BS 2869:2006

Incorporating Corrigendum No. 1

BRITISH STANDARD

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Fuel oils for agricultural, domestic and industrial engines and boilers Specification
ICS 75.160.20

NO COPYING WITHOUT BSI PERMISSION EXCEPT AS PERMITTED BY COPYRIGHT LAW

BS 2869:2006
Publishing and copyright information
The BSI copyright notice displayed in this document indicates when the document was last issued. BSI 2006 ISBN 0 580 47928 5 The following BSI references relate to the work on this standard: Committee reference PTI/2 Draft for comment 05/30130710

Publication history
First published, as BS 2869, August 1957 Second edition, December 1967 Third edition, September 1970 Fourth edition, July 1983 Fifth edition, as Part 2, March 1988 Sixth edition, as BS 2869, December 1998 Seventh edition, March 2006

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Amendments issued since publication

Amd. no. 16678
Corrigendum No. 1

Date September 2006

Text affected Change to Table 1, Carbon residue, Class A2 and Table 1, Sediment from mg/kg to mg/l.

BS 2869:2006

Contents
Foreword iii 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Scope 1 Normative references 1 Sampling 3 Composition 4 Characteristics 4 Interpretation of test results 5 Marking and labelling 7

Annexes Annex A (informative) Fuel types 9 Annex B (informative) Storage and handling 10 Annex C (informative) Notes on properties 11 Bibliography 14 List of figures Figure 1 Symbol for class C1 burner fuel 8 Figure C.1 Viscosity-temperature chart 13 List of tables Table 1 Characteristics of middle distillate fuels 5 Table 2 Characteristics of kerosine-type burner fuels 6 Table 3 Properties of residue-containing burner fuels 6 Table B.1 Minimum storage and handling temperatures for residuecontaining fuels 10

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Summary of pages This document comprises a front cover, an inside front cover, pages i to iv, pages 1 to 15 and a back cover.

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BS 2869:2006

Foreword
Publishing information
This British Standard was published by BSI and came into effect on 31 March 2006. It was prepared by Technical Committee PTI/2, Liquid fuels.

Supersession
It supersedes BS 2869:1998, which is withdrawn.

Information about this document

BS 2869 was first published as a combination of earlier standards in 1957, and subsequent revisions took place in 1967, 1970 and 1983. In 1988, in expectation of a European Standard for automotive diesel fuel, prepared by the European Committee for Standardization (CEN), BS 2869 was split into the following parts:

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Part 1: Specification for automotive diesel fuel (class A1); Part 2: Specification for fuel oil for agricultural and industrial engines and burners (classes A2, C1, C2, D, E, F, G and H).

BS 2869-1:1988 was withdrawn and superseded by BS EN 590 in 1993. There are some applications for which, for technical or other reasons, limits different to those in this standard or additional requirements might be necessary. This standard does not cover special applications, which should be the subject of agreements between the supplier and purchaser of fuel oils. Council Directive 1999/32/EC [1] limits the sulfur content of gas oil (other than some gas oil marketed as diesel fuel) to 0.2% (m/m), and of residual fuel oils, to 1% (m/m), determined in accordance with BS 2000-336 (BS EN ISO 8754:1995). This Directive further reduces the sulfur content of gas oil to 0.1% (m/m) from 1 January 2008. The principal differences between BS 2869:1998 and this edition are: a) the maximum sulfur content of the residual fuels grades has been reduced to 1%; b) an alternative method for the determination of a derived cetane number is introduced; c) the test method for water content of classes A2 and D has changed;

d) the test method for the determination of distillation characteristics has been revised for both the middle distillate and the kerosine grades; e) f) the test method for the sulfur content of class C1 kerosine is changed; the test method for the water content of classes E, F, G and H is confirmed;

g) changes are introduced to the method for determination of sediment for classes A2 and D, and a new specification level introduced;
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h) in response to concerns of users, minimum values for kinematic viscosity are explicitly specified for the residual fuel grades; i) j) a lubricity requirement is introduced for low sulfur (500 mg/kg maximum) automotive gas oils; the inclusion of up to 5% (V/V) of Fatty Acid Methyl Ester (FAME) conforming to the appropriate British Standard is permitted.

Presentational conventions
The provisions of this standard are presented in roman (i.e. upright) type. Its requirements are expressed in sentences in which the principle auxiliary verb is shall. Commentary, explanation and general informative material are presented in smaller italic type, and do not constitute normative elements.

