Actinobacteriological Research in India

Indian Journal of Experimental Biology
Vol. 51, August 2013, pp. 573-596

Review Article

Actinobacteriological research in India
Sonashia Velho-Pereira & Nandkumar M Kamat*
Department of Botany, Goa University, Taleigao Plateau, Goa, 403 206, India
Actinobacteria are important sources of compounds for drug discovery and have attracted considerable pharmaceutical,
chemical, agricultural and industrial interests. Actinobacteriological research is still in its infancy in India. Early work on
actinobacteria started in the 20
th
century and mostly focused on studying the diversity, identification and screening for
antibiotics, enzymes and enzyme inhibitors. Exploration of diverse habitats for the isolation of actinobacteria, have yielded
till date 23 novel species. Screening of actinobacteria for antagonistic activity, has led to the discovery of four novel
antibiotics. Research on enzymes mostly covered lipases, amylases, proteases, endoglucanases, -galactosidases, pectin
lyases, xylanases, L-asparaginases, L-glutaminase and cellulases. Research on exploiting actinobacteria for other purposes
such as production of enzyme inhibitors, single cell protein, bioemulsifier and biosurfactants is still in the experimental
stage. This review compiles the work done in last few years, with an emphasis on actinobacterial diversity
and bioprospecting for pharmaceutically important compounds like antibiotics, enzymes and other important applications.
The chemical creativity and biotechnological potential of Indian actinobacterial strains are yet to be fully explored.
A national strategy is required consistent with the opportunities provided by CBD-Nagoya protocol.
Keywords: Actinobacteria, Antibiotics, Biodiversity, Bioprospecting, Enzymes, India
Being ubiquitous in nature, actinobacteria are sources
of bioactive compounds for pharmaceutical purposes.
According to Baltz
1
only a fraction of the worlds
biodiversity has been explored with less than one part
of the Earths soil surface screened for potential
actinobacteria. The terrestrial soil has been widely
exploited for isolation of actinobacteria wherein they
perform significant biogeochemical roles contributing
to the turnover of complex biopolymers
2
. However,
despite scarce studies on diversity of actinobacteria
from marine environment, they are proved to be
potential producers of novel bioactive compounds
3
.
Actinobacteria hold a prominent position as targets
in screening programmes due to their diversity
and account for the production of most of the
discovered bioactive secondary metabolites, primarily
antibiotics
2,4
, immunosuppressive agents, enzymes
5

and enzyme inhibitors
6
. With the rise in infectious
diseases and ~25-30,000 clinically described
human diseases, accounting for many deaths, novel
antibiotics are in demand as the prevalent antibiotics
are slowly loosing their existing potencies
7
. Owing
to the globally growing challenge of antibiotic
resistant microbial strains, antibiotics drug discovery
programmes have been undertaken and novel
approaches are being followed
8
. Such approaches
include, searching for the less or unexploited
ecosystems for isolation of less studied rare
actinobacteria expected to yield novel metabolites
9
or
by using modern strategies like proteomic signatures
with high throughput in vitro assays
8
, whole cell
screening methods, sequencing of the actinobacterial
genomes and combinatorial biosynthesis
1,7
. This
review focuses on biodiversity and bioprospecting of
actinobacteria from India, aimed at pharmaceutically
important antibiotics, enzymes and other applications.
In view of a rapid decline in the rate of discovery of
new genera and metabolites observed in the beginning
of the 20
th
century and the period from 2011-2012,
being the most productive, in terms of actinobacterial
diversity and biosprospecting (Fig. 1), actino-
bacteriological research is still in its infancy in India.
However, there are still active groups making useful
contributions. Top five institutions/laboratories, on the

*Correspondent author
Telephone: +91-0832-6519349; + 91-9423889629
Fax: +91-0832-2452889
E-mail: nandkamat@gmail.com; sonashia@gmail.com

Fig. 1Indian publications on actinobacterial diversity and
bioprospecting since 1965.
INDIAN J EXP BIOL, AUGUST 2013

574
basis of interity of research efforts as evidenced by
publications are indicated in Table 1.

Biodiversity and taxonomy
Baltz
1
opined that approaches to explore random
and exotic soil, could accelerate the production of
bioactive substances from actinobacteria. In view of
this, in India diverse habitats and locations (Fig. 2)
have been screened for studying actinobacterial
diversity. Soil habitats (96%) have been largely
surveyed as compared to other resources like
endophytic plants (3%) and animal guts (1%). On
the other hand, the percentage of actinobacterial
isolations from marine resources (85%) is much
higher than freshwater resources (15%).

Table 1Top five institutions engaged in
actinobacteriological research
Universities Research laboratories
VIT University CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Pune
Bharathidasan
University
Research Centre, Hoechst India Limited,
Mulund
Annamalai University CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary
Science and Technology, Trivandrum
Andhra University National Bureau of Agricultural important
Microorganisms, Mau
Periyar University CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute,
Lucknow

Fig. 2Distribution of habitats sampled in India for actinobacteria.
VELHO-PEREIRA & KAMAT: ACTINOBACTERIOLOGICAL RESEARCH IN INDIA

575
Research on actinobacterial diversity from
underexplored ecological niches of terrestrial
ecosystems from India, has led to the
isolation of 26 actinobacterial genera, with
genus Streptomyces being the most dominant,
followed by Micromonopora, Actinomadura,
Rhodococcus, Microbispora, Nocardia and others
(Table 2).

Table 2Actinobacteria from terrestrial ecosystems
Species
ref

Soil inhabitants
Genus Streptomyces
4, 10-43

S. aurantiacus
, S. citricolor
, S. clavuligerus
, S. gulbargensis sp.
nov.
, S. kavamyceticus
, S. platensis
, S. spectabilis
,
S. albidoflavus
, S. erumpens* S. griseoruber
, S. hyderabadensis
sp. nov.
, S. hygroscopicus subsp. ossamyceticus,

S. manipurensis sp. nov.
, S. sannanensis
, S. sannanensis,

S. tendae
, S. viridis
, Streptomyces sp.
,,,,

, , , , ,

Genus Micromonospora
23, 40, 43, 44

Micromonospora sp.
,,

Genus Actinomadura
12, 41-43

A. roseale
, Actinomadura sp.
,,

Genus Rhodococcus
45-48

R. kroppenstedtii sp. nov.
, R. canchipurensis sp. nov.

,
R. imtechensis
, Rhodococcus sp.

Genus Microbispora
23, 49

M. indica sp. nov.
, M. karnatakensis sp. nov.
,Microbispora sp.

Genus Nocardia
21, 40, 42

Nocardia sp.
,,

Genus Kitasatospora
23, 50

Kitasatospora sampliensis sp. nov.

