CHAPTER 1 FUNCTIONS

1.1 FUNCTIONS AND THEIR GRAPHS

1. domain (c_ _); range [1 _)

2. domain [0 _); range (c_ 1]

3. domain c2 _); y in range and y 5x b 10 ! y can be any positive real number range ! _).
4. domain (c_ 0 r 3, _); y in range and y x2 c 3x ! y can be any positive real number range ! _).
5. domain (c_ 3 r 3, _); y in range and y
3 c t!

4
3ct

4
3ct,

now if t  3 3 c t !

4
3ct

!, or if t 3

 ! y can be any nonzero real number range c_ 0 r ! _).

6. domain (c_ c% r c4, 4 r 4, _); y in range and y

2

c%  t  4 c16 t c 16  !
nonzero real number range c_

#
c "'
c1
8

2
t2 c 16

2
t2 c 16 ,

2
t2 c 16

now if t  c% t2 c 16 !
2

 !, or if t % t c 16 !

2
t2 c 16

!, or if

! y can be any

r ! _).

7. (a) Not the graph of a function of x since it fails the vertical line test.
(b) Is the graph of a function of x since any vertical line intersects the graph at most once.
8. (a) Not the graph of a function of x since it fails the vertical line test.
(b) Not the graph of a function of x since it fails the vertical line test.
#

x
9. base x; (height)# b # x# height

3
#

x; area is a(x)

"
#

(base)(height)

"
#

(x)

3
# x

3
4

x# ;

perimeter is p(x) x b x b x 3x.

10. s side length s# b s# d# s

d
2

; and area is a s# a

"
#

d#

11. Let D diagonal length of a face of the cube and j the length of an edge. Then j# b D# d# and
6d
3

. The surface area is 6j#

2d# and the volume is j$ d

3

12. The coordinates of P are x x so the slope of the line joining P to the origin is m
"
x, x m ,

d
3

x
x

"
x

$#

(x 0). Thus,

"
m .

"
13. 2x b 4y 5 y c " x b 5 ; L x c 02 b y c 02 x2 b c " x b 5 2 x2 b 4 x2 c 5 x b
#
4
#
4
4

5 x2 c 5 x b
4
4

25
16

20x

c 20x b 25
16

20x2 c 20x b 25
4

14. y x c 3 y2 b 3 x; L x c 42 b y c 02 y2 b 3 c 42 b y2 y2 c 12 b y2
y4 c 2y2 b 1 b y2 y4 c y2 b 1

Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Addison-Wesley.

d
3 3
$

D# 2j# 3j# d# j

25
16

Chapter 1 Functions

15. The domain is ac_ _b.

16. The domain is ac_ _b.

17. The domain is ac_ _b.

18. The domain is c_ !.

19. The domain is ac_ !b r a! _b.

20. The domain is ac_ !b r a! _b.

21. The domain is ac_ c5b r c5 c3 r 3, 5 r a5, _b 22. The range is 2, 3.

23. Neither graph passes the vertical line test
(a)

(b)

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Section 1.1 Functions and Their Graphs

24. Neither graph passes the vertical line test
(a)

(b)

xby"
y1cx
or
or
kx b yk 1

x b y c"
y c" c x
25.

x
y

0
0

1
1

27. Faxb

2
0

26.

x
y

0
1

1
0

2
0

"
, x0
28. Gaxb x
x, 0 x

4 c x2 , x 1
x2 b 2x, x 1

29. (a) Line through a! !b and a" "b: y x; Line through a" "b and a# !b: y cx b 2
x, 0 x 1
f(x)
cx b 2, 1  x 2
2, ! x  "

! " x  #
(b) f(x)
2 # x  $

! $ x %
30. (a) Line through a! 2b and a# !b: y cx b 2
Line through a2 "b and a& !b: m ! c "
&c#
cx b #, 0  x #
f(x) "
c$x b &, #  x &
$

f(x)

c " , so y c " ax c 2b b " c " x b

$
$
$

c$ c !
! c c"
c" c $
c%
#c! #

(b) Line through ac" !b and a! c$b: m

Line through a! $b and a# c"b: m

c"
$

&
$

c$, so y c$x c $
c#, so y c#x b $

c$x c $, c"  x !
c#x b $, !  x #

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Chapter 1 Functions

31. (a) Line through ac" "b and a! !b: y cx

Line through a! "b and a" "b: y "
Line through a" "b and a$ !b: m !c"
$c"

cx
c" x  !
"
!x"
f(x)
c"x b $
"x$
#
#

c"
#

(b) Line through ac2 c1b and a0 0b: y 1 x

2
Line through a0 2b and a1 0b: y c2x b 2
Line through a1 c1b and a3 c1b: y c1
32. (a) Line through T ! and aT "b: m
#
faxb J

