RCEE & RHEd2010 Kuching,Sarawak 7 9 June 2010

Motivation in Problem-Based Learning Implementation

Nor-Farida Haruna, Khairiyah Mohd-Yuso a, Mohammad-!amry "amaludina, #yed $hmad Helmi b a Process S s!e" Engineering Cen!re #PR$SPEC%&, 'acu(! o) Che"ica( and *a!ura( Resources Engineering + ,e-ar!"en! o) Produc!ion and .ndus!ria( Engineering, 'acu(! o) /echanica( Engineering 0ni1ersi!i %ekno(ogi /a(a sia, 21310 0%/ Skudai, Johor, /a(a sia4

$bstra%t S!uden!s5 "o!i1a!ion is a ke !o success in -ro+(e"6+ased (earning #P78& i"-(e"en!a!ion4 %ransi!ion )ro" con1en!iona( !eaching "e!hod !o P78 in)uses nega!i1e "indse!s !owards P78 a"ong s!uden!s who are no! )a"i(iar wi!h induc!i1e (earning "e!hods4 %he e9-erience s!rong e"o!ion and resis!an! +e)ore !he are a+(e !o ada-! in !he new (earning en1iron"en!4 /o!i1a!ion )ro" !he )aci(i!a!or is 1i!a( !o s!i"u(a!e s!uden!s5 en!husias" !o (earn whi(e e(i"ina!ing a(( !he nega!i1e -erce-!ions a+ou! P784 %his -a-er descri+es !he a--roaches in "o!i1a!ing s!uden!s !o (earn in a coo-era!i1e -ro+(e"6+ased (earning #CP78& en1iron"en!4 %wo "a:or "o!i1a!iona( co"-onen!s, con!e9!ua(isa!ion and se()6direc!ed (earning, are e"-hasi;ed !o address !he signi)icance o) "o!i1a!ion in cons!ruc!ing s!uden!s5 in!eres!4 P78 i"-(e"en!a!ion in an undergradua!e che"ica( engineering course a! !he 0ni1ersi!i %ekno(ogi /a(a sia #0%/& is !aken as a case s!ud !o de"ons!ra!e !he e))ec! o) "o!i1a!ion4 .! is re1ea(ed !ha! !hrough s s!e"a!ic "o!i1a!ion gi1en + !he )aci(i!a!or, !he (e1e( o) s!uden!s5 "o!i1a!ion can +e increased !o encourage !he" !o reach dee- (earning4 S!uden!s5 res-onses a+ou! "o!i1a!ion !he gained !hrough !he course are incor-ora!ed !o de"ons!ra!e !he i"-ac! o) "o!i1a!ion !owards (earning -rocess in P784 Key&ords' Pro+(e"67ased 8earning #P78&< /o!i1a!ion< Se()6,irec!ed 8earning< Engineering Educa!ion< ,ee8earning () Introdu%tion Pro+(e"6+ased (earning #P78& has +een i"-(e"en!ed )or (ong !i"e in 1arious disci-(ines o) higher educa!ion< "edica(, +usiness, educa!ion, engineering, den!is!r , (aw, e!c4 P78 i"-ro1es !eaching and (earning -rocess +ecause i! )ocuses "ore on de1e(o-ing s!uden!s as se()6direc!ed (earners co"-ared !o !radi!iona( (ec!ures !ha! encourage s!uden!s !o +e s-oon6)ed + (ec!urers4 /an researchers ha1e shown !he e))ec!i1eness o) P78 in enhancing s!uden!s5 -er)or"ance in (earning =1, 2, 3>4 *e1er!he(ess, !he !ransi!ion )ro" !he con1en!iona( !eaching "e!hod is a cha((enging -rocess in "os! disci-(ines, as P78 i!se() wi(( cha((enge !he s!uden!s5 (earning +eha1iour =?>4 .n !he (earning en1iron"en! in which con1en!iona( "odes are s!i(( -redo"inan!, s!uden!s are genera(( no! read !o under!ake P784 @hen !he )irs! encoun!er P78 c(ass, "os! s!uden!s nor"a(( e9-ress )rus!ra!ion !o show !heir resis!ance +e)ore !he can ada-! !o !he new (earning en1iron"en!4 @hi(e ge!!ing in!roduced !o !he course con!en!s wi!hou! -rior e9-erience in P78, s!uden!s "a ha1e di))icu(! in de!er"ining wha! is i"-or!an! )or !he" and wha! is no!4 %his 1 -heno"enon is due !o !he use o) -ro+(e"s as !he "ain (earning ins!ru"en! in !he c(ass4 %he new know(edge !he ha1e !o gain is cons!ruc!ed a)!er "e(ding !he +asis o) -rior know(edge which is +rough! wi!h !he"4 Hence, !he are in di(e""a !o ge! !he correc! direc!ion in (earning +ecause !he are e9-ec!ed !o +e res-onsi+(e )or !heir own (earning4 .! is co""on )or s!uden!s !o e9-erience shock, denia(, s!rong e"o!ion and resis!ance =A>4 Perha-s, no! sur-rising( , !here are so"e s!uden!s !ha! resis! (earning using P78, !aking a wi!hdrawa( ac!ion4 %here)ore, "o!i1a!ion )ro" !he )aci(i!a!or is essen!ia( !o ease )rus!ra!ion and s!rong e"o!ion a"ong s!uden!s and s!e- + s!e- de1e(o- !he s!uden!s5 acce-!ance, (eading u- !o a new (e1e( o) -er)or"ance and "ain!ain !heir -erse1erance in !ask engage"en!4 7ased on e9-erience gained )ro" !he i"-(e"en!a!ion o) coo-era!i1e -ro+(e"6+ased (earning #CP78& in an undergradua!e che"ica( engineering course, Process Control and Dynamics, which is !he on( P78 course !ha! s!uden!s !ake in !ha! se"es!er #i4e4 o!her courses uses con1en!iona( !eaching and (earning "e!hods&, !his -a-er addresses !he )ra"ework o) how s!uden!s5 "o!i1a!ion can +e s!i"u(a!ed in a P78 c(ass +

