PROJECT REPORT

HARDWARE + NETWORKING

HIMANSHU YADAV ROLL NO__________ FR. AGNEL POLOYTECHNIC

COMPANY PROFILES

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
This report is based on field experience, which involves maintenance of H/W, S/W installation, comprehensive exposure to system assembling, rectification of customers fault at the site provided by the company. This report is submitted towards partial fulfillment on the re uirement of diploma computer engineering offered by !". #$%&' ()'*T&+H%,+ at $autam %agar, recogni-ed by .T& /.oard of technical &ducation0. , welcome this opportunity to my deepest sense of gratitude to !r. +arwalo, chairman cum 1irector of this college. He served his best effort for the development of technical education in the state. #s a result of his efforts the state is significantly contributing in the field of technical education. , am extremely grateful to 2r. 3.4.Sinha the principal of this institute who has been very 5ind and helpful to me 6 have given me proper guidance through class counselor 2iss 2anorma for preparing this pro7ect report on the filed servicing. , am than5ful to 2r. Sahoon7a, H)1 /Head of 1epartment0 of computer and &lectronics who provide me not only guidance 6 supervision to this pro7ect wor5, but also gave this valuable piece of suggestion and advice. , regard my deep respect and gratitude to him. , should not forget to than5 2r. "a7esh 4apoor, placement officer for his assistance during my training period for providing all possible help for fompletion of this pro7ect report. , am also than5ful to 2r. *ogender Sharma, Sr. engineer and training incharge at 3.+.S. system, 'a7pat %agar, whose suggestion and advice help me to complete my pro7ect report.

#t last but not the least , feel than5ful to all other faculty members, technical people, and all my class8mates, for encouraging me in carrying out this report.
, have deepest embedded respect and obligation to my venerable !ather and other family members, who helped me financially and morally during my study in !r. #gnel (olytechnic.

PREFACE
The computer without external communication, its larger si-e rigid environment few decades bac5 was not economically feasible for common user, but with the integration of communication networ5ing voice graphics, text and decreasing si-e of electronics circuits which almost shrin5ed it to palm8top of todays and its cost embodied more and more at the level where change in economical scenario of the world and business. ,t is a unit of most important function of any business called as information technology. The purpose of this pro7ect was to summari-e the ob7ectives during the training period and the interaction with organi-ation /company0 and its people at various levels. The field servicing which is a real essence to provide services at the customer site. The 3+S systems,3i5ram 3ihar has successfully met the challenge of changing information Technology. ,n todays environment of speedy growth of hardware and software. The company such as can survive to exist in present time if the services offered customers and better uality of the products with feasible cost and efficient services. This practical training is meant to establish co8relation between the theoretical 5nowledge earn at college and the activity in the company ,nformation Technology as it is said, the greatest aim of education is not only 5nowledge but action. Here the practical training of computer servicing and maintenance is to educate the young people not only by the theoretical action. This pro7ect is completely based on the actual facts available to me during 9.: months training period in field servicing and maintenance.

PROJECT REPORT Mother Board

The motherboard faults are most challenging ones. 1iagnosing the motherboard faults needs a greater level of competence. However, ninety percent of motherboard faults can be easily traced by applying defined testing procedure. )ften daughter8boards faults interfere with motherboard operation and the symptoms mislead one to suspect the motherboard. Hence it is advisable to isolate such ghosts by removing the daughter8boards and rechec5ing the motherboard or by replacing the daughter8board with the good spare one. )ne should also be prepared to face an emergency situation with no spares. #t the same time, care should be exercised before using any spare board since certain types of the faults may damage the spare boards also. Hence before replacing a board you should understand the nature of the faults and the gained confidence.

Some non8daughter8board faults create symptoms similar to motherboard faults. Hence a chec5 for such faults should be done first to avoid waste of time. Some of these faults are listed below. ;0 %o d.c. (ower supply voltage <0 #bnormal d.c. (ower supply voltages 90 'oose contacts of S2(S connectors =0 2issing ground wire in the S2(S connector :0 1efective reset switch in the front panel >0 1efective 5eyboard ?0 1efective 5eyboard cable @0 (hysically short A caused by missing washers, dropped screw e.t.c. B0 !aulty spea5er connector ;C0 1efective spea5er ;;0 1efective power on '&1

;<0 1efective power on '&1 connector ;90 1efective turbo switch ;=0 1efective turbo indicator

SMPS

The S2(S provides d.c. )utputs on two six pin connector and four /or two0 connectors of four pins each. The two8pin connector carries d.c. (ower connections to the motherboard. They carry D:, 8:, D;<, 8;< voltages, and a ()W&" $))1 signal. Some S2(S give a single ;<8pin connector to provide supply to the motherboard. The four8pin connector are all identical and are used to provide power to the floppy 6 hard dis5 drives. The ()W&" $))1 signal is a special flag to the +(E, indicating that the output voltages are stable and are usable by the +(E. ,n the absence of the power good signal, +(E remains reset.