(b)

"c!
TcaT#b

c " , so y c " ax c "b b " c " x b

#
#
#

1
2x

faxb c2x b 2
c1

$
#

c2 x 0
0x1
1x3

#
#
#
T , so y T x c T b 0 T x c "
#

!, 0 x T
#
#
T
T x c ", #  x T

A,

cA
faxb
A

cA

!x T
#
T
# x T
T
T x  $#
$T
# x #T

33. (a) x 0 for x [0 1)

(b) x 0 for x (c1 0]

34. x x only when x is an integer.

35. For any real number x, n x n b ", where n is an integer. Now: n x n b " cn b " cx cn. By
definition: cx cn and x n cx cn. So cx cx for all x d .
36. To find f(x) you delete the decimal or
fractional portion of x, leaving only
the integer part.

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Section 1.1 Functions and Their Graphs

37. Symmetric about the origin
Dec: c_  x  _
Inc: nowhere

38. Symmetric about the y-axis

Dec: c_  x  !
Inc: !  x  _

39. Symmetric about the origin

Dec: nowhere
Inc: c_  x  !
!x_

40. Symmetric about the y-axis

Dec: !  x  _
Inc: c_  x  !

41. Symmetric about the y-axis

Dec: c_  x !
Inc: !  x  _

42. No symmetry
Dec: c_  x !
Inc: nowhere

Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Addison-Wesley.

Chapter 1 Functions

43. Symmetric about the origin

Dec: nowhere
Inc: c_  x  _

44. No symmetry
Dec: ! x  _
Inc: nowhere

45. No symmetry
Dec: ! x  _
Inc: nowhere

46. Symmetric about the y-axis

Dec: c_  x !
Inc: !  x  _

47. Since a horizontal line not through the origin is symmetric with respect to the y-axis, but not with respect to the origin, the
function is even.
and facxb acxbc&

"
ac x b

&

"
x

"
c x cfaxb. Thus the function is odd.
&

&

48. faxb xc&

49. Since faxb x# b " acxb# b " cfaxb. The function is even.
50. Since faxb x# b x facxb acxb# c x and faxb x# b x cfaxb caxb# c x the function is neither even nor
odd.
51. Since gaxb x$ b x, gacxb cx$ c x cax$ b xb cgaxb. So the function is odd.
52. gaxb x% b $x# c " acxb% b $acxb# c " gacxb thus the function is even.

54. gaxb

x
x c ";

#
#

55. hatb

"
t c ";

"
acxb c"

gacxb. Thus the function is even.

gacxb c x x cgaxb. So the function is odd.

c"
#

"
x c"

53. gaxb

hactb

"
ct c " ;

ch at b

"
" c t.

Since hatb chatb and hatb hactb, the function is neither even nor odd.

56. Since l t$ | l actb$ |, hatb hactb and the function is even.

Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Addison-Wesley.

Section 1.1 Functions and Their Graphs

57. hatb 2t b ", hactb c2t b ". So hatb hactb. chatb c2t c ", so hatb chatb. The function is neither even nor
odd.
58. hatb 2l t l b " and hactb 2l ct l b " 2l t l b ". So hatb hactb and the function is even.
59. s kt 25 k75 k

"
3

"
"
s 3 t; 60 3 t t 180

60. K c v# 12960 ca18b2 c 40 K 40v# ; K 40a10b# 4000 joules

61. r
62. P

k
s

k
v

k
4

k 24 r

14.7

k
1000

24
s ;

10

24
s

k 14700 P

14700
v ;

12
5

23.4

14700
v

24500
39

628.2 in3

63. v f(x) x"% c 2x22 c 2x %x$ c 72x# b $!)x; !  x  7

64. (a) Let h height of the triangle. Since the triangle is isosceles, AB # b AB # 2# AB 2 So,
#

h# b "# 2 h " B is at a! "b slope of AB c" The equation of AB is

y f(x) cx b "; x ! ".
(b) Ax 2x y 2xcx b " c2x# b #x; x ! ".
65. (a) Graph h because it is an even function and rises less rapidly than does Graph g.
(b) Graph f because it is an odd function.
(c) Graph g because it is an even function and rises more rapidly than does Graph h.
66. (a) Graph f because it is linear.
(b) Graph g because it contains a! "b.
(c) Graph h because it is a nonlinear odd function.
x
#

