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Basic Concepts in Ductile Detailing of Steel Structures

Overview of Presentation

What is Ductility ? Why is Ductility Important ? How Do We Achieve Ductility in Steel Structures ?

Michael D. Engelhardt University of Texas at Austin

What is Ductility ?
Ductility: The ability to sustain large inelastic
deformations without significant loss in strength.

F F
Ductility

Ductility = inelastic deformation capacity

F
Fyield

Ductility: - material response


- structural component response (members and connections) - global frame response

F
Fyield

Ductility

Ductility: Qualitative Description

No Ductility Less Ductile

More Ductile

displacement rotation curvature strain etc.

Ductility: Quantitative Descriptions

Ductility: Quantitative Descriptions

M
Mp

M
Mp

yield

max

yield
Ductility Factor:

max

max yield

Ductility: Quantitative Descriptions

Ductility: Quantitative Descriptions

M
Mp

M
Mp

yield
Plastic Rotation Angle:

max

yield
Rotation Capacity: R =

max p yield

=-1

p = max - yield

Ductility: Quantitative Descriptions

Ductility: Difficulties with Quantitative Descriptions


Consider a more realistic load - deformation response......

M
Mp

yield

max

Based on:

Ductility: ductility factor

plastic rotation angle rotation capacity R etc.

yield max

yield

yield

What is

yield ?

What is

yield ?

Mmax

M
0.8 Mmax

max

max

What is

max ?

What is

max ?

Ductility: Difficulties with Quantitative Descriptions

M M
Mp

max

Many definitions of ductility

What is

max ?

Many definitions of yield and max

Ductility: Difficulties with Quantitative Descriptions


Ductility under cyclic loading.....

Ductility: Difficulties with Quantitative Descriptions


Ductility under cyclic loading.....

40000 Bending Moment (kip-inches) 30000 20000 10000 0 -10000 -20000 -30000 -40000 -0.08 -0.06 -0.04 -0.02 0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 Rotation Angle (rad)

How should ductility be measured ??

What is Ductility ?
Ductility = inelastic deformation capacity

How is ductility developed in steel structures ? F F


Ductility = Yielding

Many ways to quantify ductility When quantifying ductility.......


Clearly define measure of ductility Clearly define yield and max Use consistent definitions when describing ductility demand and ductility supply

Loss of load carrying capability: Instability Fracture

Why is Ductility Important?



Permits redistribution of internal stresses and forces Increases strength of members, connections and structures Permits design based on simple equilibrium models Results in more robust structures Provides warning of failure Permits structure to survive severe earthquake loading

Why Ductility ?

Permits redistribution of internal stresses and forces Increases strength of members, connections and structures Permits design based on simple equilibrium models Results in more robust structures Provides warning of failure Permits structure to survive severe earthquake loading

Example: Plate with hole subjected to tension

Example:

6"

P P L 1/2" x 6"
X 50 ksi

max 50 ksi

1" dia. hole

50 ksi

50 ksi X

max = 2.57 avg


50 ksi = 2.57 x
Material "A"

P 2.5 in2

Material "A"

Material "B"

Pmax = 49 k

Example:

Example:

50 ksi

50 ksi

50 ksi

50 ksi

50 ksi =
Material "B"

P 2.5 in2

Material "B"

Pmax = 125 k

Example: Flexural Capacity


4"

P M M
12"

50 ksi X

50 ksi

Material "A"

Material "B"

Pmax = 49k Pmax = 125k

50 ksi X

50 ksi

Material "A"

Material "B"

4"

4"

12"

12"

max = 50 ksi
max =
M = 50 ksi S

max =

50 ksi

50 ksi X

S = 96 in3
Material "A"

50 ksi

Mmax = 96 in3 x 50 ksi = 4800 k-in

Material "B"

4"

50 ksi

4"

M
12"

M
X 50 ksi

12"

50 ksi
50 ksi

max =

M = 50 ksi Z

Material "A"

Material "B"

50 ksi

Z = 144 in3
Material "B"

Mmax = 4800 k-in

Mmax = 7200 k-in

Mmax = 144 in3 x 50 ksi = 7200 k-in

Example: Beam Capacity


L = 30 ft. w

Example: Beam Capacity


w

250 k-ft

M
500 k-ft

wL2 8

M
500 k-ft.

M
500 k-ft.

M
500 k-ft.

wL2 = 750 k ft 8
Beam "A"

Beam "A"

Beam "B"

wmax = 6.67 k / ft.

Example: Beam Capacity


w

L = 30 ft. w
500 k-ft 250 k-ft
wL2 8

M
500 k-ft

M
500 k-ft.

M
500 k-ft.

Beam "A"

Beam "B"

M
500 k-ft.

wL = 1000 k ft 8
Beam "B"

wmax = 8.89 k / ft.

wmax = 6.67 k / ft.

wmax = 8.89 k / ft.

Why Ductility ?