, Kitasatospora sp

Genus Kocuria
51, 52

Kocuria himachalensis sp. nov.

, Kocuria sp.

Genus Streptosporangium
41, 42

Streptosporangium sp.
,

Genus Thermoactinomyces
42, 53

T. thalophilus
,
Thermoactinomyces sp.

Genus Actinoplanes
23

Actinoplanes sp.

Genus Actinoalloteichus
54

A. spitiensis sp. nov.

Genus Agrococcus
55, 56

A. carbonis sp. nov.

, A. lahaulensis sp. nov.

Genus Arthrobacter
57

Arthrobacter sp.

Genus Brevibacterium
48

Brevibacterium casei

Genus Microbacterium
58

M. immunditiarum sp. nov.

Genus Micrococcus
57

M. lactis sp. nov.

Genus Norcardiopsis
59

N. prasina

Genus Planomonospora
23

Planomonospora sp.

Genus Planococcus
60

P. stackebrandtii sp. nov.

Genus Saccharomonospora
61

S. saliphila sp. nov.

Table 2Actinobacteria from terrestrial ecosystems
Genus Saccharopolyspora
42

Saccharopolyspora sp.

Genus Streptoverticillium
23

Streptoverticillium sp.

Genus Thermomonospora
62

Thermomonospora sp.

Genus Yaniella
63

Y. fodinae sp. nov.

Plant endophytes
Genus Streptomyces
64, 65, 66

S. aureus
,
,S. hydroscopicus
,

, S. greseofuscus
,
,
S. albosporus
,
, S. cinereus
, ,
, S. flavus

, S. cyaneus

,
S. globisporus
,

, S. viridis

,S. glaucus

, S. lavendulae
,
,
S. griseorubroviolaceus

,Streptomyces sp.
,
,

, , ,,

, ,

,

Genus Nocardia
64, 66

Nocardia sp.
, , ,,,

Genus Actinomadura
66

Actinomadura sp.
,,

Genus Microbispora
64, 66

Microbispora sp
,
.
,, ,

Genus Nocardiopsis
66

Nocardiopsis sp.

Genus Sacchromonospora
64

Sacchromonospora sp.

66

Saccharopolyspora sp.

64

, ,

64

Streptoverticillium sp.
,

Gut
Genus Streptomyces
67, 68

S. tritolerans sp.nov .
, S. noursei

Soil inhabitants: Black soils
, Surface soil of a landfill
,
Brick-kiln soil*,Rhizospheric soil
, Red soil
, Desert soil,
Limestone quarry
, Alkaline soil
, Agricultural soil
, Lateritic
soil
, Bitumen (heavy crude oil) soil
, Solitary wasp and swallow

bird mud nest
,Tree Hollow
,Forest soil
,Termite mounds
,
Indian Himalayas
, Pesticide-contaminated soil
, Coal mine
soil
,Dairy industry effluent treatment plant
, Self-heating
compost

Plant endophytes: Azadirachta indica stem

, leaves

and roots
;
Vigna mungo nodule surface; Coleus leaf
, root
; Barleria root
;
Coelogyne ovalis root
, leaf
, seed
,

petiole
, stem
; Carthranthus
leaf
; Plumbago leaf
, stem
; Citrullus

root
; Asparagus root
;
Aloevera stem
, leaf

Gut: Earthworm gut (Eisenia foetida)
, Indian silkworm
breeds

The novel actinobacterial species reported from India have
been underlined

576

Isolation strategies like novel baiting bag
69
,
baiting slide
41
and enrichment culture
70
techniques
to isolate uncommon and rare genera have also
been reported. Besides soil habitats, natures
other reservoirs rich in therapeutic compounds
are endophytic plants and animals. Oceans cover 70%
of the earths surface and support richest ecosystems
of the earth in terms of microbial diversity. Indian
efforts to isolate marine actinobacteria have yielded
30 actinobacterial genera, with genus Streptomyces
being the major component of the total actinobacterial
population followed by genus Micromonospora,
Actinopolyspora, Saccharopolyspora, Actinomadura
and others. Both freshwater and marine habitats
are considered dynamic in nature, however, there
are sporadic reports on actinobacteria from sponges,
bivalves, corals and guts of marine organisms
(Table 3).

Table 3Actinobacteria from Aquatic ecosystems
Species
ref

Fresh water ecosystem
Genus Streptomyces
71-76

S. tanashiensis
, S. sindenensis
, Streptomyces sp.

Genus Georgenia
77

G. satyanarayanai sp. nov.

Genus Kocuria
78

K. assamensis sp. nov.

Marine ecosystem
Genus Streptomyces
79-108

S. afghaniensis
, S. albus
, S. albus gangavarams
,
S. carpaticus
, S. cheonanensis
, S. griseoloalbus
,
S. marinensis
, S. peucetius
, S. rochei
, S. sundarbansensis sp. nov.
,
S. cyaneus
, Streptomyces sp.
,

Genus Micromonospora
80, 91, 101, 103, 106, 108, 109

M. echinospora
, Micromonospora sp.
,

Genus Actinopolyspora
90, 91, 103, 106, 110, 111

Actinopolyspora sp.
,,

80, 91, 103, 106, 112, 113

S. hirsute
, S. salina
, Saccharopolyspora sp.
,

Genus Actinomadura
80, 91, 103, 106, 109

A. citrea
, Actinomadura sp.
,

Genus Actinoplanes
91, 106, 109

Actinoplanes sp.

Genus Microbispora
91, 106, 109

Microbispora sp.
,

Genus Nocardiopsis
99, 103, 106

Nocardiopsis sp.
,

Genus Actinomyces
89, 106

Actinomyces sp.
,

Genus Kitasatospora
106, 108

Kitasatospora sp.

Genus Nocardia
106, 108

Nocardia sp.

Genus Pseudonocardia
108, 114

P. endophytica
, Pseudonocardia sp.

80, 106

S. album
, Streptoverticillium sp.

Genus Actinobispora
80

A. yunnanensis

Genus Actinodassonvillei
108

Actinodassonvillei sp.

Genus Actinosynnema
108

Actinosynnema sp.

Table 3Actinobacteria from Aquatic ecosystems
Genus Agromyces
115

Agromyces indicus sp. nov.

Genus Amycolatopsis
116

Amycolatopsis alba var. nov

Genus Gordona
108

Gordona sp.

Genus Intrasporangium
108

Intrasporangium sp.

Genus Microtetrospora
80

M. fastidiosa

Genus Nocardiodes
109

Nocardiodes sp.

Genus Rhodococcus
108

Rhodococcus sp.