(b)

x
#

1b

x 0:

x
#

x  0:

x
2

4
x

c1c

4
x

x
#

1b

4
x

x (c2 0) r (% _)

c1c 4 0
x
2x
0 x c2x c8
#

67. (a) From the graph,

(xc4)(xb2)
#x

(xc4)(xb2)
#x

0

x 4 since x is positive;
4
x

x c2xc8
2x
#

c1c

0

x  c2 since x is negative;
sign of (x c 4)(x b 2)
b
b
c

c2
%
Solution interval: (c# 0) r (% _)

Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Addison-Wesley.

Chapter 1 Functions
3
2
x c1  x b 1
3
2
x c1  x b 1

68. (a) From the graph,

(b) Case x  c1:

x (c_ c5) r (c1 1)

3(xb1)
x c1

3x b 3  2x c 2 x  c5.
Thus, x (c_ c5) solves the inequality.
Case c1  x  1:

3
x c1

2
x b1

3(xb1)
x c1

2

3x b 3 2x c 2 x c5 which is true
if x c1. Thus, x (c1 1) solves the
inequality.
3
2
Case 1  x: xc1  xb1 3x b 3  2x c 2 x  c5
which is never true if 1  x, so no solution here.
In conclusion, x (c_ c5) r (c1 1).
69. A curve symmetric about the x-axis will not pass the vertical line test because the points ax, yb and ax, cyb lie on the same
vertical line. The graph of the function y faxb ! is the x-axis, a horizontal line for which there is a single y-value, !,
for any x.
70. price 40 b 5x, quantity 300 c 25x Raxb a40 b 5xba300 c 25xb
71. x2 b x2 h2 x

h
2

2 h
2 ;

cost 5a2xb b 10h Cahb 10

2 h
2

b 10h 5h2 b 2

72. (a) Note that 2 mi = 10,560 ft, so there are 800# b x# feet of river cable at $180 per foot and a10,560 c xb feet of land
cable at $100 per foot. The cost is Caxb 180800# b x# b 100a10,560 c xb.
(b) Ca!b $" #!! !!!
Ca&!!b $" "(& )"#
Ca"!!!b $" ")' &"#
Ca"&!!b $" #"# !!!
Ca#!!!b $" #%$ ($#
Ca#&!!b $" #() %(*
Ca$!!!b $" $"% )(!
Values beyond this are all larger. It would appear that the least expensive location is less than 2000 feet from the
point P.
1.2 COMBINING FUNCTIONS; SHIFTING AND SCALING GRAPHS
g

Dfg : x 1. Rf : c_  y  _, Rg : y 0, Rf g : y 1, Rfg : y 0
b

1. Df : c_  x  _, Dg : x 1 Df

2. Df : x b 1 0 x c1, Dg : x c 1 0 x 1. Therefore Df
Rf Rg : y 0, Rf g : y 2, Rfg : y 0

Dfg : x 1.

3. Df : c_  x  _, Dg : c_  x  _, Df g : c_  x  _, Dg f : c_  x  _, Rf : y 2, Rg : y 1,
Rf g : 0  y 2, Rgf : " y  _
#

4. Df : c_  x  _, Dg : x 0 , Df g : x 0, Dg f : x 0; Rf : y 1, Rg : y 1, Rf g : 0  y 1, Rgf : 1 y  _

(b) 22
(e) 5
(h) (x# c 3)# c 3 x% c 6x# b 6

5. (a) 2
(d) (x b 5)# c 3 x# b 10x b 22
(g) x b 10

(c) x# b 2
(f) c2

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Section 1.2 Combining Functions; Shifting and Scaling Graphs

6. (a) c "
3
"
x

(c)

(e) 0
(h)
x

b
"

(g) x c 2

(f)
"
1 b1

x
x

"

b
#b

(d)