RCEE & RHEd2010 Kuching,Sarawak 7 9 June 2010

descri+ing !he )aci(i!a!or5s ro(es and !he ac!i1i!ies !ha! can +e done during +o!h c(ass and ou!side o) c(ass !i"e4 B "ore de!ai(ed descri-!ion o) !he CP78 "ode( can +e seen in Khairi ah et al. =C>4 %he discussion wi(( +e s!ar!ed wi!h +rie) o1er1iew o) "o!i1a!ion !o (earn !heor !o orien! !he readers in!o !he )ie(d4 %hen, !he i"-ac! o) "o!i1a!ion in P78 is in!er-re!ed according !o !he s!uden!s5 res-onses4 *) Motivation to Learn .n P78, ge!!ing s!uden!s !o engage in !he (earning -rocess is i"-or!an! !o ensure !ha! !he richness o) P78 is achie1ed4 *e1er!he(ess, how !o "o!i1a!e s!uden!s !o +e "as!er orien!ed (earners, ins!ead o) -er)or"ance a--roach orien!edD .ndi1idua(s wi!h -er)or"ance a--roach orien!a!ion are "ore (ike( !o co"-e!e wi!h !heir -eers !o +e !he +es!4 %he wi(( work hard in order !o (earn and achie1e !heir -ersona( goa(4 Erades ha1e 1a(ue as an e9!erna( "o!i1a!or )or !his grou- o) (earners4 0n(ike -er)or"ance orien!ed (earners, "as!er orien!ed grou-s a!!e"-! !o "as!er wha! !he (earn, )ocusing on (earning -rocess and "aking -rogress ra!her !han +eing -er)ec! =7>4 7iggs and %ang had dec(ared !ha! !he i"-or!ance o) !ask and s!uden!s5 e9-ec!a!ion o) success are !he !wo -ri"ar )ac!ors !ha! can "ake s!uden!s (earn =2>4 S!uden!s wi(( i""erse in !asks !ha! see" wor!hwhi(e )or !he" and -ro"ise !he" !he -ossi+i(i! o) success4 *o+od wan!s !o !ake a risk i) !he +e(ie1e !he wi(( )ai(4 %his !heor is ca((ed e9-ec!anc 61a(ue "o!i1a!ion !heor =2>4 Bno!her "ode( o) s!uden!s5 "o!i1a!ion )ro" Pin!rich =9> a(so -oin!s ou! !he si"i(ar 1iews4 %hree co"-onen!s which cou(d a))ec! "o!i1a!ion were (is!ed asF 14 24 34 S!uden!s5 +e(ie)s a+ou! !he i"-or!ance and 1a(ue o) !he !ask S!uden!s5 +e(ie)s a+ou! !he a+i(i! !o -er)or" !he !ask S!uden!s5 )ee(ings a+ou! !he"se(1es or !heir e"o!iona( reac!ions !o !he !ask

7iggs and %ang =2> re)erred !o extrinsic, social, achievement and intrinsic "o!i1a!ion as !he )ac!ors a))ec!ing s!uden!s !o engage in !asks as shown in 'igure 14 %hese e(e"en!s can +e c(ose( (inked !o !he e9-ec!anc 61a(ue !heor and !he goa(s !ha! s!uden!s can se! and !he -rocess !o a!!ain !hose goa(s4 Extrinsic, social and achievement "o!i1a!ion is !he resu(! o) !radi!iona( !eaching "odes and con1en!iona( assess"en! "e!hods4 %hose "o!i1a!ions can ki(( (i)e6(ong (earning, dee-6 (earning and coo-era!i1e (earning +ecause i! dri1es s!uden!s )or !he wrong reasons4 Intrinsic "o!i1a!ion is !he acade"ic idea( =2>4 .n!rinsica(( "o!i1a!ed s!uden!s are in!eres!ed in !he course con!en! i!se(), -ersis! in )acing !he di))icu(! , wi((ing !o seek ou! new ideas, kee- asking Gues!ions and !heir (earning -rogress are s!rong( a))ec!ed + curiosi! where+ i! is cons!ruc!ed on !he -re6e9is!ing know(edge +ase =10>4 %he "ore curious a s!uden! is, !he "ore know(edge heHshe acGuires4 %hus, s!uden!s wi!h in!rinsic "o!i1a!ion !end !o ado-! dee-6(earning s! (e4 @hen !he rea(i;e !he e9is!ence o) ga+e!ween !he curren! know(edge !he ha1e and !he desired know(edge !he are e9-ec!ed, !he wi(( -u! a (o! o) e))or! !o unders!and wha! !he (earn and e9-(ore !he reasons +ehind !he assign"en!s wi!hou! ha1ing an -rior e9-erience in !he !ask4 /eanwhi(e, e9!rinsica(( "o!i1a!ed s!uden!s are re)erred !o as sur)ace6(earners, who are s!rong( a!!ached !o !he ou!co"es o) !he !ask4 %he )ocus on( on !he !o-ics !ha! wi(( +e !es!ed on =11>4

+,trinsi% Motivation

#o%ial Motivation

$%hievement Motivation

Intrinsi% Motivation

7o!h !heories re(a!e direc!( !o !he cause o) s!uden!s5 resis!ance during !he ini!ia( -eriod o) P78 i"-(e"en!a!ion4 .! is a nor" i) s!uden!s resis! when !he )ee( unsecure wi!h !he P78 a--roach as !he do no! -ossess an -rior e9-erience a+ou! P784 .n con!ras!, i) s!uden!s rea(i;e !ha! !he !ask )i!s !hese !wo se!s o) cri!eria, s!uden!s are "ore (ike( !o ado-! "as!er orien!a!ion4 So, )aci(i!a!or has a (o! o) o-!ions !o s!eer !he s!uden!s5 "o!i1a!ion, whe!her design a course or !asks !ha! s!uden!s 1a(ue or s!ruc!ure !he -ro"ising (earning en1iron"en! !o succeed4 %asks !ha! see" !o +e 1a(ued + s!uden!s are ac!ua(( in)(uenced + se1era( )ac!ors o) "o!i1a!ion4 .! can +e seen wor!h doing )ro" di))eren! ang(es4 2

'ig414 /o!i1a!iona( engage"en!