HARD DISK DRIVES:

# storage device that uses a set of rotating magnetically coated dis5s called platters to store data or programs. # typical hard dis5 platter rotates at up to :=CC r.p.m. and the read/write heads float over a cushion of air varying from ;C to <: millionth of an inch thic5 so that the heads never comes into contacts with the recording media. These record able medias or platters or the storing surfaces are mounted with a common spindle. &ach platter has two magnetic surfaces, top, and bottom. )xide coating on the aluminum dis5s surfaces has been a common practice for several years.

The hard dis5 failure is an unavoidable fact even though the hard dis5 is manufactured with highly reliable engineering techni ues. The problems associated with H11s are classified into three types F

;0 2echanical failures <0 &lectronic failures 90 1ata failures

MECHANICAL FAILURES:

The mechanical failures of a hard dis5s can of following typesF a0 Worn out ball bearing in the spindle or motor b0 Torn of bro5en belt connecting the spindle to the motor winding burned out motor. c0 Head crash due to dust d0 Head crash due transportations to physical shoc5 during handling or

ELECTRONIC FAILURES

3ery rarely these 5inds of problems occur. The (+. is so created as to have minimum number of problems occurring due to faults in the (+..

DATA FAILURE

These types of the faults cause data failuresF a0 .ad spot on platter b0 1ust and contamination on the platter surface c0 1ust on the read/write head

The head crash when the head encounters any contaminations over the platter as the head bounces over the contamination and touches the platter. #s a result the platter are damaged and the data stored is destroyed.

CD ROM DRIVE

)nce a nice add8on these are now a necessity for a home machine and a recommended peripheral for a business machine. ,t uses Gcompact dis5H technology for information storage. +18 drives designed for computer use are much more expensive than audio +1 players, this is because +18")2 drives are manufactured to much higher tolerance. ,f a +1 player misreads a small amount of data, the human ear will probably detect the difference. ,f a +18")2 dis5 drive misreads a few bytes of a program the program simply will not run. 2any, +18")2 dis5 drives also have head phone 7ac5s, external 7a5s, and a volume control. +18")2s need an interface, as do all peripherals. The two most popular +18")2 drive interface card are S+S, or #T#(,. #T#(, is a part of the &,1& specifications introduce by western digital in ;B== and lets you plug and ,1& +18")2 drive directly into an ,1& connector on your systems motherboard.

+1 drives are generally very easy to use device and have very less faults occurring. The following are some of the most common problems.

;0 (roblem with software drivesI a0 Specified in wrong order b0 #dded to wrong file c0 ,naccurate syntax of information in the command line for the driver. <0 2issing of forgotten cablesF a0 2issing audio cable b0 ,nverting the cable so it is connected upside down 90 ,nsufficient conventional memory. This could be cause by having many drivers loaded in conventional memory. .e sure to load drivers high when ever possible. =0 ,ncompatible adapter devices or software drivers a0 Wrong version of 2S+1&J.&J& :0 ,/), 12# 6 ,"K conflicts.

KEYBOARD

The 5eyboard is the friendliest input peripheral, both programs and data can be 5eyed in through it. ,n addition, certain commands to software can be given from the 5eyboard. ,t is almost impossible to use a computer without a 5eyboard.

There are two types of 5eyboards. # serial 5eyboard sends the data, bit by bit, in serial fashion. The computer converts the data into a parallel byte. # parallel 5eyboard sends the data as a byte in parallel formI all bits are sent simultaneously on different wires. There are different of 5eyboards which are classifies on the bases of the 5ey switches

a0 2echanical switches b0 2embrane 5ey switches c0 +apacities switches d0 Hall effect 5ey switches e0 "eed relay 5ey switch

2ost common problems seen in 5eyboards areF

a0 The system board get damaged due to spilling of water or any li uid which causes shorting of trac5s. b0 4ey switch struc5 in, this could be because of dust, which 7ams the 5ey switch in when ever it is pressed. c0 4eyboard wrongly interfaced i.e. wor5ing with JT 5eyboard on an #T machine or vice8versa.

