Cody Carroll Period 3 Chapter 12 Outline Check Yourself Motivation is the need or desire that energizes behavior and

directs it toward goal. Perspectives on Motivation There are four perspectives scientists have when looking at motivation including: Instinct theory Drive reduction theory External/Arousal theory Abraham Maslows hierarchy of needs Instincts and Evolutionary Psychology To be an instinct, a complex behavior must have a fixed pattern throughout species and be unlearned. Early instinct theorists tried to explain motivation through this theory but they were merely listing instead of explaining such behaviors. Drives and Incentives Drive reduction theory- the idea that a psychological need creates an aroused state that drives the organism to reduce the need of essential cares. When the physiological need increases, so does the psychological drive. The aim of drive reduction is homeostasis Homeostasis is the tendency to maintain a balanced or constant internal state; the regulation of any aspect of body chemistry. Incentives are positive or negative environmental stimuli that motivate behavior. Optimal Arousal Not all behaviors reduce immediate physiological needs or tension states. The curiosity of small children and baby monkeys is not motivated by any immediate physiological need. Thus giving rise to the arousal theory. A Hierarchy of Motives The hierarchy of needs is Maslows pyramid of human needs, beginning at the base with physiological needs that must be first be satisfied before higher level safety needs and then psychological needs become active. Hunger To find out what exactly triggers hunger, A.L Washburn swallowed a balloon and then inflated it in his stomach. Once inflated, the balloon would transmit his stomach contractions to a recording device. Each time he felt hungry, he would push a button. He revealed that he was having stomach contractions whenever he was hungry. Even when the stomach was removed from some rats, they were still eating.

Glucose is the form of sugar that circulates in the blood and provides the major source of energy for body tissues. When its level is low, we feel hungry. By increasing insulin, glucose is then reduced because this hormone can convert glucose into stored fat. Once your blood glucose level drops, your hunger increases. Once there is a drop, signals from the stomach, intestines and liver start to signal your brain to motivate eating. Hunger was found to be centered in the hypothalamus. The lateral side brings on the stimulus for hunger. When stimulated, animals began to eat and when it was destroyed, starving animals would stop eating. This happens by this region releasing origin, a hormone which triggers hunger. The vent Rome dial hypothalamus region depresses hunger, when the area is stimulated, animals will stop eating and when it is destroyed, and it will cause the intestines to process food more rapidly. Explained why people with tumors in this region ate excessively and would gain weight. Ghrelin is the hunger arousing hormone secreted by an empty stomach. Hunger dampening chemicals secreted by fat cells are known as lepton. PYY is the digestive hormone which suppresses appetite. One of the theories states that one may manipulate the lateral and ventromedial hypothalamus and alter the bodys center which regulates our intake depending on our predisposed body weight also known as the set point. Basal Metabolic rate is the bodys resting rate of energy expenditure. This may be untrue because there can be psychological factors which drive hunger. Thus, theorists have been focusing on the settling point which is the level which a persons weight settles in response to caloric intake and expenditure. The Psychology of Hunger Washburn and Cannon showed that hungers inner push corresponds to the stomachs contractions, but hunger has other causes. If the glucose level drops, the hunger increases. Variations in body chemistry that influence our feelings of hunger include those of insulin (secreted by the pancreas; controls blood glucose), lepton (secreted by fat cells; signals brain to increase metabolism and decrease hunger), origin (secreted by the hypothalamus; triggers hunger), ghrelin (secreted by empty stomach; sends hunger signals to brain and PYY (secreted by digestive tract; sends not-hungry signals to brain). The hypothalamus performs various body maintenance functions, including control of hunger. The lateral hypothalamus brings on hunger. The ventromedial hypothalamus depresses hunger. Set pointthe point at which an individuals weight thermostat is supposedly set. When the body falls below this weight, an increase in hunger and a lowered metabolic rate may act to restore the lost weight. Basal metabolic ratethe bodys resting rate of energy expenditure. Slow sustained body weight can alter ones set point. Eating Disorders

Anorexia Nervosa - When a normal-weight person diets and becomes significantly underweight, yet, still feeling fat, continues to starve .Usually and adolescent female When a person weighs less than 85% of their normal body weight 95% of sufferers are female most are between the ages of 18-30 30% of persons diagnosed with anorexia nervosa die Bulimia Nervosa -Disorder characterized by private binge-purge episodes of overeating, usually of high caloric foods, followed by vomiting or over exercise A dramatic increase in poor body image has coincided with a rise in eating disorders among women in Western cultures. In both anorexia and bulimia, psychological factors, such as challenging family settings and weigh-obsessed societal pressures, apparently over-whelm the homeostatic drive to maintain a balanced internal state. In addition to cultural pressures, low self-esteem and negative emotions seem to interact with stressful life experiences to produce eating disorders. Twin research also shows that these eating disorders may have a genetic component. Sexual Motivation Sex is a physiologically based motive, like hunger, but it is more affected by learning and values Sexual Response Cycle The four stages of sexual responding described by Masters and Johnson Excitement Plateau Orgasm Resolution Refractory Period- resting period after orgasm, during which a man cannot achieve another orgasm Estrogen- a sex hormone, secreted in greater amounts by females than by males Forces Affecting Sexual Motivation: Imaginative stimuli External stimuli Physiological readiness Sexual Disorders- problems that consistently impair sexual arousal or functioning In Men Premature ejaculation- ejaculation before them or their partners wish Impotence- inability to have or maintain erection In WomenOrgasmic disorder- infrequent or absent orgasms Sexual Orientation- an enduring sexual attraction toward members of wither ones own gender (homosexual Orientation) or the other gender (heterosexual orientation) Sexually explicit material may lead people to perceive their partners as comparatively less appealing and to devalue their relationships.

