Lighting Calculations

How Many Fittings are Required for a Room The utilisation factor table and a few simple formulas allow us to calculate the number of fittings required for any room.

Step 1: Understand the utilization factor table that is available on most fittings.
UT ! "#T $% F#&T$R T#'!( )for *+,- bare batten. !$R)light output ratio./ 00.12 "HR %$M 1.34/ 1.5 Reflectance Room nde+ )8. &eiling9all 5.45 5.,5 Floor 5.34 5.*5 5.,5 1.55 5.,3 1.*4 5.:* 1.4 5.:*.5 5.4* 6isregard "HR M#7. *.45 5.4,.55 5.4; :.55 5.-, 4.55 5.--

#cross the Top of the Table%ame

6escription

!$R !ight output ratio for this fitting. %ot required in a simple calculation. "HR %$M %ominal "pacing to Height ratio. For a given mounting height we can see the nominal spacing between fittings. (g. 1.34 to 1 means that for every 1 metre of mounting height )above wor< plane. we should have a ma+imum 1.34 metres between fittings. "HR M#7 Used by lighting design software and not needed for manual calculations. Reflectance "elect a horizontal line for the reflectance values that best describe the room. Typical Reflectance =alues are/ #ir &onditioned $ffice ndustrial 5.4 5., 5.3 5.* &eiling9alls Floor 5.4 5.*

Utilisation Factor )body of the table. This is a value between 5 and 1 that represents the percentage of total lamp lumens in the room that fall on the wor< plane. t ta<es into account the room reflectances> room shape> polar distribution and light output ratio of the fitting.

Step 2: &alculate Room

nde+ )8.

Room nde+/ The room inde+ is a number that describes the ratios of the rooms length> width and height.Formula/ 8?!+9 Hm )!@9.

9here/! ? Room !ength 9 ? Room 9idth Hm ? Mounting Height of Fitting )from wor<ing plane. 9or< Alane ? 6es< or 'ench Height The result of this calculation will be a number usually between 5.34 and 4. %ote/ This formula for 8 is only valid when room length is less than : times the width or when the 8 value is greater than 5.34.

Step 3: Using the room inde+ and reflectance values in the utilisation factor table

For the

horizontal row select the reflectance that best describes the room. For the vertical column select the room inde+ value 8 as calculated above. The utilisation factor for this fitting in this room is where the row and column intersect.

Step 4: To calculate the number of fittings required use the following formula/Formula/
% ?( + # F + uF + !!F 9here/% ? %umber of Fittings ( ? !u+ !evel Required on 9or<ing Alane # ? #rea of Room )! + 9. F ? Total Flu+ )!umens. from all the !amps in one Fitting UF ? Utilisation Factor from the Table for the Fitting to be Used !!F ? !ight !oss Factor. This ta<es account of the depreciation over time of lamp output and dirt accumulation on the fitting and walls of the building. Typical !!F =alues #ir &onditioned $ffice &lean ndustrial 5.3 6irty ndustrial 5."tandard 5.0

Triphos 1,55 !umens

!umen outputs of fluorescent lamps 10 9att B 1145 !umens ,- 9att B ,555 !umens ,,45 !umens !umen output of A! lamps 10 9att B 1*55 !umens ,- 9att B *;55 !umens

Step 5: "pace the number of fittings uniformly around the room drawing and chec< the
"HR nominal for the fitting has not been e+ceeded. f it has been e+ceeded re space the fittings to get bac< to "HR nom.

Step 6: 9or< out the number of fittings required in each a+is of the room/%umber in
!ength ? %umber in 9idth ?