MOUSE

2ouse are in some ways simpler device than 5eyboardI after al they have only got two or three buttons to the average 5eyboardLs ;C=. .ut mouse, have some moving parts that can go seriously wrong. 2ouse is classified in different types of the basis of motion detecting methods implied within them.

a0 2echanical mouse are classified so because they have mechanical devices which trap the movement of the ball and correspondingly convert the motion into J8axis and *8axis movements which is then transferred to the computer to update the mouse position on the screen b0 ,n opto mechanical mouse along with the moving along with the moving mechanical parts li5e balls and wheels there are also two optical devices one is photodiode and light emitting diode. These optical devices trap the movement of the wheels and the processed information is then delivered to the computer.

c0 The third one is the optical mouse with no moving parts at all. The mouse has optical sensors on the bottom of it, planted on a grid on a special mouse pad. #s the mouse moves over the pad, the Sensor sees the grid lines running across the pad and report that to the (+.

2ouse are very easy to trouble8shoot, the most common problem occurring with them areF

;0 .rea5age of wire <0 1ust accumulation in the moving parts. 90 !aulty micro8switches.

PRINTER

The printer is an electromechanical device. ,t has both electronic circuits and mechanical assemblies. The electronic circuits control the mechanical assemblies. # computer interface lin5s the printer with the computer. +ommands and data from have necessary circuits to decode the command, generate. +ontrol signals and activate the print mechanism to print data received from the computer. The mechanical assemblies include print head assembly, print carriage motor, ribbon assembly, paper movement assembly, and sensor assembly.

PRINTER TYPES

(rinter is classified into various types. Some printers li5e 1rum printers and chain printers are obsolete though were very popular with older +omputers. %ow a days the most commonly used printers are 1es5Met, dot matrix, and even laser printers are pic5ing up in the mar5et. (rinters apart from these types are also differentiated on these characteristics.

;0 ,mpact and %on8,mpact printersF

,n an impact printer the character is formed by physical contact of the head against an in5 ribbon and onto paper. The dot matrix printer, daisy wheel printer, golf8ball printer, drum printer, band printer, and chain printer are all impact printer. ,n a non8impact printer, there is no physical contact of the head with the paper of ribbon. The laser printer, Thermal printer, ,n587et printer, and &lectrostatic printers are all non8impact printers.

<0 +haracter printer and line printerF ,n a character printer, characters are printer one after another. )nly one character can be printed at a time. The character printer is also 5nown as serial printer. The daisy printer wheel printer and dot matrix printer are examples of character printer. ,n a line printer, any characters of a line are printer at a time. To a user, the line printer appears to print a complete line in one shoot. The drum printer, band printer, and chain printers are examples of line printers

90 Enidirectional and bi8directional printerF ,n a unidirectional printer, the printing is performed only when the print head moves in one direction i.e. form left to right. %o (rint operation is done when the head returns from right to left. This is similar to a manual typewriter operation.

,n a bi8directional printer, the printing is performed during both directions of the head movement. ,f one line is printed when head moves from the left to right, the next line is printed when the head moves from right to left. The printer has a data buffer where the complete line is stored. With its logic see5ing capability, the printer pic5s the characters in the reverse order while printing from right to left. The last character in the line is printer first and then the other character in the reverse

direction. The print speed of a bi8directional printer is more than the speed of a unidirectional printer.

ASSEMBLING AND PREVENTIVE MAINTENANCE OF COMPUTER SYSTEMS

ASSEMBLING

#ssembling is a procedure of combining the various parts of computer together to give it a physical structure. The very first step in assembling a computer system is first thin5 about the purpose for which the assembling in being done. .ecause it will decide what would be the configuration of the system. This configuration may include the followingF

CPU +(E may be of different companies li5e ,%T&', #21, and +*",J etc. The various +(Es available are 9@>, =@>, :@>, (entium, and (entium pro.

MOTHERBOARD

This is the main board on which all the control circuitry is mounted. ,t also contains various bus slots li5e ,S#, &,S#, and (+, for different cards, "#2 slots, +#+H& slots 6 serial, parallels ports, 5eyboard port. Some new motherboards also contain H1+, !1+.

RAM

,t is available in the form of S,22, S,((, 1,22, &1) S,22. The different capacities of "#2 modules are ;2., =2., @2., ;>2., 9<2., and >=2..

HDD ,t is available in the capacities of ;<C2., <?C2., 9=C2., ;.<, =.9, <C.<$. etc. The different brands of H11 are Seagate, +onner, and Samsung etc.

FDD These are available in < forms 9.:H 6 :.<:H. The various brands are T&#+, '/T, (#%#S)%,+, S)%*, and T)SH,.# etc.

KEYBOARD The 5eyboard is available in various forms depending on the number of 5eys vi-. 4.8@=, 4.8;C;/;C< 6 W,%1)WS B: 5eyboard.

MONITOR

DISPLAY CARD

The display card may be +$#, 3$#, and S3$#. ,t might support monochrome or color monitor. 1epending on the type of card being

used, the monitor is also divided into above types. The basic difference between these monitors is of resolution they support li5e +$# supports resolution of 9<CN<CC and >=C N <CC whereas 3$# supports that of >=CN=@C. #lso the card is characteri-ed by the memory it contains and the type of bus on which it is mounted li5e ,S# +$# card.

