Math 403 Assignment 2. Due Wednesday, January 23, 2013 Chapter 3. 1(3.

2) Which of the following subsets is a subspace of the vector space F nn of n n matrices with entries in a eld F (matrices combined by addition)? (a). Symmetric matrices A = At , i.e., A equals its transpose At . Solution. The symmetric matrices form a subspace. If a, b F , and A, B are symmetric n n matrices, then aA + bB is symmetric since the transpose obeys the rule (aA + bB )t = aAt + bB t , which gives aA + bB when A and B are symmetric. (b). Invertible matrices. Solution. The invertible matrices do not form a subspace. I and I are invertible, but their sum I + (I ) = 0 is not. (c). Upper triangular matrices. Solution. The upper triangular matrices form a subspace. If A and B are upper triangular, and a and b are scalars, then aA + bB is upper triangular. 2(4.1) Find a basis for the F -vector space of symmetric n n-matrices with entries in F . Solution. For 0 i n, let Mi,i be the matrix with a 1 as its (i, i)th entry and 0 as all its other entries. For 1 i < j n, let Mi,j be the matrix with 1s as its (i, j )th and (j, i)th entries, and 0 as all its other entries. Those matrices are symmetric and form a basis for the space of symmetric matrices. 3(4.3) Prove that the three functions x2 , cos x, and ex are linearly independent over the real eld (in the real vector space of real-valued functions of x). Solution. We need to show that if a, b, c are real numbers such that ax2 + b cos x + cex is the 0-function, then a, b, c are all 0. Evaluating ax2 + b cos x + cex at 0, we see that b + c = 0, and evaluting ax2 + b cos x + cex at x = 1, we see that a + b cos 1 + ce = 0. Hence, b = c and a = c cos 1 ce = c(cos1 e). Therefore, ax2 + b cos x + cex = c((cos 1 e)x2 cos x + ex = 0. 1

That is so if and only if c = 0 (and so, a = b = 0), or (cos 1 e)x2 cos x + ex = 0. But (cos 1 e)x2 cos x + ex = 0 since ex goes to innity as x much faster than the other summands. Once one sees how that argument goes, one can argue directly in terms of the three functions, as we did in the email message to the class. 4(4.5) Let V = F n be the space of column vectors. Show that every subspace W V is the space of solutions of some system of homogeneous linear equations AX = 0. Solution. Take the inner product < v, w >= v t w on F n , which is nondegenerate, i.e., only the 0-vector is perpendicular to all of F n , relative to the inner product. If W is a subspace of V , let W denote the subspace of vectors in V that are perpendicular to all the vectors in W . By the nondegeneracy of the inner product, (W ) = W . (See below for the proof.)
t t t Let v1 ,v2 ,...,vnm be a basis for W . Let A be the matrix whose rows are v1 , v2 ,...,vn m . Then W is the space of solutions of the system AX = 0, since (W ) = W .

Proof that (W ) = W . If w1 , ..., wm is a basis for W , then the solution space W to t BX = 0, where B is the matrix whose rows are w1 ,...,wm , has dimension n m by elementary matrix theory. Repeat that argument for the n m-dimensional subspace W , we see that (W ) has dimension n (n m) = m, the dimension of W . But W (W ) , since W is perpendicular to W . Since (W ) and its subspace W have the same dimension, they are equal. 5(4.8) Show that a set {v1 , ..., vn } is a basis for F n if and only if the matrix A with columns v1 , ..., vn is invertible. Solution. If {v1 , ..., vn } is a basis, then its elements are linear independent, and so, the solution space to AX = 0 is just the 0-subspace. Hence, A : F n F n is an injective linear transformation. Hence, F n and A(F n ) have the same dimension n, and so, A(F n ) = F n . Hence, A is an invertible linear transformation, and, the matrix of the inverse transformation is the inverse of A. Conversely, if A is invertible, then the solution space of AX = 0 is just the 0-vector. Hence, the vectors {v1 , ..., vn } are linearly independent. Any set of n linearly independent vectors in F n is a basis. 1 2 3 6(5.1) (a). Prove that the columns of the matrix B = 2 1 1 are a basis for R3 . 0 2 1 2

Solution. Since any 3-element linearly independent set of vectors is a basis, it is enough to show that the 3 vectors are linearly independent, which is equivalent to showing that the determinant of the matrix B is nonzero. Check that it is. 1 (b). Find the coordinate vector of v = 2 relative to the basis in (a). 3 1 1 2 3 Solution. We need to solve for a, b, c in the equation 2 = a 2 + b 1 + c 1. That 3 0 2 1 a 1 a 1 1 2 . equation can be written in matrix form as B b = 2 . Therefore, B b = B c 3 c 3 0 1 2 (c). Let B = 1 0 1. Determine the base change matrix from the basis consisting of 0 1 0 the columes of B to the basis of columns of B . x Solution. Let y be any vector. By (b), its coordinates in terms of the basis of the z x x x columns of B are B 1 y and in terms of those of B are B 1 y . To change B 1 y z z z x x to B 1 y , multiply B 1 y by B 1 B . z z 7(5.5) How many subspaces of each dimension are there in:
3 (a). Fp ?

Solution. By a line, we mean a one-dimensiional subspace of a vector space, i.e., the subspace of all scalar multiples of some nonzero vector.
2 Let us rst nd the number of lines in the plane Fp . The subset N of nonzero vectors has 2 p 1 elements, and each line contains p 1 nonzero elements. Since two lines intersect only p2 1 at 0, there are = p + 1 lines in a plane. p1

3 The number of lines in Fp : The subset N of nonzero vectors has p3 1 elements, and the lines (with 0 removed) partition N . Since each line contains p 1 elements, the set S is 3 partitioned into p3 1/p 1 = p2 + p + 1 pieces, i.e., there are p2 + p + 1 lines in Fp . 3 3 The number of planes in Fp : As in problem 4, dim(W ) + dim(W ) = dim(Fp ) = 3. Hence, 3 the planes in Fp are W , where W is a line, and so, there are as many planes as there are lines. 4 (b). Fp . 4 Solution. As in (a), the one-dimensional subspace, i.e., the lines in Fp are p4 1/p 1 = 3 2 p + p + p + 1 in number. 4 As in (a), the number of 3-dimensional subspaces of Fp is the same as the number of lines 4 in Fp . 4 . To construct a plane, chose a pair of lines; We need to nd the number of planes in Fp n 4 ), i.e., n(n 1)/2, where n is the number of lines in Fp the number of pairs is ( . Since 2 p+1 there are p + 1 lines in a plane, there are = (p + 1)p/2 pairs that will give the same 2 plane. Hence, there are (n(n 1)/2)/((p + 1)p/2) distinct planes. Since n = p4 1/p 1 = p3 + p2 + p + 1,

(n(n 1)/2)/((p + 1)p/2) = (p4 1/(p 1)(p + 1))(p3 + p2 + p)/p = (p2 + 1)(p2 + p + 1).