FORMULA FOR VOLUMETRIC DISPLACEMENT FOR SINGLE CYLINDER Dimension often given as DxS Let D = inside the diameter

of the cylinder (or piston diameter), inches S = length of the stroke (or piston movement), inches Then, Volume displacement per stroke = (p) D2 s = in3/stroke 4 If N = strokes/min then, PD = .7854(D2)(S)(7.48)(N) = gal/min where, PD = gal/min D = in S = in N = strokes/min 144 12 FORMULA FOR VOLUMETRIC DISPLACEMENT FOR DOUBLE CYLINDER Volume displacement per stroke = (Pi) D2s = in3/stroke 4 If N = strokes/min then, PD = .7854(D2)(S)(7.48)(N) = gal/min where, above 144 12 qoutput = (PD)(ev) ev= volumetric efficiency

PUMP DISPLACEMENT AND OUTPUT VOLUME RATES

Pump displacement and output volume rates can be calculated for each side of the piston is the total volume of the cylinder, or, q1 = (PD1)(ev) = .7854(D2)(S)(N)(7.48)(ev) = gal/min 144 12 The PD in the connector rod side of the cylinder is the total volume of the cylinder minus the volume occupied by the connecting rod, or, q2 = (PD2)(ev) = .7854(D2 - d2)(S )(N)(7.48)(ev) = gal/min 144 12 Then, qout = (PD1 + PD2)(ev) = .7854(D2 + D2 - d2)(S)(N)(7.48)(ev) = gal/min 144 12 Then, Formula for Volumetric Displacement for Double-Acting, Single-Cylinder strokes/min = RPM How the Double Acting Duplex Pump Works qout = (PD)(ev) = .7854(2D2 - d2)(S )(N)(7.48)(2)(ev) = gal/min 144 12 HORSE POWER REQUIREMENTS Hydraulic horsepower can be calculated from the flow rate and the pressure, or, Hp = q P 1714 where, Hp = hydraulic horsepower q = flow rate, gal/min Pp =P= pressure, psi. therefore 1

Pump output Hp = Hpout = qoutPp = (PD)(ev)(Pp) 1714 1714 Hpin = Hpout mechanical efficiency, em, (em)(ev) HpPD = Hpout Hpin = HPPD ev em THE REQUIRED OUTPUT FLOW RATE OF THE MUD PUMPS q = 2.45 (d2hole- d2OD pipe) v; gal/min. where v = required minimum upward velocity in the annulus Where q = gal/min d = in v = ft./sec TYPES OF FLOW NR = dv = density, lbm/ft3 v (basic units) Where, NR = dimensionless number d = diameter, ft. v = velocity, ft./sec = viscosity, lbm/ft.-sec or cp = density, lbm/ft3 Or, NR = (928)dv (field units) Where, NR = dimensionless number d = diameter, in; = density, lbm/gal; v = velocity, ft./sec = viscosity,cp NR < 2000; Laminar flow NR > 2000; Turbulent flow NEWTONIAN FLUID - LAMINAR FLOW - IN PIPE- VALID ONLY FOR LAMINAR FLOW The Hagen-Poiseuille equation states the relationship between pressure drop due to friction for a Newtonian fluid under LAMINAR FLOW conditions in a straight, circular pipe, or,

pf = 32 L v (Basic units) gc d2
Or, pf = L v (Field units) 1500 d2 Where, pf = psi

L = ft.

d = in ;

= cp

v = ft./sec

PIPE, TURBULENT FLOW - VALID ONLY FOR LAMINAR FLOW The Fannin Equation states the relationship between pressure drop due to friction for a Newtonian fluid under turbulent flow conditions in a straight, circular pipe, Or, pf = 2 f L v2 (Basic units) where, f = Fannin Friction Factor gc d f (friction factor)= dimensionless Or, 2

pf = f L v2 (Field units) where, pf = psi; f = dimensionless; = lbm/gal; L = ft.; v = ft./sec; d = in 25.8 d NEWTONIAN FLUID - LAMINAR FLOW - IN ANNULUS

Type of Flow in an Annulus Calculate the equivalent Reynolds Number using the equivalent diameter and the actual velocity. Nre = 757(do - di) va; Nr < 2000, laminar flow Nre =757 de va Nr > 2000, turbulent flow If laminar, use the Hagen-Poiseuille equation modified for annular flow to calculate pressure drop, pf = L Va = L Va (Field units) 2 2 1000(do - di) 1000(de) NEWTONIAN FLUID - TURBULENT FLOW - IN ANNULUS pf = f L va2 = (field units)(Determine f from NR and f-curves) 21.1 de pf only to a straight, circular pipe and cannot be used directly if the cross-sectional area of flow is an annulus. FANNIN FRICTION FACTOR VERSUS REYNOLDS NUMBER Line I used to describe the conditions inside of glass tubes (friction and pressure drop) Line II use for inside of pipe Line III used for an annulus between two pieces of a pipe (pipe and casing) Line IV used for an annulus between an open hole which is roughness between a piece of a pipe LAMINAR AND TURBULENT FLOW PATTERNS IN PIPE Plastic Fluid - Laminar Flow - In Pipe pf = 32 p L v + 4 YB L (Basic units) gc d
f p 2

d (Field units)

Or, p = L v + Y L 1500 d 300 d

2 B

The Reynolds Number equation and the Hagen-Poiseuille equation for laminar flow apply only to a Newtonian fluid flowing in a straight, circular pipe. If these equations are to be used for a plastic fluid, an equivalent viscosity, e, which is the viscosity a plastic fluid would have if it were a Newtonian fluid, must be used, And, e = 5 YB d + p ( Field Units ) v Since e is an equivalent Newtonian viscosity, it can be used in the Reynolds Number equation, Or, NR = 928 d v NR < 2000, laminar flow 5 YB d + p NR > 2000, turbulent flow v Setting Nr = 2000 and solving for velocity yields a critical velocity, vc, and an actual velocity below which is laminar flow and an actual velocity above which is turbulent flow, Or, vact < vc , laminar flow vact > vc , turbulent flow Then, NR = 2000 = 928 d v 5 YB d + p v Type of fluid Newtonian Plastic pipe annulus pipe Annulus v act = q Actual va = q v act = q va = q 2 2.45 d Velocity 2.45(d2o - d2i) 2.45 d2 2.45(d2o - d2i) (ft/sec) 2 vc =1.08 p + 1.08* ( p vc = 1.08p + vc =1.08 p + vc = 1.08p + Critical 2 0.5 2 + 9.3 d YB) 1.08* ( p + 9.3 1.08( 2p + 6.98 d2e YB) 0.5 velocity 1.08( 2p + 6.98 d2e YB) 0.5 2 0.5 d d YB) de de
d
Flow pattern (NR) Pressure + + drop ( for laminar Pressure drop ( for Turbulent B4 getting into resolution insure what type of fluid dealing with and then where does it flow in a pipe or an annulus and pick up correct equations.

YB = (4/3)Yt