SMPS The various companies manufacturing S2(S are 2,+")T&4, 3,%T")%, and .&'T&4 etc. ,t is available in different ratings li5e ;:CW, <CCW, <:CW etc.

MOUSE ,t is manufactured by companies li5e ')$,T&+H, $&%,ES, 2,+")S)!T, 3,%T")%, ,%1+)% etc.

)ther peripherals This group may contains the followingF

O (",%T&" O+1")2 1",3& OS)E%1 +#"1 O3,1&) #++&'#T)" +#"1 O'#% +#"1 O!#J 2)1&2 +#"1

PROCEDURE

;0 Test the various components li5e motherboard, S2(S, +(E etc. <0 ,nstall the S2(S in cabinet. 90 ,nstall the motherboard. ,n this step, we have ta5e utmost care while mounting the spacers, which are re uired for safety purpose. =0 2ount the +(E on motherboard if it is a detachable one type. :0 ,nstall any add8on card li5e display card, super8,1& card etc. ,t should be mounted on rear of the cabinet. >0 2ount H11 on its chassis and then install it inside the cabinet. ,t should be handled very carefully. ?0 ,nstall the !11s. @0 2ount the "#2 modules. B0 2a5e various connections li5e power and data connections. ;C0 (ut on the cover of cabinet and tighten the screws. ;;0 +onnect the 5eyboard and other peripherals li5e monitor, mouse etc.

INSTALLATION OF SOFT!ARES AND DEVICE DRIVERS

Must as a human being cannot wor5 without the intelligence, li5ewise computer hardware cannot wor5 without software installed on it. !or this reason various software are available in mar5et. #t first, we re uire an operating system /li5e 2S81)S, W,%1)WS B:, W,%1)WS %T,

E%,J etc.0 for starting the hardware assembling and understanding the various application software. Then depending on our application, we re uire some application software li5e 2S8)!!,+& etc. &ach software comes in several floppies. %ow device driver is also software that is needed for operating a particular device.

,nstalling of software is somewhat different from 7ust copying software on the dis5. ,n fact, each software comes in compressed form to minimi-e the space re uirement of that software. So while installation the various files of that software are uncompressed and then copied to the hard dis5.

PROCEDURE

The software may be installed by floppies or by +18")2. So the following procedure is discussed assuming that you dont have a +18 ")2 1rive installed on your system.

;0 ,nstalled the +18")2 1rive and its driver, if you are going to install with +1")2 and insert first floppy dis5ette in !11 or insert the +18")2 in drive /as the case may be0. <0 $o to respective drive and type install of setup at prompt, as this is the file that handles the installation. 90 !ollow the prompts regarding the configuration and environment. =0 #fter installation is complete, restart your computer to start wor5ing on that software. Then test the wor5ing of that software.

Co"#e$t o% Net&or'(") +omputer %etwor5ing is a techni ue in which two or more systems are interconnected so that they can share the ,nformation between them moreover it is an interconnected collection of autonomous computers. The connection need not be via a copper wire, but it can be the fiber optics, microwaves, and communication satellites. #utonomous computers are those in which there is no master A slave relationship. # system with one control unit and many slaves is not a networ5, nor is large computer with remote printers and many slaves is not a networ5 printers and terminal. +omputer networ5 is not same as the distributed system. These have different concepts. The 5ey distinction is that in a distributed system, the existence of multiple autonomous computers is transparent /not visible0 to the user. ,t is up to an operating system to select the best processor, find and transport all the input files to that processor and files to dis5s movement of files between where they are stored and where they are needed and all other system functions must be automatic. With a networ5, users must explicitly lag onto one machine, explicitly submit 7obs remotely, explicitly move files around, and generally handle it the networ5 management personally. TYPES OF NET!ORK %etwor5 is basically classified on the basis of #rea covered and software used *+ O" the ,a-(- (% Area #o.ered a+ LAN /Lo#a0 Area Net&or'+: 1 When two or more computers are connected within building or campus so that they can share their resources or information then it is called '#%, its area is a few ;C 4ms but there is a condition that public property should not be used.

,+ MAN /Metro$o0(ta" Area Net&or'+: 1 When two or more computers are connected within a city so that they can share there information of resources then it is called 2#%. ,n 2#% public property will be used i.e. telephone line. 2odem will also be used in 2#%. #rea is in a few ;CC 4m.

#+ !AN /!(de Area Net&or'+: 1 When two or more computers are connected from one city to another city of from one country another then it is called as W#%. ,ts area is unlimited /%o geographical limit0.