Genus Saccharomonospora
80

S. viridis

Genus Streptoalloteichus
106

Streptoalloteichus sp.

106


Genus Thermomonospora
80

T. mesophila

Marine organisms
Genus Streptomyces
117-125

S. noursei
S. canus
S. rimosus
Streptomyces sp.
, ,,

Marine Wastes/Polluted areas
Genus Rhodococcus
126

Rhodococcus sp.

Genus Streptomyces
127

Streptomyces sp.

Fresh water ecosystem: lake
, spring
, soda lake
, river

Marine ecosystem: Sandy shores
, Mangroves
, Estuarine
,
Surface waters

Marine organisms: Sponge
, Finfish-Mugil cephalus
, Gut
contents of Chanos chanos
, Chaetodon collare (Red tail

butterfly) and Archamia fucata (Orange-lined cardinal)
, Fish red
snapper
, Villorita cyprinoids

, Bivalves Meretrix casts
(Gmelin)

Marine Wastes/Polluted areas: Oil polluted coastal region
,
Heap of marine wastes

The novel actinobacterial species reported from India have
been underlined

577

Fig. 3Phylogram indicating the placement and relatedness of 21 novel Indian actinobacterial strains within the order Actinomycetales
under Actinobacteria. Numbers given at the branch nodes indicate (%) bootstrap values. Bar 0.01 substitutions per 100 nucleotide positions.

Exploration of such unique habitats has led to
the discovery of 23 novel taxa (Tables 2 and 3).
Among these novel strains, five belong to
genus Steptomyces; two to genus Agrococcus,
Rhodococcus, Microbispora, Kocuria each and
strains belonging to genus Actinoalloteichus,
Planococcus, Kitasatospora, Micrococcus,
Georgenia, Saccharomonospora, Microbacterium,
Yaniella, Amycolatopsis and Agromyces.
Phylogenetic relationship of novel Indian
actinobacterial taxaIt is interesting to study the
phylogenetic relationship of these taxa, so using
MEGA5 software and 16S rDNA sequences available
at NCBI (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/genbank/),
phylogenetic relationship of 21 Indian actinobacterial
species was determined by neighbor joining method
(Fig. 3).

Bioprospecting for pharmaceutically important
compounds
AntiboticsActinobacteria are noteworthy antibiotic
producers and have yielded ~3,000 known antibiotics.
Genus Streptomyces produces 75% of all these
128
.
Baltz
129
estimated that only 1-3% of Streptomycete
antibiotics are so far discovered. Thus there is an urgent
need of producing novel antibiotics keeping in view
the ever increasing rise of resistant pathogens.
Strategies employed elsewhere in the world to
obtain novel antibiotics from unexplored habitats
have been used in India. Screening efforts made to
obtain antibiotics against human pathogens is much
higher than those against plant and animal pathogens.
Since Indian research on antibiotic discovery,
has focused mostly on preliminary screening and
optimization of the various culture conditions,
for antibacterial and antifungal compounds, further
studies to reveal the identity of the bioactive
molecules is on decline. A few reports however hold
much promise for future. These include a report from
Gorajana et al.
130
, reporting a cytotoxic compound
1, hydroxyl-1-norresistomycin from marine
actinobacteria Streptomyces chibaensis. Resistomycin
an anticancer compound, also showing antimicrobial
activities produced by S. aurantiacus was reported
by Vijayabharathi et al.
10
. Parthasarathi et al.
131
,
reported a broad spectrum antimicrobial compound, 7,
demethoxyrapamycin produced by Streptomyces
hydroscopicus. Besides, four novel antibiotics include
namely Swalpamycin, Butalactin, Alisamycin and
1(10-aminodecyl) Pyridinium salt (Table 4).
Process optimizationReports on optimization of
physiological and biochemical parameters to increase
the yield of the metabolites revealed that, different
concentrations of glucose
133-136
, glycerol
137,138
, starch
139
,
arabinose and sucrose
140
as carbon sources and nitrogen
sources such as yeast extract
141
, peptone
137,140
,
soyabean
71,133,139
, sodium nitrate and potassium
nitrate
138
, ammonium dihydrogen phosphate
136
, liver
extract
137
as optimal biochemical parameters and
alkaline pH ranging from 7-8
11,59,71,99,134-137,139-141
and
temperature ranging from 25-35 C
11,59,69,99,135-141,180
are
optimal physiological parameters.
Antimicrobials vis vis humans pathogensDawn
of antibiotic era witnessed a decline of infectious
diseases however, the new threat or multidrug
resistant strains has created an urgency to
promote novel antibiotic discoveries centered at
antinobacteria
1,8
.
Indian research, on harnessing antibiotics from
actinobacterial resources has accelerated. However,
the work is so far limited to mostly preliminary
screening. Large number of actinobacterial strains

578

Table 4Novel metabolites from Indian actinobacterial strains
Strain
ref
Novel metabolite Antibiotic group Reported activity
Streptomyces sp.
Y-84,30967
35

Swalpamycin Macrolide Against Gram-positive bacteria including
erythromycin-resistant strains
Streptomyces sp.
HIL Y-
86,36923
37

Butalactin Butanolide Against Gram-positive and Gram-negative
bacteria
Streptomyces
sp. HIL Y-
88,31582
89

Alisamycin Manumycin Against Gram-positive bacteria and fungi and
weak antitumour activity

Amycolatopsis
alba var. nov.
132

1(10-aminodecyl)
Pyridinium salt
Pyridinium compound Potent cytotoxic and antibacterial activities

have been screened against various human test
pathogens, including the multidrug resistant strains
(Tables 5 and 6).
Several researches have reported genus
Streptomyces as the profilic producer of antimicrobials
compounds, followed by Micromonospora, Nocardia
and others (Fig. 4).
Indian patent claims on antibioticsPatents have
been obtained on varied aspects of antibiotic
research (Table 7).
Antimicrobials vis vis plants pathogensThe
need to screen actinobacteria against fungal
and bacterial plant pathogens is mainly because
these pathogens play a threatening role in food
security, economic prosperity and natural
environments. Indian efforts to study antimicrobials
against plant pathogens is gaining considerable
importance, although the work is limited to mostly
preliminary screening (Table 8).
Antimicrobials vis vis marine organisms
Marine fauna are also susceptible to a large number of
bacterial and fungal diseases which in turn are a
posing threat to humans and animals who consume
them. Indian efforts to screen Actinobacteria "
against these harmful test pathogens are given in
Table 9.