(lectricity #rtificial light is produced by converting electrical energy into visible spectrum electromagnetic energy. Therefore a <nowledge of lighting requires an understanding of basic electrical terms and concepts. The three main electrical terms are voltage> current and power. n order to understand these we can use a water analogy. =oltage is similar to water pressure Aressure is present behind the tap but is not doing anything )producing any energy. because the water is not moving. Aressure is required before there can be any water movement. The electrical equivalent of pressure is electromotive force> measured in =olts. &urrent is similar to water flow Aressure will cause water to flow and voltage will cause current to flow. The higher the voltage the greater the flow. Unit of measurement is #mperes. Resistance is similar to pipe diameter Cust as a small diameter pipe will restrict )resist. water flow )compared to a larger diameter pipe.> a small diameter wire will offer more resistance to current flow than a larger diameter wire. "o resistance is the factor that limits current flow at any particular voltage. The unit of measurement is the $hm. Aower Aower is voltage multiplied by current )=olts + #mperes.. Thin< of water coming out of a hose. f the pressure is high and the flow rate is high then the stream has power that can move things. Higher pressure and B or higher flow rates will produce more energy )power.. Unit of measurement is the 9att.

TerminologyTerm

6escription

6ichroic # coating on the reflector that allows some of the infra read )heat. energy created by the lamp to pass through the bac< of the fitting instead of being reflected forward. ncandescent # material )tungsten in the case of filament lamps. that is heated until it gives off visible light. The tungsten slowly evaporates and dar<ens the inside of the lamp. #s the tungsten evaporates the filament becomes thinner and eventually brea<s. Tungsten Halogen # type of incandescent lamp that uses a tungsten filament and a halogen gas inside a small globe. The halogen gas acts to recirculate the evaporated tungsten bac< to the filament> thus giving a longer life and <eeping the inside of the globe clean. #lso <nown as metal halogen. D!" Deneral !ighting "ervice. Refers to a standard mains powered incandescent lamp. 6ischarge !amps # lamp that produces light from an internal electric arc. !umen The measurement of the total amount of light output from a lamp. !u+ The measurement of the light level falling on a surface )illuminance.. !umens per square metre. Mercury =apour # type of discharge lamp that produces light with a slight blueEgreen tinge> used as low cost lighting for factories. Metal Halide # version of the mercury vapour discharge lamp with additional chemical additives that produces a more natural light than standard mercury vapour. Dood colour rendering. High Aressure "odium # type of discharge lamp used mainly for outdoor applications. Aroduces a golden hue light. Dood lumens per 9att and long life.

!amp (fficency (fficiency of 6ifferent !amp Types The Fob of a lamp is to convert electrical power )9atts. into light )lumens.. 6ifferent lamps do this with varying efficiencies.!amp Type &onversion (fficency )!umens per 9att. !ife )Hours. D!" 15 1555 !ow =oltage Halogen *5 *555 to 4555 Mercury =apour :5 to -5 **555 Fluorescent -: t5 ;5 3555 @ Metal Halide 35 to ;5 1*555 @ High Aressure "odium ;5 to 1*4 *4555 !ow Aressure "odium 1*5 to *55 *5555 The customer should be made aware of lamp efficiencies and operational life in situations where a lamp is to be left on for long periods of time or is not easily accessible for replacement. The

