(i) identification of the climate at the building site (ii) determination of the comfort requirements of the

relevant climate

selection of appropriate architectural features

space planning orientation,

location and size of fenestration

shading devices treatment of building envelope

CLIMATIC CLASSIFICATION
hot-dry warm-humid

Cold
temperate; composite.

In hot-dry climate, emphasis is laid on adopting design techniques that contribute towards reduction in indoor air temperature provision of adequate night ventilation. building design in warm-humid climate provision of ample air motion is an important requirement

DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS FOR ENERGY EFFICIENCY IN BUILDINGS

judicious use of electrically operated gadgets; Development of energy efficient appliances

optimum utilization of non-conventional sources of

energy judicious planning and design of buildings

Passive techniques- Design thermal environment indoors.

cooling of buildings in hot-dry and warm-humid

climates the mainly aim towards reduction in heat penetration through building envelope provision of fenestration for inducing desired natural ventilation indoors.

Reduction in Heat Penetration through Building Envelope

Solar radiation incident on building envelope source of heat responsible for raising the temperature of exterior surface for creating temperature gradient across the thickness of the envelope. - heat is conducted indoors causing a rise in the interior surface temperature.

Indoor temperature
reduction in the temperature of exterior surface is

necessary for keeping the indoor surface temperature at a low value Transparent window facing sun also permits direct entry of sun. -contributes to the rise in the temperature of indoor - control of direct entry of sun through windows is a requirement for preventing the rise in interior surface temperature

Optimum Orientation
amount of daily solar radiation incident per unit area

on N and S facing walls is much less as compared to that on the walls facing other directions. for minimum solar heat gain by the building envelope, it is desired that the longer axis of building should lie along East-West direction.

aspect ratio
For a building glass area equally distributed on all the four walls with square plan effect of orientation is nil, With a building with aspect ratio 2:1, the fabric load is reduced by 30% due to change in orientation from worst to best

Shading of Windows
Louvers overhangs

awnings.
Optimum dimensions of the louver depend on the duration of sunshine on the window facade.

Windowsof the same dimensions but oriented differently should have different dimensions of louvers to be effective.

 A simple box type louver- suitable on an eastern faade Vertical and horizontal louver system- on

the southern faade An egg crate type -on the western facade. Rain shade- northern facade

overhang with optimum dimensions

cooling load reduction of 12.7% in summer

overshadowing of the windows must be avoided as it reduces availability of daylight indoors, which in turn results in increased consumption of energy for artificial lighting

Exterior Surface Solar Reflectance

Surface colour of the external wall

-the percentage of solar radiation absorbed by the external surface -long wave radiation emission. ( a white washed of 0.4 may result in saving of electrical energy by 40% to 50%.)

 Provision of insulation on walls and roof of a building

increases their thermal resistance and curtails conductive heat flow through the building envelope. Introduction of air cavity in a wall also increases its thermal resistance. Studies on estimation of thermal properties of such a wall revealed that the overall heat transmission co-efficient U value of a 27.5 cm brick cavity wall (11.25 cm brick + 5.0 cm air gap + 11.25 cm brick) is 1.63 W/m2, K while that of a 22.5 cm solid brick wall with 1.25 cm cement plaster on both the side U value is 2.26 W/m2K. Here, it is worth emphasizing that the thermal performance of the above cavity wall is slightly better than that of a 35 cm solid brick wall

Window
Optimise the window size and location. Windows on East and West facades should be

avoided In air conditioned buildings, windows are less insulating A single glazed window system the U value is 5.22 W/m2K. A window system of a double glazing with an air gap of of 12 mm-18 mm - U value 3 W/m2K

Materia Alumin l um foil Reflectiv 0.95 ity Emissivi 0.05 ty (Long wave Radiatio n)

Aluminu m paint

Grey White colour wash new light

0.50 0.50

0.88 0.90

0.60 0.90

Red brick Grey colour dark 0.40 0.30 0.90 0.90

Glass

0.08 0.90

GUIDELINES FOR INDUCEMENT OF AIR MOTION INDOORS

1. If the prevailing wind is from East or West, buildings can

be oriented at45oto the incident wind. 2. Atleast one window should be provided on windward wall and the other on leeward wall. 3. Maximum air movement at a particular plane is achieved by keeping the sill height at 85% of the height of the plane. 4.the average indoor air speed increases increasing the width of window up to about 2/3 of the wall width

 5. The average indoor wind speed in the working zone

is maximum when window height is 1.1 m. 6. For a total fenestration area (inlet plus outlet) of 20% to 30% of floor area, the average indoor wind velocity is around 27% of outdoor velocity. % of the outdoor velocity (

