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NOTA: We usually use no more than three adjectives preceding a noun. Biasanya kita tidak menggunakan lebih dari tiga adjectives untuk menerangkan sesuatu nouns dalam ayat itu.
Opinion
Dimension
Shape
Age
Color
Origin
Material
3. Shape / Bentuk
5. Colour / Warna
6. Origin / Asal
7. Material / Bahan
Adjectives
1. Adjectives are words that tell us more about people, animals, places and things. Examples a. Samy is a tall boy. (tall tells us about Samy) b. That thick book is very heavy. (thick tells us about the book) c. Wild animals are kept in cages in the zoo. (wild tells us about the animals) d. Dollah's grandfather is busy. (busy tells us about Dollah's grandfather)
2. We can also use adjectives to compare people, animals, places and things. There are three degrees of comparison: positive, comparative and superlative. The positive form of the adjective is used when no comparison is made. Examples a. She is a smart girl. b. He is a fast runner. c. The cat is a quiet animal.
The positive form is also used when comparing two persons or things that are similar or equal. Examples a. We are as slow as the other group. b. She is as kind as her father. c. Thomas is as hungry as his uncle
The comparative form is used when two unequal persons, places or things are compared. The comparative form of many adjectives is formed by adding -er to the adjective followed by the word 'than'. Examples a. He is older than my father. b. I am taller than my sister. c. They are younger than I am.
The comparative form of some adjectives is formed using 'more + adjective + than'. Examples a. This problem is more difficult than that. b. My book is more interesting than yours. c. She is more hardworking than her brother.
The superlative form is used when three or more persons, places or things are compared. The superlative form of many adjectives is formed by adding est to the adjective. We must use the before the adjective. Examples a. This is the shortest way to the post office. b. The 'Kancil' is the smallest car in Malaysia. c. Malek is the strongest boy in his class.
The superlative form of some adjectives is formed by adding most before the adjective.
Examples a. Harlina is the most beautiful girl in my village. b. Tan is the most hard-working boy in the school. c. Chun Chong is the most disobedient pupil in class.
Note: The spelling of some adjectives changes completely when they are used in the comparative and superlative degrees. LIST OF ADJECTIVES IN THE DIFFERENT DEGREES OF COMPARISON
Superlative the most active the worst the most beautiful the biggest
black bright clean clever confused cruel dark difficult dirty fascinating famous far fast
blacker brighter cleaner cleverer more confused crueler darker more difficult dirtier more fascinating more famous farther/further faster
the blackest the brightest the cleanest the cleverest the most confused the cruellest the darkest the most difficult the dirtiest the most fascinating the most famous the farthest/furthest the fastest
fatter fiercer more generous better more graceful greater more handsome more hard-working happier
the fattest the fiercest the most generous the best the most graceful the greatest the most handsome the most hard-working the happiest
the heaviest the most important the kindest the latest the lightest the least the longest
the oldest the poorest the proudest the quietest the most responsible the richest
the saddest the sharpest the shortest the most simple the slowest the smallest
strange strong
stranger stronger
the tallest the thinnest the ugliest the weakest the wisest the youngest
Nouns
Determines
Determiners are used to tell us the amount or number of nouns. Some determiners are used for countable nouns and others for uncountables nouns. Certain determiners can be used for both countable and uncountable nouns. 1. Determiners for countable nouns A few, several, many, a small number of, a large number of Examples a. There are a few boxes of chocolates in the cupboard. b. There are several pupils in the classroom. c. He bought many books for his nephews. d. Only a small number of workers were at the meeting. e. A large number of people came for the show. 2. Determiners for uncountable nouns A little, much, a small amount of, a large amount of, less Examples a. There is only a little water left. b. She did not put much sugar in the coffee. c. We have a small amount of curry left. d. They want a large amount of paper. e. There is less salt in this food. 3. Determiners for both countable and uncountable nouns A lot of, plenty of, any, some, more Examples a. We need a lot of food at the party. (food = uncountable noun) b. There were a lot of soldiers at the show. (soldiers = countable noun) c. We have plenty of water in the well. (water = uncountable noun) d. They have plenty of storybooks to read. (storybooks = countable noun) e. There isn't any oil left in the pan. (oil = uncountable noun)
f.
There aren't any chairs left in the room. (chairs = countable noun)
g. Harith has some butter left on his plate. (butter = uncountable noun) h. I need some girls to help me. (girls = countable noun) i. j. Mary wants more sand for the playground. (sand = uncountable noun) There are more plates in the cupboard. (plates = countable noun)
Nouns
Nouns are words that refer to people, animals, places and things. Common nouns are names given to people, animals, places and things. Examples a. people man, boy, girl, husband, uncle, niece, king, princess b. animals cat, tiger, ant, eagle, shark, monkey, turtle c. places school, field, cinema, house, zoo d. things umbrella, knife, cup, table, book Proper nouns are names given to people and places. Examples a. people Rashid, Helen, Hui Woon. b. places Bukit Jalil Sports Complex, K.L. Tower, London Bridge, Eiffel Tower c. countries and cities The United Kingdom, Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur
Examples
one boy
twenty oranges
six horses
twelve candles
Examples
sand
oil
hair
air
water
rice
Prepositions
Prepositions are words that we use before nouns or pronouns. There are prepositions of directions, time, place and position. I. Prepositions of direction
I am walking to school.
II.
Prepositions of time
In Examples
a. Jalil was born in 198 6. b. The holidays will be in Decem ber. c. We leave for Penang in a week's time. d. We go to school in th e morning.
At Examples
a. We will meet my father at ni ght. b. The class began at th ree o'clock. c. At what time is he leaving?
On Examples
a. Malaysia gained independence on 31 August 1957. b. He goes swimming on Tuesday. c. On what day is Deepavali?
During Examples
a. We will visit our grandfather during the holidays. b. It is cool during the night. c. We had a quiz during our History class yesterday.
For Examples
a. The football team trained for a month. b. We lived in Subang Jaya for three years. c. They will be in America for a fortnight.
Since Examples
a. He has been studying in Australia since 2002. b. Farouk has not written to me since January. c. There was been no rain since last month. d. We have not played football since Salim left our kampung.
III.
Prepositions of time