SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT Sustainable development (SD) is a pattern of resource use that aims to meet human needs while preserving

the environment so that these needs can be met not only in the present, but also for generations to come. Sustainable development is development that "meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs." Sustainable development ties together concern for the carrying capacity of natural systems with the social challenges facing humanity. As early as the 1970s "sustainability" was employed to describe an economy "in equilibrium with basic ecological support systems." Ecologists have pointed to The Limits to Growth, and presented the alternative of a "steady state economy" in order to address environmental concerns. The field of sustainable development can be conceptually broken into three constituent parts: environmental sustainability, economic sustainability and sociopolitical sustainability.

Environmental sustainability is the process of making sure current processes of interaction with the environment are pursued with the idea of keeping the environment as pristine as naturally possible based on idealseeking behavior. An "unsustainable situation" occurs when natural capital (the sum total of nature's resources) is used up faster than it can be replenished. Sustainability requires that human activity only uses nature's resources at a rate at which they can be replenished naturally. Inherently the concept of sustainable development is intertwined with the concept of carrying capacity. Theoretically, the long-term result of environmental degradation is the inability to sustain human life. Such degradation on a global scale could imply extinction for humanity. Consumption renewable resources of State of environment Sustainability

More than nature's ability Environmental to replenish degradation

Not sustainable

Equal to nature's ability to Environmental replenish equilibrium

Steady state economy

Less than nature's ability Environmental to replenish renewal

Environmentally sustainable

Sustainable development (SD) is a pattern of resource use that aims to meet human needs while preserving the environment so that these needs can be met not only in the present, but also for generations to come. Sustainable development is development that "meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. Sustainable development ties together concern for the carrying capacity of natural systems with the social challenges facing humanity. Sustainability" was employed to describe an economy "in equilibrium with basic ecological support systems. Ecologists have pointed to the Limits to Growth, and presented the alternative of a "steady state economy" in order to address environmental concerns.

The field of sustainable development can be conceptually broken into three constituent parts: Environmental sustainability Economic sustainability Sociopolitical sustainability

Environmental sustainability is the process of making sure current processes of interaction with the environment are pursued with the idea of keeping the environment as pure as naturally possible based on idealseeking behavior.

An "unsustainable situation" occurs when natural capital (the sum total of nature's resources) is used up faster than it can be replenished. Sustainability requires that human activity only uses nature's resources at a rate at which they can be replenished naturally. Inherently the concept of sustainable development is intertwined with the concept of carrying capacity.

Theoretically, the long-term result of environmental degradation is the inability to sustain human life. Such degradation on a global scale could imply extinction for humanity.

Reasons for Environmental Damage:

Uncontrolled Consumption of Earths Natural Resources Excessive Use of Non-renewable Energy Sources

Major Visible Damages: Population Increase Diminishing Stock of Vital Natural Resources Deforestation leading to Ecological imbalances Declining Biodiversity Expanding Deserts Erosion of Soil & its Fertility Loss of Aquatic Resources like Fish Circulation of Toxic compounds as a result of Pollution across all resources like Air, Water, Soil and Food

The Pareto Principle :

20% of the People Control 80% of the Resources in the World and 80% of the People Control 20% of the Resources

Best quality of life is with these 20% people while rest 80% reside in underdeveloped or developing countries leading to poorer basic amenities in these countries. Natural capital can not necessarily be substituted by economic capital. While it is possible that we can find ways to replace some natural resources, it is much more unlikely that they will ever be able to replace eco-system services, such as the protection provided by the ozone layer, or the climate stabilizing function of the forest. In fact natural capital, social capital and economic capital are often complementarities. A further obstacle to substitutability functionality of many natural resources. lies also in the multi-

Forests, for example, not only provide the raw material for paper (which can be substituted quite easily), but they also maintain biodiversity, regulate water flow, and absorb CO2. The most broadly accepted criterion for corporate sustainability constitutes a firms efficient use of natural capital. This eco-efficiency is usually calculated as the economic value added by a firm in relation to its aggregated ecological impact.