Other bioactive compounds
AnticancerSince, cancer is recognized as one of
the most dreaded diseases, there is a need for
developing drugs to combat it. The most frequent
cancers in men are of the lung, lip, oral cavity and in
women these include those of the cervix, uteri, breast
and ovary
221
. Anticancer drug research in India based
on lead molecules from actinobacteria is highlighted
in Table 10.

Fig. 4Relative importance of actinobacteria in antibiotic
screening programme based on published work (1965-2012).

AntioxidantsThenmozhi et al.
224
evaluated the
antioxidant activity of intracellular and extracellular
metabolites of Streptomyces sp. VITTK3.
Antiacaricidal/antilarvicidal/antifeedantDeepika
et al.
225
studied the acaricidal and larvicidal property
of marine actinobacterial compound (2S, 5R, 6R)-
2-hydroxy-3, 5, 6-trimethyloctan-4-one isolated
from Streptomyces sp. VITDDK3. The compound
showed maximum efficacy against the larvae
of Rhipicephalus microplus, Anopheles subpictus
and Culex quinquefasciatus. Vijayakumar et al.
226


579

Table 5Human bacterial pathogens used to screen actinobacterial lead molecules
Human bacterial pathogens used in screening
ref
Symptoms/Diseases
Genus Acinetobacter
42, 66, 142

A. baumanii, Acinetobacter sp. Severe pneumonia and Urinary Tract Infection
Genus Aeromonas
118, 137, 143, 144

A. formicans, A. hydrophila, A. veronii* Gastroenteritis; Wound infections and diarrhoea*
Genus Alcaligenes
35

A. faecalis Urinary Tract Infection
Genus Arthrobacter
107

A. protophormiae Skin infection
Genus Bacillus
2, 4, 10, 12, 15, 20, 22, 31, 32, 35, 38, 39, 40, 42-44, 66, 68, 69, 72-74, 79, 81,
86, 93, 96, 98,105, 107, 109, 110, 112, 120, 125, 130, 131, 135, 136, 138, 140-142, 145-178

Bacillus sp., B. amyloliquefaciens, B. cereus, B. coagulans,
B. megaterium, B. pumilis, B. saccharolyticum, B. sphaericus,
B. subtilis
B. thuringiensis
#

Foodborne illness;
Skin infection
,
Eye infection
;
Emetic syndrome and diarrhoea
#

Genus Citrobacter
35, 37

C. freundii Nosocomial infections of the respiratory tract, urinary tract and
blood
Genus Clostridium
120, 179

Clostridium sp., C. botulinium Pseudomembranous colitis, food poisoining, tetanus, infections,
Flaccid muscular paralysis
Genus Corynebacterium
154

C. diptheriae Diphtheria
Genus Enterobacter
35, 43, 105, 138

E. cloacae
, E. aerogens Urinary and respiratory tract infections
; Gut infections,
opportunistic infections

Genus Enterococci
10, 145, 153, 159, 164, 177, 180, 181

Enterococci sp., E. faecalis
Urinary Tract Infections, bacteremia, bacterial endocarditis,

diverticulitis and meningitis; Gut infection, Meningitis, endocarditis
and Urinary Tract Infections

Genus Escherichia
2,10-12, 22, 23, 28, 31, 35, 37-40, 42, 44, 64, 68, 69, 72-74, 79, 81, 89, 93, 94,
98, 108, 109, 110, 112, 116, 120, 130, 131, 136, 138, 139-142, 144-161, 163-165, 167, 169-175, 179-186

E. coli Gastrointestinal infection
Genus Klebsiella
2,10,12, 22, 31, 32, 39, 40, 69, 86, 93, 96, 98,105, 107, 109, 112, 120, 125,
135, 136, 138-142, 145-147, 151, 153, 161, 166, 167, 169, 170, 172, 175, 179, 180, 183

Klebsiella sp., K. aerogenes
, K.oxytoca
K. planticola
,
K. pneumonia

Nosocomial pneumonia septicaemia, Urinary Tract Infections

;
Colitis and sepsis
; Severe pancreatitis

; Pneumonia
thrombophlebitis, Urinary and upper respiratory tract infections,
cholecystitis, diarrhea, wound infection, osteomyelitis, meningitis,
bacteremia and septicemia

Genus Lactobacillus
98, 107, 139, 159

L. acidophilus
, L.casei
, L. lactis

L. plantarum
, L. vulgaris
Vaginal infections, mild gastrointestinal discomfort or gas
;
Opportunistic infections
, ,
; Mild gastrointestinal discomfort or gas

Genus Leuconostoc
98

L. mesenteroides Bacteremias meningitis, breast abscess, abdominal abscess,
peritonitis

Genus Listeria
98

L. monocytogenes Listeriosis
Genus Micrococcus
35, 37, 68, 69, 72, 74, 93, 98, 120, 144, 145, 146, 157, 185

Micrococcus sp., M. flavus
, M. luteus
Skin infections, recurrent bacteremia, septic shock, septic arthritis,

endocarditis, meningitis, and cavitating pneumonia
; Intracranial
abscesses, pneumonia, septic arthritis, endocarditis and meningitis

Contd.

580
Table 5Human bacterial pathogens used to screen actinobacterial lead molecules (Contd.)
Human bacterial pathogens used in screening
ref
Symptoms/Diseases
Genus Mycobacterium
15, 42, 69, 98, 107, 186, 188

M. phlei, M. smegmatis, M. tuberculosis
Tuberculosis

Genus Pseudomonas
10, 12, 22, 31, 32, 35, 37, 38, 40, 42, 44, 66, 68, 69, 72-74, 79, 86,
93,105, 109, 110, 116, 120, 123, 130, 138, 140-149, 151-160, 163-164, 167, 170, 173, 174, 177, 179,
180, 182, 185, 186

Pseudomonas sp., P. aeruginosa, P. fluorescence
, P.luteola

P. putida
, P. staetrolens
; P. solanacearum

Nosocomial infections, Gut Lung infections, Urinary tract
infections; Infections in compromised immune systems
; Peritonitis,
cellulitis, and bacteremia
; Bacteraemia, sepsis in neonatal,

neutropenic and cancer patients, Urinary tract infections

;
Nosocomial infections

Genus Proteus
10, 35, 37, 39, 40, 43, 44, 69, 81, 86, 93, 98, 107, 109, 130, 136, 138, 139, 142,
145, 154, 158, 159, 163, 172, 175, 179, 180

Proteus sp., P. mirabilis, P.vulgaris

Infections, septicemia, pneumonias - mostly in hospitalized
patients, Urinary tract infections, wound infections
Genus Rhodococcus
98, 185

R. rhodochrous Infections in immunocompromised hosts
Genus Salmonella
10,12, 22, 39, 43, 66, 69, 86, 105, 108, 109, 120, 131, 132, 138, 139, 160,
167, 171-173, 180