Contractual and legal considerations

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This publication does not purport to include all the necessary provisions of a contract. Users are responsible for its correct application. Compliance with a British Standard cannot confer immunity from legal obligations.

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1 Scope
NOTE Annex A, Annex B and Annex C provide information on fuel types and applications, storage and handling, and properties of fuels respectively. Additional information on storage and handling is given in BS 6380.

This British Standard specifies requirements for eight classes of petroleum fuels for engines and boilers used in agricultural, domestic and industrial applications. This British Standard does not preclude lawful use of one class of fuel in an application designed for use with a fuel of another class. However it is strongly recommended that only class C1 burner fuel is used in flueless domestic appliances, and it is advised that tests or consultation with the equipment manufacturer is carried out if fuel is to be used for a purpose other than that for which it is classified in this British Standard.

2 Normative references
NOTE Copies of the BS 2000 series of standards and IP standard methods of analysis and testing are available from the Energy Institute, 61 New Cavendish Street, London, W1G 7AR.

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The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated references only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies. BS 2000-4 (BS EN ISO 6245), Methods of test for petroleum and its products Part 4: Petroleum products Determination of ash BS 2000-10, Methods of test for petroleum and its products Part 10: Determination of kerosine burning characteristics 24 hour method BS 2000-34 (BS EN ISO 2719), Determination of flash point Pensky-Martens closed cup method BS 2000-41:1999 (BS EN ISO 5165:1998), Methods of test for petroleum and its products Part 41: Petroleum products Determination of the ignition quality of diesel fuels Cetane engine method BS 2000-57, Methods of test for petroleum its products Part 57: Petroleum products Determination of the smoke point of kerosine BS 2000-71, Section 1 (BS EN ISO 3104), Methods of test for petroleum and its products Section 1: Petroleum products Transparent and opaque liquids Determination of kinematic viscosity and calculation of dynamic viscosity BS 2000-74 (BS ISO 3733), Methods of test for petroleum and its products Part 74: Petroleum products and bituminous materials Determination of water Distillation method BS 2000-123 (BS EN ISO 3405), Methods of test for petroleum and its products Part 123: Petroleum products Determination of distillation characteristics at atmospheric pressure BS 2000-139 (BS ISO 6618), Methods of test for petroleum and its products Part 139: Petroleum products and lubricants Neutralization number Colour-indicator titration method BS 2000-154 (BS EN ISO 2160), Petroleum products Corrosiveness to copper Copper strip test

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BS 2000-160 (BS EN ISO 3675), Methods of test for petroleum and its products Part 160: Crude petroleum and liquid, petroleum products Laboratory determination of density Hydrometer method BS 2000-170 (BS EN ISO 13736), Methods of test for petroleum and its products Part 170: Petroleum products and other liquids Determination of flash point Abel closed cup method BS 2000-309 (BS EN 116), Methods of test for petroleum and its products Part 309: Diesel and domestic heating fuels Determination of cold filter plugging point BS 2000-336 (BS EN ISO 8754), Methods of test for petroleum and its products Part 336: Petroleum products Determination of sulfur content Energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence method BS 2000-365 (BS EN ISO 12185), Methods of test for petroleum and its products Part 365: Crude petroleum and petroleum products Determination of density Oscillating U-tube method

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BS 2000-367 (BS EN ISO 4259), Methods of test for petroleum and its products Part 367: Petroleum products Determination and application of precision data in relation to methods of test BS 2000-375 (BS ISO 10307-1), Methods of test for petroleum and its products Part 375: Petroleum products Total sediment in residual fuel oils Determination by hot filtration BS 2000-398 (BS EN ISO 10370), Methods of test for petroleum and its products Part 398: Petroleum products Determination of carbon residue Micro method BS 2000-438 (BS EN ISO 12937), Methods of test for petroleum and its products Part 438: Petroleum products Determination of water Coulometric Karl Fischer titration method BS 2000-450, Methods of test for petroleum and its products Part 450: Diesel fuel Assessment of lubricity using the highfrequency reciprocating ring (HFRR) Test method BS 2000-475 (BS EN ISO 3170), Methods of test for petroleum and its products Part 475: Petroleum liquids Manual sampling BS 2000-476 (BS EN ISO 3171), Methods of test for petroleum and its products Part 476: Petroleum liquids Automatic pipeline sampling BS 2000-490 (BS EN ISO 20846), Methods of test for petroleum and its products Part 490: Petroleum products Determination of sulfur content of automotive fuels Ultraviolet fluorescence method BS 2000-509 (BS EN 14275), Methods of test for petroleum and its products Part 509: Automotive fuels Assessment of petrol and diesel fuel quality Sampling from retail site pumps and commercial site fuel dispensers BS EN 14078, Liquid petroleum products Determination of fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) in middle distillates Infrared spectroscopy method BS EN 14213, Heating fuels Fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) Requirements and test methods