)ac!ors

a))ec!ing

!ask

%he !ru!h is !he nu"+er o) s!uden!s who are in!rinsica(( "o!i1a!ed are "uch (ess !han !hose who are e9!rinsica(( "o!i1a!ed4 E9-ec!a!ion o) success a! P78 i"-(e"en!a!ion -ri"ari( (ies in !he s!uden!s5 "o!i1a!ion !o -ersis! during !he (earning -rocesses4 .! is a 1i!a( ro(e o) )aci(i!a!ors !o s!i"u(a!e s!uden!s !o +e "o!i1a!ed and he(- !he" !o ado-! "as!er orien!a!ion and de1e(o- in!rinsic "o!i1a!ion4 Hence, i! ena+(es s!uden!s !o )ind !he

RCEE & RHEd2010 Kuching,Sarawak 7 9 June 2010

)un o) (earning using P78 !eaching "e!hods and !o disco1er and rea- i!s +ene)i!s4 -) Motivating #tudents in PBL .lass %rans)or"ing !he ! -ica( s-oon6)ed (earners !o !he se()6direc!ed (earners is a -ains!aking -rocess4 B! !he 1er +eginning, "os! o) s!uden!s re+e( P78 a--roach as i) P78 is !he wors! !eaching "ode !he encoun!er4 .n P78, !he are no (onger gi1en (ec!ures or no!es, +u! !he ha1e !o (earn on !heir own +ased on !he -ro+(e"s4 %he wi(( no! ge! in)or"a!ion i) !he do no! read, e9-(ore or ask )or !he in)or"a!ion4 %he need !o work in a coo-era!i1e (earning c(i"a!e, e9change ideas and o-inions, -roac!i1e( argue wha! o!hers !hink, and +e !rained !o acce-! )ai(ures and "is!akes4 .n addi!ion !o !ha!, in P78, !here is no one righ! answer4 %here)ore, !here is a roo" o) )reedo" )or !he" !o decide how !o work on !he -ro+(e" and which so(u!ion !he can :us!i) as correc!4 .) -ossi+(e, s!uden!s are a((owed !o sur-ass !heir s ((a+us4 %hese dis!inc!i1e )ea!ures o) P78 "ake s!uden!s )ee( unco")or!a+(e and unsecure4 ,ue !o !hese nega!i1e "indse!s, s!uden!s show !heir )rus!ra!ion4 %hus, e))ec!i1e )aci(i!a!ion !o "o!i1a!e s!uden!s is 1er i"-or!an! during !he ear( !ransi!ion -eriod4 Ha1ing a good s!ruc!ure o) !he course con!en!s and course de(i1era+(es "a he(- !he )aci(i!a!or no! on( !o reco1er s!uden!s5 s!rong e"o!ions and )rus!ra!ion resu(!ing )ro" !heir !rau"a o) P78, +u! a(so !o "ain!ain !heir engage"en! in P78 case s!udies !hroughou! !he se"es!er4 B (o! o) s!udies ha1e ana( ;ed !he e))ec!i1e !echniGues !ha! can +e i"-(e"en!ed + P78 )aci(i!a!ors !o "o!i1a!e !heir s!uden!s4 .deas a+ou! !he s!ra!egies )ro" !he research done in Ro a( /e(+ourne .ns!i!u!e o) %echno(og #R/.%& =12> and Cen!er )or %eaching and 8earning a! S!an)ord 0ni1ersi! #C%8& =13> are )ound !o +e -ara((e( wi!h 7ar+ara =1?>4 Bs shown in 'igure 2, !here are si9 cri!eria e"-hasi;ed in !hose researches4 .n order !o "o!i1a!e s!uden!s and s!i"u(a!e !heir in!eres!, a(( !he e(e"en!s shou(d +e !aken in!o considera!ion4 %he i"-or!an! issue is )aci(i!a!or needs !o !a- !he" wi!h !he -ro-er wa s +ased on !he cri!eria, hence i! wi(( -ro"o!e +e!!er (earning4 0sua(( , c(ass ins!ruc!ors in con1en!iona( curricu(u" are on( a+(e !o de(i1er !he )irs! e(e"en! o) "o!i1a!ion, + high(igh!ing !he e9-ec!ed course ou!co"es a! !he +eginning o) !he se"es!er4 %he are "ore (ike( !o neg(ec! o!her "o!i1a!ion e(e"en!s4 $n !he o!her hand, P78 en1iron"en! -er"i!s a(( si9 e(e"en!s !o +e !ack(ed4 .n !he )o((owing sec!ion, +ased on !he e9-erience in a che"ica( engineering course a! 0%/, Process Control and Dynamics, !wo "a:or as-ec!s o) "o!i1a!ion in !he P78 i"-(e"en!a!ion< )our!h and )i)!h e(e"en!, which are rare( addressed in con1en!iona( !eaching and (earning en1iron"en!, are discussed4 %he ra!iona(es +ehind !he -rac!ices 3

are s!ressed !o see i!s e))ec! on !he de1e(o-"en! o) !he s!uden!s5 "o!i1a!ion in P78 c(ass4

() .ourse 1oal 2) Feedba%3 Motivational +lements in .lass 4) #3ills o Independent Learning /) 5elevant Materials *) #tudent0s Personal 1oal

-) #tudent0s Interest and Ba%3ground Kno&ledge

'ig4 24 Ke e(e"en!s o) "o!i1a!ion in P78 c(ass /) #timulating #tudents0 Motivation .hemi%al +ngineering .ourse in