Salmonella sp., S. bovis, S. enteritidis, S. mgulani, S. paratyphi
, S.
senftenberg, S. typhi
, S. typhimurium
, S. weltsverden
Gut infection, salmonellosis; Typhoid

Genus Sarcina
138

Sarcina lutea Skin infection
Genus Serratia
39, 28, 35, 43, 98, 107, 149, 150, 154

Serratia liquefaciens, S. marcescens Nosocomial infections, Gut infection
Genus Shigella
10, 22, 43, 98, 138, 159, 167

Shigella sp., Shigella flexneri Dysentery, Gastrointestinal infection
Genus Staphylococcus
4, 10, 20, 22, 23, 28, 31, 32, 35, 37-40, 42-44, 66, 67, 72-74, 79, 81,
86, 89, 93, 96, 98, 105, 109, 110, 112, 120, 125, 130, 131, 136, 138-149, 152-161, 163, 164, 166, 169-
181, 183-185, 189-191

Staphylococcus sp., S. aureus
, S. epidermidis,S. haemolyticus
(MDR)

Food poisoning, Skin infection
, Nosocomial infections,
endocarditis, septicemia, peritonitis, urinary tract, wound, bone,
joint infection

Genus Streptococcus
31, 35, 37, 89, 98, 125, 135, 142, 145, 148, 159, 161, 170, 192

Streptococcus sp., S. faecalis, S. mutans
, S. oralis, S. pneumoniae
,
S. pyogenes
, S. viridians

Streptococcal pharyngitis, meningitis, bacterial pneumonia,
endocarditis, erysipelas, necrotizing fasciitis, Dental
infections/decay
, Pneumococcal infections
, Pharyngitis, skin
infection, Erysipelas, cellulitis streptococcal pharyngitis Acute
glomerulonephritis, inflammation of the renal glomerulus
, Mouth
or gingival infections

Genus Streptomyces
116, 183

Streptomyces sp., S. griseus Mycetoma
Genus Vibrio
12, 22, 98, 108, 139,142, 143, 185, 193

Vibrio sp., V. alginolyticus
, V. cholerae
, V. parahaemolyticus
, V.
vulnificus

Foodborne infection, Otitis and wound infection
, Cholera
,
Gastrointestinal illness
, Cholera, cellulitis or septicemia

Genus Yersinia
98

Y. enterocolitica Yersiniosis, mild self-limiting entero-colitis or terminal ileitis

reported marine actinobacteria Streptomyces sp. and
Streptosporangium sp. having notable larvicidal
activity. Antifeedant activity was reported against
Helicoverpa armigera and Spodoptera litura
195
.
Enzymological research-enzymes and enzyme
inhibitorsEnzymes of actinobacterial origin have
triggered scientific interest due to their wide range
of applicability in textile, beverage, food, feed and
other industries. The Indian efforts of screening
useful enzymes have been encouraging (Fig. 5).
Genus Streptomyces has been largely studied,
followed by few reports on genus Nocardiopsis,
Micromonospora and Thermoactinomyces. Thus,
this data lays an emphasis on the need to
screen other genus of actinobacterial origin like
Acinetobacter, Actinobispora, Kocuria, Microbispora,
Microtetrospora and Thermomonospora for obtaining
industrially important enzymes.

581

Table 6Human fungal pathogens used to screen actinobacterial lead molecules
Human fungal pathogens used in screening
ref
Symptoms/Disease
Genus Alternaria
22, 39, 69, 81, 154

Alternaria sp., A. alternata, A. awamori Allergies like hay fever or asthma, opportunistic infections in
immunocompromised patients, Lung disease
Genus Aspergillus
21, 38, 96, 99, 110, 112, 140, 141, 145, 153, 154, 156, 157, 159, 161,
162, 182, 186, 194, 195

Aspergillus flavus, A. fumigatus
, A. niger
, A. terreus
Aspergillosis of the lungs, corneal, otomycotic, and nasoorbital

infections; Invasive fungal infection chronic pulmonary infections or
allergic disease in immunosuppressed individuals, Skin infection
,
Serious lung disease, aspergillosis
, Opportunistic infection in
immunocompromised patients

Genus Botrytis
22, 89, 93, 195

Botrytis cinerea Pneumonitis
Genus Candida
12, 21-23, 35, 37-40, 43, 44, 64, 69, 72-74, 81, 86, 89, 93, 96, 98, 105,107,
109, 110, 112, 124, 131, 135, 141, 142, 144-146, 148, 150, 151, 153, 154, 156, 159, 161, 163, 171,
172, 175, 185, 194-199

Candida albicans, C. glabrata, C. krusei
, C. lipolytica
,
C. neoformans, C. tropicalis
Opportunistic oral and genital infections in humans, candidiasis,
Candidemia; Nosocomial infections in immunocompromised and
hematological malignancies patients
; Refractory oral candidiasis

Genus Cryptococcus
23, 69, 110, 148, 171, 172

Cryptococcus sp., C. neoformans
,C. terreus Cryptococcosis, meningitis, in immunocompromised patients;

Meningitis and meningo-encephalitis in HIV/AIDS patients

Genus Epidermophyton
94, 154, 195, 200

E. floccosum Tinea pedis, tinea cruris, tinea corporis, onychomycosis
Genus Fusarium
12, 22, 23, 44, 69, 110, 151, 154, 155, 159, 163, 201

Fusarium sp., F. moniliforme
, F. oxysporum
, F. solani
Opportunistic infections, onychomycosis, keratomycosis or

mycotic keratitis; Skin infection
; Opportunistic infections
in immunocompromised patients
; Neutropenia, aggressive
fusarial infections

Genus Microsporum
64, 94, 135, 194, 198, 200, 202

Microsporum sp., M. canis, M. gypseum, M. nanum Tinea capitis, tinea corpus, ringworm, and other dermatophytoses
Genus Penicillium
12, 39, 69, 110, 152, 154, 159, 162, 201

Penicillium sp., P. chrysogenum
, P. citrinum
, P. ochrochloron Penicilliosis, Keratitis, endophtalmitis, otomycosis, necrotizing

esophagitis, pneumonia, endocarditis, peritonitis, UTI; Opportunistic
infections in immunocompromised patients
;
Balkan nephropathy and yellow rice fever

Genus Scopulariopsis
195

Scopulariopsis sp. Infections in immunocompromised patients
Genus Trichoderma
110

Trichoderma sp. Opportunistic infections in immunocompromised patients
Genus Trichophyton
64, 69, 94, 194, 195, 200

