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Roshane Nanayakkara 4207424

Swinburne University of Technology


School of Engineering (Sarawak Campus)
HES 2!" #lui$ %echanics
Semester 2, 2009
&ab Sheet' #&() TH*(U+H , -E.TU*/ %ETE*
Name: Roshane Nanayakkara
Student ID: 4207424
Group Number: 4
Bernoullis Theorem
Roshane Nanayakkara 4207424
Objectives :-
II To determine the discharge coefficient of the venture meter.
IIITo measure flow rate using venture meter.
IIIITo demonstrate Bernoullis Theorem.
Theory :-
Bernoullis law is an expression of the conservation of energy in the steady flow of an
incompressible, in viscid fluid. It states that the quantity p+
1

v
!
+

gh is constant
along any streamline, where p is the fluid pressure, v is the fluid velocity,

is the mass
density of the fluid, g is the gravitational acceleration and h is the elevation of the fluid.
p"
1

v
!
"

gh # $ %constant&

'estrictions(
1. )teady flow.
!. Incompressible floe.
*. +rictionless flow.
,. +low along a stream line.
In here we also use the principle of continuity, which is denoted by,
-
1
.
1
# -
!
.
!
Venturi effect:
The .enturi effect is the drop in fluid pressure that results when an incompressible fluid
flows through a constricted section of pipe. The .enturi effect may be derived from a
combination of Bernoulli/s principle and the equation of continuity. The fluid velocity
must increase through the constriction to satisfy the equation of continuity, while its
pressure must decrease due to conservation of energy( the gain in 0inetic energy is
supplied by a drop in pressure or a pressure gradient force.
Venturi Meter:
- venturi meter is a tube with a constricted throat that increases velocity and decreases
pressure. They are used for measuring the flow rate of compressible and incompressible
fluids in pipeline.
Apparatus:
Bernoullis Theorem 1emonstration 2nit %3odel( +3114& as shown below.
Roshane Nanayakkara 4207424

Below are some units of this system, which we should 0now when operating.
a& .enturi
The venturi meter is made of transparent acrylic with the following specifications(
Throat diameter( 15mm
2pstream 1iameter( !5mm
1esigned +low 'ate( !4673
b& 3anometer
There are eight manometer tubes8 each length *!4mm, for static pressure and total
head measuring along with the venturi meter.
The manometer tubes are connected to an air bleed screw for air release as well as
tubes pressuri9ation.
c& Baseboard
Roshane Nanayakkara 4207424
the baseboard is epoxy coated and designed with , height ad:ustable stands to level
the venturi meter.
d& 1ischarge valve
;ne discharge valve is installed at the venturi discharge section for flow rate control.
e& <onnections
=ose connections are installed at both inlet and outlet.
f& =ydraulic Bench
)ump tan0 ( 1!4 litres
.olumetric tan0 ( 144 litres
<entrifugal pump( 4.*>0?, @4 673
Experimental roce!ure" #esults" calculations :-
+irst we have to perform the $eneral start up proce!ures.
The clear acrylic test section is installed with the converging section upstream. Then we
have to tighten the unions by hand. Then level the unit on top of the bench by ad:usting
the feet. -fter the volumetric tan0 of the hydraulic bench is A4B filled by water the
flexible inlet tube is connected. Then a flexible hose is connected to the outlet. Cext, we
must smoothly open the outlet flow control valve of the Bernoullis theorem
demonstration unit. Before switch on the pumps, we have to close the bench flow control
valve. The valve .1 is gradually opened to allow the piping filled with water until the air
has been expelled. -s the next step we have to remove the trapped bubbles in the glass
tube and plastic transfer tube %if there are any& in order to ma0e the system more
accurate.% to do this you can lightly press the air bleed valve&. Cow we can see water
flowing into the venturi and discharged into the collection tan0 of hydraulic bench.

?hen the water flow in the pipe is steady, we have to partially close the discharge valve
to ta0e the maximum measurable flow rate.
If the water level is too high in the manometer tubes, the outlet control valve is
opened to reduce the pressure.
If the water level is too low to ta0e the readings, the bench flow control valve is
opened to increase the static pressure.
%ischar$e &oefficient %etermination:
-fter the general start up procedure is performed, the hypodermic tube is withdrawn from
the test section. Then the discharge valve is ad:usted until the tubes 1 and * give
maximum observable water head difference. %This is 0nown as the maximum observable
flow rate&. ?hen the water level stabili9es, we measure the flow rate using volumetric
method and record the manometer readings. ?e have to repeat this step at least for three
decreasing flow rates by regulating the venturi discharge valve.
2sing the volumetric flow measurement method the actual flow rate, DE
a
F is obtained.
The ideal flow rate E
i
is obtained through the water head difference between h
1
and h
*.
#esults:
Roshane Nanayakkara 4207424
%ischar$e &oefficient %etermination from experimental result
'
a