CP78 was )irs! in!roduced !o che"ica( engineering -rogra" in 0ni1ersi!i %ekno(ogi /a(a sia in 2003 =1A>4 Ra!her !han gi1ing !he nor"a( (ec!ures and con1en!iona( assess"en! o) (earning, CP78 -ro"o!es !he che"ica( engineering s!uden!s gain new know(edge !hrough e9-(oring !he uns!ruc!ured -ro+(e" in s s!e"a!ic a--roaches4 B)!er a se1en ear -eriod o) CP78 i"-(e"en!a!ion, a (o! o) i"-ro1e"en!s ha1e +een "ade4 %he origina( P78 "ode !ha! has +een i"-(e"en!ed ini!ia(( was !he groundwork -hase !o !he new one4 Iear a)!er ear, ideas and s!ra!egies )or "o!i1a!ing s!uden!s and s!i"u(a!ing !heir in!eres!s a(wa s changes, i! see"s !ha! +ringing ou! and de1e(o-ing s!uden!s5 na!ura( "o!i1a!ion is conscien!ious4 %he e))or!s !aken are !o )u()i( !he curren! reGuire"en!s )ro" s!akeho(ders4 %hus, !he P78 -rac!i!ioners nowada s are (ooking a! "o!i1a!ion as an i"-or!an! issue !ha! needs !o +e !ack(ed4 .n !he che"ica( engineering course a! 0%/, !wo "ain as-ec!s o) "o!i1a!ion, con!e9!ua(isa!ion and se()6direc!ed (earning are iden!i)ied as "a:or con!ri+u!ors !ha! can encourage s!uden!s in P78 c(ass !o +eco"e se()6"o!i1a!ed inde-enden! (earners4 7o!h e(e"en!s can +e "a--ed in !he e(e"en! o) re(e1an! "a!eria( and inde-enden! (earning ski(( res-ec!i1e( #see 'igure 2&4 4.1. Contextualisation @hen ge!!ing in!roduced s!uden!s !o P78, !he e(e"en!s !ha! shou(d +e -u! -ar!icu(ar e"-hasis is no! :us! in !hinking a+ou! !he !eaching and (earning

RCEE & RHEd2010 Kuching,Sarawak 7 9 June 2010

s!ra!egies, +u! a(so in designing !he course and de1ising !he s!ruc!ure how !o ensure !ha! s!uden!s are a+(e !o achie1e !heir goa(s in !he course4 Con!e9!ua(isa!ion "eans !ha! re(e1an! and rea(is!ic o) !o-ics (earned + s!uden!s are high(igh!ed !o i((us!ra!e !he signi)icance o) !he course and !he a--(ica!ion o) !he -rinci-(es4 Hence, i! can dri1e s!uden!s5 )ocus on !he ski((s !he are de1e(o-ing4 .n Process Control and Dynamics, !he con!e9!ua(isa!ion can +e di1ided in!o se1era( -ar!s, such asF Bu!hen!ic and rea(is!ic P78 -ro+(e"s, wi!h !he (as! one +eing rea( Co""unica!ion wi!h -ro)essiona( e9-er!s Rea( case s!ud wi!h -(an! 1isi! .n!erac!ion wi!h e96s!uden!s and engineers i. Authentic and realistic PBL pro lems Bu!hen!ic and rea(is!ic -ro+(e"s are cra)!ed )or s!uden!s !o work on !hroughou! se"es!er !o re1ea( !he i"-or!ance o) !he con!en! +eing (earned in indus!r , i!s +ene)i!s and !he ski((s +eing de1e(o-ed4 .! re)(ec!s !he working scenario in !he )ie(d which s!uden!s wi(( +e working in !he )u!ure + -(acing !he use o) !he con!en! (earned in !he con!e9! !ha! i! is +eing used whi(e !aking in!o considera!ion work -(ace e9-ec!a!ions, such as :o+ s-eci)ica!ions, -ro)essiona(is" and !he cha((enges in -ro)essiona( -rac!ices4 'our -ro+(e"s -er se"es!er are -resen!ed wi!h -(ausi+(e scenario4 0sua(( , da!a and ca(cu(a!ion shee!s wi!h "ock co"-an heading and (ogo are -ro1ided !o induce i""ersion in !he !asks4 Bs -ar! o) !he -ower o) P78 (ies in !he -ro+(e"s cra)!ed, !he co1erage o) !he in!ended (earning ou!co"es is in!roduced in !he case s!udies4 S!uden!s are cha((enged !o -er)or" reGuired ac!i1i!ies !ha! can +e he(-)u( )or sca))o(ding !he" !o "anage !he e9is!ence ga-s in know(edge4 7 -ro1iding e9-(ici! (earning con!e9! !hrough au!hen!ic and rea(is!ic -ro+(e"s )or s!uden!s !o work on, !he )aci(i!a!or is a+(e !o s!i"u(a!e !he s!uden!s5 "o!i1a!ion u- !o desired (earning and know(edge (e1e(4 /ore de!ai( on !he cra)!ing engineering -ro+(e"s )or P78 c(ass can +e re)erred !o /oha""ad6Ja"r et al.=1C>4 ii4 Communication !ith pro"essional experts .n P78 c(ass, inc(uding a )ic!i!ious -(an! -ersonne( in !he case s!ud , who !he s!uden!s can con!ac! !hrough !he e(ec!ronic )oru", is essen!ia( !o -er s!uden!s5 in!eres! + i""ersing !he" in !he con!e9! o) (earning en1iron"en!4 .n ac!ua( )ac!, !he c(ass !u!or or (ec!urer is +ehind !he -erson answering a(( s!uden!s5 Gues!ion and dou+!s in !he e(ec!ronic )oru"4 %his !echniGue is he(-)u( in o))ering o--or!uni!ies )or )aci(i!a!or and !u!or -ro+ing !heir s!uden!s wi!h !hough!6-ro1oking Gues!ions re(a!ed !o !he case s!ud 4 %hus, i! can ?