Permits redistribution of internal stresses and forces Increases strength of members, connections and structures Permits design based on simple equilibrium models Results in more robust structures Provides warning of failure Permits structure to survive severe earthquake loading

Lower Bound Theorem of Plastic Analysis


A limit load based on an internal stress or force distribution that satisfies: 1. Equilibrium 2. Material Strength Limits for Ductile Response ( Fy , M Mp, P Py , etc) is less than or equal to the true limit load.

Lower bound theorem only applicable for ductile structures

Implications of the lower bound theorem ............


For a structure made of ductile materials and components: Designs satisfying equilibrium and material strength limits are safe. As a designer, as long as we satisfy equilibrium (i.e. provide a load path), a ductile structure will redistribute internal stresses and forces so as to find the available load path.

Example of lower bound theorem: Beam Capacity


L = 30 ft. w

M
Mp = 500 k-ft.

Ductile flexural behavior

What is the load capacity for this beam ??

wmax = 8.89 k / ft.

L = 30 ft. w

L = 30 ft. w

What is the load capacity for this beam ?? By lower bound theorem: Choose any moment diagram in equilibrium with the applied load. The moment cannot exceed Mp at any point along the beam. The resulting load capacity "w" will be less than or equal to the true load capacity. Moment diagram in equilibrium with applied load "w" Possible lower bound solutions......

wL2 8

L = 30 ft. w

L = 30 ft. w

500 k-ft
wL2 8

M
wL2 8

wL2 = 500 k ft 8

500 k-ft

w = 4.44 k / ft.

( 8.89 k / ft. )
wL2 = 500 k ft 8

w = 4.44 k / ft.

( 8.89 k / ft. )

L = 30 ft. w

L = 30 ft. w

250 k-ft

500 k-ft
wL 8
2

M
500 k-ft

M
500 k-ft

wL2 8

wL2 = 750 k ft 8

w = 6.67 k / ft.

( 8.89 k / ft. )

wL2 = 1000 k ft 8

w = 8.89 k / ft.

(= true wmax )

Examples of lower bound theorem Flexural capacity of steel section:


Fy

Examples of lower bound theorem Flexural capacity of a composite section:


0.85 fc'

C
d

C
d

T
Fy

T
Fy

Fy
Equilibrium: C=T Mn = C * d = Z Fy

steel Fy
Equilibrium:

conc 0.85 fc'


C=T Mn = C * d

Why Ductility ?

Permits redistribution of internal stresses and forces Increases strength of members, connections and structures Permits design based on simple equilibrium models Results in more robust structures Provides warning of failure Permits structure to survive severe earthquake loading

Why Ductility ?

Permits redistribution of internal stresses and forces Increases strength of members, connections and structures Permits design based on simple equilibrium models Results in more robust structures Provides warning of failure Permits structure to survive severe earthquake loading

Building Acceleration

Building: Mass = m

F = ma
Earthquake Forces on Buildings: Inertia Force Due to Accelerating Mass

Ground Acceleration

Conventional Building Code Philosophy for EarthquakeEarthquake-Resistant Design

To Survive Strong Earthquake without Collapse:

Objective:

Prevent collapse in the extreme earthquake likely to occur at a building site.

Design for Ductile Behavior

Objectives are not to: - limit damage - maintain function - provide for easy repair

H
H
Helastic

3/4 *Helastic Ductility = Inelastic Deformation 1/2 *Helastic

Available Ductility Required Strength

1/4 *Helastic

MAX

Achieving Ductile Response....

Ductile Limit States Must Precede Brittle Limit States How Do We Achieve Ductility in Steel Structures ?

Example
gusset plate double angle tension member

double angle tension member

P P P
Example:
Ductile Limit State: Brittle Limit States: Gross-section yielding of tension member Net-section fracture of tension member Block-shear fracture of tension member Net-section fracture of gusset plate Block-shear fracture of gusset plate Bolt shear fracture Plate bearing failure in double angles or gusset

Gross-section yielding of tension member must precede net section fracture of tension member Pyield = Ag Fy Pfracture = Ae Fu

Gross-section yield: Net-section fracture:

double angle tension member

double angle tension member

Pyield Pfracture Ag Fy Ae Fu
Ae Fy Ag Fu

The required strength for brittle limit states is defined by the capacity of the ductile element

Example:

Gross-section yielding of tension member must precede bolt shear fracture

Gross-section yield: Pyield = Ag Fy Fy Fu


= yield ratio Steels with a low yield ratio are preferable for ductile behavior

Bolt shear fracture:

Pbolt-fracture = nb ns Ab Fv

Fv =

0.4 Fu-bolt -N 0.5 Fu-bolt -X

double angle tension member

double angle tension member

Pyield Pbolt-fracture

The required strength for brittle limit states is defined by the capacity of the ductile element

Example:

Bolts: 3 - 3/4" A325-X double shear Ab = 0.44 in2 Fv = 0.5 x 120 ksi = 60 ksi Pbolt-fracture = 3 x 0.44 in2 x 60 ksi x 2 = 158k Angles: 2L 4 x 4 x 1/4 A36 Ag = 3.87 in2 Pyield = 3.87 in2 x 36 ksi = 139k