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BS EN 14214, Automotive fuels Fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) for diesel engines Requirements and test methods IP 415, Petroleum products Determination of particulate content of middle distillate fuels Laboratory filtration method IP 498:2006, Determination of ignition delay and derived cetane number (DCN) of middle distillate fuels by combustion in a constant volume chamber

3 Sampling
3.1

General
CAUTION In view of the sensitivity of some of the test methods referred to in this British Standard it is essential that attention is paid to the guidance on sampling containers included in the test method standard referred to.

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3.2

Sampling from storage tanks

All sampling from storage tanks shall be carried out in accordance with the relevant procedures of BS 2000-475.

3.3

Sampling from pipelines

All sampling from pipelines shall be carried out in accordance with the relevant procedures of either BS 2000-475 or BS 2000-476.

3.4

Sampling middle distillate fuels from retail site pumps and commercial site fuel dispensers
All sampling of middle distillate fuels from retail site pumps and commercial site fuel dispensers shall be carried out in accordance with the relevant procedures of BS 2000-509.
NOTE Attention is drawn to The Dangerous Substances and Preparations (Safety) (Consolidation) (Amendment) Regulations 2002 [2], The Classification, Packaging and Labelling of Dangerous Substances (Amendment) Regulations 1990 [3], and the European Agreement Concerning the International Carriage of Dangerous Goods by Road (ADR) 2003 [4], with reference to sampling cans.

3.5

Storage, labelling and transport

Samples shall be kept in a cool place although it is not necessary to keep them refrigerated.
NOTE 1 If left in direct sunlight there is a danger that the cans will become pressurized through expansion of their contents.

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Full and legible information relating to the source of the sample shall be attached to the can in such a manner that it cannot easily become detached subsequently.
NOTE 2 If required, the sample may be sealed and labelled to maintain the legal integrity. Attention is also drawn to the European Agreement Concerning the International Carriage of Dangerous Goods by Road (ADR) 2003 [4], The Carriage of Dangerous Goods (Classification, Packaging and Use of Transportable Pressure Receptacles) Regulations 2004 [5], and The Carriage of Dangerous Goods by Road Regulations 1996 [6], with reference to the labelling and transport of samples.

4 Composition
Fuels shall be essentially hydrocarbon oils derived from petroleum except in the case of middle distillate fuels, where up to a maximum of 5% (V/V) of FAME (Fatty Acid Methyl Ester) conforming to BS EN 14213 (FAME as heating fuel) for heating applications or BS EN 14214 (FAME for diesel engines) in diesel engines can be included. Fuels shall not contain components or adventitious matter likely to interfere with normal operation of equipment for which the correct class of product is intended.
NOTE 1 Small amounts of additives intended to improve some aspects of performance and/or to ameliorate emissions or deposits may be included. NOTE 2 HM Revenue and Customs prescribe dyes and/or markers to fuels used for certain purposes and stipulate requirements in respect of other points. These requirements are not given in this British Standard but do not conflict with it. NOTE 3 Fuels may be dyed for brand identification, although attention is drawn to The Dangerous Substances and Preparations (Safety) (Consolidation) (Amendment) Regulations 1999 [7], implementing the Lamp Oil Directive 97/64/EC [8], which prohibits the use of dyes in fuels which can be used in decorative lamps. NOTE 4 This British Standard applies to fuels derived from petroleum. Incorporation of significant quantities of components from other sources (other than FAME as described above) might affect test results obtained by the methods in this standard, and equations relating to fuel quality inter-relationships, such as those in Annex C, are unlikely to be valid. NOTE 5 A suitable method for the separation and identification of FAME is given in BS EN 14331.