-ro"o!e s!uden!s !o cri!ica(( !hink and (earn in a grea!er de-!h !o "as!er !he -rinci-(es4 $n !o- o) !ha!, !his can a(so e"-ower s!uden!s wi!h !he ski(( o) (earning !hrough Gues!ioning, and de1e(o-ing e!iGue!!e o) asking Gues!ions !o e9-er!s, and wha! are Gues!ions wor!h !o asking4 %hese ski((s are in!roduced in!o !his course )or s!uden!s !o "as!er -rogressi1e( 4 iii4 #eal case study !ith plant visit .ncor-ora!ing co((a+ora!ion +e!ween acade"ia and indus!ries is ano!her wa o) "o!i1a!ing s!uden!s !o a--recia!e !he course, !he ski((s de1e(o-ed and a(so in P78 i!se()4 7 e9-osing !he" !o !he curren! indus!ria( -rac!ices, s!andards and issues in -ro+(e", s!uden!s can gain a grea! con)idence in !heir (earning and know !ha! !he "a!eria(s !ha! are s!ruc!ured )or !he" are use)u( !o -re-are !he"se(1es )or !he )u!ure4 'or e9a"-(e, in !he course, !he )ina( case s!ud is designed !o re-resen! a rea( -ro+(e" in indus!r 4 Brrange"en! wi!h !he corres-onding co"-an is -(anned ahead !o ge! de!ai(ed -rocess descri-!ion inc(uding a +asic P&., and -er"ission )or -(an! !our4 ,ue !o !he res!ric!ion o) !he co"-an , ! -ica(( , on( one re-resen!a!i1e )ro" each !ea" is a((owed !o 1isi! !he res-ec!i1e -(an!4 Howe1er, -rior !o !ha!, each s!uden! in !he !ea"s is assigned !o do se()6reading and discuss wi!h one ano!her !o de1e(o- unders!anding a+ou! !he -rocess and s!ar! asking !he"se(1es wha! in)or"a!ion or da!a wi(( +e reGuired !o carr ou! !he -ro:ec!4 S!uden!s discuss and +rains!or" a"ong !heir !ea" "a!es and !hen -re-are a se! o) Gues!ions !ha! wi(( +e c(ari)ied during -(an! 1isi!4 %he "us! su+"i! !hese Gues!ions +e)ore going )or !he -(an! 1isi!4 %he -resen!a!ion o) )ina( )indings )or !his case s!ud is di))eren! co"-ared !o !he case s!ud 1 !o case s!ud 34 .n !he recen! se"es!er, ins!ead o) ha1ing a ! -ica( -resen!a!ion "ode, a -os!er -resen!a!ion was he(d4 B(( s!uden!s are reGuired !o se! !heir own +oo!h !o -resen! !he resu(!4 E9-er!s )ro" !he co"-an are in1i!ed !o +e !he -(an! :udges assessing !he s!uden!s5 works4 i14 Interaction !ith ex$students and en%ineers 'ur!her"ore, !o encourage s!uden!s !o -ersis! a! !he !ask engage"en!, in!erac!ion wi!h success)u( s!uden!s )ro" !he -re1ious ears and indus!r -ro)essiona(s, such as -rocess con!ro( engineers, is +ene)icia(4 %hrough !he co""unica!ion 1ia e(ec!ronic )oru" or e"ai(s, s!uden!s wi(( +e e9-osed !o !he 1arie! o) -rac!ica( a--(ica!ions in !he res-ec!i1e )ie(d4 So, !his con!e9!ua(isa!ion can he(- )aci(i!a!or !o "o!i1a!e !heir s!uden!s !o (ook o1er !he course and s!eer !heir s!ra!eg and )ocus on career de1e(o-"en!4 .n nor"a( -rac!ices o) !he course, !he P78 )aci(i!a!or wi(( a(so show !he e1iden! )ro" )oru" o)

RCEE & RHEd2010 Kuching,Sarawak 7 9 June 2010

e96s!uden!s discussing P78< !he -ro+(e" !he )aced a! ini!ia( s!age o) ge!!ing in1o(1ed in P78, !heir e9-ec!a!ions in !he course, !he ski((s !he de1e(o-ed !hrough P78, !he ra!iona(e o) (earning -ar!icu(ar -rinci-(es and de1e(o-ing ski((s and !he ad1ices how !o +e a good engineer4 So"e!i"es, i) -ossi+(e, a !a(k gi1en + a gues! s-eaker or se1era( e96 s!uden!s is arranged !o share !he anecdo!es and s!ories how P78 ac!ua(( he(-s and !he si"i(ari! wi!h !heir indus!ria( e9-erience4 %here)ore, + -ro1iding !hose kinds o) "o!i1a!ion, s!uden!s are a+(e !o o+!ain di))eren! -ers-ec!i1es !o !he )aci(i!a!or5s a(one which can )ur!her assis! !he" !o +eco"e se()6"o!i1a!ed inde-enden! (earner4 4.&. 'el"$directed Learnin% P78 is a (earning a--roach !ha! groo"s s!uden!s )or !he de1e(o-"en! o) "an generic ski((s4 Se()6direc!ed (earning which is !he "a:or co"-onen! in P78 "ode, is !hough! !o +e !he ke "o!i1a!iona( e(e"en! in order !o achie1e P78 goa(s4 %o ha1e a (as!ing e))ec! on s!uden!s5 Gua(i!ies, i! is !he )aci(i!a!or5s ro(e !o -ro1ide sca))o(ding and guidance, no! on( in de)ining wha! !o acGuire +u! a(so how !o )ind !he wa and "as!er !he ski((s and know(edge ou!side !he c(ass4 .nadeGua!e coaching )ro" !he )aci(i!a!or wi(( o+s!ruc! !he s!uden!s )ro" -rogressi1e( "as!er !he ski((s reGuired !o +e se()6inde-enden! (earner4 %he co"-onen!s o) se()6direc!ed (earning which e"-ower s!uden!s in !his course areF B+i(i! !o (earn inde-enden!( Cri!ica( !hinking and -ro+(e" so(1ing B+i(i! !o (earn co((a+ora!i1e( in a !ea" and wi!h o!hers in !he c(ass i4 A ility to learn independently P78 o))ers o--or!uni! )or s!uden!s !o (earn4 %he (a ou! o) !he course con!en!s and !he ou!(ines o) !he course ou!co"es wi(( -ro1ide con!inuous s!i"u(a!ion )or !he" !o engage in !he !ask4 .n Process Control and Dynamics c(ass, !he s!ruc!ure o) !he !asks in !he course inc(uding su+!o-ics !o +e co1ered in case s!udies, sugges!ed reading "a!eria(s and !i"e)ra"e )or !he !ask !hroughou! !he se"es!er usua(( are c(ear and accessi+(e in !he e6(earning si!e since da one o) c(ass4 $nce s!uden!s rea(ise !he ga-s o) know(edge e9is! +e!ween !he curren! know(edge (e1e( and !he desired know(edge s!a!e, !heir "o!i1a!ion !ends !o increase4 %here)ore, !he en!ire (a ou! o) !he course can +e one o) s!uden! re)erences in -(anning !heir s!ra!eg and enhancing !heir se()6direc!ed (earning4 % -ica(( , !he in!ended (earning issues addressed in !he case s!udies reGuire s!uden!s !o !ack(e !hrough se()6direc!ed (earning4 %he know(edge ga- -ro1ided in !his course is de)ini!e( A