This idea has been popularised by the World Business Council for Sustainable Development (WBCSD) under the following definition:

"Eco-efficiency is achieved by the delivery of competitively priced goods and services that satisfy human needs and bring quality of life, while progressively reducing ecological impacts and resource intensity throughout the life-cycle to a level at least in line with the earths carrying capacity. Similar to the eco-efficiency concept but so far less explored is the second criterion for corporate sustainability. Socio-efficiency describes the relation between a firm's value added and its social impact. Whereas, it can be assumed that most corporate impacts on the environment are negative (apart from rare exceptions such as the planting of trees) this is not true for social impacts. Depending on the type of impact socio-efficiency thus either tries to minimize negative social impacts (i.e. accidents per value added) or maximise positive social impacts (i.e. donations per value added) in relation to the value added. The proponents of the de-growth reckon that the term of sustainable development is an contradictory. According to them, on a planet where 20% of the population consumes 80% of the natural resources, a sustainable development cannot be possible for this 20%: "According to the origin of the concept of sustainable development, a development which meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs, the right term for the developed countries should be a sustainable de-growth".

Planning for Sustainable Development : Concept Based on Minimum Needs of Third World Countries Overlooks the Basic Requirement of Availability of a Material and Transformable Resources which form the Basic Foundation of the Planning Process

Planning Should be Based on Optimum Utilization of Ecosystems Carrying Capacity Two Steps to Prevent Environmental Deterioration Taking Steps to Control Release of Pollutants in the Ecosystem (Reactive Control) Preventing Release of Pollutants Right in the First Stage (Preventive Strategy)

Preventive Environmental Policy (PEP) : Directed Towards Conditions Responsible for Environmental Problems Also takes into Consideration Anticipatory Actions for Readjustment to Prevent Potential Environmental Damage Can be Implemented through Reorientation & Structural Changes Strategies of Environmental Induction of

Requires Technological Substitution Leading to Technologies and Practices Better Suited to the Environment

Environmental Reorientation : Product Changes Manufactured Through Environmental Impact Process Change to have Minimum

Or Through Increased Product Life Process Changes Input Material Change Improved Operating Practices Technology Changes

Some Sectors of Environmental Reorientation : Agricultural Sector Manufacturing Sector Energy Sector Transport Sector Construction & Infrastructure Sector

Structural Changes : Involves Avoiding use of Environmentally Harmful Raw Materials, Processes and Products. Substitution of Non-renewable Resources as a Big Structural Change Resource Base with Renewable

Proper Evaluation of Various Feasible Options Based on Economic, Environmental and Social Consideration

Few Technological Classifications for Structural Changes : Cleaner Technologies of Production Recycle and Reuse Technologies Biotechnological Applications of Renewable Resources Technological Integration that Minimizes Cross Media Transfer of Pollutants (For Process Based Industries)

"De-growth" The proponents of the de-growth reckon that the term of sustainable development is an oxymoron. According to them, on a planet where 20% of the population consumes 80% of the natural resources, a sustainable development cannot be possible for this 20%: "According to the origin of the concept of sustainable development, a development which meets the needs

of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs, the right term for the developed countries should be a sustainable de-growth".[32]

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT Environmental assessment is a process to predict the environmental effects of proposed initiatives before they are carried out. An environmental assessment: identifies possible environmental effects proposes measures to mitigate adverse effects predicts whether there will be significant adverse environmental effects, even after the mitigation is implemented EIA thus ensures that the potential problems are foreseen & addressed at an early stage in the projects planning & design. What is the purpose of EIA ? To encourage productive and enjoyable harmony between man and his environment;

to promote efforts which will prevent or eliminate damage to the environment and biosphere stimulate the health and welfare of man; to enrich the understanding of the ecological systems and natural resources important to the Nation

Need for Environmental Assessment There are two main purposes of environmental assessment: minimize or avoid adverse environmental effects before they occur incorporate environmental factors into decision making

When it is done? Environmental Assessment Should be conducted for the analysis to be valuable to decision makers and to incorporate the mitigative measures into the proposed plans. as early as possible in the planning and proposal stages of a project BENEFITS increased protection of human health the sustainable use of natural resources reduced project costs and delays minimized risks of environmental disasters APPLICATIONS Hazard Mitigation and Future planning Air pollution & control Disaster Management Forest Fires Management Wild Land Analysis Emergency Services like Fire Prevention Managing Natural Resources Waste Water Management Oil Spills and its remedial actions Sea Water - Fresh water interface Studies Coal Mine Fires

ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT SYSTEM (EMS) It refers to the system for managing an organisations environmental programmes in a formal, comprehensive systematic, planned and documented manner. An EMS is simply a set of procedures to reduce our environmental footprint in our day-to-day activities. An EMS is the combination of people, policies, procedures, review, and plans to help address environmental issues. An EMS is that part of an overall management system which includes organizational structure, planning activities, responsibilities, practices, procedures, processes, and resources for achieving environmental policy. Important EMS elements include continual improvement, management commitment, formalization, and awareness of a systems based approach.

Purpose of an EMS: An EMS brings together the people, policies, plans, review mechanisms, and procedures used to manage environmental issues at a facility or in an organization.

Benefits of an EMS: Helps maintain compliance Reduce operating costs Integrate environmental programs into mission Increase employee involvement Reduce environmental impacts EMS FRAMEWORKS The International Standard ISO 14001 is the most widely used and respected.

ISO 14001 enables an organisations EMS to: Formulate and define policy and objectives Formulate a plan to implement the policy & objectives Develop the capabilities & support system Monitor & Evaluate the environmental performance Review the EMS for continual improvement The components of EMS (ISO 14001) are: Environmental Policy Planning Implementation and Operation Monitoring & Evaluation Management Review Environmental Policy Policy statement reflects the commitment of the management towards environment Will be in the form of document Should be realistic taking into considerations the constraints & resources Should be clear with minimum commitment to Continual improvement Pollution prevention Environmental compliance Should be with conformity with laws/Rules & Regulations Identifies EMS framework

Publicly available

Planning Planning takes into consideration the processes, responsibilities skills, authority and the coordination resources,

Identify aspects and impacts from facility activities, products, and services Review legal requirements Set objectives and targets Establish formal EMS program

Implementation and Operation Successful implementation of EMS would need commitment of all the employees. Implementation means: Management of Human, Financial & Natural Resources Motivation for action Responsibilities Provide EMS training Establish internal and external communication mechanisms Establish document control system Establish operational controls Integrate with or establish emergency preparedness procedures Monitoring & Evaluation It is an ongoing process to identify environmental performance indicators Conduct periodic monitoring of environmental performance Identify root causes of findings and conduct corrective and preventive actions

 Maintain environmental records Conduct periodic EMS audit Management Review At this stage organisation environmental performance has to think about improvements of

Conduct periodic senior management review of EMS Revise policies as needed All personnel have roles and responsibilities at the location for EMS. Your level of participation will vary according to the work you perform. At a minimum, you are responsible for knowing: The commitments of the Environmental Policy. How your job impacts the environment. The procedures/protocols of your job and adhering to them. The potential environmental impacts of departing from the procedures of your job. The legal and other requirements of your job.

ENVIRONMENTAL REGULATIONS AND LEGAL FRAMEWORK IN INDIA Environment Protection From Indian Constitution Prespective The State's responsibility with regard to environmental protection has been laid down under Article 48-A of our Constitution, which reads as follows: "The State shall endeavour to protect and improve the environment and to safeguard the forests and wildlife of the country". Environmental protection is a fundamental duty of every citizen of this country under Article 51-A(g) of our Constitution which reads as follows: "It shall be the duty of every citizen of India to protect and improve the

natural environment including forests, lakes, rivers and wildlife and to have compassion for living creatures. Article 21 of the Constitution is a fundamental right which reads as follows:

"No person shall be deprived of his life or personal liberty except according to procedure established by law. Article 48-A of the Constitution comes under Directive Principles of State Policy and Article 51 A(g) of the Constitution comes under Fundamental Duties. The 42nd amendment to the Constitution was brought about in the year 1974 makes it the responsibility of the State Government to protect and improve the environment and to safeguard the forests and wildlife of the country. The latter, under Fundamental Duties, makes it the fundamental duty of every citizen to protect and improve the natural environment including forests, lakes, rivers and wildlife and to have compassion for living creatures. The State's responsibility with regard to raising the level of nutrition and the standard of living and to improve public health has been laid down under Article 47 of the Constitution which reads as follows:

"The State shall regard the raising of the level of nutrition and the standard of living of its people and the improvement of public health as among its primary duties and, in particular, the State shall endeavour to bring about prohibition of the consumption except for medicinal purposes of intoxicating drinks and of drugs which are injurious to health." WILDLIFE PROTECTION ACT, 1972 According to the Wildlife Protection Act, 1972 "wildlife" includes any animal, bees, butterflies, fish and moths; and aquatic or land vegetation which forms part of any habitat. In accordance with Wildlife (Protection) Amendment Act, 2002 no alternation of boundaries / National Park / Sanctuary shall be made by the State Govt. except on recommendation of the National Board for Wildlife (NBWL). Whenever, any part of Wildlife Sanctuary / National Park is getting affected by a hydro project the forest proposal in respect of such project is entertained by MoEF, GOI only after permission of de-reservation / de-

notification of Wildlife Sanctuary /National Park has been accorded. After recommendation of Standing Committee of NBWL proposal for dereservation/ de-notification is ratified by Honble Supreme Court. WATER (PREVENTION & CONTROL ) ACT 1974 The objectives of the Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act are to provide for the Prevention and Control of Water Pollution and the maintenance or restoration of the wholesomeness of water for the establishment, AIR (PREVENTION AND CONTROL OF POLLUTION) ACT 1981 The objective of this Act is to provide for the prevention, control and abatement of air pollution, for the establishment, with a view to carrying out the aforesaid purposes, of Boards, for conferring on and assigning to such Boards powers and functions relating thereto and for matters connected therewith. Decisions were taken at the United Nations Conference on the Human Environment held in Stockholm in June 1972, in which India participated, to take appropriate steps for the preservation of the natural resources of the earth which, among other things, includes the preservation of the quality of air and control of air pollution. Therefore it is considered necessary to implement the decisions foresaid in so far as they relate to the preservation of the quality of air and control of air pollution.

ENVIRONMENTAL (PROTECTION) ACT, 1986 The Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 was introduced as an umbrella legislation that provides a holistic framework for the protection and improvement to the environment. In terms of responsibilities, the Act and the associated Rules requires for obtaining environmental clearances for specific types of new / expansion projects and for submission of an environmental statement to the State Pollution Control Board annually. List of NGO Nodes The Energy Resources Institute(TERI) - Delhi

Bombay Natural Histroy Society(BNHS) - Maharashtra Indian Centre for Plastic in the Environment (ICPE) - Maharashtra Environment Management Industries (CII) - Delhi Division Confederation of Indian

Development Alternatives(DA) - Delhi World Wide Fund for Nature - India(WWF) - Delhi Centre for Environment Education(CEE) - Gujarat Indian Environmental Society(IES) - Delhi Centre for Symbiosis of Technology, Environment and Management (STEM) - Delhi CPR Environmental Education Centre (CPR) - Tamil Nadu National Solid Waste Association of India (NSWAI) - Maharashtra Sulabh International Institute of Health and Hygiene (Sulabh) - Delhi Salim Ali Centre for Ornithology and Natural History(SACON) - Tamil Nadu International Institute for Population Sciences(IIPS) - Maharashtra

List of Government Nodes Central & State Pollution Control Board Environment Protection Training and Research Institute(EPTRI) Andhra Pradesh -

State Council for Science, Technology and Environment - Himachal Pradesh Environment Management & Policy Institute (EMPRI), Disaster Management Institute(DMI) - Madhya Pradesh Centre for Environmental Studies (CES) - Orissa Uttarakhand (UEPPCB) Environment Protection & Pollution Control Board

THE ENVIRONMENT (PROTECTION) No. 29 OF 1986 [23rd May, 1986.]