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5 Characteristics
5.1

Middle distillate fuels

Middle distillate fuels shall conform to Table 1.

5.2

Kerosine fuels
Kerosine fuels shall conform to Table 2.

5.3

Residual fuels
Residual fuels shall conform to Table 3.

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6 Interpretation of test results

In cases of dispute concerning the results of tests given in Table 1, Table 2 and Table 3, the interpretation procedure described in BS 2000-367 shall be applied. Table 1
Property Kinematic viscosity at 40 C summer (16 March to 30 September) min. max. winter (1 October to 15 March) min. max. Density at 15 C (kg/m3) (min.) Minimum cetane number or Derived cetane numberA) Carbon residueB) (micro) [10% (V/V) distillation bottoms] [% (m/m)] (max.) Distillation: recovery at 250 C [% (V/V)] (max.) recovery at 350 C [% (V/V)] (min.) Flash point (Pensky-Martens closed cup) (C) (min.) Water content (mg/kg) (max.) Sediment (mg/l) (max.) Ash [% (m/m)] (max.) Sulfur content [% (m/m)] (max.) Copper corrosion (3 h at 100 C) (class) Cold filter plugging point (C) (max.): summer (16 March to 30 September) winter (1 October to 15 March) Strong acid number Lubricity, corrected mean wear scar diameter (WS 1.4) at 60 C (m) (max.)C) Fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) content % (V/V) (max.)
A)

Characteristics of middle distillate fuels

Class A2 Class D Test method

(mm2/s):

2 5.5 1.5 5.5 820 45 45 0.30

1.5 5.5 1.5 5.5

BS 2000-71 Section 1 BS 2000-71 Section 1 BS 2000-71 Section 1 BS 2000-71 Section 1 BS 2000-160 or BS 2000-365 BS 2000-41 or IP 498:2006

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0.30

BS 2000-398

65 85 56 200 24 0.01 0.20D) 1 4 12 zero 460 5

65 85 56 200 24 0.01 0.20D) 1 4 12 zero 5

BS 2000-123 BS 2000-123 BS 2000-34 BS 2000-438 IP 415 BS 2000-4 BS 2000-336 BS 2000-154 BS 2000-309 BS 2000-309 BS 2000-139 BS 2000-450 BS EN 14078

As an alternative to cetane number, for quality control purposes, the cetane index (calculated in accordance with BS 2000-380) may be used for fuels that do not contain additives to improve ignition quality. B) The limiting value for carbon residue is based on product prior to the addition of ignition improver, if used. If a value exceeding the limit is obtained on a finished fuel, alkyl nitrate presence should be calculated in accordance with BS 2000-430. If an ignition improver is present, the limit value for carbon residue of the product shall not be applied. Use of additives does not exempt fuels from conforming to the maximum 0.30% (m/m) carbon residue prior to addition. C) This requirement is for low sulfur gas oil (500 mg/kg sulfur maximum) only. D) This is the sulfur content maximum given in Directive 1999/32/EC at the time of publication. It will be 0.1% (m/m) from 1 January 2008 (Directive 1999/32/EC) [1].

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Table 2
Property Appearance Kinematic viscosity at 40 C (mm2/s): min. max. Distillation: recovery at 200 C [% (V/V)] min. max. Final boiling point (C) (max.) Flash point (C) (min.) Sulfur content [% (m/m)] (max.)

Characteristics of kerosine-type burner fuels

Class C1 Class C2 Test method visual check

Clear, bright, free from solid matter and undissolved water. 1.00 2.00

BS 2000-71 Section 1 BS 2000-71 Section 1

15.0 60.0 280 43.0 0.04 1 34 10

15.0 300 38.0 0.20 1 19 20

BS 2000-123 BS 2000-123 BS 2000-123 BS 2000-170 BS 2000-490 BS 2000-336 BS 2000-154 BS 2000-57 BS 2000-10

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Copper corrosion (3 h at 100 C) (class) Smoke point (mm) (min.) Char value (mg/kg) (max.)

Table 3
Property Kinematic viscosity at 100 C (mm2/s) (max.) (mm2/s) (min.)