"anagea+(e + s!uden!s4 .! is nei!her !oo grea! nor !oo s"a((, hence i! can discourage s!uden!s5 (earning )ro" a!!e"-!ing !o achie1e !he new (e1e( +ecause !he (e1e( is una!!aina+(e or s!uden!s are a-a!he!ic !o -ersis! a! !he cha((enges4 Each o) s!uden!s in a !ea" has !heir own res-onsi+i(i! !o -er)or" !his kind o) (earning -rocess4 %he CP78 -rocess in!roduces nu"erous o--or!uni!ies )or s!uden!s !o (earn on !heir own, discuss wi!h !heir !ea" "a!es, !hen )ina(( wi!h !he who(e c(ass +o!h in and ou!side o) c(ass4 B! !he +eginning c c(e o) CP78, s!uden!s ha1e !o do indi1idua( -ro+(e" iden!i)ica!ion and se()6reading +e)ore co"ing !o !he c(ass4 $!herwise, !he wi(( end u- wi!h s!aring down !o !he -ro+(e" shee! wi!hou! -ar!ici-a!ing in !he c(ass ac!i1i!ies4 'or !he -roac!i1e s!uden!s, !he a(wa s )ind !ha! reading !he sugges!ed !e9!+ook is insu))icien! !o de1e(ounders!anding a+ou! -ar!icu(ar !o-ics, !hus usua(( !hese s!uden!s wi(( go +e ond !he course s ((a+us when so(1ing !he case s!udies4 %o co"e u- wi!h so(u!ion )or !he !asks wi!hin a )i9ed -eriod, s!uden!s ha1e !o do a (o! o) !echnica( reading and discussion4 %he are e1en gi1en !i-s on e9!rac!ing in)or"a!ion or iden!i) ing Gues!ions )ro" !echnica(( cha((enging "a!eria( in !he ear( -ar! o) !he se"es!er4 %hus, !hrough !his ac!i1i! , s!uden!s are ac!ua(( !rained !o do !echnica( reading and "anage !heir !i"e -ro-er( 4 %he ha1e !o +a(ance !heir (earning !i"e a"ong su+:ec!s and !heir socia( (i)e4 @hen !he -ro+(e"s were due, s!uden!s were se(do" unsa!is)ied wi!h !heir own works4 Howe1er, !he )aci(i!a!or a(wa s re"inds !ha! (earning )ro" !heir "is!ake in !he ear(ier -ro+(e"s is a -ar! o) P784 S!uden!s are encouraged !o acce-! !he )ai(ures and "is!akes, +u! !he shou(d +e re)(ec!i1e and e9a"ine !heir goa(s, "o!i1a!iona( "e!hods and (earning a--roach )or !he con!inuous i"-ro1e"en!4 ii4 Critical thin(in% and pro lem solvin% Since !he case s!udies are con!e9!ua(ised and rea(is!ic -ro+(e"s, s!uden!s are rein)orced !ha! !here is no one righ! answer )or !he case s!udies4 So"e!i"es, i! is an o-en6ended -ro+(e"4 %here)ore, !he on( !hing !ha! s!uden!s need !o do is de1e(o-ing cri!ica( !hinking s!ra!egies )or )ur!her ana( sis !owards so(1ing !he case s!udies4 S!uden!s are s!i"u(a!ed !o !hink ou! o) +o9, kee- Gues!ioning !he"se(1es which wi(( assis! !he" !o seek )or "ore in)or"a!ion, )or"u(a!e !he so(u!ions, and e1en!ua(( co"e !o a consensus !o choose !he +es! a(!erna!i1e, inc(uding s!rong :us!i)ica!ions, -recise e1idence and e9!ensi1e discussion4 %he design o) course con!en! in !his -ar!icu(ar su+:ec! a(so -er"i!s )ree enGuir so !ha! s!uden!s are in!rigued !o +e cri!ica( !hinker and -ro+(e" so(1er when encoun!ering !he rea( scenario in !he )u!ure4

