GCSE Chemistry Summary

1. Basic Chemistry Experimental Techniques and Safety How to use a: Thermometer Balance Measuring Cylinder Pipette Burette Filter Paper Litmus Paper Mortar and Pestle Bunsen Burner Transferring a Solid Pouring Liquids Smelling a Chemical Mi ing the Contents of a Test Tu!e "as Collection and #nalysis Heating Materials in a Test Tu!e Testing for "ases $%aporating a Liquid Burning a Su!stance in a "as Ha&ard Signs States of matter 'hat is Matter( Brownian Motion Mass )olume *ensity Solid+ Liquid or "as ,inetic Theory Change of State Heating and Cooling Cur%es $ pansion and Contraction *iffusion -ate of *iffusion *issol%ing

Elements, compounds & mixtures Mi tures and Pure Su!stances Testing for Purity Homogenous .complete/ Mi tures Heterogeneous .incomplete/ Mi tures Solutions Solu!ility Separation $lements Metals and 0on1metals Compounds Gas Laws Boyle2s law Charles2 law "ay Lussac2s law Com!ined gas laws 2. The Atomic Model Atomic Structure #toms and $lements $lement Sym!ols Models of #tomic Structure Plum Pudding Model -utherford2s $ periment Summary on #tomic Structure #tomic and mass num!ers 3sotopes -elati%e #tomic Mass 0iels Bohr and the )isi!le Spectrum Flame Tests $nergy Le%els Bohr Model Periodic Ta!le $lectron Configuration 3ons

Bonding Bond Formation 3onic Bonding Sodium Chloride 0aming 3onic Compounds *etermining Formulas *ot and Cross *iagrams Transition Metals Co%alent Bonding *ot and Cross #cti%ity Car!on Bonding )alency Polyatomic 3ons Metallic Bonding Structures and roperties of Solids Material Properties Solid Structures Solid Properties: .structure+ !onding+ melting point+ hardness+ conducti%ity+ solu!ility/ Alloys *efinition of an #lloy Properties of #lloys How #lloys 'or4 $ amples of #lloys Allotropes *efinition of an #llotrope #llotropes of Car!on .graphite+ diamond/ #llotropes of 5 ygen .o&one/ #llotropes of Sulphur

3. Uses of Chemistry !seful roducts from "il Crude 5il Fossil Fuels $ traction of 5il Composition of Crude 5il Separation of Crude 5il Fractionating Tower Crac4ing Hydrocar!ons Com!ustion Polymers Plastics .Thermoplastic+ Thermoset/ $n%ironmental $ffects !seful roducts from the Earth#s $rust Metal 5res Composition of $arth2s Crust $ traction of Metals from their 5res Choosing a -educing #gent $ traction of iron 6ses of 3ron $ traction of #luminium 6ses of #luminium Purification of Copper !y $lectrolysis Limestone+ Chal4 7 Mar!le Manufacture of Cement Manufacture of "lass Manufacture of 8uic4lime Manufacture of Sla4ed Lime !seful roducts from the Air #mmonia Ha!er Process Production of 0itric #cid 0itrogenous Fertilisers Protein requirements of Plants o!tained from 0itrogenous Fertilisers $n%ironmental 3ssues

%ndustrial rocesses Sulphur Sulphuric #cid 9 Contact Process 6ses of Sulphuric #cid 3ron 9 5 ygen Furnace Pre%enting Corrosion #luminium Titanium Hardness of 'ater 4. Chemical Reactio s &epresenting &eactions 'hat is Chemical Change( How to represent a Chemical -eaction 'ord $quations Formula $quations Balancing Chemical $quations Types of -eaction: Thermal *ecomposition+ 0eutralisation *isplacement+ Precipitation 5 idation+ -eduction $ othermic+ $ndothermic+ -e%ersi!le Acids and Al'alis #cids Base or #l4ali The pH Scale 6ni%ersal 3ndicator 0eutralisation 0eutralisation in 6se #cidic La4es #cid -eactions: with Metals with Metal 5 ides and Hydro ides with Car!onates and Hydrogen Car!onates with #mmonia Metal and 0on1Metal 5 ides

The eriodic Ta(le *e%elopment of the Periodic Ta!le Law of 5cta%es Mendelee% #tomic 0um!er+ Period+ "roup "roup : 1 0o!le "ases "roup ; 1 #l4ali Metals -eactions of #l4ali Metals: with Halogens with 5 ygen "roup < 1 Halogens -eaction of Halogens with Metals 6ses of Halogens Transition Metals Transition Metals as Catalysts The &eacti)ity Series -eactions of Metals with *ilute #cids -eactions of Metals in 'ater #cti%ation $nergy -eactions of Metals with 5 ygen $ tracting Metals from their 5res: -educing #gents $lectrolysis Predicting -eactions: *isplacement -eactions Metal $ traction from 5re -eaction of Metal Sulphates and Metals -ate of Corrosion =inc 1 Sacrificial Metal Electrolysis $lectrolysis #pparatus $lectrolytes The Mo%ement of 3ons -ules for $lectrode -eactions 8uantitati%e $lectrolysis Current Coulom! $lectrolysis Calculation 3ndustrial #pplications $lectroplating

"rganic $hemistry Saturated 7 6nsaturated Car!ons #l4anes #l4enes -eacti%ity of #l4anes and #l4enes Saturation -eactions #ddition -eactions 3somerism #lcohols $thanol $sters Car!o ylic #cids !. Measureme ts i Chemistry *uantitati)e $hemistry Conser%ation of Mass -elati%e #tomic Mass #%erage -elati%e #tomic Mass -elati%e Molecular Mass Percentage Composition The Mole Calculating the num!er of Moles $mpirical Formulae Percentage Composition Molar )olumes Concentration of Solutions -eacting 8uantities &ates of &eaction -ate of -eaction: *efinition 3ndustrial 3mportance Factors #ffecting Theory $ periments: Sodium Thiosulphate and Hydrochloric #cid *ecomposition of Hydrogen Pero ide

&eactions with En+ymes Biological Catalysts 5ptimum Temperature $%eryday uses of $n&ymes Fermentation Energy Transfers in &eactions $nergy Transfers $ othermic -eactions $ndothermic -eactions $nergy *iagrams #cti%ation $nergy and Catalysts $nergy Calculations &e)ersi(le &eactions Thermal *issociation *ynamic $quili!rium Titrations #cid > Base Titrations Titration $quipment 3ndicator Titration Calculations ". Chemistry a d the Earth $hanges to the Atmosphere How the atmosphere e%ol%ed The 'ater Cycle The Car!on Cycle The 0itrogen Cycle Geological $hanges 3gneous -oc4s Sedimentary -oc4s Fossils Metamorphic -oc4s -oc4 Cycle $arth?s Structure Plate Tectonics Plate Mo%ements 9 Constructi%e Boundaries *estructi%e Boundaries