O" the ,a-(- o% -o%t&are 2-ed: 1 a+ Ser.er1#0(e"t "et&or': 1

%etwor5 in which all the processes are not done by the service provider /i.e. server0 then it is called a server8client networ5. ,t is also called 1istributed networ5. ,+ Peer to Peer "et&or': 1 The networ5 in which there is no fix server or in simple if machines can share information without pre8mention server of client. !or example networ5ing between dos and 1os, winB: and winB:, win9.;; and winB:, winB@ and win<CCC are peer8to8peer networ5.

#+

Ho-t1Ter3("a0 "et&or': 1

The networ5 in which all service provider does the process than it is called as Host8Terminal networ5. ,t is also called a centrali-ed networ5. Software used in this networ5 is E%,J, $%,J, and ',%EJ.

BASIC TERMS IN NET!ORKING

SERVER ,t is an intelligent machine, which provide service, it should have some higher hardware configuration as compared to other machine say client in networ5. CLIENT ,t is an intelligent machine, which ta5es serviceI it has its own local power. !ORKSTATION ,t is an intelligent machine, which has hard dis5 drive or floppy dis5 drive so that if server is down it can act as stand8alone machine. NODE ,t is an intelligent machine but without drive i.e. H11 or !11. ,t is used in dis5less networ5ing. HOST ,t is an intelligent machine, which provide service as well as all the process are done by itself in networ5. TERMINAL ,t is a dump machine, having not its own local power, everything is done by service provider.

ADVANTAGE OF NET!ORKING

Re-o2r#e -har(") .y setting a networ5 it is possible to have all the programs or data available to any machine on the networ5 without the regard if the physical location of the resources and the user. H()h re0(a,(0(t4 Setting of networ5, provides high reliability by having alternative sources for information or any data. Po&er%20 #o332"(#at(o" 3ed(a %etwor5 provides the availability to increase the performance gradually as the wor5load increase i.e. by adding more processor and finally through this providing a powerful communication media. E#o"o3(# #s we 5now that through networ5 it is possible to share the resources i.e. printer, +181rives etc so it cost low to us. Per-o" to $er-o" #o332"(#at(o" Through networ5 it become possible to have an internet /%etwor5 of %etwor50. Through ,nternet we can access any remote information. We have &lectronic8mail /&8mail0 by which any message can reach to its destination within a second. We can tal5 to anyone /chat0 throughout the world in easy and uic5er way. We have interactive entertainment through this.

DRA! BACKS OF NET!ORKING a0 Le-- -e#2r(t4 o% data

#s we 5now through networ5 sharing of data of information can ta5es place which can fed to the less security to our data, for example in peer to peer there is no data security. b0 Need o% ad3("(-trator !or a large networ5 there is the need of '#% administrator, which can control the overall networ5. He provides the rights, permission to different users or machine. c0 Need o% o$erat(o" -4-te3 !or a networ5 we have to choose our networ5 operating system depending on our need and application. &.g. %ovell or %T. d0 Corr2$t(o" o% data ,f virus infects one machine in networ5 then there is possibility that it can corrupt the data of other machine connected to it.

CABLING STRUCTURE The different types of cables used in networ5ing depending upon needs and application are a0 Twisted pair b0 +o8axial cable c0 !iber optical cable T!ISTED PAIR ,t consists of two insulated copper wire typically ; mm thic5. The wire is twisted in a helical form. The twisted pair is used to reduce electrical interference to the similar path close to each other. The most common example is the telephone cable. ,t can be used to transmit either digital or analog transmission or the bandwidth depends upon the thic5ness of wire and the distance traveled.

Twisted pair cable is of two types ;0 ST( /Shield Twisted (air0 <0 ET( /Enshielded Twisted (air0 ST( cables has an "!, /"e uest for ,nsulating material0 wrapped around two twisted pair. ,t is more immune to interference and is more expansive. ET( cable do not have an "!, covering instead has a (3+ protecting covering. ,t is less expansive and widely used. #dvantageF 8 Twisted pair cables are lighter, thinner, and more flexible. CO1A5IAL CABLEF 8 These cables have an innermost conducting copper wire which is covered by insulating material and above this there is a mesh of conducting wire which act as an earth and finally it has an outer plastic covering
I n s u l a to r C o p p e r w ir e

+o8axial cables are of two typesF 8 ;0 .ase band co8axial cable <0 .road band co8axial cable

.ase band are further of two typesF 8 a0 :C cable used for digital transmission. b0 ?: cables used for analog transmission. .roadband cable uses only analog transmission as it uses analog amplifier to give the strength to the signal periodically. #dvantageF 8 High .and width &xcellent noise immunity Higher speed of data rate. +apacity to transmit many signals at same time.

