D10

the Output Power(MW)

7: 15 8: 00 8: 45 9: 3 10 0 :1 11 5 :0 11 0 :4 12 5 :3 13 0 :1 14 5 :0 14 0 :4 15 5 :3 16 0 :1 17 5 :0 17 0 :4 18 5 :3 0
Time

Time

Fig.4 PV system injection power

the PV systems to the utility. The next section is the simulation results by PSASP. B. Dynamic Power Flow of the PV system Eq. (8) shows the dynamic relationship between the terminal real power and the net delivered (PV) array output current of dc loop. The solar radiation curve in a sunny day is given in Fig. 3 [15]. The output current of the grid-connected PV System has been captured for a period in a day from 7: 15am to 19:30pm. It can be seen from Fig. 3 that the peak values occur from 13:00pm to 16:30pm. The output dc current of the PV array showed in Fig. 3 is set as the input of the dynamic model on PSASP. And the power from the dc part and the injection power of the PV system can be drawn, as shown in Fig. 4, where the upper curve represents the dc power from PV array, and the lower one represents the injection ac power from the PV system. The dc power is a little higher than ac injection power because of the power losses in PV system. It can be seen from Fig. 4 that the injection power of PV system tracks of the sunshines radiation shown in Fig. 3 accurately, which verifies the validity of the UD module for the PV system on PSASP. III. VOLTAGE FLUCTUATIONS IN THE DISTRIBUTION NETWORK WITH THE PV SYSTEMS A simulation example system is shown in Fig.5, this distribution power system is typical in China, its voltage level includes 220kV110kV10kV respectively. The example system has 4 buses with 220kV (A1, A2, A3, A4). The power is distributed by 2 three-winding transformers (220kV/110kV/10kV), B1 and B2 are buses with 110kV voltage level, D4 and D13 are local generators at 10kV. The peak load of the system is 220MW. Seven PV systems are interconnected to 10kV buses at D2D3D5D6D8D10D11(shown in Fig.5), the arrows represent loads.

Fig.6 Voltage fluctuations of different nodes in the distribution network

A. Voltage Fluctuations Influenced by the Location of the PV system The solar radiation in a sunny day is changing as curve shown in Fig.3. The total apparent power of PV systems is 44MVA. Seven PV system at D2D3D5D6D8 D10 D11 adopt the dynamic PV system module realized by UD on PSASP, use power analysis function of this software package, the dynamic power flow in this system can be achieved. Fig. 6 shows the voltage fluctuations of bus A4 (220 kV), B2 (110 kV), C10 (110 kV, primary side of 110 kV/10 kV transformer), D10 (10 kV, secondary side of 110 kV/10 kV transformer, which is also the injection point of the PV system). As seen, the voltage of D10 is greatly influenced because PV is interconnected at this bus, the voltage of A4 is less influenced because it is further in electrical distance than B2 & C10 away from the PV system. The simulation results illustrate that the distribution network with PV will be influenced by the variable solar radiation; the worst case maybe the voltage level exceeding the reasonable range.

B. Voltage Fluctuations Influenced by Injection Power of the PV System The voltage fluctuations will be influenced by the injection power of PV systems. If the PV power supply is very small, it has less influence on the distribution system, and the voltage level will be well maintained by the power system. But when the penetration increases, the influence will become significant. The injection power of PV system is assumed as different value, the different weather mode is also considered in this simulation. When solar radiation changes in different weather conditions as shown in Fig.8 The total real power of the PV system is set as 11 MW22 MW33

78

7: 15 8: 00 8: 45 9: 30 10 :1 5 11 :0 0 11 :4 5 12 :3 0 13 :1 5 14 :0 0 14 :4 5 15 :3 0 16 :1 5 17 :0 0 17 :4 5 18 :3 0

Time

percentage%

0.966 0.965 0.964 0.963 0.962 0.961 0.96 0.959 0.958

residential load

Voltage(p.u.)

44MW 33MW 22MW 11MW

commercial load

100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0

industrial load the integrated load characteristic

Fig.7 The voltage fluctuations of D3 with different injection power

100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0%
cloudy overcast partly cloudy

THE VOLTAGE FLUCTUATION OF D3 IN DIFFERENT WEATHER

Weather

Sunny

7: 15 8: 00 8: 45 9: 30 10 :1 5 11 :0 0 11 :4 5 12 :3 0 13 :1 5 14 :0 0 14 :4 5 15 :3 0 16 :1 5 17 :0 0 17 :4 5 18 :3 0