Sexually coercive material tends to increase viewers acceptance of rape and violence toward women. In combination with the internal hormonal push and the external pull of sexual stimuli, fantasies (imagined stimuli) influence sexual arousal. The stimuli inside our headsour imaginationcan influence sexual arousal and desire. Hormones PYY- fullness hormone Secreted by digestive tract Ghrelin- hunger hormone Secreted by empty stomach Origin- hunger-triggering hormone Secreted by hypothalamus Lepton- protein secreted by fat cells; increases metabolism Insulin- controls blood glucose Secreted by pancreas Adolescent Sexuality Adolescents physical maturation fosters a sexual dimension to their emerging identity, but rates of teen intercourse vary from culture to culture. In the twentieth century increased teen sexual activity in North America was reflected in increased rates of adolescent pregnancies. Teen pregnancy 1/3 of sexually active teen males use condoms regularly American teens have less sex than Euro. Teens, but use less contraception, and so have more babies and abortions 5 reasons people don't use contraceptives: 1. Ignorance 2. Guilt related to sexual activity 3. Minimum communication about birth control (awkward conversation!) 4. Alcohol use (too drunk to remember) 5. Mass media norms of unprotected promiscuity Sexually Transmitted Infections STIssexually transmitted infections, such as the human papilloma virus, AIDS, and others have spread rapidly. People under the age of 25 accounts for two-thirds of such infections, and teenage girls seem especially vulnerable because of their less mature bodies and lower levels of protective antibodies. Attempts to protect teens through comprehensive sex-education programs include greater emphasis on teen abstinence. High intelligence, religiosity, father presence and participation in service learning programs tend to be predictors of teen sexual restraint. Sexual Orientation

Sexual orientationan enduring sexual attraction toward members of either one sown sex (homosexual orientation) or the other sex (heterosexual orientation). Studies indicate that about 3 or 4 percent of men and 1 or 2 percent of women are homosexual, and that sexual orientation is enduring. Research does not support cause-effect links between homosexuality and any of the following; A childs relationships with parents, father-absent homes, fear or hatred of people of the other gender, childhood sexual experiences, peer relationship, or dating experiences. Evidence supporting the likelihood of a biological component of homosexuality is found in studies of same-sex behavior in several hundred species, straight-gay differences in body and brain characteristics, genetic studies of family members and twins, and the effect of exposure to certain hormones during critical periods of prenatal development. The cell cluster was reliably larger in heterosexual men than I women and homosexual men. Achievement Motivation- a desire for significant accomplishment For mastery of things, people, or ideas For attaining a high standard McClelland and Atkinson believed fantasies would reflect achievement concerns Intrinsic Motivation- desire to perform a behavior for its own sake or to be effective Extrinsic Motivation- desire to perform a behavior due to promised rewards or threats of punishment Industrial/Organizational (I/O) Psychology- sub-field of psychology that studies and advises on workplace Behavior I/O Psychologists-help organizations select and train employees, boost morale and productivity, and design products And assess responses to them Task Leadership- goal-oriented leadership that sets standards, organizes work, and focuses attention on goals Social Leadership-group-oriented leadership that builds teamwork, mediates conflict, and offers support Theory X Assumes that workers are basically lazy, error-prone, and extrinsically motivated by money Should be directed from above Theory Y Assumes that, given challenge and freedom, workers are motivated to achieve self-esteem and to demonstrate Their competence and creativity Check Yourself and Ask Yourself 1. Drive reduction theory- the idea that physical needs create an aroused state that drives us to reduce the need- helps explain your behavior a. No, I have never experienced true hunger and thirst. Ive been very hungry and thirsty but never starving or dying of thirst. Most of the time I feel safe and confident. I most of the time am able to address my self-actualization needs.

2. You, like Pavlovs dogs, have learned through classical conditioning to respond to the cues- the sight and aroma- that signal the food about to enter your mouth. Both psychological cues and psychological cues have heightened your experienced hunger. a. Yes, I feel in touch with my bodys hunger feelings. I do both, I eat when my body needs food and when influenced by enticing foods even when Im full. 3. Drive reduction theory could imply that hormonal influences create a driven state that compels us to reduce the drive. Arousal theory could add that people sometimes seek the pleasure and stimulation of arousal. Evolutionary psychologists would remind us that those motivated to have sex were more likely to leave descendants- us than others who lacked sexual motivation. a. An effective way to reduce teen pregnancy could be to make birth control easier to get a hold of. 4. Drive reduction theory might say that being threatened and afraid drive us to find safety in the company of others. Arousal theory reminds us that we welcome optimal levels arousal, and that the presence of others is arousing. Evolutionary psychologists have noted that our ancestors hunted and survived threats as group- dwelling creatures. In numbers there were food and safety. As their descendants, we therefore are disposed to live in groups, connected to supportive others. a. Yes, there have been many times that Ive felt out of the loop with family and friends. I usually just let whatever is going on blow over or just wait until someone decides to tell me what is going on and lets me join in with whats going on. 5. Personnel interviews feel very confident in their ability to predict long-term job performance from informal interviews. Unfortunately, this ability goes astray so often that I/O psychologists have labeled the gap between interviewers intuition and workplace reality the interviewer illusion. Four factors contribute: 1) interviewers disclosed prospective workers good intentions, not their habitual behaviors; 2) interviewers tend to track the successful careers of those they hire, not the successful careers of those they reject; 3) interviewers presume people are what they seem to be in interviews; and 4) interviewers preconceptions and moods color how they perceive interviewees responses. a. I am very motivated to achieve well in school, I may not show it all the time but school is the one thing that I always try my hardest to do well in. This has affected my academic success and a very good way because Ive always been very successful in school. I can approve my own achievement levels by given 110% instead of giving just 100%.