(b) 2

xb"
xb#

"
x b1
3
4

c1

cx
xb1

7. afghbaxb fagahaxbbb faga4 c xbb fa3a4 c xbb fa12 c 3xb a12 c 3xb b 1 13 c 3x
8. afghbaxb fagahaxbbb fagax2 bb fa2ax2 b c 1b fa2x2 c 1b 3a2x2 c 1b b 4 6x2 b1
1
x
x
5x
9. afghbaxb fagahaxbbb fg 1 f 1 b % f 1 b 4x 1 b 4x b " 1 bb "
x
4x
x

2 c x

; f $ c x
b1
2cx

2 x
x b2
3c 2 x
x

c$
c

2 c x

8 c 3x
7 c 2x

c$
c

10. afghbaxb fagahaxbbb fg2 c x f:

11. (a) afgbaxb
(d) a jjbaxb

(b) a jgbaxb
(e) aghf baxb

(c) aggbaxb
(f) ahjf baxb

12. (a) afjbaxb

(d) aff baxb

(b) aghbaxb
(e) a jgf baxb

(c) ahhbaxb
(f) agfhbaxb

g(x)

f(x)

(f g)(x)

(a)

xc7

x c 7

(b)

xb2

3x

3(x b 2) 3x b 6

(c)

x#

x c 5

x# c 5

(d)

x
xc1

x
xc1

"
xc1
"
x

1b

(f)

"
x

gaxbc"
g ax b

x
x c (xc1)

"
x

"
lx c "l .

14. (a) afgbaxb lgaxbl

(b) afgbaxb

(e)

x
x 1
x
x 1 c1

13.

x
xb"

"c

"
g ax b

x
xb"

"c

x
xb"

"
g ax b

"
xb"

"
gaxb so

gaxb x b ".

(c) Since afgbaxb gaxb lxl, gaxb x .

(d) Since afgbaxb fx l x l, faxb x# . (Note that the domain of the composite is ! _.)
#

The completed table is shown. Note that the absolute value sign in part (d) is optional.
gaxb
faxb
afgbaxb
"
"
lxl
xc"
lx c "l
xb"
x#
x

xc"
x

x
#

15. (a) fagac1bb fa1b 1

(d) gaga2bb ga0b 0

x
xb"

lxl
lxl
(b) gafa0bb gac2b 2
(e) gafac2bb ga1b c1

(c) fafac1bb fa0b c2

(f) faga1bb fac1b 0

16. (a) faga0bb fac1b 2 c ac1b 3, where ga0b 0 c 1 c1

(b) gafa3bb gac1b cac1b 1, where fa3b 2 c 3 c1
(c) gagac1bb ga1b 1 c 1 0, where gac1b cac1b 1

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10

Chapter 1 Functions
(d) fafa2bb fa0b 2 c 0 2, where fa2b 2 c 2 0
(e) gafa0bb ga2b 2 c 1 1, where fa0b 2 c 0 2
"
"
(f) fg " fc # 2 c c # 5 , where g " " c 1 c "
#
#
#
#
#

17. (a) afgbaxb fagaxbb 1 b 1 1 b x

x
x
agf baxb gafaxbb

1
x b 1

(b) Domain afgb: c_, c1 r 0, _, domain agf b: c1, _

(c) Range afgb: 1, _, range agf b: 0, _
18. (a) afgbaxb fagaxbb 1 c 2x b x
agf baxb gafaxbb 1 c kxk
(b) Domain afgb: 0, _, domain agf b: c_, _
(c) Range afgb: 0, _, range agf b: c_, 1
19. afgbaxb x fagaxbb x

g ax b
g ax b c 2

x gaxb agaxb c 2bx x gaxb c 2x

gaxb c x gaxb c2x gaxb c 1 2x x

c

2x
xc1

20. afgbaxb x b 2 fagaxbb x b 2 2agaxbb3 c 4 x b 2 agaxbb3

21. (a) y c(x b 7)#

3
gaxb x b 6
2

(b) y c(x c 4)#

22. (a) y x# b 3

xb6
2

(b) y x# c 5

23. (a) Position 4

(b) Position 1

(c) Position 2

(d) Position 3

24. (a) y c(x c 1)# b 4

(b) y c(x b 2)# b 3

(c) y c(x b 4)# c 1

(d) y c(x c 2)#

25.

26.

27.

28.

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Section 1.2 Combining Functions; Shifting and Scaling Graphs

29.

30.

31.

32.

33.

34.

35.

36.

37.

38.

39.

40.

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11

12

Chapter 1 Functions

41.

42.

43.

44.

45.

46.

47.

48.

49.

50.

51.

52.

Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Addison-Wesley.