Chapter 18 Guided Reading

What are some of the benefits of using reclaimed water? It is less expensive, it also contains nitrogen and phosphorus 1: What are some of the factors that make water so special? It is able to store heat, a solvent, and when it is in its solid form, it is lighter than in its liquid form. 2: What is the largest reservoir of water on Earth? Ocean What is the largest reservoir of freshwater on Earth? Groundwater. 3: What is the residence time of water in the atmosphere? Nine days 4: What is the water table? Surface of the groundwater 5: What is a discharge zone? Where the groundwater flows out 6: What is an aquifer? When a large body of water is being stored What is a cone of depression? How is it created? When water is being pumped out of an aquifer. It is created by the water table around the well. 7: What is an effluent stream? Stream that is flowing out from the groundwater. What is a stream that flows all year called? Perennial stream 8: What is an influent stream? Stream that is flowing in What is a stream that doesnt flow all year called? Ephemeral stream 9: What is a water budget? How is it calculated? A model balancing the inputs, outputs, and storage of water in a system. precipitation evaporation = runoff

10: What is the average water use for people in the U.S.? 200 gallons What is the average water use for people in Europe? 100 gallons What is the average water use for people in Sub-Saharan Africa? 5 gallons 11: How many people in the U.S. use groundwater as a source of drinking water? 50% of the people in the U.S. 12: What problems can groundwater overdraft cause? 13: What is happening to the Ogallala Aquifer (High Plains Aquifer)? It is being used 20 times more than the rate of it being replaced. 14: What is the percentage of salt in saltwater? 3.5% 15: To be used as a freshwater source, the salt content must be reduced to about 0.05% 16: What are some of the environmental impacts of desalination? It increases the salinity and creates an unbalance ecosystem. 17: Describe the difference between off-stream use and in-stream use. Off-stream: water from the source that is removed then returned. In-stream: water used for a certain proposes, and it does not get returned. 18: What is one of the issues with off-stream use in the Pacific Northwest? Habitats for fish will be damaged. 19: Describe what happened to the Aral Sea. Water is being diverted; therefore the ecosystem gets decreased due to the amount of increase in salinity levels. Causing the fishing industry to be decreased, along with the tourism industry. 20: What are the two biggest users of freshwater withdrawals? Irrigation and thermoelectric industry 21: What are some of the suggestions for improved irrigation to conserve water? To monitor and schedule when to release the water. It would improve the irrigation of water, which also conserve it. 22: Domestic use of water (homes) accounts for 12% of total national water withdrawals.

23: What is Southern California (San Diego) doing to help with water shortages in the future? To build desalination plants and increasing the height of the dams so that more water can be stored. 24: List 5 things that you can do at home to help conserve water usage Dont water sidewalks; flush only when it is necessary; use drip irrigation; take long bath instead of long shower; turn off water when not in usage. 25: What is virtual water? The amount of water that it is need to produce a product 26: How much water does it take to make a cup of coffee? 40 gallons 27: How much water does it take to raise beef? 15,500m3 28: How do we define wetlands? Natural water filter 29: Wetlands are very important, what are the natural service functions of wetlands? To filter water and an ecosystem that contains a lot of useful organisms and plants. 30: How much of the original wetlands of the U.S. have disappeared? 50% 31: What did the National Environmental Policy Act of 1969 require? To develop more wetlands 32: Explain the environmental impacts of dams The amount of land will decrease, along with the cultural resources. 33: What are the PROS and CONS of the Three Gorges Dam? Pro: produces electricity Con: it drowned cities and caused an extinction of the Baji Dolphin. 34: What are some of the issues associated with removing of dams? It is very expensive. 35: What are the environmental issues associated with global water shortage and food supply? Some water does not get deliver into the ocean. 36: Water is one of our most abundant resources, why are we concerned about its availability in the future? Water. We should be concerned about is availability in the future because once it is polluted it would be harder to be cleaned, which makes it unusable.

1: Which is more important from a national point of view, conservation of water use in agriculture or in urban areas? Why? By conserving water, it can benefit us in the future, when we need it to plant food.