1. WHAT IS ELECTROSTATICS? Electrostatics is the branch of Physics, hich !eals ith static electric char"es or char"es at rest. #.

WHAT IS $RICTIO%AL ELECTRICIT&? The electricity 'ro!(ce! by friction is calle! frictional electricity. If the char"es in a bo!y !o not )o*e, then, the frictional electricity is also +no n as Static Electricity. 3. STATE THE APPLICATIONS OF PROPERTIES OF ATTRACTION & REP,LSIO% O$ CHAR-ES? The 'ro'erty of attraction an! re'(lsion bet een char"e! bo!ies ha*e )any a''lications s(ch as electrostatic 'aint s'rayin", 'o !er coatin", fly.ash collection in chi)neys, in+./et 'rintin" an! 'hotostat co'yin" 01ero23 etc. 4. WHAT ARE CO%5,CTORS 6 I%S,LATORS? -I7E E1A8PLES 9o!ies hich allo the char"es to 'ass thro("h are calle! con!(ctors. e.". )etals, h()an bo!y, Earth etc. 9o!ies hich !o not allo the char"es to 'ass thro("h are calle! ins(lators. e.". "lass, )ica, ebonite, 'lastic :(antisation of electric char"e; The f(n!a)ental (nit of electric char"e 0e3 is the char"e carrie! by the electron an! its (nit is co(lo)b. e has the )a"nit(!e 1.< = 1>.1? C. In nat(re, the electric char"e of any syste) is al ays an inte"ral )(lti'le of the least a)o(nt of char"e. It )eans that the @(antity can ta+e only one of the !iscrete set of *al(es. The char"e, @ A ne here n is an inte"er. 5. WRITE NOTE ON QUANTISATION OF ELECTRIC CHARGE <. WRITE %OTE O% CO%SER7TIO% O$ ELECTRIC CHAR-ES? Electric char"es can neither be create! nor !estroye!. Accor!in" to the la of conser*ation of electric char"e, the total char"e in an isolate! syste) al ays re)ains constant. $or e2a)'le, ,rani() 0?#,#BC3 can !ecay by e)ittin" an al'ha 'article 0#He4 n(cle(s3 an! transfor)in" to #BC thori() 0?>Th#B43. ....D ?>Th#B4 E #He4 ?#, Total char"e before !ecay A E?#e, total char"e after !ecay A ?>e E #e. Hence, the total char"e is conser*e!. F. STATE CO,LO89GS LAW I% ELECTROSTATICS The force bet een t o char"e! bo!ies as st(!ie! by Co(lo)b in 1FCH. Co(lo)bGs la states that the force of attraction or re'(lsion bet een t o 'oint char"es is !irectly 'ro'ortional to the 'ro!(ct of thechar"es an! in*ersely 'ro'ortional to the s@(are of the !istance bet een the) $A I @1 @# Jr# 8. DEFINE ONE COULOMB. One Co(lo)b is !efine! as the @(antity of char"e, hich hen 'lace! at a !istance of 1 )etre in air or *ac(() fro) an e@(al an! si)ilar char"e, e2'eriences a re'(lsi*e force of ? = 1>? %. ?. 5E$I%E ELECTRIC $IEL5 Electric fiel! !(e to a char"e is the s'ace aro(n! the test char"ein hich it e2'eriences a force. The 'resence of an electric fiel! aro(n! a char"e cannot be !etecte! (nless another char"e is bro("ht to ar!s it. 1>.5E$I%E ELECTRIC $IEL5 I%TE%SIT& Electric fiel! at a 'oint is )eas(re! in ter)s of electric fiel! intensity. Electric fiel! intensity at a 'oint, in an electric fiel! is !efine! as the force e2'erience! by a (nit 'ositi*e char"e +e't at that 'oint. It is a *ector @(antity. EA $J@. The (nit of electric fiel! intensity is % C.1. 11.5E$I%E ELECTRIC LI%ES O$ $ORCE. The conce't of fiel! lines as intro!(ce! by 8ichael $ara!ay as an ai! in *is(aliKin" electric an! )a"netic fiel!s. Electric line of