FIBER OPTICS This system consists of basically the three componentsF 8 ;0 Transmission medium ,t is an ultra thin fiber of glass of silica. <0 'ight source ,t can be a light emitting diode of laser diode. 90 1etector ,t is a photodiode, which generates an electrical pulse when light falls on it.

!ORKING PRINCIPAL '&1 or 'aser diode sends the signal down the cable. # detector receives the signal and converts them bac5 to the electrical impulse, which the computer can understand.

#dvantageF 8 ;0 <0 90 =0 Have extremely large bandwidth. +arry signals for long distances. ,mmune to electromagnetic interference. +an carry voice, video, and data.

CONNECTORS USED IN NET!ORKING ,n networ5ing the different types of connectors. Esed areF 8 ;0 <0 90 =0 T1TYPE :1 ,t is t8 shaped connector, which is used for adding new clients or expanding our networ5. T8type .arrel .%+ connector Terminator

BARREL ,t is a small rod shape connector, which is fre uently used for 7oining the two pieces of co8axial cable of 7ust for expanding the length. BNC CONNECTOR ,t is used for connecting the co8axial wire with the devices having .%+ connector or soc5et i.e. in Hub of in '#% card.

TERMINATOR ,t is used for nullify the signals on both sides of networ5. The terminator consist of register at the end / i.e. :C or ?: 0 NET!ORK TOPOLOGY Topology may be defined as the techni ue through which the different computers are attached in a networ5. 1ifferent types of topologies areF 8 ;. ST#" <. .ES 9. ",%$ =. H*.",1 :. 2&SH STAR TOPOLOGY ,n this topology all the systems are connected individually with each other with the help of hub. This type of topology is commonly used in networ5ing. Twisted pair cables are used in this.

Co m p 1

Co m p 2

Hub

Co m p 3

Se r ve r

Ad.a"ta)eF 8 ;0 <0 90 =0 &asy to establish this type of networ5ing. Whole networ5 will wor5 properly if any machine get out of order. Troubleshooting of this networ5 is easier. (rovides simple expansion by adding a new hub.

D(-ad.a"ta)eF 8 ;0 &xtra cost of hub. <0 1ata transfer rate is slow. 90 2aximum cable distance between a computer and the hub is 9<@ feet /;CC meters0. BUS TOPOLOGY ,n this topology the systems are connected in a se uence i.e. one after another in one direction. The co8axial cable is used in thid topology. ,f

any system in this networ5 gets out of order then whole networ5 will get down.

Ad.a"ta)eF 8 ;0 %o extra device is used for expanding the networ5. <0 1ata transfer speed is more. D(-ad.a"ta)eF 8 ;0 ,f any systems get out of order, the whole networ5 get down. <0 Ta5e longer time to establish. RING TOPOLOGY ,n this topology the first system of the networ5 is connected with the last one in order to form a ring. ,t is 7ust li5e a bus topology whose both ends are 7oined with each other. ,t sor5s on to5en management. # special type of ring &thernet cable is used

#dvantageF 8 ;0 Speed is very high. <0 +able is not wasted. 90 1ue to busy cable system we will get networ5 failure message if n/w is down. 1isadvantageF 8 ;0 Troubleshooting of this type of networ5 is not very easy. <0 Special type of '#% card is used. HYBRID TOPOLOGY

Hybrid topology is the combination of two topologies i.e. Star and .us. %,+ card consists of two connector i.e. "M =: and .%+ if both these connectors are used to form a networ5 then we can say it Hybrid topology. MESH TOPOLOGY ,f a networ5 is /establish0 with the help of more than two topologies then we can say it as a mesh topology. DEVICES USED IN NET!ORK ;0 <0 90 =0 :0 HUB Hub is a device through which the different systems are connected in the networ5 especially in star topology. Hubs are of many types i.e. @ bits of ;> bits, which means it can connect, maximum up to @ or ;> computers respectively. 1epending up on the wor5ing principles they are of different typesF 8 ;0 #ctive HubF These hubs have capacity to amplify the signal. <0 (assive HubF These hubs cannot amplify the signals. 90 ,ntelligent HubF These hubs not only amplify the signal but also they provide the route to the signal. S!ITCH HE. SW,T+H ")ET&" $#T&W#* 2)1&2

Switch is an advanced intelligent hub, which provides the route at the high level. REPEATER ,t is a device, which amplify the signal so that signal can travel up to more distance. ,t does not provide route but simply enlarge the networ5 lines. ,n networ5 we can use maximum = repeaters. ,t wor5s in physical layer. ROUTER "outer is a device, which provide route. ,t has buffers ,+s. ,t wor5 in networ5 layer. ,t is used for connecting two networ5s having different topologies but both networ5s should use same protocols. "outers can be device or a server machine acting as router. ,t will have two or more '#% cards. GATE!AY ,t is a device /may be s/w0, which is used for connecting two of more networ5ing having different protocol. ,t wor5s in networ5 layer. ,t may also wor5 in same upper layer. # $ateway can actually convert data so that it wor5s with an application on the other computer. # gateway can receive &8mail message and can convert them in another format.