ACT,

1986

An Act to provide for the protection and improvement of environment and for matters connected there with:

WHEREAS the decisions were taken at the United Nations Conference on the Human Environment held at Stockholm in June, 1972, in which India participated, to take appropriate steps for the protection and improvement of human environment; AND WHEREAS it is considered necessary further to implement the decisions aforesaid in so far as they relate to the protection and improvement of environment and the prevention of hazards to human beings, other living creatures, plants and property;

Definitions (a) "ENVIRONMENT" includes water, air and land and the inter- relationship which exists among and between water, air and land, and human beings, other living creatures, plants, micro-organism and property; (b) "ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTANT" means any solid, liquid or gaseous substance present in such concentration as may be, or tend to be, injurious to environment; (c) "ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION" means the presence in the environment of any environmental pollutant; (e) "HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCE" means any substance or preparation which, by reason of its chemical or physico-chemical properties or handling, is liable to cause harm to human beings, other living creatures, plant, microorganism, property or the environment; (f) "OCCUPIER", in relation to any factory or premises, means a person who has, control over the affairs of the factory or the premises and includes in relation to any substance, the person in possession of the substance; GENERAL POWERS OF THE CENTRAL GOVERNMENT

(1) Have the power to take all such measures as it deems necessary for the purpose of protecting and improving the quality of the environment and preventing controlling and abating environmental pollution. (2) Co-ordination of actions by the State Governments, officers and other authorities (3)Planning and execution of a nation-wide programme for the prevention, control and abatement of environmental pollution; (4)Laying down standards for the quality of environment in its various aspects; (5)Laying down standards for emission or discharge of environmental pollutants from various sources whatsoever: (6) Restriction of areas in which any industries, operations or processes or class of industries, operations or processes shall not be carried out or shall be carried out subject to certain safeguards; (7)Laying down procedures and safeguards for the prevention of accidents which may cause environmental pollution and remedial measures for such accidents; or take such measures. (8)Laying down procedures and safeguards for the handling of hazardous substances; (9)Examination of such manufacturing processes, materials and substances as are likely to cause environmental pollution; (10)Carrying out and sponsoring investigations and research relating to problems of environmental pollution; (11)Inspection of any premises, plant, equipment, machinery, manufacturing or other processes, materials or substances and giving, by order, of such directions to such authorities, officers or persons as it may consider necessary to take steps for the prevention, control and abatement of environmental pollution; (12)Establishment or recognition of environmental laboratories and institutes to carry out the functions entrusted to such environmental laboratories and institutes under this Act;

(13)Collection and dissemination of information in respect of matters relating to environmental pollution; (14)Preparation of manuals, codes or guides relating to the prevention, control and abatement of environmental pollution; (15)Such other matters as the Central Government deems necessary or expedient for the purpose of securing the effective implementation of the provisions of this Act. Power to Give Directions TO GIVE DIRECTIONS : (a) the closure, prohibition or regulation of any industry, operation or process; or (b) stoppage or regulation of the supply of electricity or water or any other service. RULES TO REGULATE ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (a) the standards of quality of air, water or soil for various areas and purposes; (b) the maximum allowable limits of concentration of various environmental pollutants (including noise) for different areas; (c) the procedures substances; and safeguards for the handling of hazardous

(d) the prohibition and restrictions on the handling of hazardous substances in different areas; (e) the prohibition and restriction on the location of industries and the carrying on process and operations in different areas;7 (f) the procedures and safeguards for the prevention of accidents which may cause environmental pollution and for providing for remedial measures for such accidents PREVENTION, POLLUTION CONTROL, AND ABATEMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL

No person carrying on any industry, operation or process shall discharge or emit or permit to be discharged or emitted any environmental pollutants in excess of such standards as may be prescribed. No person shall handle or cause to be handled any hazardous substance except in accordance with such procedure and after complying with such safeguards as may be prescribed.

Where the discharge of any environmental pollutant in excess of the prescribed standards occurs or is apprehended to occur due to any accident or other unforeseen act or event, the person responsible for such discharge and the person in charge of the place at which such discharge occurs or is apprehended to occur shall be bound to prevent or mitigate the environmental pollution caused as a result of such discharge and shall also forthwith--

(a) intimate the fact of such occurrence or apprehension of such occurrence; (b) be bound, if called upon, to render all assistance,

POWERS OF ENTRY AND INSPECTION (1) shall have a right to enter, at all reasonable times with such assistance as he considers necessary, any place-(a) for the purpose of performing any of the functions of the Central Government entrusted to him; (b) for the purpose of determining whether and if so in what manner, any such functions are to be performed or whether any provisions of this Act or the rules made there under or any notice, order, direction or authorisation served, made, given or granted under this Act is being or has been complied with; (c) for the purpose of examining and testing any equipment, industrial plant, record, register, document or any other material object or for conducting a search of any building in which he has reason to believe that an offence under this Act or the rules made thereunder has been or is being or is about to be committed

(d) and for seizing any such equipment, industrial plant, record, register, document or other material object if he has reason to believe that it may furnish evidence of the commission of an offence punishable under this Act or the rules made thereunder or that such seizure is necessary to prevent or mitigate environmental pollution.

