4.1. Solar PV Module Sizing 4.1.1.

Power Consumption A 12 volt AC bulb and a 12 volt DC bulb were the loads used in this study for about 5 hours. The table shows the Power Consumption of load in a day and was used to identify the size of PV Panel.

LOAD

POWER (Watts)

HOURS USE PER DAY

TOTAL (Watthours/day) ( Power x Hours) 90

220 volts AC Bulb

18

12 volt DC Bulb

15

75

Total PV Panel Energy Needed Table . Power Consumption Demands

165 Wh/day

4.1.2. Size of the PV Panel 4.1.2.1 Total Watt-peak Rating Needed for PV Module Divide the total Watt-hours per day needed from the PV module, as obtained from 4.1.1, by 3.43 to get the total Watt-peak rating needed for the PV panels needed to operate the appliances considering the Panel Generation Factor. The Panel Generation Factor for Philippines is 3.43. TOTAL WATT-PEAK RATING (Watt-hour per day/Panel Generation Factor) 48.105 Wp

WATT-HOUR/DAY

PANEL GENERATION FACTOR

165

3.43

4.1.2.2. Number of Panels Needed The Table shows the computation on how the researchers obtained the number of panel used in this study. Therefore, the researchers used one (1) 80 watts solar panel.

TOTAL WATT-PEAK RATING

Solar Panel Rating (Watts)

No. of Panels Total Wp/Solar Panel Rating

48.105

80

0.6 or 1

4.1.3. Inverter Sizing Total Watts = 18 watts + 15 watts = 33 watts The total power of the loads, 220volts 18watts AC bulb and 12volts 15watts DC bulb, used in this study was 33 watts. For safety purposes, the inverter should be considered 25-30% bigger in power size. Therefore the inverter power size used was 50 watts and greater.

4.1.4. Battery Sizing TOTAL LOAD POWER (WATTS-HOUR) NOMINAL BATTERY VOLTAGE (Volts) DAYS OF AUTONOMY TOTAL AMPEREHOURS REQUIRED

(18watts X 5hours) + (15watts X 5hours)

12

26.96 Ah

Total Load Power = (18watts x 5hours) + (15watts x 5hours) = 165 watts-hours

Nominal Battery Voltage = 12 volts Days of Autonomy = 1 day Battery Loss = 0.85 Depth of Discharge = 0.6 Total Ampere-hours = [(18watts X 5hours) + (15watts X 5hours)] x 1 0.85 X 0.6 X 12volts = 26.96 Ah Table and calculations shows the on how the size of battery was obtained. Therefore, the battery used was rated 12 volts 50 Ah to sustain the supply and light the bulb for one day.

4.1.5. Solar Charge Controller Sizing According to standard practice, the sizing of solar charge controller is to take the short circuit current (Isc) of the PV array, and multiply it by 1.3. Therefore, the solar charge controller used was rated 4.8529A at 12 V or greater. The calculations below showed how it was done. Solar charge controller rating = 3.733A x 1.3 = 4.8529 Amperes.

4.2. Functionality Test Functionality test was done after the Solar Photovoltaic Module was done. Before assembling and was ready for series of experiments, each parts/materials was subjected to a series of test and inspection to determine the functionality of each part. Result on the Functionality Test is shown on Table. It was found out that all the parts of the Solar PV Module were Operational and ready to undergone series of experiment. Parts were assembled depending on the requirements of experiments.

MATERIALS/EQUIPMENTS

RESULTS

SOL-026-M (TM-1381) 60W SOLAR PANEL PWI-006(75W)-M (TM-PI01) POWER INVERTER 75 WATTS (DC 12V TO AC 220V) BAT-068-FHP (HXD12-50) DEEP CYCLE SOLAR BATTERY (12V 50AH / 10HR) BEST FOR SOLAR POWER LED-311-M (TM-LEDB-18WT) LED LIGHT BULB 18W (ALUMINUM CASE) DC 12V 15W CFL Light Bulb Lamp 2700k Solar Boat Marine RV Compact Fluorescent 4.3. The Optimum Incident Angle for a Solar Cell

FUNCTIONAL

FUNCTIONAL

FUNCTIONAL

FUNCTIONAL

FUNCTIONAL

After the functionality and reliability tests were successfully performed, the next experiment was the The Optimum Incident Angle for a Solar Cell. The experiment was done by following the procedure listed in Chapter 3. Table shows the results of the experiment:

Incident Angle Current Voltage Power (degrees) (mA) (V) (mW) 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 -10 -20 -30 -40 -50 0.545 0.612 0.728 0.883 1.02 1.15 1.236 1.29 1.315 1.324 1.32 1.28 1.233 1.117 1.057 2.14 2.39 2.85 3.46 3.99 4.57 4.85 5.06 5.15 5.19 5.16 5.09 4.84 4.64 4.15 1.1663 1.146268 2.0748 3.05518 4.0698 5.2555 5.9946 6.5274 6.77225 6.87156 6.8112 6.5152 5.96772 5.18288 4.38655

-60 -70 -80 -90

0.903 0.773 0.616 0.546

3.58 3.03 2.41 2.13

3.23274 2.34219 1.48456 1.16298

Below is the graph plotting the experimental data with a cosine curve showing that the power can be worked out using the cosine curve. The equation of the cosine curve will be in the form: P = Acos Where P is the power attained, A is the product of incoming intensity, area of solar cell and its efficiency (i.e. the power attained when the light source is perpendicular to cell.), and is the angle of the light source from the normal.

Figure. Graph: Power vs. Angle It can clearly see from Figure that the power is generated as a function of the cosine of the angle. This kind of relationship was supported by the fact that the graph was vertically symmetric for positive (clockwise) and negative (counterclockwise) angles in which obviously represents the characteristic of cosine function o angle. In particular, the power was directly proportional to the cosine angle which is inversely proportional to the value of the angle itself. The greater the incident angle, the less power produced. However, this cosine relationship is only valid for range of angles between -90 up to 90 . This is because in these angles, the frontal surface of the solar cell was still capable of

capturing the light from the source. . However, if the graph is continued further beyond this range, the value of the power will not be zero as there is still a source of diffusion light coming from the background light.

4.4. The Current Voltage Relation of a Solar Module Result of the Current Voltage Relation of a Solar Module is in Table below. It indicated that the short circuit current and open-circuit voltage were the maximum current and voltage respectively from a solar cell. However, at both of these operating points, the power from the solar cell is zero. The maximun power generated was 0.7515. Voltage (Volt) Current (Amp) Power (Watts) 2.2 0 0 1.89 0.35 0.6615 1.87 0.36 0.6732 1.86 0.37 0.6882 1.84 0.38 0.6992 1.82 0.39 0.7098 1.8 0.4 0.72 1.78 0.41 0.7298 1.76 0.42 0.7392 1.73 0.43 0.7439 1.7 0.44 0.748 1.67 0.45 0.7515 1.63 0.46 0.7498 1.57 0.47 0.7379 1.53 0.48 0.7344 1.46 0.49 0.7154 1.38 0.5 0.69 1.2 0.51 0.612 0.58 0.52 0.3016 0.22 0.53 0.1166 0 0.53 0

Open Circuit Voltage

Short Circuit Current

4.5. Distance Effect Test The Effect of distance from source to solar cell is shown in Table. It indicated that distance direct affects the intensity of the light, and as distance increases, the light intensity decreases. As distance increases, the current, voltage, and power decreases and as distance decreases the current, voltage, and power increases. Therefore it displayed an inverse relationship. Distance from Light Source Current (I) (amps) Voltage (V) (volts) Power P = VI 1 inch .65 4.38 2.84 3 inches .41 4.04 1.66 6 inches .23 3.82 .88 9 inches .12 3.74 .45 12 inches .07 3.6 .25 15 inches .04 3.37 .13

4.6. Colored Filter Shading Effects The experimental results of output power and efficiency of the solar PV panel was compared, with and without filter as given in Table 1 and 2. For a crystalline solar cell, the electrical output voltage is a function of the temperature, Intensity and colour of the incident light. The voltages, current and power variation of the module with different filters are presented in Figure 2. Due to filters, the module power was significantly reduced in comparison with the module without filters. A great amount of current was generated when light of a longer wavelength fell upon the photovoltaic cell. However, the wavelengths of violet and orange light did not follow the trend. This signifies that a relationship between wavelength and current may not be completely linear. Outside factors may have also influenced the result. Researchers assumed that blue light shining on a solar panel would give off the higher volt reading because it has the shortest wavelength and the highest energy, but it was actually the lowest.

Table 1: Without Filter Colour White (full sun) Wavelength (nm) 390-780 Current (A) 1.9 Voltage (V) 18.1 Power (P) 34.3 Efficiency (%) 9.2

Table 2: With Filter Colour Violet Blue Green Yellow Orange Red Wavelength (nm) 390-455 455-495 495-575 575-595 595-625 625-780 Current (A) 1.35 1.2 1.5 1.4 1.3 1.6 Voltage (V) 17 17 17 18 18 18 Power (P) 22.9 20.4 25.5 25.2 23.4 28.8 Efficiency (%) 6.17 5.49 6.86 6.78 6.30 7.75