?ater head% mm&
()M*
- B < 1 G +
!H.@ !H4 !,@ *5 1A1 !1H !@4
!!.@ !@> !!A @@ 1H* !4@ !**
1A.@ !14 1A* H5 15, 1>> 1A*
15.@ 1A5 1H! A@ 1@H 15A 1H*
&alculations:
Throat 1iameter, 1
!
# 15.4 mm
Inlet 1iameter, 1
1
# !5.4 mm
Throat -rea, -
!
# IrJ = x %H x 14
K*
&
!
# !.41 x 14
K,
m
!
Inlet -rea, -
1
# IrJ = x %1* x 14
K*
&
!
# @.*1 x 14
K,
m
!
g %ms
!
& # A.H1
L%0gm
*
& # 1444
Gquation for the ideal flow rate,

1
]
1

,
_


1
1
]
1

,
_

! 1
! 1
!
1
1
!
!
1
! ! ! 1
!
Z Z
Y
P P
g
A
A
A V A Qi
#
,
14 41 . !

( ) [ ]
!
1
!
1
!
,
,
& H1 . A % !
14 *1 . @
14 41 . !
1
C A
h h s m
1
1
]
1

,
_

E
i
# !.1>!
,
14

( ) ( )
C A
h h 5! . 1A !
1
1ischarge <oefficient 1etermination <alculation 'esult
h,0hC 1i
1a(m23s
)
0.244 0.00047!2" 4.7!#$04
0.202
4."02!"#$
0! 0.000"7!
0.%24
4."02!"#$
0! 0.000"2!
0.%0%
4."02!"#$
0! 0.00027!
Roshane Nanayakkara 4207424
<d # Mradient # 4.A*>
+lo, rate measurement ,ith the venturi meter:
+irst the general startKup procedures are performed. The hypodermic tube is withdrawn from
the test section. Then the discharge valve is ad:usted until we get a maximum observable flow
rate. ?hen the water level stabili9es, the water flow rate is measured using volumetric method
and record the manometer readings. ?e repeat this step with three other decreasing flow
rates, by regulating the venturi discharge valve.
The venturi meter flow rate of each data is calculated by applying the discharge coefficient
obtained.
#esults:
+low rate measurement with venturi meter results
'
a

?ater head% mm&
()M*
- B < 1 G +
!H.@ !H4 !,@ *5 1A1 !1H !@4
!!.@ !@> !!A @@ 1H* !4@ !**
Roshane Nanayakkara 4207424
1A.@ !14 1A* H5 15, 1>> 1A*
15.@ 1A5 1H! A@ 1@H 15A 1H*
-pplying the formula,
Ei # Ea<
d
&d = 0.9"7
&ompar'n( )' and )a
1i 1a(m23s)
!.07#$04 4.7!#$04
4.00#$04 ".7!#$04
".47#$04 ".2!#$04
2.9"#$04 2.7!#$04
Bernoulli theorem !emonstration:
The general startKup procedures are performed. -s the next step, we chec0 whether all the
manometer tubes are connected to the corresponding pressure tabs and free of air bubbles.
Then the discharge valve is ad:usted until we get a maximum observable flow rate. 2sing the
volumetric method, the water flow rate is measured. %The measurements are ta0en when the
water level stabili9es&. The hypodermic tube which is connected to manometer M is slid
gently so that its end reaches the cross section of the venturi tube at -. -fter some time, the
readings from manometer M and - are ta0en. The above step has to be repeated for other
cross sections B, <, 1, G and +. ;nce more we have to repeat the whole procedure, from the
ad:ustment of the discharge valve to finally mentioned point, with three other decreasing flow
rates.
The velocity, .
iB
is calculated through the *ernou++',s e-uat'on .here,
/he 0e+o1'ty, 2
'&
's 1a+1u+ated throu(h the 1ont'nu'ty e-uat'on,