Trichophyton sp., T. mentagrophytes
,T. rubrum
,T. simii
Malabar itch, athlete's foot, ringworm, jock itch, infections of the nail,
beard, skin and scalp; Fungal nail infections, tinea corporis, tinea cruris
and tinea capiti
;Athlete's foot, jock itch and ringworm
;
Tinea corporis, tinea cruris and tinea capiti


582

Table 7Antibiotic Patents from India
Description/claims Patent number Claimants
Actinomycete strain SKF-CWI-785 producing novel
glycopeptide antibiotics of the CWI-785 complex
US Pat 4742045 Verma et al.
203

Streptomyces species producing a novel macrolide
antibiotic Swalpamycin
US Pat 4988677 Franco et al.
204

Actinomycete strain Y-86,21022 producing a novel
glycopeptide antibiotic Balhimycin
US Pat 5571701 Nadkarni et al.
205

Novel strain, Streptomyces sp. BICC 7522 producing macrolides US Pat 7704725 Kulkarni et al.
206

Novel strain of Streptomyces sp., CIMAP A1 producing
anti-microbial activity against phytopathogenic fungi
US Pat 6558940 Alam et al.
207

Streptomyces species (PM0626271/MTCC 5447) producing
antibiotic compounds
US Pat 2012/0156295 Mishra et al.
208

Actinoalloteichus spitiensis producing bipyridine compound
bioactive molecule- Caerulomycin A, derivatives and analogs
thereof as effective immunosuppressive agents
US Pat 8114895 Singla et al.
209

glycopeptide antibiotic Decaplanin
EP0356894 Franco et al.
210

antibiotic Alisamycin
EP0436935 Franco et al.
211

Actinomycete strain MTCC 5597 producing antibacterial
and antifungal compound, (I) 5-(4-bromobutyl)-N-(but-3-enyl)
dodec-11-enamide or a derivative thereof
WO/2012/104793 Kumar et al.
212

The studies on enzymes have prioritized
lipases, amylases, proteases, endoglucanases,
-galactosidases, pectin lyases, xylanases,
L-asparaginases, L-glutaminases and cellulases
(Table 11).
Enzyme inhibitorsEnzyme inhibitors are
gaining importance due to wide applications in
chemotherapeutic drugs, metabolic control, pesticides,
herbicides and natural poisons. Indian research
in this area is still in infancy, with more interest in
amylases, -glucosidases and proteases inhibitors.
Raja et al.
271
studied amylase inhibitors producing
actinobacterial strains SSR-10 and SSR-2 using
Bacillus subtilis and Aspergillus niger as test
organisms. Ganesan et al.
272
tested marine
actinobacterial strains for their ability to produce
yeast and rat -glucosidase inhibitors and Pandhare
et al.
6
reported actinobacterial strains producing
alkaline protease inhibitors.
Research on other useful products and processes
Besides the normal areas of interest reviewed
earlier, Indian actinobacterial research has attempted
to move in novel directions for assessment of
actinobacterial processes such as bioemulsification,
biodegradation, biosorption; biosurfactants, osmolytes,
nanoparticles production, mineral biosynthesis which
are still in the experimental stage (Table 12).
Other applications include genomic studies by
Ramachander and Rawal
285
who reported first
putative PHA synthase gene from a Streptomyces sp.
with serine as the active nucleophile in the conserved
lipase box, Bajpai et al.
286
have worked on the
genome sequence of the bacteriophage (phage)
PIS136 isolated from a strain of Saccharomonospora,
Vikram et al.
47
investigated the 8.231-Mb genome
sequence of Rhodococcus imtechensis. Besides
studies on co-production of caffeic acid and
p-hydroxybenzoic acid by Streptomyces caeruleus
287
,
production of poly-e-lysine by Streptomyces noursei
288

and biotransformation of the anti-inflammatory
compound meloxicam by Streptomyces griseus NCIM
2622 and S. griseus NCIM 2623
289
was also reported.

Problems and challenges related to study of
actinobacteria in India
Early work on actinobacteria in India started in
the 20
th
century, made slow and steady progress
despite lack of success in discovery of new genera
and metabolites. According to Berdy
7
, the major
cause of such declining trends in microbial metabolite

583

Table 8Plant pathogens used to screen biocontrol agents from actinobacteria
Phytopathogens type
ref
Symptoms/Disease
Bacterial pathogens
Genus Bacillus
67

B. cereus Damping off
Genus Rhizobium
65, 149

Rhizobium sp., R. japonicum Diseases in legumes
Genus Xanthomonas
22, 67, 68, 154, 159, 168

Xanthomonas sp., X. capsicii, X. campestris
Bacterial leaf spot; Citrus canker, leaf spot

Fungal pathogens
Genus Alternaria
67, 73, 151, 167, 199, 213

Alternaria sp., A. alternata, A.brassicicola
Leaf spot; Brassica dark leaf spot on most Brassica

species

Genus Aspergillus
67, 167, 213

Aspergillus sp., A. flavus
, A. niger
Disease on many grain crops, especially maize; Storage

problems in stored grains
; Black mold on certain fruits

and vegetables such as grapes, onions, and peanuts

Genus Bipolaris
72

B. oryzae Brown spot disease in rice
Genus Collectotrichum
67, 189, 214

C. falcatum; C.capsici
Red rot disease of sugarcane; Leaf blight on Chlorophytum

borivilianum, basil, chickpea and pepper, dieback in
pigeonpea and anthracnose in poinsettia

Genus Curvularia
72

C. oryzae Pecky rice (kernel spotting)
Genus Fusarium
67, 72, 167, 189, 213

Fusarium sp., F. moniliforme
, F. oxysporium
, F. solani
, F. udum
Damping off, Percky rice (kernel spotting), Bud rot
;
Fusarium crown root, Fusarium wilt
; Fusarium crown rot,

bud rot
; Fusarium wilt in pigeonpeas

Genus Helminthosporium
191, 214

H. oryzae Stem rot in rice
Genus Macrophomina
67, 215, 216

M. phaseolina Charcoal rot on many plant species
Genus Penicillium
169

Penicillium sp. Postharvest decay of stored apples
Genus Phytophthora
167

Phytophthora sp. Damping off
Genus Pyricularia
72, 89, 195, 215

Pyricularia oryzae Rice Blast (leaf, neck, nodal and collar)
Genus Pythium
167

Pythium sp. Pythium root rot, Damping off
Genus Rhizoctonia
12, 67, 69, 73, 93, 189, 215, 214, 215

R. oryzae, R. solani
Aggregate sheath spot; Rhizoctonia root and crown rot,

Web blight, Damping off

Genus Rhizopus
213

R. stolonifer Rhizopus blight
Genus Trichoderma
151, 167, 199

Trichoderma sp., T. viride Green mould rot of onion, green mold in button
mushrooms
Genus Verticillium
22