RCEE & RHEd2010 Kuching,Sarawak 7 9 June 2010

%a+(e14 S!uden!s5 res-onses a+ou! P78 ac!i1i!ies

RCEE & RHEd2010 Kuching,Sarawak 7 9 June 2010

Key +lements o PBL Motivation .onte,tualisation

Motivational $spe%ts Bu!hen!ic and rea(is!ic P78 -ro+(e"s

Feedba%3 'eed+ack 1F )I "elt that control is not somethin% ne! that !e need to study ut the purpose o" control su *ect is to inte%rate !hat !e have studied. Dra!in% ac( and applyin% it to existin% pro lem or case study. It ma(es me reali+e that study does not mean only reading but also finding ways to apply., 'eed+ack 2F )I thin( "rom !hat I have learnt "rom the control class, it is a %ood start "or me to prepare myself as an engineer. -he technical (no!led%e that I %ain "rom this class is a solutely use"ul "or me especially i" I *oin the process control "ield one day later., 'eed+ack 1F )Besides, I also learn to how to ask a proper questions so that I a le to seek information "rom my "riends., 'eed+ack 2F )When you encounter new problem, you cannot directly get the answer or knowledge from the books or lectures, but you have to ask and communicate with other professionals to help you solve the problem., 'eed+ack 1F )Case study "our is totally di""erent "rom the previous three case studies that !e had done. In this case study, !e are %iven the chance to desi%n suitable control system for wastewater plant and wet-mix process plant in Kerry Ingredient dn !hd...-he most interestin% part in this case study is the poster presentation. .e ou%ht to prepare a ooth to present our "inal idea to those experts and lecturers/."hose experts are from Kerry engineering and really helpful in giving their suggestions and opinions to improve our system. I thin( I really en#oy at that moment ecause we gave the chance to deal with industrial people and %et exposed to ho! industrial expectation on us., 'eed+ack 1F ) 'o, 0r Dere(...I would like to ask you these1 the more mista(es !e did !hile learnin% the etter outcomes !ill e, so, in doing and applying $!%, what is the stupid and serious mistakes u ever did& -o e sincere, in my team I al!ays e the one !ho end up !ith lurred and con"used "ace !hile discussin%, so many things I misunderstood but my team mates would never give up up on me, they keep supporting and teaching me till i got the point, ut someho! I *ust "eel that my stupidity level is %ettin% hi%her day y day..., 'eed+ack 1F )-he one ma*or di""erence in this class compared to the other classes is the application of independent learning and cooperative learning. In this class, althou%h cooperative learnin% is applied, each student has to learn independently and not solely rely on his or her team mem ers2 "or in"ormation. -he more e""ort you put in the more you %ain., 'eed+ack 1F )3o!, I reali+e that one problem will have one best solution instead of one answer. -here mi%ht e other !ays to tac(le the pro lem ut it is up to us to evaluate the suita ility and the need o" it ased on our previous (no!led%e and *usti"ication. -here mi%ht e people that !ill in"luence us ut it is up to us to *ud%e the messa%e conveyed y others., 'eed+ack 1F )4rom this CPBL, I can see that process control this su *ect needs cooperation between team mate and our o!n sel". -his trains me more responsibility and independent. 4or me, I need to prepare my teachin% note and verify my understanding about the information together with my team mate. .ith a discussion, I !ill try to search more in"ormation on the issues so that a le to ans!er my team mate and my o!n 5uestion., 'eed+ack 2F )I am %lad that I have my team members' support to help me overcome all these. 0y team mem ers are !illin% to accept me and notice me !hen I repeat my pro lems. "hrough them, I learn how to work with people from different background.,

Co""unica!ion wi!h -ro)essiona( e9-er!s

Rea( case s!ud wi!h -(an! 1isi!

.n!erac!ion wi!h e96s!uden!s and engineers

#el -dire%ted Learning

B+i(i! !o (earn inde-enden!(

Cri!ica( !hinking and -ro+(e" so(1ing

B+i(i! !o (earn in co((a+ora!i1e( in grou-

RCEE & RHEd2010 Kuching,Sarawak 7 9 June 2010

iii.

A ility to learn colla oratively in %roup

.n !he (earning -rogress in !his P78 course, s!uden!s are e9-ec!ed !o co1er a(( reGuired se()6 direc!ed (earning -rocesses + co((a+ora!i1e( work wi!h !heir !ea" "e"+ers4 .! o))ers "o!i1a!ing (earning en1iron"en! !hrough !he ac!i1i!ies in grou- ra!her !han on !he indi1idua(4 Bs !he se"es!er -rogresses, !he (e1e( o) co"-(e9i! and di))icu(! o) case s!ud increases !o co1er !he in!ended course ou!co"es4 %here)ore, !o a!!ain !he (earning e9-ec!a!ion, s!uden!s in !his c(ass are reGuired !o share !heir ideas and (earn !oge!her wi!h !heir -eers4 %he )aci(i!a!or !ries !o i"-ar! a co((a+ora!i1e (earning co""uni! in !his course, encouraging s!uden!s !o +e -osi!i1e as !he )ace !he cha((enging -ro+(e" in !he case s!udies4 7 -re-aring -eer !eaching no!es and -er)or"ing -eer (earning, !ea" and o1era(( c(ass discussion, s!uden!s no! on( can success)u(( so(1e !he case s!udies, +u! !he are a(so e9-osed !o !he socia( in!erac!ion wi!hin !he course in !he con!e9! o) (earning =C>4 S!uden!s in !he c(ass are "o!i1a!ed when co((a+ora!i1e( doing work and ac!i1e( -ar!ici-a!ing in !heir !ea" ac!i1i!ies4 Such a--roaches -ro"o!e !he" !o he(- one ano!her in !he -rocess o) unders!anding !he course de(i1era+(es and su--or! !heir !ea" "a!es in achie1ing !heir (earning goa(s4 4) Feedba%3 rom #tudents S!uden!s5 res-onses are incor-ora!ed in !his -a-er !o re)(ec! !he i"-ac! o) "o!i1a!ion in P78 i"-(e"en!a!ion4 %he )eed+ack is !aken )or" "e!a6 re)(ec!ion :ourna( )ro" !he -re1ious se"es!er4 ,e!ai(s on !he )eed+ack are i((us!ra!ed in %a+(e 14 2) .on%lusion S!i"u(a!ing s!uden!s5 "o!i1a!ion is crucia( issue !ha! shou(d +e !ack(ed + P78 )aci(i!a!or !o ensure !ha! s!uden!s are a+(e !o success)u(( a!!ain !he in!ended (earning ou!co"es4 Ha1ing a good design o) !he course and (earning ac!i1i!ies )or !he who(e se"es!er under !he co((a+ora!i1e (earning c(i"a!e is essen!ia( in "ain!aining !he s!uden!5s "o!i1a!ion !o -ersis! a! !he !asks gi1en4 .n P78, s!uden!s are !rained !o +e se()6direc!ed (earners, )unc!ion e))ec!i1e( in !heir res-ec!i1e !ea"s !o so(1e rea( wor(d -ro+(e"s4 .! is no dou+! !ha! !he !wo o) "o!i1a!iona( e(e"en!s< 1& con!e9!ua(isa!ion and 2& se()6direc!ed (earning are signi)ican! !o -ro"o!e s!uden!5s "o!i1a!ion4 5e eren%es 14 ,4 E4 B((en, 74 J4 ,uch, S4 E4 Eroh, %he -ower o) -ro+(e"6+ased (earning in !eaching 2