No. the d'33eren1e bet.een the t.o 1a+1u+ated 0e+o1't'es 's determ'ned.
#esults:
-ample &alculation for ./01 )M 2 A
.ib 3 4526g6(h
6
0 h
i
)7 8 4526g6(9:;09!<)6E07 8 "=!2"29 m3s
#rom the appen$i> ,
Roshane Nanayakkara 4207424
,i 8 ? @
i
2
3 ! 8 ? 2A
2
3 ! 8 :=9 mm
2
-ic 8 1av 3 ,i 8 (2=A3A"""")3 (:=9E0!) 8 "=;!";!";! m3s
./01 )M
Cross
Secti
on
Using
Berno
ulli
eCuat
ion
Using
Conti
nuity
eCuati
on @ifference
i h68h
h
h
i
V
iB
= A
i
= V
iC
= V
iB
-V
iC
(mm) (mm)
[2*g
*(h
*
-
h
i
)]
D
i
2
/
4 Q
av
/ A
i
(m/s)
(m/s) (mm
2
) (m/s)
4 %!7 %45 4.,!4!
1
@.*1 4.>,4>,4>, K4.*!4@!5@1
* %!" %40 4.@4@4
*
*.55 1.4>,5H1!, K4.@5A5,5@A
& %!" 92 1.4A*A
A
!.41 1.A@5HH!!5 K4.H5!HHA@>
D %!0 %24 4.>1,!
*
*.1, 1.!@!5@*A* K4.@*H,!>4>
# %49 %"0 4.514@
5
*.H 1.4*@4H>>! K4.,!,@*45
6 %47 %"5 4.*A51
H
@.*1 4.>,4>,4>, K4.*,,@@HA5
4501 )M
Cross
Secti
on
Using Bernoulli
eCuation
Using Continuity
eCuation @ifference
i
h68h
h
h
i
V
iB
= A
i
= V
iC
= V
iB
-V
iC
(mm) (mm)
[2*g
*(h
*
-
h
i
)]
D
i
2
/
4 Q
av
/ A
i
(m/s)
(m/s)
(mm
2
) (m/s)
4 %7" %70 4.@4@4
*
@.*1 4.@@!,15H! K4.4,>*H!1>
* %72 %4! 4.>!>H
*
*.55 4.H41,@>1A K4.4>*5!,H
& %75 %04 1.1!4@
>
!.41 1.,@A*5AH! K4.**H>AH@*
D %70 %"5 4.5@5A *.1, 4.A*,1H!@A K4.!>>1HA,,
Roshane Nanayakkara 4207424
A
# %74 %4" 4.5,1H
A
*.H 4.>>1A!AH! K4.1*44,1AH
6 %!9 %!2 4.*>4@
A
@.*1 4.@@!,15H! K4.1H1H!!>1
44 )M
Cross
Secti
on
Using Bernoulli
eCuation
Using Continuity
eCuation @ifference
i
h68h
h
h
i
V
iB
= A
i
= V
iC
= V
iB
-V
iC
(mm) (mm)
[2*g
*(h
*
-
h
i
)]
D
i
2
/
4 Q
av
/ A
i
(m/s)
(m/s)
(mm
2
) (m/s)
4 %5! %52 4.!,!5
1
@.*1 4.*,@!54@1 K4.14!5,A>!
* %5! %77 4.,!4!
1
*.55 4.@44A14>@ K4.4H45A5@!
& %5! %"9 4.A@44
1
!.41 4.A1!1451, 4.4*>A4,*A
D %54 %74 4.5!5,
!
*.1, 4.@H*H5,1! 4.4,!@@,!>!
# %54 %75 4.@54!
A
*.H 4.,H!,@51, 4.4>>H!A@41
6 %5" %74 4.,!4!
1
@.*1 4.*,@!54@1 4.4>,A@*>15
:= Conclusion
%iscussion an! &omments:
a& The following factors can have an effect on the experimental results
The pump not wor0ing at maximum efficiency
7aralax error when ta0ing reading
=uman errors when ta0ing timing
+riction in the venture tube
'ounding up of errors
+low perbutations N swirl, cross flow, asymmetrical velocity profile etc
-ir bubbles trapped in the pipes