V. alboatrum Yellowing and tiger-striping effect on hop leaves

584

Table 9Animal pathogens used for preliminary screening of bioactive molecules
Bacterial pathogens in animals
ref
Symptoms/Disease
Genus Aeromonas
90, 121, 136, 179, 217, 218

A. hydrophlia, A. sobria, Aeromonas sp. Aeromonosis, ulcers, tail rot, fin rot, and hemorrhagic
septicemia in fish
Genus Bacillus
90, 179, 218

Bacillus sp., B. subtilis Intestinal infections in fish
Genus Escherichia
218

E.coli Intestinal infections in fish
Genus Flavobacterium
90

Flavobacterium sp. Mycobacteriosis infections of invertebrates
Genus Micrococcus
90

Micrococcus sp. Intestinal and skin infections in fish
Genus Serratia
121, 179

Serratia sp., S. marcescens White pox disease in corals
Genus Vibrio
90, 121- 124, 179, 219, 220

Vibrio sp., V. alginolyticus
, V. parahaemolyticus
,
V. anguillarum
, V. cholera
, V. harveyi

Infections in fish and shellfish; Disease in pufferfish
;
Disease in squids, mackerels, tunas, sardines, crabs,
shrimps, and bivalves, such as oysters and clams
; Vibriosis
in salmonid fish, or red pest of eels
; Infections fish, eels
;
Luminous vibriosis in penaeid prawns

Table 10Promising actinobacterial strains used in anticancer assays
Species
ref
Human cell lines (IC
50
/ LC
50
values)
A549 (lung) HeLa (cervical) HEP G2 (liver) MCF-7(breast) U87MG (brain)
Streptomyces sp.
178
+ (NA) NT NT NT NT
Streptomyces sp.
222
NT + (IC
50
21.50g/ml) NT NT NT
Streptomyces sp.
109
NT NT NT + (NA) NT
Streptomyces aurantiacus
10
NT + (LC
50
0.013 g/ml) + (LC
50
0.010 g/ml) NT NT
Streptomyces avidinni
223
NT NT + (IC
50
64.5 g) NT NT
Saccharopolyspora salina
112
NT + (IC
50
26.2 g/ml) NT NT NT
Amycolatopsis alba var. nov.
132
NT + (NA) NT + (NA) + (NA)
Unidentified actinobacteria
147
NT + (IC
50
4.9 g/ml) NT NT NT
+, positive activity; NT, not tested; NA, data not available; LC, lethal concentration; I
C

50
, Half maximal inhibitory concentration
*Has also reported activity against VERO cell line (Ic
50
250 g/ml)

research is human responsibility, scientific failure
mainly due to limitations of use of modernised
techniques like high-throughput screening and
combinatorial synthesis and problematic economic-
regulatory environment. Such limitations may be
prime cause of declining productive actinobacterial
research in India. Many institutions working in
India might not be well equipped with all
the facilities required to expedite the research.
Besides other research limitations like extremely
slow doubling time of the actinobacteria in
comparison to other microorganisms, making the
isolation programmes to take several months is a
major issue. Also, despite high frequency sampling
and isolation efforts, one cannot ensure isolation of
novel genera which could lead to a novel antibiotic
lead molecule. But all these problems could
be reduced through a national strategy to boost
actinobacterial research aiming at using more
advanced natural isolation and screening strategies.
Besides providing new avenues, facilities and funds
is a must in all leading research institutions so as
to upgrade the standards of research which will lead
to positive outcomes.

585

Fig. 5Preliminary enzyme screening activity reported in India [Cholesterol oxidase
227
, lignin peroxidase
228
, catechol 1,2-dioxygenase
229
,
lipase
29,185, 230,231
, xylanase
28,52,53,75,232,233
, phytase
234
, phosphatase
80,235,236
, nuclease
237
, amylase
14,113,185,230, 237-241
, cellulase
75,118,185,201,242,243,244
,
chitinase
29,127,155,186,223,245,246
, exo-polygalacturonase
247,248
, -galactosidase
84,249-251
, mannanases
252
, glucanase
29
, pectinase
75
, xyloglucanase
253
,
keratinase
254-257
, aminopeptidase
258
, l-leucine aminopeptidase
259
, protease
4,13,20,24,34,59,76,82,167,185,214,238-240,260-265
, l-asparaginase
95,117, 235, 265-268
,
l-glutaminase
102,119,269,270
, pectin lyase
247
].

Table 11Indian research on enzymes from actinobacteria
Enzyme Sources strain
ref

Cholesterol oxidase Streptomyces lavendulae
227

Lignin peroxidase Streptomyces psammoticus
228

Catechol 1,2-dioxygenase Rhodococcus sp.
229

Lipase Nocardia dassonvillei
185
, Streptomyces griseus
230

Xylanase Kocuria sp.
52
, Thermoactinomyces thalophilus
53
, Steptomyces sp.
75
, Steptomyces rameus
232

Phytase Nocardia sp.
234

Phosphatase Actinobispora yunnanensis
80
, Microtetraspora fastidiosa
80
, Micromonospora echinospora
80
,

Saccharopolyspora hirsute
80
, Saccharopolyspora viridis
80
, Thermoactinomyces mesophila
80
,
Streptomyces albus
80
, Streptomyces cyaneus
80
, Acinetobacter sp.
235
, Streptomyces sp.
235
, Nocardiopsis sp.
235

Nuclease Streptomyces thermonitrificans
237

Amylase Streptomyces erumpens
14
, Saccharopolyspora sp.
113
Streptomyces sp.
240

Cellulase Streptomyces actuosus
118
, Streptomyces sp.
75, 240
, Nocardiopsis dassonvillei
185
,Streptomyces
noboritoensis
243
, Microbispora sp.
244

Chitinase Streptomyces canus, Streptomyces pseudogriseolus
245
, Streptomyces sp.
245
, Micromonospora
brevicatiana
246

Exo-polygalacturonase Streptomyces erumpens
247
, Streptomyces lydicus
248

-galactosidase Streptomyces griseoloalbus
84, 250

Mannanases Streptomyces sp.
252

Pectinase Streptomyces sp.
75

Xyloglucanase Thermomonospora sp.
253

Keratinase Streptomyces thermoviolaceus
254
, Streptomyces sclerotialus
255

Aminopeptidase Streptomyces gedanensis
258

L-leucine aminopeptidase Streptomyces mobaraensis
259
, Streptomyces gedanensis
259
, Streptomyces platensis
259