energy consumption of a large lighting system is considerable. For e+ample in a commercial building the energy costs of the lighting system may be ,5 to 452 of the total energy costs. Aower Factor Aower Factor )HAF> !AF !ead !ag. This is the relationship between an alternating =oltage G current in a circuit. n a resistive circuit )eg heater> toaster> electric coo<er. the current is in phase with the =oltage. However> some devices with magnetic components in the circuit )eg ballasts. alter the phase relationship which causes e+tra current to be drawn for the same power output. 'allasts )being inductive components. cause the current to lag behind the voltage. (g/ # *:5 =olt> single ,- 9att fluorescent fitting/ !AF/ &urrent ? 5.:, #mps HAF/ &urrent ? 5.*1 #mps n both cases the power produced is the same> and the current difference is caused by different power factor figures. The e+tra current can be a problem for the building wiring and circuit brea<ers in situations where there are a lot of fluorescent luminaires. To bring the power factor bac< to nearly the same as it would be in a resistive load we add capacitors to fluorescent luminaires. These are called High Aower Factor fittings. Aower factor correction capacitors can also be fitted in the power distribution board instead of on each fitting. "ome states use lead B lag fittings. These are twin lamp types with one lamp having a leading power factor )current leading voltage. and one lamp having lagging power factor. "ingle lamp fittings of this type are call leading power factor )capacitor in series with ballast.. 'loc<ing nductor This an inductor )coil. wired in series with a fitting to present a high impedance to ripple control frequencies. 9hen a power factor correction capacitor is included in a fitting )HAF models. it presents a low impedance to the ripple control frequencies. This reduces the level of these frequencies and degrades the reliability of ripple control systems. The addition of an inductor bloc<s the ripple control frequencies from reaching the capacitor and prevents them from being reduced in amplitude. (M& "ince Canuary 1> 1;;; #ustralian regulations have required that all light fittings comply with regulations concerning the amount of electrical interference produced by the fitting. This is of special concern to fluorescent fittings as they generate considerable interference )mainly from the lamp.. #ll nd! DHT fittings comply with these regulations and have the & tic< approval.

Mounting TerminologyTerm 6escription T 'ar This refers to the metal rails used in a suspended ceiling as commonly used in offices. # ceiling panel )or part panel. is removed and a T bar fitting is placed on the rails with the flat panel diffuser flush with the ceiling. T 'ar "pacing "tandard spacing is *.: + *.:m. This will give an initial lu+ reading of about 455 in a typical office. "pacing at *.: + 1.0 is also used especially if silver tint diffusers are involved. Recessed Alaster This refers to any solid ceiling that can have an opening cut into it for recessing a fitting. The fitting has a trim around the edges so that the ceiling opening is covered. The flat panel diffuser is flush with the ceiling. "urface MountThis is a shallow rectangular bo+ construction that is attached to the ceiling. There are prismatic panel models and aluminium louvered low brightness models. Mounting HeightsFluorescents ,- 9att 40 9att up to : metres up to 4 metres Mounting Heights

For heights over 4m use highbay or lowbay.High 'ay !uminaires using Metal Halide !amps Minimum Mounting Heights 35 9att *.4 metres 1*4 to 145 9att ,.4 metres *45 9att 4 metres :55 9att 0 metres 1555 9att 15 metres 1455 9att 1* metres *555 9att 14 metres Use of these 9attages at lower heights may result in unacceptable glare. !u+ !evels #ustralian "tandard !u+ levels #"1-05.*.:/1;;3 table (1 gives minimum !u+ levels!u+ #rea :5 !u+ &orridors Aassageways 05 !u+ 9arehouses involving search G retreval tas<s "tairs

1-5 !u+ (ntrance halls Foyers 9aiting Rooms &anteens Machine shop general wor< bench *:5 !u+ &ounters 8itchens )food preparation area. ,*5 !u+ $ffices :55 !u+ Machine shop high tolerance wor< bench -55 !u+ (lectronic assembly wor< Cewellery G watch repair The above list is only a small sample of the recommendations of the #ustralian "tandard. Many retail locations have lu+ levels over 1555.

!u+ !evels #ustralian "tandard !u+ levels #"1-05.*.:/1;;3 table (1 gives minimum !u+ levels!u+ #rea :5 !u+ &orridors Aassageways 05 !u+ 9arehouses involving search G retreval tas<s "tairs 1-5 !u+ (ntrance halls Foyers 9aiting Rooms &anteens Machine shop general wor< bench *:5 !u+ &ounters 8itchens )food preparation area. ,*5 !u+ $ffices :55 !u+ Machine shop high tolerance wor< bench -55 !u+ (lectronic assembly wor< Cewellery G watch repair The above list is only a small sample of the recommendations of the #ustralian "tandard. Many retail locations have lu+ levels over 1555. !umen