in!roduc!or science courses, inF 84 @i(kerson, @4 H4 Ei:se(aers, 7ringing Pro+(e"67ased 8earning !o Higher Educa!ionF %heor and Prac!ice, *ew ,irec!ions )or %eaching and 8earning, C2 #199C& ?36A14 24 J4 7iggs, C4 %ang, %eaching )or Kua(i! 8earning a! 0ni1ersi! , 3rd ed4, /cEraw Hi((, *ew Iork, 2007) 34 /4 B(+anese, S4 /i!che((, Pro+(e"6+ased (earningF B re1iew o) (i!era!ure on i!s ou!co"es and i"-(e"en!a!ion issues, inF P4 8ai, C4 %ang $+s!ac(es !o !he i"-(e"en!a!ion o) -ro+(e"6 +ased (earning #P78& in (oca( uni1ersi!ies o) Hong Kong, 20004 ?4 J4 E4 S!inson, R4 E4 /i(!er, Pro+(e"6+ased (earning in +usiness educa!ionF Curricu(u" design and i"-(e"en!a!ion issues, inF 84 @i(kerson, @4 H4 Ei:se(aers, 7ringing Pro+(e"67ased 8earning !o Higher Educa!ionF %heor and Prac!ice, *ew ,irec!ions )or %eaching and 8earning, C2 #199C& 336?14 A4 ,4 R4 @oods, Pro+(e"6+ased (earningF How !o gain !he "os! )ro" P78, 199?4 C4 /4 I4 Khairi ah, S4 B4 He("i, J4 /oha""ad6 Ja"r , H4 *or6'arida, Coo-era!i1e -ro+(e"6 +ased (earning #CP78&F 'ra"ework )or in!egra!ing coo-era!i1e (earning and -ro+(e"6 +ased (earning, Proceeding o) !he 3rd Regiona( Con)erence on Engineering Educa!ion and Research in Higher Educa!ion #RCEE & RHEd 2010&, 769 June 2010, Kuching, Sarawak, /a(a sia4 74 /4 ,4 S1inicki, S!uden! goa( orien!a!ion, .,EB Pa-er ?1 #200A& 16A4 24 *4 'ea!her, E9-ec!a!ions and Bc!ions, inF J4 7iggs, C4 %ang, %eaching )or Kua(i! 8earning a! 0ni1ersi! , 3rd ed4, /cEraw Hi((, *ew Iork, 20074 94 P4 R4 Pin!rich, %he d na"ic in!er-(a o) s!uden! "o!i1a!ion and cogni!ion in !he co((ege c(assroo", inF J4 E4 Een!r , /o!i1a!ing s!uden!sF Bn ini!ia( a!!e"-! !o o-era!iona(i;e !he curiosi! ga- "ode(, ,e1e(o-"en!s in 7usiness Si"u(a!ion and E9-erien!ia( 8earning, 22 #2001& C967A4 104 E4 8oewens!ein, %he -s cho(og o) curiosi! F B re1iew and rein!er-re!a!ion, inF J4 E4 Een!r , /o!i1a!ing s!uden!sF Bn ini!ia( a!!e"-! !o o-era!iona(i;e !he curiosi! ga- "ode(, ,e1e(o-"en!s in 7usiness Si"u(a!ion and E9-erien!ia( 8earning, 22 #2001& C967A4 114 *4 Sa1age, R4 7irch, Bn e1a(ua!ion o) "o!i1a!ion in engineering s!uden!s, e"-(o ing se()6de!er"ina!ion !heor , .nno1a!ion, Eood Prac!ice and Research in Engineering Educa!ion, 2002, 16104 124 /o!i1a!ing s!uden!s and s!i"u(a!ing in!eres!F B good !eaching !i-6shee!4 0R8F h!!-FHH"a"s4r"i!4edu4auH-2Gs997201G9;4-d)4 Bccessed on B-ri( 29, 20104

RCEE & RHEd2010 Kuching,Sarawak 7 9 June 2010

134 Ca-!uring and direc!ing !he "o!i1a!ion !o (earn, inF S-eaking o) %eaching, S!an)ord 0ni1ersi! *ews(e!!er on %eaching, 10 #1& 'a(( #1992&4 1?4 E4 ,4 7ar+ara, %oo(s )or %eaching, Josse 6 7ass, San 'rancisco, 19934 0R8F h!!-FHHhono(u(u4hawaii4eduHin!rane!Hco""i!!ees H'ac,e1Co"Hguide+kH!each!i-H"o!i14h!"4 Bccessed on /a 2, 20104 1A4 /4 I4 Khairi ah, %4 Jaida!un, H4 Ja"a(udin, S4 B4 He("i, Pro"o!ing -ro+(e"6+ased (earning

#P78& in engineering courses a! !he 0ni1ersi!i %ekno(ogi /a(a siaL, E(o+a( J4 o) Engng4 Educ4, 9 #2& #200A& 17A612?4 1C4 J4 /oha""ad6Ja"r , /4 I4 Khairi ah, H4 *or6'arida, S4B4 He("i, Cra)!ing engineering -ro+(e"s )or -ro+(e"6+ased (earning curricu(u", Proceeding o) !he 3rd Regiona( Con)erence on Engineering Educa!ion and Research in Higher Educa!ion #RCEE & RHEd 2010&, 769 June 2010, Kuching, Sarawak, /a(a sia4