Protease Streptomyces clavuligerus
13
, Nocardiopsis prasina
59
, Streptomyces carpaticus
82, 240
, Streptomyces
moderatus
161
, Streptomyces megasporus
261
, Streptomyces gulbargensis
262
, Nocardiopsis alba
263
,
Streptomyces roseiscleroticus
264

L-asparaginase Streptomyces canus
91, 268
, Streptomyces noursei
117
, Streptomyces griseoloalbus
235
, Streptomyces
ceolicolor
265
, Streptomyces sp.
265
, Streptomyces aureofasciculus
268
, Streptomyces chattanoogenesis
268
,
Streptomyces hawaiiensis
268
, Streptomyces orientalis
268
, Streptomyces olivoviridis
268

L-glutaminase Streptomyces rimosus
119
, Streptomyces sp.
270

Pectin lyase Streptomyces lydicus
247


586

Table 12Other useful actinobacterial products and processes
Other uses Strains
Biodegradation Streptomyces rochei
26
, S. krainskii
273
, Rhodococcus sp.
170

; Rhodococcus sp.
101
*, Nocardia
sp.
101
*, Gordonia sp.
101
*, Dietzia sp.
101
*, Brevibacterium casei
48
, Rhodococcus sp.
48
, Slackia
exigua
274
, Corynebacteium liquefaciens
275

Biosurfactants Streptomyces spp.
276, 277
, S. gedanensis
278
, Nocardiopsis alba
279

Biosorption of heavy metals Streptomyces sp.
100

Osmolytes Actinopolyspora sp.
111
; Streptomyces sp.
280
, Nocardiopsis sp.
280

Biominerals Thermomonospora sp.
281

Pigments Streptomyces sp.
36
; Streptomyces spp.
282

Nanoparticles Thermomonospora sp.
62
, Rhodococcus sp.
283
, Streptomyces sp.
284

Biodegradation- 3-4 ring PAH compounds degraders (anthracene, fluorene, phenanthrene and pyrene)
, textile dye reactive blue-59

degraders
, aliphatic and aromatic crude oils degraders
, hydrocarbon degraders*, p-nitrophenol degraders
, agar degraders
,
chlorobenzoates degraders; Biominerals-produced extra and intracellular formation of CaCO
3
; Pigments- melanin
; carotenoids mainly
phytoene
; Nanoparticles- synthesis of gold nanoparticles
; synthesis of metal oxide nanoparticles

Future prospective on actinobacteriological
research
A vast area is opened by Nagoya protocol
290,291

for biodiversity and bioprospecting of microbial
resources. India can reap rich dividends through
a national strategy and action plan to explore
and exploit actinobacterial resources. Considering the
diverse physiological and climatic conditions, various
regions in mainland India and the islands offer huge
scope for sampling and isolation of many interesting
and novel actinobacterial strains. Besides modern
metagenomic tools can also be employed for
mapping the unculturable actinobacterial diversity.
Promising strains of culturable actinobacteria
can be subjected to national bioprospecting efforts
in which the corporate biotech and pharma R&D
sector could play a major role. Biotechnological
applications of culturable actinobacteria especially
in bioremediation and nanobiotechnological
processes and products are another promising area
of research.
There is further scope to generate nationally
important and useful intellectual property from
industrially useful strains considering the positive
trends emerging out of almost a century of
actinobacterial research. An attempt has been made to
suggest an outline of such plan to benefit from
Nagoya protocol (Fig. 6). Since India has already
ratified this protocol, it would be advantageous to
make an early start. If this strategy or action plan is
launched systematically and successfully, it could
make India a global leading player in identification
of useful strains, novel products and processes from

Fig. 6Schematic representation of basic elements of a national
strategy and action plan for boosting actinobacteriological
research in India.

actinobacterial diversity, both, from pure academic
and practical technological angles. The future scope
for advancement of actinobacterial research in India
appears bright.

587
Conclusions
Actinobacteria have proven the potential as
chemically creative species which could be sustainably
utilized for human welfare. In India, actinobacterial
research has not accelerated despite the country having
interesting and fertile habitats waiting to be
exhaustively explored. The Indian research so far has
progressed in a few areas and needs more thrust
through a national strategy and action plan for
biodiversity and biosprospecting of actinobacteria.
Such strategy would advance knowledge, build
indigenous capacities, throw up new techniques, spawn
novel technologies and continue to sustain wealth
generation and national development. The present
century offers promising challenges and opportunities
for Indian actinobacteriological research.

Acknowledgement
Authors would like to acknowledge UGC-SAP
Phase II at the Department of Botany for providing
necessary facilities. The first author received the
support of UGC-JRF Maulana Azad National
Fellowship.

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Actinobacteriological Research in India

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Actinobacteriological Research in India

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Indian Journal of Experimental Biology

Vol. 51, August 2013, pp. 573-596

, S. hygroscopicus subsp. ossamyceticus,

, R. canchipurensis sp. nov.

, M. karnatakensis sp. nov.

, Surface soil of a landfill

, Bitumen (heavy crude oil) soil

, Solitary wasp and swallow

,Dairy industry effluent treatment plant

, S. sundarbansensis sp. nov.

, Chaetodon collare (Red tail

, E. aerogens Urinary and respiratory tract infections

Urinary Tract Infections, bacteremia, bacterial endocarditis,

Vaginal infections, mild gastrointestinal discomfort or gas

Skin infections, recurrent bacteremia, septic shock, septic arthritis,

; Bacteraemia, sepsis in neonatal,

, Cholera, cellulitis or septicemia

Aspergillosis of the lungs, corneal, otomycotic, and nasoorbital

; Refractory oral candidiasis

,C. terreus Cryptococcosis, meningitis, in immunocompromised patients;

Opportunistic infections, onychomycosis, keratomycosis or

, P. ochrochloron Penicilliosis, Keratitis, endophtalmitis, otomycosis, necrotizing

;Athlete's foot, jock itch and ringworm

Bacterial leaf spot; Citrus canker, leaf spot

Leaf spot; Brassica dark leaf spot on most Brassica

Disease on many grain crops, especially maize; Storage

; Black mold on certain fruits

Red rot disease of sugarcane; Leaf blight on Chlorophytum

Damping off, Percky rice (kernel spotting), Bud rot

; Fusarium crown rot,

; Fusarium wilt in pigeonpeas

Aggregate sheath spot; Rhizoctonia root and crown rot,

; Infections fish, eels

, textile dye reactive blue-59

, aliphatic and aromatic crude oils degraders

, hydrocarbon degraders*, p-nitrophenol degraders

; Nanoparticles- synthesis of gold nanoparticles

; synthesis of metal oxide nanoparticles

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