BRIDGE ,t is a device which connect two different segments li5e repeater, it also amplify signal at some level as well ad li5e router it also provide destination address through address table facility. MODEM

2odem is a device, which wor5s on the basic principle of modulation and demodulation. When it receives the signal in analog form it convert in digital, modulate it at higher fre uency so that signal can travel a longer distance and when the signal reached in its destination then modem again demodulate the signal to its original form.

PEER TO PEER NET!ORK # networ5 in which all the connected computers are considered e uals each computer has its own hard dis5 6 has the ability is tal5 to all the other computer on the networ5 sharing resources such as +18")2 , printers, modems 6 so on. ,n this we are only considering those 5ind of networ5 as it wor5s well in a star configuration. Windows <CCC professional does not 5now which one of several possible networ5ing protocols you want to use so we still home to complete a few more steps. ;0 'og on to your windows <CCC professional computer as an administrators, 6 load your windows <CCC professional +1 in your +1 drive. <0 +hoose start settings control panel, 6 open networ5 6 dial up connections. 90 "ight clic5 local area connection, 6 choose properties to open the local area connector properties dialogue box. =0 #t the top of the general tab, you will see the ma5e 6 model of your networ5 interface card, 6 below this you will see the &thernet or 2#+ address that has been read from the card. :0 ,n this center if this dialog box, we want to see at least three components others may be present too, between need to see these threeF a0 +lient for 2icrosoft networ5s b0 !ile 6 printer sharing for 2icrosoft networ5s c0 %etwor5 protocols

>0 ,f these components are not installed clic5 install, then select either client to install client for 2icrosoft networ5 or protocol to install %&T.&E, protocol 6 clic5 add repeat these steps until these three components are listed in the local area connection properties dialog box. ?0 +lic5 o5, 6 then clic5 o5 again when you are prompted to restart your computers. SERVER CLIENT NET!ORK # networ5 in which one or more central computers act as a server, 6 all the other computers on the networ5 are connected to this server. 2anagement functions are concentrated on the server which administrator applications as well as file 6 printer sharing for more information on wor5ing in this sort of environment. The steps of server8client networ5 are similar to the peer8to8peer n/w. a0 +lient for 2icrosoft networ5. b0 !ile 6 printer sharing for 2icrosoft networ5. c0 netbeui protocol. .ut there is one another thing to add here that is the properties of client for 2icrosoft n/w and mention here the domain name and clic5 to uic5 logon and then apply and o5.

NOVELL NET!ARE ,t was the most popular networ5 system in the p.c. world. ,t was designed to be used by companies downsi-ing from a mainframe to a networ5 of (+s. ,n such systems, each user has a des5top (+ functioning as a client. ,n addition, some number of powerful (+s operate as servers, other services to a collection of clients. ,n other words, %)3&'' %&TW#"& is based on the client8server model %ovell %etWare is a networ5 operating system made by %ovell company. ,t has various version <.x, 9.x, =.x and :.x. among theses operating system which means server <.x is not a dedicated operating

system which means server <.x is not a dedicated operation system which means server <.x can also be used as client but rest are dedicated Feat2re- o% No.e00 Net!are ;0 1ata sharing <0 Security 90 "esource sharing and friend sha5e with other machine. E"ha"#ed %eat2re;0 1irectory caching ,t means directory list /!#T0 or data entry table /1&T0 will be copied into "#2 while loading operating system due to which overall speed will be fast. <0 1irectory hashing ,t means directory list is put in accessioning and descending order in the "#2. 90 !ile caching ,t means file which are used most widely will be copied into "#2. =0 See5ing &levator ,t is 7ust li5e interleave factor in simple sense software is install in such a way that H11 will sense data regular.

NOVELL 67*8 2inimum re uirements for installation of %ovell server 9.;< ;0 9@> system <0 =2. "#2 90 9C2. free space of %)%81)S part ion and :2. primary 1)S space /to copy some files of %ovell form +10 *+ Ste$- o% ("-ta00 No.e00 -er.er 67*8

a0 !irst of all create 1)S partition and leave some space free for %)%81)S partition say 9C2.. b0 Then copy all files of system8; from %ovell +1 to a directory in H11 say %ovell then type +FP%)3&'''PS&"3&". #utomatically screen will run and first of all we get message G&nter the name of serverH c0 %ow it as5 G%etwor5 ,(J %).H d0 %ow we get the console preemptive GS&"3&"H e0 %ow run from console promptQ S&"3&"FP')#1 ,S#1,S4 f0 Then type G S&"3&"FP')#1 ,%ST#''H #fter this we get a screen with a menu having options li5e. a0 DISK OPTION !rom this option we can create primary dos part ion, %etWare partition and we can also delete these partitions. b0 VOLUME OPTION This option will as5 for creating the volume. There is a volume name RS*S which is created by default. c0 MOUNTING #fter creating volumes we have to mount them by mount option.