force is an i)a"inary strai"ht or c(r*e! 'ath alon" hich a (nit 'ositi*e char"e ten!s to )o*e in an electric fiel!. 1#. STATE THE PROPERTIES O$ ELECTRIC LI%ES O$ $ORCE. 0i3 Lines of force start fro) 'ositi*e char"e an! ter)inate at ne"ati*e char"e. 0ii3 Lines of force ne*er intersect. 0iii3 The tan"ent to a line of force at any 'oint "i*es the !irection of the electric fiel! 0E3 at that 'oint. 0i*3 The n()ber of lines 'er (nit area, thro("h a 'lane at ri"ht an"les to the lines, is 'ro'ortional to the )a"nit(!e of E. This )eans that, here the lines of force are close to"ether, E is lar"e an! here they are far a'art, E is s)all. 0*3 Each (nit 'ositi*e char"e "i*es rise to 1 Lo lines of force in free s'ace. Hence n()ber of lines of force ori"inatin" fro) a 'oint char"e @ is % A@ L in free s'ace. 13. DEFINE ELECTRIC DIPOLE.GIVE EXAMPLES. T o e@(al an! o''osite char"es se'arate! by a *ery s)all !istance constit(te an electric !i'ole. Water, a))onia, carbon.!io2i!e an! chlorofor) )olec(les are so)e e2a)'les of 'er)anent electric !i'oles 14.5E$I%E 5IPOLE 8O8E%T.WRITE E1PRESSIO%,,%IT. The )a"nit(!e of the !i'ole )o)ent is "i*en by the 'ro!(ct of the )a"nit(!e of the one of the char"es an! the !istance bet een the). Electric !i'ole )o)ent, ' A @#! or #@!. It is a *ector @(antity an! acts fro) M@ to E@. The (nit of !i'ole )o)ent is C ). 1H.5E$I%E TOR:,E E1PERIE%CE5 9& ELECTRIC 5IPOLE? The )a"nit(!e of tor@(e is, N A One of the forces 2 'er'en!ic(lar !istance bet een the forces A $ 2 #! sin O A @E 2 #! sin O A 'E sin O 0@ = #! A P3 %ote ; If the !i'ole is 'lace! in a non.(nifor) electric fiel! at an an"le O, in a!!ition to a tor@(e, it also e2'eriences a force. 16. DEFINE ELECTRIC POTENTIAL ENERGY OF AN ELECTRIC DIPOLE Electric 'otential ener"y of an electric !i'ole in an electrostatic fiel! is the or+ !one in rotatin" the !i'ole to the !esire! 'osition in the fiel!. 1F.5ESCRI9E THE WORII%- O$ 8ICROWA7E O7E%. It is (se! to coo+ the foo! in a short ti)e. When the o*en is o'erate!, the )icro a*es are "enerate!, hich in t(rn 'ro!(ce a non. (nifor) oscillatin" electric fiel!. The ater )olec(les in the foo! hich are the electric !i'oles are e2cite! by an oscillatin" tor@(e. Hence fe bon!s in the ater )olec(les are bro+en, an! heat ener"y is 'ro!(ce!. This is (se! to coo+ foo!. The 'otential !ifference bet een t o 'oints in an electric fiel! is !efine! as the a)o(nt of or+ !one in )o*in" a (nit 'ositi*e char"e fro) one 'oint to the other a"ainst the electric force. The (nit of 'otential !ifference is *olt 18. DEFINE POTENTIAL DIFFERENCE. The 'otential !ifference bet een t o 'oints is 1 *olt if 1 /o(le of or+ is !one in )o*in" 1 Co(lo)b of char"e fro) one 'oint to another a"ainst the electric force. 1!. DEFINE THE UNIT OF POTENTIAL DIFFERENCE. "#. DEFINE ELECTRIC POTENTIAL. The electric 'otential in an electric fiel! at a 'oint is !efine! as the a)o(nt of or+ !one in )o*in" a (nit 'ositi*e char"e fro) infinity to that 'oint a"ainst the electric forces. #1.5E$I%E ELECTRIC POTE%TIAL E%ER-&. The electric 'otential ener"y of t o 'oint char"es is e@(al to the or+ !one to asse)ble the char"es or or+!one in brin"in" each char"e or or+ !one in brin"in" a char"e fro) infinite !istance