Time

Fig.8 The solar radiation in different weather mode

0.966 0.965 Voltage(p.u.) 0.964 0.963 0.962 0.961 0.96 0.959 0.958 10:15 10:45 11:15 11:45 12:15 12:45 13:15 13:45 14:15 14:45 15:15 15:45 16:15 16:45 17:15 17:45 18:15 18:45 7:15 7:45 8:15 8:45 9:15 9:45 44MW 33MW 22MW 11MW

Partly Cloudy

Cloudy

Time

Overcast
44MW 33MW 22MW 11MW

a
0.966 0.965 Voltage(p.u.) 0.964 0.963 0.962 0.961 0.96 0.959 0.958 7:15 7:45 8:15 8:45 9:15 9:45 10:15 10:45 11:15 11:45 12:15 12:45 13:15 13:45 14:15 14:45 15:15 15:45 16:15 16:45 17:15 17:45 18:15 18:45

Obviously, the lower the injection power, the smaller change of the node voltage, whatever the weather condition will be. The conclusion is also verified by data in Tab.1. C. Load Characteristics Influenced by the PV Systems When the PV system connected into the distribution power system, the injection power is influenced by the weather, the load characteristic is combined with the variable injection power of the PV system. This section adopts the load data analysis of east China power grid [16], where three types of load are considered, and the ratios of the commercial load, residential load, and industrial load are 10.9%, 18.9% and 71.2%, respectively. The characteristics of the loads are shown in Fig. 10. In this system, the industrial loads are located at bus D1, D2, D4, D5, D6, D7, D9, D11, D12 and D13, the commercial loads are located at D3, and the residential loads are located at D8 and D10. Fig. 11 shows the fluctuation of voltage at D3 from 7:30am to 19:30pm when the solar radiation in a sunny day changes as shown in Fig. 3. It can be seen that the PV can support the stability of the voltage of the distribution network when the load changing. Fig. 12 shows the voltage of D3 at different weather as shown in Fig. 8.

Time

(b)
0.963 0.9625 0.962 0.9615 0.961 0.9605 0.96 0.9595 0.959 0.9585 0.958 7:15 7:45 8:15 8:45 9:15 9:45 10:15 10:45 11:15 11:45 12:15 12:45 13:15 13:45 14:15 14:45 15:15 15:45 16:15 16:45 17:15 17:45 18:15 18:45 44MW 33MW 22MW 11MW

Voltage(p.u.)

Time

(c) Fig.9 Voltage changes at the nodes D3 when: (a) partly cloudy, (b) cloudy, (c) overcast.

MW and 44 MW respectively, and the voltage fluctuations at the nodes D3 are shown in Fig.7. The voltage of the node D3 fluctuates as shown in Fig.9(a) (b) (c).

79

0: 00 1: 30 3: 00 4: 30 6: 00 7: 30 9: 00 10 :3 0 12 :0 0 13 :3 0 15 :0 0 16 :3 0 18 :0 0 19 :3 0 21 :0 0 22 :3 0 0: 00

time

Fig.10 the Load Characteristics TABLE1 Max Power 44MW 33MW 22MW 11MW 44MW 33MW 22MW 11MW 44MW 33MW 22MW 11MW 44MW 33MW 22MW 11MW Max 0.96501 0.96364 0.96224 0.96075 0.96536 0.96396 0.96246 0.96086 0.96492 0.96361 0.96221 0.96073 0.96263 0.96181 0.96096 0.96007 Min 0.95916 0.95916 0.95916 0.95916 0.95916 0.95916 0.95916 0.95916 0.95916 0.95916 0.95916 0.95916 0.95916 0.95916 0.95916 0.95916 Difference 0.00585 0.00448 0.00308 0.00159 0.0062 0.0048 0.0033 0.0017 0.00576 0.00445 0.00305 0.00157 0.00347 0.00265 0.0018 0.00091

1 0.995 0.99 Voltage(P.U.) 0.985 0.98 0.975 0.97 0.965 0.96

7: 30 8: 30 9: 30

REFERENCES
Without the PV System With the PV System

Time

Fig.11 The voltage fluctuations of node D3 in sunny day

1 0.995 0.99 0.985 0.98 0.975 0.97 0.965 0.96
Without the PV System With the PV System

Time

(a)
1 0.995 0.99 Voltage(P.U.) 0.985 0.98 0.975 0.97 0.965 0.96
7: 30 8: 30 9: 30 10 :3 0 11 :3 0 12 :3 0 13 :3 0 14 :3 0 15 :3 0 16 :3 0 17 :3 0 18 :3 0 19 :3 0

Without the PV System With the PV System

Time

(b)
1 0.995 0.99 Voltage(P.U.) 0.985 0.98 0.975 0.97 0.965 0.96 Without the PV System With the PV System

Time

(c) Fig. 12. the voltage fluctuations of node D3 in different weather. (a) In partly cloudy day. (b) In cloudy day. (c) In overcast day.