(2) Every person carrying on any industry, operation or process of handling any hazardous substance shall be bound to render all assistance to the person empowered by the Central Government and if he fails to do so without any reasonable cause or excuse, he shall be guilty of an offence under this Act. (3) If any person wilfully delays or obstructs any persons empowered by the Central Government in the performance of his functions, he shall be guilty of an offence under this Act. Power To Take Sample And Procedure The Central Government or any officer empowered by it in this behalf, shall have power to take, for the purpose of analysis, samples of air, water, soil or other substance from any factory, premises ENVIRONMENTAL LABORATORIES (1) The Central Government may, by notification in the Official Gazette,-(a) establish one or more environmental laboratories; (b)recognise one or more laboratories or institutes as environmental laboratories to carry out the functions entrusted to an environmental laboratory under this Act. (2) The Central Government may, by notification in the Official Gazette, make rules specifying-(a) the functions of the environmental laboratory; (b) the procedure for the submission to the said laboratory of samples of air, water, soil or other substance for analysis or tests, the form of the laboratory report thereon and the fees payable for such report;

(c) such other matters as may be necessary or expedient to enable that laboratory to carry out its functions. Penalty (1) Whoever fails to comply with or contravenes any of the provisions of this Act, or the rules made or orders or directions issued thereunder, shall, in respect of each such failure or contravention, be punishable with imprisonment for a term which may extend to five years with fine which may extend to one lakh rupees, or with both, and in case, after the conviction for the first such failure or contravention, the failure or contravention continues, then additional fine which may extend to five thousand rupees for every day.

(2) If the failure or contravention continues beyond a period of one year after the date of conviction, the offender shall be punishable with imprisonment for a term which may extend to seven years.

Role Of Government In Environmental Management In India the Central and state Governments own, control and develop almost all the countrys forests, dams, major irrigation system, power stations, railways ports, roads, mines and even industries. In recognition of their responsibility in preserving the environment, the Govt. of India crated the Departmental of Environment and later the Ministry of Environment and Forests in 1985. The broad objectives of the Ministry are: Conservation and survey of flora, fauna, forests and wildlife Prevention and control of pollution Afforestation and regeneration of degraded areas Protection of the environment and Ensuring the welfare of animals

The Ministry also serves as the nodal agency in the country for the: United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), South Asia Co-operative Environment Programme (SACEP), International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development (ICIMOD) United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED).

The Ministry is also entrusted with issues relating to multilateral bodies such as the Commission on Sustainable Development (CSD), Global Environment Facility (GEF) Economic and Social Council for Asia and Pacific (ESCAP) South Asian Association for Regional Co-operation (SAARC) on matters pertaining to the environment.

There may be many kinds of environmental problems like illegal cutting of trees, killing of wild animals ,saltation of the reservoir, water logging in the area, submerging of forests, displacement of the population, etc. Similarly, several species of animals and plants have already become extinct or they are on the verge of extinction. This problem cannot be solved only through legal and administrative measures. People have to realize that they have some responsibility towards their environment Standards have been set for operations ; For Eg. Ministry has notified standards for discharges into air, water and soil by different industries. Now noise also considered to be a pollutant and standards have been fixed for permissible limits of noise. In addition, the Ministry undertakes eco-regeneration programmes, provides assistance to organizations implementing environmental and forestry programmes, promotes research related to environment and

forestry and implements education and training.