##. 5E$I%E E:,IPOTE%TIAL S,R$ACE, If all the 'oints of a s(rface are at the sa)e electric 'otential,then the s(rface is calle! an e@(i'otential s(rface .If the char"e is to be )o*e! bet een any t o 'oints on an e@(i'otential s(rface thro("h any 'ath, the or+ !one is Kero. #B.5E$I%E ELECTRIC $L,1 The electric fl(2 is !efine! as the total n()ber of electric lines of force, crossin" thro("h the "i*en area. P A E . !s #4.5E$I%E -A,SSGS LAW -a(ssGs la states that the total fl(2 of the electric fiel! E o*er any close! s(rface is e@(al to1JLo ti)es the net char"e enclose! by the s(rface. P A@JLo #H.5E$I%E ELECTROSTATIC SHEIL5I%- Electrostatic sheil!in" is the 'rocess of isolatin" a certain re"ion of s'ace fro) e2ternal fiel!. It is base! on the fact that electric fiel! insi!e a con!(ctor is Kero. #<.WH& IS IT SA$ER TO SIT I%SI5E A 9,S THA% STA%5I%- ,%5ER A TREE? 5(rin" a th(n!er acco)'anie! by li"htnin", it is safer to sit insi!e a b(s than in o'en "ro(n! or (n!er a tree. The )etal bo!y of the b(s 'ro*i!es electrostatic shiel!in", here the electric fiel! is Kero.5(rin" li"htnin" the electric !ischar"e 'asses thro("h the bo!y of the b(s. #F.5E$I%E ELECTROSTATIC I%5,CTIO% It is 'ossible to obtain char"es itho(t any contact ith another char"e. They are +no n as in!(ce! char"es an! the 'heno)enon of 'ro!(cin" in!(ce! char"es is +no n as electrostatic in!(ction. It is (se! in electrostatic )achines li+e 7an !e -raaff "enerator an! ca'acitors. #C.5E$I%E CAPACITA%CE O$ A CO%5,CTOR. The ca'acitance of a con!(ctor is !efine! as the ratio of the char"e "i*en to the con!(ctor to the 'otential !e*elo'e! in the con!(ctor. C A @ J7 ; (nitAfara!. #?.5E$I%E ; $ARA5. The (nit of ca'acitance is fara!. A con!(ctor has a ca'acitance of one fara!, if a char"e of 1 co(lo)b "i*en to it, rises its 'otential by 1 *olt. The 'ractical (nits of ca'acitance are Q$ an! '$. B>.WHAT ARE 5IELECTRICS? A !ielectric is an ins(latin" )aterial in hich all the electrons are ti"htly bo(n! to the n(cle(s of the ato). There are no free electrons to carry c(rrent. Ebonite, )ica an! oil are fe e2a)'les of !ielectrics. B1. 5E$I%E A %O%RPOLAR 8OLEC,LE.-I7E E1A8PLE. A non'olar )olec(le is one in hich the centre of "ra*ity of the 'ositi*e char"es 0'rotons3 coinci!e ith the centre of "ra*ity of the ne"ati*e char"es 0electrons3. E2a)'le; O#, %#, H#. The non'olar )olec(les !o not ha*e a 'er)anent !i'ole )o)ent. B#. 5E$I%E POLAR 8OLEC,LE,-I7E E1A8PLE. A 'olar )olec(le is one in hich the centre of "ra*ity of the 'ositi*e char"es is se'arate! fro) the centre of "ra*ity of the ne"ati*e char"es by a finite !istance. E2a)'les ; %#O, H#O, HCl, %HB. They ha*e a 'er)anent !i'ole )o)ent. BB. 5E$I%E ELECTRIC POLARISATIO%. The ali"n)ent of the !i'ole )o)ents of the 'er)anent or in!(ce! !i'oles in the !irection of a''lie! electric fiel! is calle! 'olarisation or electric 'olarisation. B4.STATE THE APPLICATIO%S O$ CAPACITORS 0i3 They are (se! in the i"nition syste) of a(to)obile en"ines to eli)inate s'ar+in". 0ii3 They are (se! to re!(ce *olta"e fl(ct(ations in 'o er s(''lies an! to increase the efficiency of 'o er trans)ission. 0iii3 Ca'acitors are (se! to "enerate electro)a"netic oscillations an! in t(nin" the ra!io circ(its. BH.WHAT IS E$$ECTI7E CAPACITA%CE O$ CAPACITORS CO%%ECTE5 I% SERIES A%5 PARALLEL? When a n()ber of ca'acitors are connecte! in series, the reci'rocal of the effecti*e ca'acitance is e@(al to the s() of reci'rocal of the ca'acitance

of the in!i*i!(al ca'acitors. 1JCS A 1JC1 E 1JC# E 1JCB. The effecti*e ca'acitance of the ca'acitors connecte! in 'arallel is the s() of the ca'acitances of the in!i*i!(al ca'acitors. CP A C1 E C# E CB B<.WHAT IS CORO%A 5ISCHAR-E OR ACTIO% O$ POI%TS? The lea+a"e of electric char"es fro) the shar' 'oints on the char"e! con!(ctor is +no n as action of 'oints or corona !ischar"e. This 'rinci'le is )a!e (se of in the electrostatic )achines for collectin" char"es an! in li"htnin" arresters