9hat does an rish photographer do with a burned out light bulbH "aves it for use in his dar< room. !umen $utputs of 6ifferent !amp Types!umen Type D!" 155 9att 1,55 1*= 45 9att dichroic TH ;45 1455 9att I ,,555 Fluorescent/ 10 9att 1145 Fluorescent/ ,5 9att *:55 ,- 9att ,,55 ,- 9att Triphos ,,55 40 9att :-55 Mercury =apour/ *45 9att 1,355 Mercury =apour/ :55 9att *:555 Metal Halide/ *45 9att *5455 Metal Halide/ :55 9att ,0555 High Aressure "odium/ *45 9att *3455 High Aressure "odium/ :55 9att :3455 !ow Temperature $peration "tandard fluorescent fittings can be operated down to E*5 degrees & if a ,0 mm lamp and special starter are used. !umen output will be *52 of normal when lamp is at E15 degree &. The lower lumen output must be considered when calculating the number of fittings required. Alastic sleeves are available to provide some thermal insulation to a lamp operating in a low temperature environment. !owest operational temperature of other types of discharge lamps/ HA" o< down to E -5 degree & MH o< down to E *5 degree & M= o< down to E 4 degree & Aower Factor Aower Factor )HAF> !AF !ead !ag. This is the relationship between an alternating =oltage G current in a circuit. n a resistive circuit )eg heater> toaster> electric coo<er. the current is in phase with the =oltage. However> some devices with magnetic components in the circuit )eg ballasts. alter the phase relationship which causes e+tra current to be drawn for the same power output. 'allasts )being inductive components. cause the current to lag behind the voltage. Typical !umen $utput

(g/ # *:5 =olt> single ,- 9att fluorescent fitting/ !AF/ &urrent ? 5.:, #mps HAF/ &urrent ? 5.*1 #mps n both cases the power produced is the same> and the current difference is caused by different power factor figures. The e+tra current can be a problem for the building wiring and circuit brea<ers in situations where there are a lot of fluorescent luminaires. To bring the power factor bac< to nearly the same as it would be in a resistive load we add capacitors to fluorescent luminaires. These are called High Aower Factor fittings. Aower factor correction capacitors can also be fitted in the power distribution board instead of on each fitting. "ome states use lead B lag fittings. These are twin lamp types with one lamp having a leading power factor )current leading voltage. and one lamp having lagging power factor. "ingle lamp fittings of this type are call leading power factor )capacitor in series with ballast.. 'loc<ing nductor This an inductor )coil. wired in series with a fitting to present a high impedance to ripple control frequencies. 9hen a power factor correction capacitor is included in a fitting )HAF models. it presents a low impedance to the ripple control frequencies. This reduces the level of these frequencies and degrades the reliability of ripple control systems. The addition of an inductor bloc<s the ripple control frequencies from reaching the capacitor and prevents them from being reduced in amplitude. (M& "ince Canuary 1> 1;;; #ustralian regulations have required that all light fittings comply with regulations concerning the amount of electrical interference produced by the fitting. This is of special concern to fluorescent fittings as they generate considerable interference )mainly from the lamp.. #ll nd! DHT fittings comply with these regulations and have the & tic< approval. !ow =oltage !ighting # high voltage incandescent lamp requires a relatively high resistance filament for a particular 9attage rating. This means the filament is long and the globe is large. The 1* =olt dichroic lamp filament can be of much lower resistance for a particular 9attage> as the applied voltage is much less. This means the filament and globe can be smaller allowing the use of a halogen gas which increases the filament life. 'ecause the inside of the globe is very close to the filament> the temperatures are very high. $rdinary glass would not stand the heat so quartz must be used. The higher filament temperature gives a higher colour temperature and a whiter light than non halogen incandescent types and greater lumens per 9att.