15. A partition placed parallel to the incident wind, has little influence on the pattern of air flow but when located perpendicular to the main flow, the same partition creates a wind shadow. Provision of a partition with spacing of 0.3 m underneath, helps augmenting air motion near floor level in the leeward compartment of wide span buildings. 16. Air motion in a building unit having windows tangential to the incident wind is accelerated when another unit is located at end-on position on downstream side (Figures 5(a) and 5(b)). 17. Air motion in two wings oriented parallel to the prevailing breeze is promoted by connecting them with a block on the downstream side

 7. In regions having fairly constant wind direction, the

size of the inlet should be kept within 30% to 50% of the total area of fenestration and building should beoriented perpendicular to the incident wind. Since, inlets smaller than outlets are more sensitive to change in wind direction, openings of equal sizes are preferred in the regions having frequent changes in wind direction. 8. In case of room with only one wall exposed to outside, provision of two windows is preferred to that of a single window

 9. Windows located diagonally opposite to each other,

with the windward window near the upstream corner, give better performance than other window arrangements for most of the building orientations. 10. Horizontal louver, ie, a sunshade, atop a window deflects the incident wind upward and reduces air motion in the zone of occupancy. A horizontal slot between the wall and horizontal louver prevents upward deflection of air in the interior of rooms. Provision of L type louver increases the air motion in the room provided that the vertical projection does not obstruct the incident wind (Figures 3(a) and 3(

11. Provision of horizontal sashes inclined at an angle of in the appropriate direction helps to promote the air motion inside rooms. Sashes projecting outward are more effective than those projecting inwards. 12. Air movement at working plane 0.4 m above the floor can be enhanced by 30% using a pelmet type wind deflector 13. Roof overhangs help air motion in the working zone inside buildings. 14. Verandah open on three sides is preferable since it causes an increase in the room air motion for most of the orientations of building with respect to the incident wind

Any thing to do with vastu ?

Dr.L.S.Jayagopal

Open spaces

Slope of roof

doors
Doors should open towards North or East side. Main Gate should be on the North East direction. For the house facing a road on the South side the

Main Gate should be on the South or South-East and not on the South-West. For the house facing a road on the West side the Main Gate should be on the West or North-West and not on the South-West.

Gates and doors

 The Master Bedroom should occupy the South-

West portion of the plot. Kitchen should be placed on the South East. Puja should be placed on the North East. Bathroom should come on the Eastern side of the plot, if that is not possible South-East or NorthWest should be the preferred Side for Bathrooms.

. Verandahs should come on the East and North and

not on the West or South. Overhead tank should be either in South or West.

Out houses should be in South East or North

West but they should not touch the North and East walls of the main of the main house. Septic tank should be placed in North West or South West part of the Plot.

Vastu
Where ? When?

By whom?
Why ?

Indo Gangetic Plain

Early settlement

Indian civilization

Vedic period
Atharvana veda Stapata veda

South east-Soorya

North east-Easanya

North east- Jala

Jala moola

North west-Vayu

Niruthi-South west

Corner with no specific attributes

Other directional Gods

Solar Architecture
South East
N Vayu Easa/jala

E W Agni S Sun rises in south of East Morning sun Cool in evening

Niruthi

Solar Architecture
North East
N Vayu

Shade throughout the day/year

Easa/jala

E W Agni S

Niruthi

Solar Architecture
North West Mansoon crosses the corner Heat in evening Vayu
W N Easa/jala

E W Agni S

Niruthi

Solar Architecture
South West
N Vayu Easa/jala

E W Agni S

Niruthi
No shadow throughout day/year Cools late in night

Navagraha-Directional Gods
east pudan north guru suriyan angagaragan sukkiran chandran south

ragu

sani west

kethu

Soft-Medim-Harsh
east pudan north guru suriyan angagaragan sukkiran chandran south

ragu

sani west

kethu

suriya

pudan guberan guru

sukkiran

chandran yama

suriyan

angagaragan

ragu

sani varuna

kethu

Central bramastanam

Open space
Outer open space

Inner verandah

Room and veedhies

Room and veedhies

Fibonacci Numbers
Fibonacci Numbers: 1,2,3,5,8,13,21,34,55,89 Golden ratio=1/2, 2/3,

3/5, 5/8, 8/13, 13/21

=21/13=1.615.

Fibonacci Numbers
Number of spirals=21,34

Golden sections

Human scale

Golden ratio

Preferred room dimensions

Basic 8 steps Basic+ 1+1

Pushantramarhram basic + 3
10 ,11 Golden ratio for 10- 16, 17

Square 20 22

Layers

foundations
Each layer 1 6 Pumkin size Stones +sand

Monkey head

Size stones+
sand sand

Coconut size Stones +sand Jamum size atones+sand

1/8 of room width