Professional Documents
Culture Documents
1.0
0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0
2000-10 2010-15 2015-20 2020-25 2025-30 2030-35 2035-40 2040-45 2045-50
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
Average Annual Wages of New Jobs by Primary Source of Education and Training, 2008 to 2018
Bachelor's degree or higher Associate degree Postsecondary vocational award Work experience in related occupation Long-term OTJ training Moderate-term OTJ training
FIRST YEAR
-8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19
Birth
(Months)
(Years)
6 Years Old
14 Years Old
16 mos.
24 mos.
36 mos.
50%
75%
No-program group
100%
$20,000
For Public
Source: Schweinhart, et al. (2005)
For Participant
Benefit-Cost Ratio = $16 to $1 Annual Rate of Return = 18% Public Rate of Return = 16% Heckman Reanalysis = 10%
Sources: Schweinhart, et al. (2005); Authors calculations; Heckman, Moon, Pinto, Savelyez, & Yavitz (2010)
Chicago-Child Parent $7 to $1
Elmira Prenatal/Early Infancy Project $5 to $1
Sources: Masse & Barnett (2002); Reynolds, Temple, Robertson, & Mann (2002); Karoly, et al. (1998)
* * * * *
0.6
0.4 0.2
*
*
0.0
-0.2
Michigan
New Jersey
South Carolina
Math
West Virginia
Print Awareness
Oklahoma
Vocabulary (PPVT)
*Significant at 5%
Source: Wong, V. C., Cook, T. D., Barnett, W. S., & Jung, K. (2008)
Invest in quality
Involve parents
Start early
Reach at-risk population
Bring to scale
Funding Pre-K
General revenue School funding formula
At least 11 states and D.C. Community programs can provide preschool
Lottery
Georgia raises about $300 million
Endowment
Nebraska, $60 million
Public-Private Partnerships
Smart Start (North Carolina) Smart Beginnings (Virginia) Minnesota Early Learning Foundation
Encourage schools to partner with child care, Pre-K and Head Start to improve transition to kindergarten
Apply for Early Learning Challenge funds to build a stronger state early learning system Promote partnerships with the private sector
Sources
Chugani, H.T., Phelps, M.E., & Mazziotta, J.C. (1987). Positron emission tomography study of human brain functional development. Annals of Neurology 22, 487-497. Hart, B., & Risley, T.R. (1995). Meaningful Differences in the Everyday Experience of Young American Children. Baltimore: Paul H. Brooks Publishing Co. Karoly, L.A., Greenwood, P.W., Everingham, S.S., Hoube, J., Kilburn, M.R., Rydell, C.P., et al. (1998). Investing in Our Children: What We Know and Dont Know About the Costs and Benefits of Early Childhood Interventions. Santa Monica, Cal.: RAND Corporation. Masse, L.N., & Barnett, W.S. (2002). A Benefit-Cost Analysis of the Abecedarian Early Childhood Intervention. New Brunswick, N.J.: National Institute for Early Education Research. Heckman, J. J., Moon, S.H., Pinto, R., Savelyez, P., & Yavitz, A. (2010). The Rate of Return to the HighScope Perry Preschool Program. Journal of Public Economics 94(1-2), 114-28. Minnesota Early Learning Foundation. www.melf.us. Nelson, C.A. (2000). The Neurobiological Bases of Early Intervention. In J.P. Shonkoff & S.J. Meisels (Eds.), Handbook of Early Childhood Intervention, second edition (204-227). Cambridge, Mass.: Cambridge University Press. Reynolds, A.J., Temple, J.A., Robertson, D.L., & Mann, E.A. (2002) Age 21 Cost-Benefit Analysis of the Title I Chicago Child-Parent Centers. Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis 4(24), 267-303. Schweinhart, L.J., Montie, J., Xiang, Z., Barnett, W.S., Belfield, C.R., & Nores, M. (2005) Lifetime Effects: The High/Scope Perry Preschool Study Through Age 40. Ypsilanti, Mich.: High-Scope Press. U.S. Census Bureau, Population Division. Population Projections. http://www.census.gov/population/www/projections/. U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Employment Projections Program. http://www.bls.gov/emp/.
Wong, V. C., Cook, T. D., Barnett, W. S., & Jung, K. (2008). An Effectiveness -based Evaluation of Five State Prekindergarten Programs. Journal of Policy Analysis and Management, 27(1), 122-154.
minneapolisfed.org