The small size of the lamp ma<es it possible to integrate a small reflector to allow precise control of the beam. !umen maintenance over the lamp life is nearly 1552. The reflector used is a dichroic type which allows much of the infra red energy )heat. generated by the filament to pass through the bac< of the reflector and into the ceiling. This reduces discomfort from heat beamed down from the lamp. The colours visible in the bac< of the reflector have nothing to do with the colour rendering of the lamp> but are caused by the dichroic coating. %ote/ #n installation of two 45 9att dichroic lamps and transformers will actually consume more power than one D!" 155 9att lamp because the transformers are wasting about 1* 9atts each )*:2 more power.. 'ut we will get more light for our input power from the low voltage system. D!" gives 1555 lumens for 155 9atts )15 lumens per 9att. !ow voltage lamp gives ;45 lumens for -* watts )14 !umens per 9att for the system. 45 9atts to lamp involves 1* 9atts in the transformer )45 @1*?-* 9atts total. #dvantages (+cellent colour rendering )&R ? 155. nstant start !amp life *555 to 4555 hours Higher lumens per 9att than non halogen filament lamps (+cellent lumen maintenance &an be dimmed 6isadvantages Aower loss in transformer creates heat )less waste energy with electronic transformer.. Ultra violet content of light can damage some surfaces )use glass covered lamps.. =oltage fluctuations can reduce lamp life. #n increase in mains voltage of 42 above *:5 will reduce lamp life by 452. !amp costs are greater than standard incandescent Touching of the quartz lamp may lead to premature lamp failure !amps How many macho men does it ta<e to change a light bulbH %one. Macho men arenJt afraid of the dar<. The colour qualities of a lamp are characterised by two different aspects E colour temperature and colour rendering.!amp Type #ppro+. &olour Temperature &olour Rendering )Ra. ncandescent )*:5=. *055 degree 8 155 ncandescent 1*= 6ichroic ,555 to :555 degree 8 9arm 9hite Fluorescent ,,55 degree 8 and below &ool 9hite Fluorescent ,455 to :555 degree 8 155 45 to ;5 -5 to ;5

6aylight Fluorescent )&old 9hite.

-555 degree 8 and above

05 to ;5

The colour rendering of fluorescent lamps in the table above varies from different manufacturers. #pplication of 6ifferent &olour Temperature !amps Use warm white for accentuating warm colours )red> brown cream etc.. Use cool white with cool colours li<e grey and blue Use daylight colours in hot climates as a warm lamp ma<es people feel hotter &olour Rendering Fluorescent lamps do not emit equal intensities over the colour spectrum> but have pea<s and valleys across the visible spectrum. This causes unnatural appearance )rendering. of coloured obFects when viewed under fluorescent lamps. &olour rendering is the ability of a lamp to give good colour representation of the obFect it is illuminating. The unit of measurement is Ra. "ome lamps have better colour rendering than others and should be selected for colour critical applications.Ra #pplication #bove ;5 &olour Matching> Aicture Dalleries 05 E ;5 Homes> Restaurants> Te+tile ndustry -5 E 05 $ffices> "chools> !ight ndustry :5 E -5 Heavy ndustry *5 E :5 $utdoor nternational &olour &ode for Fluorescent !amps The last three digits on many fluorescent lamps represents an international method of specifying a lamps colour rendering )Ra. and colour appearance )colour temperature..The first digit is the colour rendering decade. (g/ ; ? ;5 to ;;.> )0 ? 05 to 0;. The second digit is the colour appearance +155. (g/ ,5 ? ,555 degree 8 Triphosphor "tandard fluorescent lamps )halophosphor. have only one type of phosphor powder coating the inside of the tube. The purpose of this coating is to convert the ultra violet light that is produced inside the lamp by electric energy> into visible light. 9ith only one type of coating the light produced will not have very good colour rendering properties. Triphosphor fluorescent lamps have , different phosphors coating the inside of the lamp. (ach phosphor operates in its own colour band )red> green G blue. to give an improved combined colour output.

"uch lamps produce about 152 more light output and can be made with better colour rendering ability and higher temperatures )colour appearance. than lamps with one phosphor.