Properties of residue-containing burner fuels

Class E 8.20 66.0 1.0 0.5 0.10 15.0 0.10 zero Class F 20.00 8.201 66.0 1.0 0.75 0.10 18.0 0.15 zero Class G 40.00 20.01 66.0 1.0 1.0 0.15 20.0 0.15 zero Class H 56.00 40.01 66.0 1.0 1.0 0.15 22.0 0.15 zero Test method BS 2000-71 Section 1 BS 2000-34 BS 2000-336 BS 2000-74 BS 2000-4 BS 2000-398 BS 2000-375 BS 2000-139

Flash point (Pensky-Martens closed cup) (C) (min.) Sulfur content [% (m/m)] (max.) Water content [% (V/V)] (max.) Ash content [% (m/m)] (max.) Carbon residue (micro) [% (m/m)] (max.) Total sediment (existent) [% (m/m)] (max.) Strong acid number

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7 Marking and labelling

7.1 7.1.1

Class C1 burner fuel

Symbol
The symbol for class C1 burner fuel shall be of the general form and proportions shown in Figure 1. For bulk containers and dispensing pumps, the symbol shall be not less than 100 mm in breadth and 120 mm in height. No additional symbols or lettering shall be included within the outer rectangle or closely associated with the perimeter. There shall be a space of not less than 10 mm between the perimeter of the symbol and any brand name or trade mark. The colour used for the design and lettering shall clearly contrast with the background colour.

7.1.2

Marking of pumps, tanks and bulk containers

The following information shall be marked on each dispensing pump or bulk container (above 25 l capacity) used for delivering class C1 burner fuel to the customer: a) the vendors name or mark; b) the symbol for class C1 burner fuel (see Figure 1). The wording BS 2869, class C1 or BS 2869, C1 shall only be placed on pumps or containers if it is part of or accompanied by the class C1 burner fuel symbol (see 7.1.1).

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7.1.3
NOTE The wording BS 2869, class C1 or BS 2869, C1 may be used in documents relating to the sale and delivery of class C1 burner fuel without the class C1 burner fuel symbol.

Associated documents and small containers

If the class C1 burner fuel symbol is placed on small containers, or appears in documents relating to the sale and delivery of class C1 burner fuel, or is used in advertising material, it shall be recognizable, with the general form and proportions shown in Figure 1, and shall have legible lettering. Additional lettering or symbols shall not be included within the outside rectangle of the symbol or closely associated with its perimeter. A space of not less than 5 mm or one-tenth of the breadth of the symbol, whichever is the greater, shall be left between the perimeter of the symbol and any brand name or trade mark.

7.2
NOTE Class C2 fuels should be described as kerosine with reference to this standard.

Class C2 burner fuel

Products conforming to class C2 of this standard shall not be described as paraffin or paraffin oil with reference to this standard.

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Figure 1

Symbol for class C1 burner fuel

PARAFFIN

BS 2869C1
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Annex A (informative) A.1

Fuel types
General
The fuel used in an appliance should be as recommended by the appliance manufacturer. However, it is recognized that many types of oil-consuming appliances that normally use a particular class of fuel can, in certain circumstances, operate with fuel conforming to another class. If a fuel is to be used in appliances other than those for which it is classified, the user should be satisfied by tests or consultation with the equipment manufacturer that this can be done.

A.2
NOTE Similar fuels, specifically designed for engine usage, are specified in BS ISO 8217:2005, and reference to BS ISO 8217:2005 should enable the user to obtain the required information.

Engine fuels
Class A2 fuel is suitable for diesel engine usage in agricultural and off-highway applications in engines that can perform on a fuel of the specified ignition quality. Class A2 fuel is a distillate fuel, and is so specified to prevent inclusion of residue components from petroleum processing. Class E, F and G fuels are also used in engines, but are not guaranteed suitable for this purpose. Users should obtain further information from the fuel supplier, and, in consultation with the engine manufacturer, ensure suitability of the fuel for the equipment.

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A.3
NOTE Annex C gives further information on viscosity/ temperature relationships.

Burner fuels
Class C1 and C2 fuels are kerosine-type fuels. Class C1 is designed for use in flueless appliances, and class C2 is designed for vaporizing or atomizing burners in appliances connected to flues. Class D fuel is a distillate fuel similar to class A2, without the requirements for ignition quality, and is so specified to prevent inclusion of residue components from petroleum processing. It has low temperature operability limits intended to ensure that it can be stored at normal ambient temperatures encountered in the UK. Class D fuels are burner fuels designed for use in atomizing burners of the type used in domestic, commercial and industrial applications. Residue-containing fuels of classes E, F, G and H can be used in either atomizing burners serving boilers, or in certain types of larger diesel engines. They normally require heating before use, and might require other forms of pre-treatment. Fuels of these types are frequently classified in terms of their viscosity, which can be expressed at a different temperature to the viscosity temperature used in this standard (100 C). The maximum viscosity of a fuel oil grade is deemed to be the effective minimum of the next most viscous grade.

