Structural Engineering Design

Reinforced Concrete Framed Buildings Continuity + Frames

Eur Ing Prof Costas Georgopoulos CEng FICE FHEA FCS FIStructE

Continuous beams General Considerations

Sagging moments at the spans i.e. beam and slab act together - designed as a T-beam. Hogging moments at the supports i.e. beam is always designed as a rectangular section. At an exterior column the beam reinforcing bars must anchor within the column. Top slab reinforcement must pass over the beam reinforcement and still have a cover. Moment of resistance of a T-beam is greater than that of a rectangular beam i.e. moment redistribution is advantageous

Methods of Analysis
Elastic Analysis
Moment Distribution Stiffness Method Computer Programs using the Stiffness Method (e.g. QSE) Frame or sub-frame analysis

Design Coefficients

From EC2 Table 15.3

Methods of Analysis

Arrangement of Bending Reinforcement

Arrangement of Shear Reinforcement

Moment Redistribution
Stress/strain relationship for an ideally elastic-plastic material

Moment/curvature relationship for an ideally elastic-plastic beam

Moment Redistribution
Elastic Moment at C

Elastic Bending Moment Diagram

Moment Redistribution

By increasing Q the moment at C reaches Mp Further increase of Q will not increase Mp at C The moments at B and D reach Mp The structure becomes a mechanism and collapses

Moment Redistribution

MB = Qul/4 - MC/2 but MC = MB = MP MP = Qul/4 - MP/2 therefore MC = MP = Qul/6 and if it had remained elastic MC = 3Qul/16 and the ratio b= (Qul/6) / (3Qul/16) = 0.889

Moment Redistribution
The designer has a number of choices i.e. provide a beam of uniform MP or one with 0.5MP at C and 1.25MP at B and D or any other combination

For the above the moment redistribution ratio is: b= (Qul/12) / (3Qul/16) = 0.444

Moment Redistribution
For a brittle/elastic material Sudden rapture occurs at C when Mu =3Qul/16 is reached The beam splits into two simply supported beams. The moments at B and D are equal to Qul/4 i.e. greater than Mu of the beam, therefore The whole structure collapses without warning

Moment Redistribution
An under-reinforced beam would develop adequate ductility in plastic hinge regions and therefore plastic design could be used. The precise shape of M against 1/r depends on the type of reinforcement, steel ratio and for doubly reinforced beams on ( - )

Moment Redistribution (example)

Moment Redistribution (example)

Moment Redistribution Why not more than 30%

Region ab is under a sagging moment at ULS but under a hogging moment at SLS In other words, at ULS no top reinforcement is required, and therefore cracks would develop there at SLS. To guard against that Mu 70% of Me

Slabs

Classification of slabs
One-way spanning between beams or walls Two-way spanning between beams or walls ly / lx > 2

ly / lx 2

Flat slabs on columns and edge beams or walls with no interior beams

ly / lx 2

Methods of Analysis
Elastic Analysis
Strips spanning one way or a grid with strips spanning both ways. Elastic plate theory Finite Element Analysis

Design Coefficients Plastic Analysis

From EC2 (obtained from yield line analysis). Yield line analysis (Johansen) Strip method (Hillerborg)

One-way spanning slabs

Continuous one-way spanning solid slabs using EC2 design coefficients

Continuous one-way spanning ribbed slabs using EC2 design coefficients

Design as a tee-beam with effective width (at the span) equal to the actual distance between the ribs.

Two-way spanning solid slabs using Table 8 of TCC How2 slabs

lx

msy = synlx2 msx = sxnlx2 n=1.35Gk+1.5Qk

The bending moments apply to the 1m wide middle strips only

Stair slabs - Building Regulations

Transverse Stair slabs

Longitudinal Stair slabs

Openings through slabs (Hillerborg Strip Method)

Slab Arrangement

Slab Arrangement - 2way spanning

Slab Arrangement - 1way spanning

Slab Arrangement - flat

RC Frames
Horizontal Load Paths Frame Analysis Shear Walls Robustness and Design of Ties

Horizontal Load Paths in Structures

Concept of relative stiffness. The column axial stiffness k2 is much greater than the beam bending stiffness k1. Therefore the column will generally carry the greater portion of the load (in fact over 90% of P in most practical cases).

Horizontal Load Paths in Structures

Concept of relative stiffness. The horizontal thrust is transferred to the foundation principally by deep beam action in the shear wall rather than bending in the portal frame.

Horizontal Load Paths in Structures

Two-storey skeletal r.c.frame with rigidly connected members and pinned supports. The horizontal force F1 applied at I is principally transmitted to the foundations by a frame action in each of the three plane frames.

Horizontal Load Paths in Structures

The largest proportion of the force F1 is transferred directly through the central frame GHIJKL. The central frame therefore deforms more than the outer frames.

Horizontal Load Paths in Structures

The slab effectively acts as a deep beam and forces each frame to deform by the same amount. The applied load is distributed in equal proportions to the three plane frames.

Horizontal Load Paths in Structures

The deformation of the entire structure is uniform and is significantly smaller than the deformations of the skeletal frame without the slab.

Horizontal Load Paths in Structures

The two external frames are replaced by concrete or masonry panels. Most of the load is transferred by the slab (deep beam) to the stiffer external panels (cantilever shear walls). No frame action.

Horizontal Load Paths in Structures

R.C. elevator core. Loads are applied to floor slab levels. Greater portion of forces F1 and F2 are carried by the stiffer solid member ABCD (cantilever shear wall) Symmetry can prevent torsion problems.

Analysis of Frames

Lateral stability in E-W direction is provided by shear walls (non-sway frames). Lateral stability in N-S direction is achieved through frame action (sway frames)

Analysis of Non-sway Frames

Analyse by computer, or Simplify by dividing into a set of sub-frames, or Assume beams are continuous over columns.

Analysis of Non-sway Frames Sub-frame method

Sub-frames can be analysed by hand using moment distribution method.

Analysis of Non-sway Frames Continuous beam method

Continuous beams on simple supports. Moments to columns using models as above.

Analysis of Non-sway Frames Sub-frame versus continuous beam

Max sagging moment for FJ more conservative using continuous beam method.

Analysis of Sway Frames

For vertical loads same as non-sway frames For horizontal loads assume p.o.c. at the c.o.m.

Analysis of Sway Frames Example

Analysis of Sway Frames Example

Walls in RC Buildings Walls

1 Internal non-load

Buildings
Framed (1,2,3)

bearing partitions 2 External curtain walls 3 Stability internal or external walls 4 Load bearing walls for both vertical and horizontal loads

Shear walls - no frames (1,2,4) Combined (1,2,4)

Stocky Braced Shear Walls Load

1 Mainly Axial or

Design
Column Charts from EC2 Interaction Chart (or elastic stress distribution or end zones - moments) 3 Stages (in-plane, transverse, combined)

Transverse Moment and Uniform Axial 3 In-plane Moments and Axial Load
4 Axial Load, Transverse

and In-plane Moments

Stocky Braced Shear Walls

Based on the assumptions for the design of beams Straight wall with uniform reinforcement Uniform steel distribution running the full length of the wall

Robustness and Design of Ties

Robustness and Design of Ties

In accordance with the Approved Document A of Building Regs vertical ties in columns and walls should be provided in all buildings that fall into Class 2B and 3