IV. CONCLUSIONS This paper presents dynamic model simulations to investigate the performance of grid-connected photovoltaic (PV) systems. The dynamic power flow caused by solar radiation is explored, the voltage fluctuation of the utility is studied, it can be concluded from the simulation that the proposed model is effective to explore the dynamic power injection of the gridconnected PV systems, voltage fluctuation will be influenced greatly by the location and injection power of the PV systems, load characteristics are also influenced by PV system.

[1] M Shashidehpour , and Fred Schiwarz, Dont let the sun down on PV, IEEE J. Power & Energy, 2004,pp. 41-48, [2] Z. Zhengming, L. Jianzheng, and M. Shuo, the integrated application system of solar energy generation, J. Power Electronics, vol.1, no.2, 2003, pp. 7-10. [3] C. Xuansan, Renewable Energies, Present & Future, J. Advanced Technology of Electrical Engineering and Energy, vol.24, no.1, Jan. 2005, pp. 69-75. [4] E.J. Wildenbeest, S.W.H. de Haan, and N.C. van der Borg, Recent test results of 6 commercial inverters for grid connected PV systems, IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conference 1994, vol.1, Dec. 1994, pp. 909- 912. [5] F.J. ter Reide, and J. Wanner, High-performance inverters for grid-connected PV applications, IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conference 1994, vol.1, Dec. 1994, pp.913916. [6] C. Meza, J, Negroni, F., Guinjoan, and D. Biel, Inverter Configurations Comparative for Residential PV-Grid Connected Systems, IEEE Conference on Industrial Electronics(IECON)2006, Nov. 2006, pp. 4361- 4366. [7] G. Vachtsevanos, Simulation studies of islanded behavior of grid-connected photovoltaic systems, IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion, vol. 4, no. 2, 1989, pp. 177-183. [8] S.J. Ranade, N.R.Prasad, S. Omick, and L.F. Kazda, A study of islanding in utility-connected residential photovoltaic systems, Part I - Models and analytical methods, Part II - Case studies, IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion, vol. 4. no. 3, 1989, pp. 436-445, pp. 446- 452. [9] T. Hoff and D.S. Shugar, The value of grid-support photovoltaics in reducing distribution system losses," IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion, vol.10, no.3, 1995, pp. 569-576. [10] O.Wasynczuk, and N.A. Anwah. Modeling and dynamic performance of a self-commutated photovoltaic inverter system, IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion, Vol. 4, no.3, Sep. 1989, pp. 322-328. [11] J.N. Reddy, M.K. Moorthy, and D.V.A Kumar, Control of Grid Connected PV Cell Distributed Generation Systems, TENCON 2008-2008 IEEE Region 10 Conference, Nov.2008, pp.1-6. [12] A.O. Zue, and A. Chandra, Grid Connected Photovoltaic Interface with VAR Compensation and Active Filtering Functions, Internation Conference on Power Electronics, Drives and Energy Systems(PEDES) 2006, Dec. 2006, pp.1-6. [13] S. Mekhilef, M.E, Ahmed, and M. A. A. Younis, Performance of Grid Connected Photovoltaic Inverter with Maximum Power Point Tracker and Power Factor Control, Canadian Conference on Electrical and Computer Engineering (CCECE) 2008, May 2008, pp.1129-1134. [14] L. Jing, X. Honghua, Z. Haixiang, and P. Yanchang, Dynamic Modeling and Simulation of the Grid-connected PV Power Station, Automation of Electric Power System, vol.35, no.24, Dec. 2008, pp.83-87. [15] S. Mekhilef, M.E, Ahmed, and M. A. A. Younis, Performance of Grid Connected Photovoltaic Inverter with Maximum Power Point Tracker and Power Factor Control, International Journal of Power Electronics, vol.1, no.1, 2008, pp. 49-62 [16] L. Yan, and T. Jian, Load structure analysis for Jiangsu Power Grid, J. East China Electric Power, vol 35, no.7, Jul. 2007, pp. 26-29.

Voltage(P.U.)

9: 30 10 :3 0 11 :3 0 12 :3 0 13 :3 0 14 :3 0 15 :3 0 16 :3 0 17 :3 0 18 :3 0 19 :3 0

7: 30

8: 30

7: 30 8: 30 9: 30 10 :3 0 11 :3 0 12 :3 0 13 :3 0 14 :3 0 15 :3 0 16 :3 0 17 :3 0 18 :3 0 19 :3 0

10 :3 0 11 :3 0 12 :3 0 13 :3 0 14 :3 0 15 :3 0 16 :3 0 17 :3 0 18 :3 0 19 :3 0

80