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Annex B (informative) B.1

NOTE Precautions should also be taken with storage installations and vehicles using class A2 fuel. The British Technical Council of the Motor and Petroleum Industries publication, Diesel Fuel Systems Low Temperature Operations [9], provides recommendations for fuel storage systems, design and service of low pressure fuel systems of vehicles and recommendations for low temperature operation of diesel vehicles, including remedial measures in cases of fuel starvation by wax formation.

Storage and handling

Fuels of classes A2 and D
Guidance on the cold weather performance of class A2 and D fuels is given in BS 6380. Long exposure of these fuels to temperatures below their specified limits might cause restriction to flow. Problems can be experienced if summer grade material with a higher cold filter plugging point is present in significant amounts in fuel used during the winter period. If continuity of operation is essential or if fuels are used in locations prone to severe cold spells, appropriate precautions should be taken. For installations that use class D fuels, storage tanks and associated pipework and fittings should be lagged and heated. In some applications (e.g. standby use) heating equipment should be installed, in accordance with BS 5410-1 to -3, to provide a minimum storage and handling temperature between 0 C and 5 C. A minimum temperature for atomization should be maintained at the burner to obtain optimum performance of the equipment, for example by appropriate length, design and lagging of pipework feeding the burner, or with further preheating.

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B.2
NOTE Minimum storage and handling temperatures for residue-containing fuels are given in Table B.1.

Fuels of classes E, F, G and H

Fuels of classes E, F, G and H should be stored and handled with plant equipped with heating facilities. Users should be satisfied that their storage and handling plant is equipped to maintain fuel at, or just above, the appropriate temperatures given in Table B.1. Heating facilities should be designed in accordance with BS 799-4 and -5 and BS 5410-2 and -3. Minimum storage and handling temperatures for residuecontaining fuels
Class of fuel Minimum storage temperature C E F G H 10 25 40 45 Minimum outflow and handling temperature C 10 30 50 55

Table B.1

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Annex C (informative) C.1

NOTE In the regions indicated by broken lines on the chart, the viscosity-temperature relationship cannot be accurately defined for all fuels. Guidance on viscosities at low temperatures should be sought from the fuel supplier.

Notes on properties
Viscosity-temperature relationships
The four lines on the chart in Figure C.1 give average viscositytemperature relationships for samples of fuel with the maximum viscosity specified in this standard for each of classes E, F, G and H. The approximate fixed viscosity-temperature relationship for any fuel in these classes can be determined if the viscosity at one temperature is known, by drawing a line through the known viscosity-temperature point parallel to the line for the class of fuel. From this line the approximate temperature for any viscosity can be estimated.

C.2

Ignition quality
The ignition quality of distillate fuels is specified in terms of cetane number using a test engine or derived using combustion in a constant volume chamber. For distillate fuels the cetane index calculated in accordance with BS 2000-380 is approximately equal to the determined cetane number for fuels that do not contain ignition-improving additives. The index may be used as an alternative to cetane number for quality control purposes. The ignition quality of residue-containing fuels can only be estimated from physical characteristics. Examples of equations for such estimations are given in BS MA 100.

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C.3

Density
Density of fuel should be ascertained for converting bulk volume to mass, and for calculating ignition quality or specific energy. Density may be quoted by the fuel supplier, or can be determined in accordance with BS 2000-160 or BS 2000-365.

C.4
NOTE For fuels containing wax-modifying additives, there is no fixed relationship between the cloud point, pour point and cold filter plugging point. Under normal conditions, the difference between the cloud point and cold filter plugging point rarely exceeds 13 C.

Low temperature operability

Low temperature operability limits of distillate fuels, such as automotive diesel fuel as specified in BS EN 590 and classes A2 and D of this standard, should be assessed by the cold filter plugging point method.

C.5

Specific energy
Specific energy (calorific value, heat of combustion) is not controlled in fuel manufacture except incidentally by specification of other properties. Gross specific energy at constant volume (Qgv) can be determined by the method specified in BS 2000-12, which includes a method for ascertaining net specific energy at constant pressure (Qnp).