programmes

concerning

extension,

State Governments have also set up their own departments to look after environment. In their own jurisdiction, they implements programmes related to environmental protection, environmental awareness, pollution control, eco-regeneration, etc. As forests play a very important role in maintaining the balance of the environment, forest protection and afforestation are given extra weightage at the Central and State levels. Creation of reserve forests, regulation of forest harvest and raising of new forests are some of the steps that need to be adopted. In case, some forest has to be cut for developmental projects, a clause is introduced in the approval of the project. This is called compensatory forestry, which means that new forest has to be planted in an area equal to the forest area cut for the project. Wildlife management is also a part of the environmental protection. For protecting wild species, wildlife sanctuaries, parks and zoos are created. The government undertakes these projects at various levels but it faces many problems. The foremost problem is related to lack of cooperation. For every activity, which has the potential of threatening the environment, government, has suggested corrective steps. For example, for control of pollution there are effluent treatment plants, air pollutions control equipment, noise reducing appliance, etc. Government is empowered to take legal action against such offenders. However, this does not solve the problem. Court cases continue for years and no judgment is made However, the environment becomes the victim.

Functions of Ministry of Environment Environment Policy Planning Ensuring Effective Implementation of Legislation

 Monitoring and Control of Pollution Eco-development Environmental Projects Clearances for Industrial and Development

Environmental Research Promotion of Awareness the Environmental Education, Training at and &

Coordination with Concerned International Levels

Organisation

National

Forest Conservation & Wildlife Protection Biosphere Reserve Programme Functions of CPCB Advise the central govt on the matters of concerning prevention control and abatement of water & Air pollution. Coordinate & provide technical & research assistance to state boards Information dissemination, environmental issues training and awareness of

Lay down, modify the standards for a stream/well & for air quality Planning & execution of nation wide programmes for the prevention, control or abatement of water & Air pollution. Ensure compliance with the provisions of various Environment (protection) Acts and regulations Functions of SPCB Planning & execution of state wide programmes for the prevention, control or abatement of water & Air pollution.

 Advise the state govt on the matters of concerning prevention control and abatement of water & Air pollution & setting of Industries Information dissemination, environmental issues training and awareness of

Lay down, modify the standards for a stream/well & for air quality Ensure compliance with the provisions of various Environment (protection) Acts and regulations Ensure legal actions against defaulters Evolve techno-economic methods for treatment, disposal & utilisation of the effluent Role Of NGOs Non-governmental agencies or voluntary organizations can play a very important role in environmental protection and management. These agencies are free from government control and they can take decisions on their own and can undertake activities, which they like. NGOs have the advantage of being in direct contact with the masses. The non-governmental or voluntary agencies are spread all over the country, even in small villages, and as such, they have no problem in reaching people. Being based among the masses, NGOs have no language problem; they can communicate with people in their own language and dialect. Also, since NGOs know the local customs, traditions, folk arts, etc., they can use these media to reach people. Voluntary organizations have played a very important role in our country in creating mass awareness towards environment. NGOs made people aware of the environmental problems, which are caused due to neglect, and uncontrolled exploitation of natural resources. NGOs also helped a lot in controlling these problems.

Chipko movement (movement of hugging trees). Another movement, which attracted attention all over the country and even outside, was related to silent valley in Kerala. A dam was to be built there. The dam could generate electricity which could benefit people of that region. But more than that, the dam was going to submerge large areas of rich primeval forests. It could lead large-scale damaged to the unique ecosystem of Silent Valley. People raised their voice against the Silent Valley Project. Finally, the project had to be abandoned. The March to Western Ghats is one such example. Bharat Jan Vigyan Jatha organised in 1987 was an effort by voluntary organization to educate people about science including environment. At present, a very large number of non-governmental organizations are active in our country in different areas of general concern. Environment protection has also attracted a very large number of such organizations. The voluntary organizations are making extensive contribution but they also face difficulties. First of all, they often do not have a adequate trained personnel to carry out various programmes. Another difficulty is that they have no easy access to authentic information and data.

BAIF (Bharatiya Agro Development Research Foundation

Industries

Foundation

BAIF Development Research Foundation was set up in 1967 at Urli Kanchan, Pune District to improve the quality of life of the poor through regeneration of degraded resources such as land, livestock, water and vegetation. They carry out tree plantation, agro forestry and wasteland development and conduct research on tree species capable of surviving in adverse conditions.

They do consultancy for afforestation, wasteland and watershed management. They encourage the use of non-conventional sources of energy.