The ductile element must be the weakest element in the load path

double angle tension member

double angle tension member

Pyield Pbolt-fracture Pyield = 139k Pbolt-fracture = 158k

Pyield Pbolt-fracture

OK

Pyield = 3.87 in2 x 54 ksi = 209k Pbolt-fracture = 158k Pyield Pbolt-fracture


Bolt fracture will occur before yield of angles non-ductile behavior

What if the actual yield stress for the A36 angles is greater than 36 ksi? Say, for example, the actual yield stress for the A36 angle is 54 ksi.

double angle tension member

double angle tension member

P Pyield Pbrittle
Stronger is not better in the ductile element (Ductile element must be weakest element in the load path) For ductile response: must consider material overstrength in ductile element

P Pyield Pbrittle
The required strength for brittle limit states is defined by the expected capacity of the ductile element (not minimum specified capacity)

Pyield = Ag RyFy

Ry Fy = expected yield stress of angles

Achieving Ductile Response....

Achieving Ductile Response....

Ductile Limit States Must Precede Brittle Limit States


Define the required strength for brittle limit states based on the expected yield capacity for ductile element

Connection response is generally non-ductile..... Connections should be stronger than connected members

The ductile element must be the weakest in the load path Unanticipated over strength in the ductile element can lead to non-ductile behavior. Steels with a low value of yield ratio, Fy / Fu are preferable for ductile elements

Achieving Ductile Response....

General Trends: As Fy Elongation (material ductility) Fy / Fu

Be cautious of high-strength steels

Ref: Salmon and Johnson - Steel Structures: Design and Behavior

Achieving Ductile Response....

Achieving Ductile Response....

Be cautious of high-strength steels


High strength steels are generally less ductile (lower elongations) and generally have a higher yield ratio. High strength steels are generally undesirable for ductile elements

Use Sections with Low Width-Thickness Ratios and Adequate Lateral Bracing

Effect of Local Buckling on Flexural Strength and Ductility


M

Moment Capacity

Plastic Buckling

Mp Mr

Inelastic Buckling Elastic Buckling

M
Mp

Increasing b / t

Moment Capacity

Mp Mr

Moment Capacity

Plastic Buckling Inelastic Buckling Elastic Buckling

Ductility

ps p

Width-Thickness Ratio (b/t)

Plastic Buckling

Mp Mr

Inelastic Buckling Elastic Buckling


Noncompact Sections

Slender Element Sections

Ductility

Ductility

ps p

Width-Thickness Ratio (b/t)

ps p

Width-Thickness Ratio (b/t)

Moment Capacity

Mp Mr

Moment Capacity

Plastic Buckling Inelastic Buckling Elastic Buckling


Compact Sections

Plastic Buckling

Mp Mr

Inelastic Buckling Elastic Buckling


Seismically Compact Sections

Ductility

Local buckling of a seismically compact moment frame beam.....

Local buckling of noncompact and slender element sections

5000 4000 3000 Bending Moment (kN-m) 2000 1000 0 -1000 -2000 -3000 -4000 -5000 -0.05 -0.04 -0.03 -0.02 -0.01 0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 Drift Angle (radian)

Local buckling of a seismically compact EBF link.....


Mp

Mp
RBS Connection

Ductility

ps p

Width-Thickness Ratio (b/t)

ps p

Width-Thickness Ratio (b/t)

Effect of Local Buckling on Ductility


200

For ductile flexural response: Use compact or seismically compact sections


bf

Link Shear Force (kips)

150 100 50 0 -50 -100 -150 -200 -0.08 -0.06 -0.04 -0.02 0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08

Example: W-Shape

tf h tw

Link Rotation,

(rad)

Lateral Torsional Buckling

Beam Flanges
Compact:
bf Es 0.38 2t f Fy bf Es 0.30 2t f Fy

Lateral torsional buckling controlled by:

Lb ry

Seismically Compact:

Lb = distance between beam lateral braces ry = weak axis radius of gyration


Beam lateral braces

Beam Web Compact:


Es h 3.76 tw Fy

Seismically Compact:

Es h 2.45 tw Fy

Lb

Lb

Effect of Lateral Torsional Buckling on Flexural Strength and Ductility: Ductility:

M
Mp

Increasing Lb / ry

Effect of Lateral Buckling on Ductility For ductile flexural response: Use lateral bracing based on plastic design requirements or seismic design requirements

Achieving Ductile Response....

Recognize that buckling of a compression member is non-ductile


ry

Plastic Design:

M1 Lb 0.12 + 0.076 M 2

E F y

Seismic Design:

E Lb 0.086 F y

ry

Experimental Behavior of Brace Under Cyclic Axial Loading Pcr P Pcr W6x20 Kl/r = 80

How Do We Achieve Ductile Response in Steel Structures ?

How Do We Achieve Ductile Response in Steel Structures ?

Ductile limit states must precede brittle limit states


Ductile elements must be the weakest in the load path Stronger is not better in ductile elements Define Required Strength for brittle limit states based on expected yield capacity of ductile element

Provide connections that are stronger than members Avoid high strength steels in ductile elements Use cross-sections with low b/t ratios Provide adequate lateral bracing Recognize that compression member buckling is non-ductile

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