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Specific energy can be calculated, with a degree of accuracy acceptable for normal purposes, from the fuel density, with corrections for any sulfur, water and incombustibles (ash) that might be present, as follows: Qgv = [52.190 (8.802 2 106)][1 0.01(x + y + s)] + [9.420(0.01s)] Qnp = [46.704 (8.802 2 106) + (3.167 103)] [1 0.01(x + y + s)] +[0.01(9.420s 2.449x)] where:

is the density at 15 C (kg/m3);

x is the water content [% (m/m)]; y is the ash content [% (m/m)]; s is the sulfur content [% (m/m)].
NOTE The above equations were derived using a matrix of samples of petroleum origin. They are unlikely to be valid for fuels containing a FAME component.

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Figure C.1

Viscosity-temperature chart

3 000 2 000 1 500 1 000 750 500 400 300 250 200 150
Kinematic viscosity, mm 2/s

Cl as sH Cl as

Cl as sF

sG

Cl as

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100 75

sE

50 40 35 30 25 20

15 12.5 10 9 8 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150 160

Temperature, C

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Bibliography
Standards publications
For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies. BS 799-4, Oil burning equipment Part 4: Specification for atomizing burners (other than monobloc type) together with associated equipment for single burner and multi burner installations BS 799-5, Oil burning equipment Part 5: Specification for oil storage tanks BS 2000-12, Methods of test for petroleum and its products Part 12: Determination of specific energy BS 2000-380, Methods of test for petroleum and its products Part 380: Petroleum products Calculation of cetane index of middle distillate fuels by the four-variable equation BS 2000-430 (BS EN ISO 13759), Methods of test for petroleum and its products Part 430: Petroleum products Determination of alkyl nitrate in diesel fuels Spectrometric method BS 5410-1, Code of practice for oil firing Part 1: Installations up to 45 kW output capacity for space heating and hot water supply purposes BS 5410-2, Code of practice for oil firing Part 2: Installations of 45 kW and above output capacity for space heating, hot water and steam supply purposes BS 5410-3, Code of practice for oil firing Part 3: Installations for furnaces, kilns, ovens and other industrial purposes BS 6380, Guide to low temperature properties and cold weather use of diesel fuels and gas oils conforming to BS EN 590 and classes A2 and D of BS 2869 BS EN 590, Automotive fuels Diesel Requirements and test methods BS EN 14331, Liquid petroleum products Separation and characterisation of fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) from middle distillates Liquid chromatography (LC)/gas chromatography (GC) method BS ISO 8217:2005 Petroleum products Fuels (class F) Specifications of marine fuels

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Other publications
[1] EUROPEAN COMMUNITIES. 1999/32/EC Relating to a reduction in the sulfur content of certain liquid fuels and amending Directive 93/12/EEC. Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities, 1999. [2] GREAT BRITAIN. The Dangerous Substances and Preparations (Safety) (Consolidation) (Amendment) Regulations 2002. London: The Stationery Office.

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[3] GREAT BRITAIN. The Classification, Packaging and Labelling of Dangerous Substances (Amendment) Regulations 1990. London: The Stationery Office. [4] UNITED NATIONS ECONOMIC COMMISSION FOR EUROPE. European Agreement Concerning the International Carriage of Dangerous Goods by Road (ADR) 2003. [5] GREAT BRITAIN. The Carriage of Dangerous Goods (Classification, Packaging and Use of Transportable Pressure Receptacles) Regulations 2004. London: The Stationery Office. [6] GREAT BRITAIN. The Carriage of Dangerous Goods by Road Regulations 1996. London: The Stationery Office. [7] GREAT BRITAIN. The Dangerous Substances and Preparations (Safety) (Consolidation) (Amendment) Regulations 1999. London: The Stationery Office. [8] EUROPEAN COMMUNITIES. The Lamp Oil Directive 97/64/EC. Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities, 1999. [9] British Technical Council, Diesel Fuel Systems Low Temperature Operations, 1979.

Licensed copy:PONTYPRIDD COLLEGE, 04/06/2007, Uncontrolled Copy, BSI

BSI 2006

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Licensed copy:PONTYPRIDD COLLEGE, 04/06/2007, Uncontrolled Copy, BSI

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