8+ LOADING OF LAN CARD DRIVER !or loading the '#% card driver we have to 7ust type the name of lan card in the console prompt e.g. S&"3&"F ')#1 %&<CCC 6+ BINDING OF PROTOCOLS S&"3&"F.,%1 ,(J T) %&<CCC

=0 T4$e S&"3&"F +)%!,$ ,t will show the name of '#% card and the name of protocol, which is loaded.

MINIMUM RE9UIREMENTS FOR NOVELL CLIENT We should have maximum xt/@C@@ motherboard, having >=C 4. "#2 STEPS: 1 !or installing the client we have to go to WS1)SS; directory and type install. G+FPnw9;<PwsdosS;PinstallH We get a screen and follow the steps as5ed by it. #fter this we physically connect the client8server through cable and then run startnet.bat command at the client side. Startnet.bat have the = files 'S', ,(J)1,, %&<CCC, 3'2. %T /%&W T&+H%)')$*0 %T stands for new technology. ,t is the product of 2icrosoft. ,t has various version li5e 9.:C, 9.:;, %T =.C, and W,%1)WS <CCC. There are further two types of %T software. %T S&"3&" 6 %T W)"4ST#T,)%

,n win <CCC w/s is 5nown as win <CCC professional.

)perating System

(rocessor

"#2

Hard space

dis5

Windows nt = (8;, ;>>2HT wor5station Win<CCC professional Winnt = server Win <CCC server (8;, ;992HT

;> 2. re . ;;C 9<2. recomm. 9<2. re >:C2. with >=2. recomm. ;$. of free space ;>2. re . ;<=2. 9<2. recomm. =CC2. re . ;$. recomm.

=@>1J re . (8; recomm.

(8;, ;>> re >=2. re . (8,,, 9CC ;<@2. recomm. recomm.

FEATURES OF NT1: !;S ;0 <0 90 =0 ,t supports ;> bit 6 %T!S !#T system. High reliability /it does not crash easily0 'ess cost of ownerships. High security.

FEATURES OF !IN 8<<< PROFESSIONAL ;0 ,t supports dis5 uota system, which means we can fix hard dis5 space for separate user. <0 1is5 compression is possible to save hard dis5 space /only in %T!S0. 90 ,t supports &ncryption file system which means data format will be changed and hac5ers cant find out the data.

=0 ,t have inbuilt driver for 131, S+#%%&" 6 1,$,T#' +#2&"# :0 ,t has H+' /hardware compability list0

COMPANY PROFILE
("trod2#t(o" = ,a#')ro2"d
3+S systems firm manufacturing and trading in computers and its accessories with the state of art technology for networ5ing over a period of more then ;C yr. 3+S is a proffessionally competent firm, e uipped with in house facility to assemble and repair all computers and accessories its r6d department. The firm was established in ;BBC with a proven tract record in the business.vcs is an authorised dealers for most reputed companies in the similer trade li5e +)2(#K,H.(,,...2.,)S+#"etc. The company strength lies not only in selling the machines but providing the coustomers,after sales servicing.vcs have a strong team of service engineers,who are highly ualified and capable of handling all problems relating to Hardwatre,Software,%etwor5ing and valus added services.

SPECIALISATIONS....
3+S is committed to provide leading edge solutions to its coustomers by using the latest technology and techni ues in assembling the computers and the related services.

Nassembling computers Nnetwor5ing

Ncabling and crimping Nunderta5ing #2+ Nauthorised dealers for +)2(#K,H(,W,("),,.2,T3S&,(&%T,E2 etc... Nmost modern and up8to8date service centre
Partial list of esteemed cu-to3er

N.aggalin5 2oters N2odern 3idya %i5eten School N!ather #gnel (olytechnic N%,,T N+entral )rdinence 1epot NMohn ! 4ennedy School N4umar piyush 6 company N+ode Web Solutions N.irla Trans #sia N+laridges Hotel N,T+ N#morino N1elta Software NTravel ,ndia .ureau NSan5et ,nformation 6 Technologies 'td. N#pex !orex +onsultants N#hu7a Surgicals NShree #dhi5ari .rothers NTriburg Sports Wear NTriburg 'eathers

NM . $o5ul 6 +ompany N2illanium Technologies and many more.........