b8 /he 3o++o.'n( pro1edures 1ou+d be adopted to m'n'm'9e e:per'menta+
error
/he reser0e tank o3 the pump has to be at+east 90; 3u++ 3or 't to per3orm
e33'1'ent+y. I3 th's 1ond't'on 's not sat's3'ed the stat'1 pressure d'33eren1e at
Roshane Nanayakkara 4207424
d'33erent 1ross$se1t'ons .'++ be 0ery s'm'+ar and there3ore the error .ou+d
be +ar(e
/he read'n( o3 the 0o+ume o3 .ater 1o++e1ted shou+d be taken .hen the
men's1us 's at eye +e0e+ so that there .'++ be m'n'mum errors
<ne .ay o3 redu1'n( errors .h'+e tak'n( t'm'n( 's to use +ar(er per'ods.
/h's does ha0e pra1t'1a+ 1omp+'1at'ons as the 0o+ume o3 .ater 1o++e1ted
.ou+d be -u'te +ar(e and the need 3or a +ar(e bas'n to 1o++e1t the 0o+ume o3
.ater .ou+d ar'se.
/here 1an be 3r'1t'on bet.een the a1ry+'1 and the .ater. =s'n( p'pes .'th
smoother 'nner sur3a1es .ou+d redu1e errors due to 3r'1t'on
/he errors due to round'n( up 1an be a0o'ded by us'n( a +ar(er amount o3
de1'ma+ p+a1es .hen 1a+1u+at'n(
/he 3+o. perbutat'ons 1an be redu1ed by us'n( 3+o. 1ond't'oners. /here are
0ar'ous 3+o. 1ond't'oners be'n( used su1h as per3orated ones, S.'r+ed ones
et1.
Dra'n'n( a++ the .ater 'n the system and re$3'++'n( 't .ou+d redu1e errors
that 1an o11ur due to a'r bubb+es be'n( trapped
18 /he 6o++o.'n( errors .ere obser0ed 'n the #:per'menta+ read'n(s and the
/heoret'1a+ read'n(s 3rom the Samp+e Data and the >ab Data 3rom part 4."
Samp+e data
1i(m2
3s)
1a(m2
3s) D Errors
!.07#$
04
4.7!#$
04
7.25#?0
0
4.00#$
04
".7!#$
04
7.25#?0
0
".47#$
04
".2!#$
04
7.25#?0
0
2.9"#$
04
2.7!#$
04
7.25#?0
0
>ab Data
1i
1a(m2
3s)
D
Errors
7.92#$
0!
4.20#$
0!
4.70#?0
%
7.74#$
0!
4.0!#$
0!
4.70#?0
%
7.77#$
0!
4.07#$
0!
4.70#?0
%
Roshane Nanayakkara 4207424
7.92#$
0!
".77#$
0!
4.70#?0
%
/he per1enta(e d'33eren1e bet.een the theoret'1a+ 0a+ue o3 the 3+o. rate
.h'1h 's )' and the e:per'menta+ 3+o. rate .h'1h 's )a .as 1a+1u+ated.
@h'+e the samp+e data (a0e a 0ery a11eptab+e 7."; error the >ab data
(a0e a +ar(e error o3 47; .h'1h 's too h'(h.
@here,
Aer1enta(e D'33eren1e = B411epted 0a+ue C #:per'menta+ 0a+ueBDE411epted
0a+ue8 F %00;
d8 /he 6o++o.'n( errors .ere obser0ed 'n the #:per'menta+ read'n(s and the
/heoret'1a+ read'n(s 3rom the Samp+e Data and the >ab Data 3rom part 4.2
Samp+e Data
1i
1a(m2
3s)
D
error
0.00047!
2"
4.7!#$
04
0.0454
57
0.0004"2
"99
0.000"7
!
%".274
7%
0.000""5
752
0.000"2
!
4.0750
77
0.000"0!
7!2
0.00027
!
%0.0!7
97
>ab Data
1i
1a(m2
3s)
D
error
4."02!"#$
0!
".90#$
0!
9."!!7
44
4."02!"#$
0!
0.0000"
9!
5.%9"7
"9
4."02!"#$
0!
0.0000"
9!
5.%9"7
"9
".042"!#$
0!
0.0000"
27
7.%!"9
7"
It 1an be obser0ed that a++ the read'n(s 3rom the >ab e:per'ment are .'th'n %0;
o3 error so 't 1an be sa'd that those read'n( are -u'te a11urate. Gost o3 the
samp+e data too 3a++s 'nto the %0; error ran(e so those read'n( too are -u'te
a11eptab+e.
/he abo0e e:per'ments he+ped us to pro0e that *ernou++',s theorem 's 1orre1t
and the e-uat'on o3 o3 1ont'nu'ty are 1orre1t .'th'n e:per'menta+ error +'m'ts '3
1ond't'ons su1h as the pump .ork'n( at the e33'1'en1y 'ts e:pe1ted to .ork at, a'r
bubb+es are not present et1 are sat's3'ed.
Roshane Nanayakkara 4207424
*eferences
De0e+opment o3 the or'3'1e p+ate .'th a 1one s.'r+er 3+o.
1ond't'oner,4hmad', 4. and *e1k, S.*.G. E200!8Hon+'neI >ast a11essed on
%D%0D2009 at http:DDepr'nts..h'terose.a1.ukD9%%4D
#NGIN##RING D#SIGN <6 4N #>#&/R<NI& 6><@ /R4NSD=&#R *4S#D IN 4
2#N/=RI DI66#R#N/I4> AR#SS=R# D#2I&#, Hon+'neI, >ast a11essed on
%D%0D2009 at ....+aar.unb.brDAub+'1a1oesJ>a4r.htm

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