Bombay Natural History Society BNHS started its work in September 1883 at Mumbai. It aims to collect data on the specimens on natural history throughout the Indian sub-continent. To disseminate knowledge of flora and fauna by means of lectures, field trips, literature and expeditions and, to study wildlife related problems and recommend management plans to conserve wildlife and its habitat. It conducts field research projects on bird migration and studies on the movement and population structure of Indian avifauna. It also conducts studies of certain endangered species of wildlife and their habitat and through environmental education impart the knowledge and awareness of the need to conserve wildlife.

Centre for Environmental Education CEE was set up in 1984 to spread awareness of environmental issues and try to find solutions for them. It is based at Ahmedabad and they have offices all over the country. CEE mainly aims communities. to create environmental awareness in the

CEE conducts widespread environmental education and training programmes through a very vast network. CEE have also taken up projects related to conservation of biodiversity and eco-development.

Centre for Science and Environment CSE does research, investigative and educational work in the field of pollution, forest, wildlife, land and water use.

The activities are carried out through lectures, field trips, publications, exhibitions on the various issues they take up, meetings and workshops.

Narmada Bachao Andalon NBA was set up in 1986 under the leadership of Medha Patkar. It aims mainly to educate those directly affected by large development projects, such as tribals, on the social and environmental impact of such projects. To protest against the construction of dams in the Narmada Valley in general; struggling towards a right to information and new environmentally sustainable water policy. To help the tribals get a substantial share of the governments development schemes/services and to unable them to undertake development activities themselves. They mainly educate, mobilize and organize residents of the Narmada Valley on human rights and justice, alternative development policies, environmental issues related to big dams in general and the Narmada project in particular. They undertake surveys of the affected villages, protest against land and forest issues and government interference in this regard. They are fighting against displacement and disregard of the rights of the people.

The Energy and Resources Institute TERI established in 1974 is a wholly independent not-for-profit research institute. Its mission is to develop and promote technologies, policies and institutions for efficient and sustainable use of natural resources. It has been imparting environmental education through projects, workshops, audio visual aids and quiz competitions. It deals with policy related work in the energy sector, research on environmental subjects development on renewable energy

technologies and promotion of energy effeciency in the industry and transport. TERI also has a major programme in biotechnology, the applications of which are oriented towards increased biomass production, conversion of waste into useful products and mitigating the harmful environmental impacts of several economic activities.

World Wide Fund -India WWF- India was set up in India in 1969. The coordinating body the WWF International, is located in Gland in Switzerland. Its main aim is the promotion of conservation of nature and environmental protection as the basis for sustainable and equitable development. It has five broad programme components: a) Promoting Indias ecological security; restoring the ecological balance. b) Conserving biological diversity. c) Ensuring sustainable use of the natural resource base. d) Minimising pollution and wasteful consumption. e) Promoting sustainable lifestyles. Working in the field of biodiversity conservation including field projects, consultancy and research and support to other organizations; forest management; environmental education and awareness. Eco-development, promoting and supporting local conservation networks (Community Biodiversity Conservation Movement). Wildlife trade monitoring, and assisting CITES and related National Legislations; research in Indian and international laws; legal intervention on environmental issues; legal education on environment including Asias only diploma course on environmental law.

NGOs in India Assam Science Society Clean Ahmedabad Abhiyan

CPR Environmental Foundation)

Education

Centre

(C.P.Ramaswami

Aiyar

Dasholi Gram Swarajya Mandal Darpana Academy of Performing Arts Development Alternatives Friendicoes, Society for the Eradication of Cruelty to Animals Friends of the Doon Gandhi Peace Foundation Environment Cell Green Future Foundation Indian Association for Environmental Management (IAEM) INTACH Indian National Trust for Art and Cultural Heritage Jammu and Kashmir Environment and Wasteland Development Society Kerala Sastra Sahitiya Parishad Kalpavriksh Ladakh Ecology Development Group (LEDG) Madras Naturalists Society (MNS) Nilgiri Wildlife and Environment Association Orissa Environmental Society Rajasthan Environment Preservation Society Ramakrishna Mission Lokashiksha Parishad Srishti Tarun Bharat Sangh Tiger link Uttarkhand Seva Nidhi

Vanarai Vatavaran Sulabh International Institute of Health and Hygiene (Sulabh) Delhi Salim Ali Centre for Ornithology and Natural History(SACON) Tamil Nadu -